Chronic sensory denervation reduces thrombin-stimulated endothelin release from aortic endothelial cells

Relaxation evoked by extracellular Ca2+ in rat aorta is nerve-independent and involves sarcoplasmic reticulum and L-type Ca2+ channel

The perivascular nerve network expresses a Ca2+ receptor that is activated by high extracellular Ca2+ concentrations and causes vasorelaxation in resistance arteries. We have verified the influence of perivascular nerve fibers on the Ca2+-induced relaxation in aortic rings. To test our hypothesis, either pre-contracted aortas isolated from rats after sensory denervation with capsaicin or aortic rings acutely denervated with phenol were stimulated to relax with increasing extracellular Ca2+ concentration. We also studied the role of the endothelium on the Ca2+-induced relaxation, and we verified the participation of endothelial/nonendothelial nitric oxide and cyclooxygenase-arachidonic acid metabolites. Additionally, the role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, K+ channels and L-type Ca2+ channels on the Ca2+-induced relaxation were evaluated. We have observed that the Ca2+-induced relaxation is completely nerve independent, and it is potentiated by endothelial nitric oxide (NO). In endothelium-denuded aortic rings, indomethacin and AH6809 (PGF2alpha receptor antagonist) enhance the relaxing response to Ca2+. This relaxation is inhibited by thapsigargin and verapamil, while was not altered by tetraethylammonium. In conclusion, we have shown that perivascular nervous fibers do not participate in the Ca2+-induced relaxation, which is potentiated by endothelial NO. In endothelium-denuded preparations, indomethacin and AH6809 enhance the relaxation induced by Ca2+. The relaxing response to Ca2+ was impaired by verapamil and thapsigargin, revealing the importance of L-type Ca2+ channels and sarcoplasmic reticulum in this response.

Role of K+ATP channels, endothelin A receptors, and effect of angiotensin II on blood flow in oral tissues

K+(ATP) channels are involved in CGRP-mediated vasodilation and in the vasoconstriction induced by endothelin or angiotensin II. In this study, we examined the effects of a K+(ATP) channel antagonist and an ET(A) receptor antagonist on resting blood flow in the pulp and gingiva, and observed their role in the vasodilation induced by tooth stimulation. We also investigated whether receptors for angiotensin II exist in the pulp and gingiva. Blood flow was measured with laser-Doppler flowmetry. Under control conditions, the K+(ATP) channel antagonist and angiotensin II caused a significant drop in blood flow in both target tissues. Blocking of ET(A) receptor did not change basal blood flow. The vasodilation observed after tooth stimulation remained unchanged following blockade of K+(ATP) channels and ET(A) receptors. Analysis of the data shows that open K+(ATP) channels exist during resting conditions in the pulp and gingiva, but that CGRP seems to induce vasodilation mainly via mechanisms other than K+(ATP) channels. ET(A) and AT(1) receptors are found in the pulp and gingiva, but ET(A) receptors are not involved in modulation of a basal vascular tone in these tissues or in the vasodilation observed after tooth stimulation.

alpha-Thrombin stimulates contraction of human bronchial rings by activation of protease-activated receptors

In a variety of diseases, inflammation causes microvascular leakage and activates thrombin. Evidence suggests that thrombin increases cytosolic calcium and stimulates human airway smooth muscle (ASM) cell proliferation. The receptor subtypes, however, that mediate the effects of thrombin on ASM cell growth or calcium mobilization remain unknown. In this study, we postulate that thrombin, which activates specific protease-activated receptors (PARs), also stimulates contraction of isolated human bronchial rings. With the use of intact human bronchial rings, alpha-thrombin (1-20 U/ml) increased bronchial tone to 19 +/- 3% of basal tone (P = 0.008; n = 5 experiments) and represents 20 +/- 8% of the maximum carbachol response. The EC(50) for thrombin-induced force generation was 12.2 U/ml (95% confidence interval 9.9-15.3 U/ml) and was not altered in bronchial rings that had the epithelium removed. In parallel experiments, a specific thrombin receptor-activating peptide (TRAP-14; 0.1-100 micromol/l) increased isometric tension to levels (14 +/- 2%; P = 0.0005; n = 5 experiments) comparable to those rings stimulated with thrombin. To characterize the receptors that mediate thrombin effects on human ASM, the expression of PARs in cultured human ASM cells was analyzed by RT-PCR analysis with specific primers for PARs. In these cells, PAR1 (thrombin receptor), PAR2, and PAR3 were expressed at comparable levels. In other experiments using immunocytochemical staining with specific antibodies to PAR1 and PAR2, we showed that ASM in bronchial rings and cultured ASM cells express PAR1 and PAR2 proteins. Taken together, these studies suggest that alpha-thrombin, in a receptor-specific and dose-dependent manner, induces contraction of bronchial rings in vitro. In addition, cultured human ASM cells express mRNA of PAR1, PAR2, and PAR3 and express PAR1 and PAR2 protein. Further studies are needed to determine whether alpha-thrombin plays a role in stimulating bronchoconstriction in inflammatory airway diseases such as asthma and bronchiolitis obliterans.