Stimulation of human cardiac adenylate cyclase by vanadate

Vanadate-Induced Renal cAMP and Malondialdehyde Accumulation Suppresses Alpha 1 Sodium Potassium Adenosine Triphosphatase Protein Levels

It has been demonstrated that vanadate causes nephrotoxicity. Vanadate inhibits renal sodium potassium adenosine triphosphatase (Na, K-ATPase) activity and this is more pronounced in injured renal tissues. Cardiac cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is enhanced by vanadate, while increased cAMP suppresses Na, K-ATPase action in renal tubular cells. There are no in vivo data collectively demonstrating the effect of vanadate on renal cAMP levels; on the abundance of the alpha 1 isoform (α₁) of the Na, K-ATPase protein or its cellular localization; or on renal tissue injury. In this study, rats received a normal saline solution or vanadate (5 mg/kg BW) by intraperitoneal injection for 10 days. Levels of vanadium, cAMP, and malondialdehyde (MDA), a marker of lipid peroxidation were measured in renal tissues. Protein abundance and the localization of renal α₁-Na, K-ATPase was determined by Western blot and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Renal tissue injury was examined by histological evaluation and renal function was assessed by blood biochemical parameters. Rats treated with vanadate had markedly increased vanadium levels in their plasma, urine, and renal tissues. Vanadate significantly induced renal cAMP and MDA accumulation, whereas the protein level of α₁-Na, K-ATPase was suppressed. Vanadate caused renal damage, azotemia, hypokalemia, and hypophosphatemia. Fractional excretions of all studied electrolytes were increased with vanadate administration. These in vivo findings demonstrate that vanadate might suppress renal α₁-Na, K-ATPase protein functionally by enhancing cAMP and structurally by augmenting lipid peroxidation.

Catecholamine responsive adenylate cyclase in human myocardial preparations. Properties and optimalization of assay conditions

In the present study we have investigated the conditions for optimal adenylate cyclase (AC) activity in preparations of human myocardial biopsies, with emphasis on both basal enzyme activity and isoproterenol response. Different preparation procedures (homogenates, membrane particles) of the same biopsy showed no difference in relative response to isoproterenol, although absolute activities, using protein concentration for normalization, showed some variance. The AC-receptor complexes of the preparations were also stable when stored on ice for 3 h, and both basal and stimulated AC activities were constant at a wide range of protein concentrations (2.9-31.9 micrograms/tube), and throughout 92 min incubation. The effects of varying Mg2+, guanyl nucleotides (GTP, GMP-P(NH)P), and ATP concentrations on myocardial AC activities were also investigated under both basal conditions as well as after isoproterenol stimulation. The apparent Km for the substrate (Mg X ATP) binding to the AC was approximately 0.1 mmol/l. Isoproterenol stimulated the AC activity by increasing Vmax (41 to 142 pmol/mg protein X min) without any change in the apparent Km. Maximal relative activation by isoproterenol was achieved at pH 6.5-7.0. The concentration of isoproterenol causing half maximal AC stimulation was approximately 0.1 micrograms/ml (2 X 10(-4) mmol/l). Half maximal inhibition of isoproterenol (4 micrograms/ml) stimulated AC activity was obtained by 0.025 micrograms/ml propranolol (8 X 10(-5) mmol/l). The sensitivity and precision of this assay should make it possible to measure AC activity as well as isoproterenol response in very small quantities of myocardial tissue. This could provide a method for studying receptor functions of sick hearts by endomyocardial biopsies.

Minireview: physiological and pharmacological properties of vanadium

Vanadium is distributed extensively in nature. It is a trace element and is present in almost all living organisms including man. Even though vanadium was originally recognized for its ability to inhibit membrane Na+-K+-ATPase, various laboratory studies now document that this element has the capacity to affect the activity of various intracellular enzyme systems and may modify their physiological functions. Vanadium may be an essential element for normal development and may play an important role in various homeostatic mechanisms, and thus vanadium deficiency may prove to be an important concern. Abnormalities in biological disposition of vanadium may be involved in the pathogenesis of certain neurological disorders or cardiovascular diseases. While the essentiality of this element for living organisms is yet to be established with certainty, vanadium has become an increasingly important element and is used extensively in various heavy industries such as steel, oil, etc.; thus, the incidence of exposure to toxic levels of vanadium to industrial workers has been an increasing concern for toxicologists. To date, little information is available on the physiological or pharmacological actions of vanadium; hence, it is difficult to reach any definitive conclusion concerning its biological significance, essentiality and its role in pathological states. An attempt has been made in this review to broadly document what is known of various biological actions of vanadium.

Effect of vanadium in the +5, +4 and +3 oxidation states on cardiac force of contraction, adenylate cyclase and (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity

The influence of vanadium in the nominally +5 (NH4VO3; referred to as V5+), +4 (C10H14O5V and VOSO4; V4+) and +3 oxidation states (VCl3; V3+) on cardiac force of contraction, adenylate cyclase and (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity was investigated in order to determine which form of vanadium mediates the cardiac effects. V5+, V4+ and V3+ (300 microM each) increased the force of contraction of isolated electrically driven cat papillary muscles by about 100%. In the presence of the reducing agent ascorbic acid (5 mM) none of the three compounds led to any distinct increase in force of contraction. On the particulate adenylate cyclase preparation from feline right ventricles only V5+ stimulated the enzyme activity by about 100%, whereas V4+ and V3+ were ineffective. In the presence of 5 mM ascorbic acid all three compounds were ineffective. In contrast, in the presence of the oxidizing agent diamide (azodicarboxylic acid-bis-dimethylamide; 1 mM) all three compounds became stimulatory. On the isolated (Na+ + K+)-ATPase V5+ (500 microM) alone reduced the basal activity by about 95%. In the presence of ascorbic acid the inhibitory effect of V5+ was greatly diminished. Similar results were obtained with V4+, V3+ (100 microM) alone inhibited (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity only by about 40%. In the presence of ascorbic acid V3+ was ineffective. From the results it is concluded that positive inotropism, stimulation of adenylate cyclase and inhibition of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase by vanadium compounds likewise result from an action of vanadium in the +5 oxidation state.

Vanadate stimulates adenylate cyclase via the guanine nucleotide regulatory protein by a mechanism differing from that of fluoride

Vanadate stimulates adenylate cyclase activity in turkey erythrocyte membranes. The maximal stimulation is 7-fold over basal at 3 mM vanadate; higher concentrations are inhibitory. A suboptimal concentration of fluoride (1 mM) together with vanadate (3 mM) activates adenylate cyclase in a non-additive manner; cyclase activation by optimal fluoride (10 mM) is inhibited by vanadate (3 mM). There is no stimulation by vanadate of adenylate cyclase activity (measured either with Mg2+ or Mn2+) in CYC- S49 lymphoma cell membranes. Vanadate (3 mM) shows no effect on binding of Beta-adrenergic agonists or antagonists to the [3H] (-)-dihydroalprenolol binding site in turkey erythrocyte membranes. These results suggest that the effect of vanadate on Adenylate cyclase is mediated through the nucleotide regulatory protein and may act by a mechanism similar to fluoride. However, in cholera toxic-treated membranes as well as in GDP-beta-S plus isoproterenol-treated membranes, fluoride-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity is significantly reduced, but vanadate stimulation is not. Our results suggest that although the actions of vanadate and fluoride in adenylate cyclase may each involve the nucleotide regulatory unit, the exact mechanisms of activation by the two anions differ.