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Rajan V. An Alkaline Foregut Protects Herbivores from Latex in Forage, but Increases Their Susceptibility to Bt Endotoxin. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2195. [PMID: 38004335 PMCID: PMC10672702 DOI: 10.3390/life13112195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
About 10% of angiosperms, an estimated 20,000 species, produce latex from ubiquitous isoprene precursors. Latex, an aqueous suspension of rubber particles and other compounds, functions as an antifeedant and herbivory deterrent. It is soluble in neutral to alkaline pH, and coagulates in acidic environments. Here, I propose that foregut-fermenting herbivores such as ruminants, kangaroos, sloths, insect larvae, and tadpoles have adapted to latex in forage with the evolution of alkaline anterior digestive chamber(s). However, they consequently become susceptible to the action of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) δ-endotoxin and related bioinsecticides which are activated in alkaline environments. By contrast, hindgut-fermenting herbivores, such as horses and rabbits, have acidic anterior digestive chambers, in which latex coagulates and may cause gut blockage, but in which Bt is not activated. The latex-adapted foregut herbivore vs. latex-maladapted hindgut herbivore hypothesis developed in this paper has implications for hindgut-fermenting livestock and zoo animals which may be provided with latex-containing forage that is detrimental to their gut health. Further, ruminants and herbivorous tadpoles with alkaline anterior chambers are at risk of damage by the supposedly "environmentally friendly" Bt bioinsecticide, which is widely disseminated or engineered into crops which may enter animal feed streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Rajan
- Department of Medical and Molecular Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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Matsuda I, Espinosa-Gómez FC, Ortmann S, Sha JC, Osman I, Nijboer J, Schwarm A, Ikeda T, Clauss M. Retention marker excretion suggests incomplete digesta mixing across the order primates. Physiol Behav 2019; 208:112558. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Gordon IJ, Prins HHT, Mallon J, Puk LD, Miranda EBP, Starling-Manne C, van der Wal R, Moore B, Foley W, Lush L, Maestri R, Matsuda I, Clauss M. The Ecology of Browsing and Grazing in Other Vertebrate Taxa. THE ECOLOGY OF BROWSING AND GRAZING II 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-25865-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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Matsuda I, Clauss M, Tuuga A, Sugau J, Hanya G, Yumoto T, Bernard H, Hummel J. Factors Affecting Leaf Selection by Foregut-fermenting Proboscis Monkeys: New Insight from in vitro Digestibility and Toughness of Leaves. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42774. [PMID: 28211530 PMCID: PMC5314408 DOI: 10.1038/srep42774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Free-living animals must make dietary choices in terms of chemical and physical properties, depending on their digestive physiology and availability of food resources. Here we comprehensively evaluated the dietary choices of proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus) consuming young leaves. We analysed the data for leaf toughness and digestibility measured by an in vitro gas production method, in addition to previously reported data on nutrient composition. Leaf toughness, in general, negatively correlated with the crude protein content, one of the most important nutritional factors affecting food selection by leaf-eating primates. This result suggests that leaf toughness assessed by oral sensation might be a proximate cue for its protein content. We confirmed the importance of the leaf chemical properties in terms of preference shown by N. larvatus; leaves with high protein content and low neutral detergent fibre levels were preferred to those of the common plant species. We also found that these preferred leaves were less tough and more digestible than the alternatives. Our in vitro results also suggested that N. larvatus were little affected by secondary plant compounds. However, the spatial distribution pattern of plant species was the strongest factor explaining the selection of the preferred leaf species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikki Matsuda
- Chubu University Academy of Emerging Sciences, 1200, Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai-shi, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
- Wildlife Research Center of Kyoto University, 2-24 Tanaka-Sekiden-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8203, Japan
- Japan Monkey Centre, 26 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-0081, Japan
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Augustine Tuuga
- Sabah Wildlife Department, Sabah, Malaysia, 5th Floor, B Block, Wisma MUIS, 88100 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - John Sugau
- Forest Research Center, P.O. Box 1407, 90715 Sandakan Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Goro Hanya
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Takakazu Yumoto
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Henry Bernard
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Jürgen Hummel
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Kellnerweg 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Beasley DE, Koltz AM, Lambert JE, Fierer N, Dunn RR. The Evolution of Stomach Acidity and Its Relevance to the Human Microbiome. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26222383 PMCID: PMC4519257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric acidity is likely a key factor shaping the diversity and composition of microbial communities found in the vertebrate gut. We conducted a systematic review to test the hypothesis that a key role of the vertebrate stomach is to maintain the gut microbial community by filtering out novel microbial taxa before they pass into the intestines. We propose that species feeding either on carrion or on organisms that are close phylogenetic relatives should require the most restrictive filter (measured as high stomach acidity) as protection from foreign microbes. Conversely, species feeding on a lower trophic level or on food that is distantly related to them (e.g. herbivores) should require the least restrictive filter, as the risk of pathogen exposure is lower. Comparisons of stomach acidity across trophic groups in mammal and bird taxa show that scavengers and carnivores have significantly higher stomach acidities compared to herbivores or carnivores feeding on phylogenetically distant prey such as insects or fish. In addition, we find when stomach acidity varies within species either naturally (with age) or in treatments such as bariatric surgery, the effects on gut bacterial pathogens and communities are in line with our hypothesis that the stomach acts as an ecological filter. Together these results highlight the importance of including measurements of gastric pH when investigating gut microbial dynamics within and across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- DeAnna E. Beasley
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Amanda M. Koltz
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Joanna E. Lambert
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Noah Fierer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado United States of America
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Rob R. Dunn
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
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Ehlers Smith DA, Husson SJ, Ehlers Smith YC, Harrison ME. Feeding ecology of red langurs in Sabangau tropical peat-swamp forest, Indonesian Borneo: extreme granivory in a non-masting forest. Am J Primatol 2013; 75:848-59. [PMID: 23553789 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Southeast Asia's lowland dipterocarp forests experience supra-annual "mast" fruiting and flowering events, in which the majority of trees reproduce simultaneously at irregular intervals, with extensive intervening periods of very low primate food availability. This scarcity of food results in a negative energy balance and a reliance on "fallback foods" in some primate species. By contrast, ombrogenous tropical peat-swamp forests are non-masting, and show lower variability of food availability. We sought to test the influence of fruit availability on primate diet and preference in peat-swamp habitats and assess whether it differs from masting forests. We collected behavioral-dependent feeding data on three adult females in a group of red langurs (Presbytis rubicunda: Colobinae) between January and December 2011 in Sabangau tropical peat-swamp forest, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, as colobine monkeys are adaptated for folivory, and are therefore generally considered less reliant on temporally variable fruits than monogastric primates. We documented the highest level of granivory recorded to date in colobine monkeys: mean annual diet comprised 76.4% seeds and 7.3% other fruit parts; 7.7% young and 2.5% mature leaves; 2.8% flowers; 2.6% piths, and <1% on other minor food items. Fruit availability was fairly constant throughout the year and fruit parts were consumed at consistently higher levels than expected based on availability, confirming that fruit is preferred. Leaves and flowers were consumed consistently less than expected and thus are not preferred. There were no significant correlations between preferred food availability and consumption of potential fallback foods, suggesting that reliance on fallback foods did not occur in Sabangau during the study period. Furthermore, consumption of fruit was not significantly correlated with its availability. Our findings suggest that the relatively constant availability of fruit in this habitat affords P. rubicunda regular access to a nutritionally superior food, and that reliance on fallback foods is therefore not required.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Ehlers Smith
- Orangutan Tropical Peatland Project, Centre for the International Cooperation in Sustainable Management of Tropical Peatlands, University of Palangka Raya, Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia.
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Lambert JE, Fellner V. In Vitro Fermentation of Dietary Carbohydrates Consumed by African Apes and Monkeys: Preliminary Results for Interpreting Microbial and Digestive Strategy. INT J PRIMATOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-011-9559-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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DAVIES AGLYN, BENNETT ELIZABETHL, WATERMAN PETERG. Food selection by two South-east Asian colobine monkeys (Presbytis rubicunda and Presbytis melalophos) in relation to plant chemistry. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1988.tb01947.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Rabot S, Viso M, Martin F, Blanquie JP, Popot F, Bensaada M, Vaissade P, Searby N, Szylit O. Effects of chair-restraint on gastrointestinal transit time and colonic fermentation in male rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). J Med Primatol 1997; 26:190-5. [PMID: 9416569 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1997.tb00051.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of an 18 day chair-restraint on the digestive physiology of male rhesus monkey was investigated for space research purposes, comparing four trained restraint subjects with two vivarium controls. Chair-restraint induced a 2.5-fold acceleration of the gastrointestinal transit time, which persisted throughout the 7 day postrestraint period, and an increase of the fecal dry matter content, which mean value rose from 40.7% to 69.6%. Fecal pH remained unaltered throughout the experiment. Modifications of fermentative metabolites produced by the colonic microflora and excreted through the breath (hydrogen and methane) or in the feces (short chain fatty acids and ammonia) could not be reliably related to chair-restraint and probably involved side-stress factors. On the whole, alterations due to chair-restraint are shown to be different from those reported in the literature, following a modification of the dietary composition. These data may help to predict the alterations of digestive physiology likely to occur in immobilized human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rabot
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité d'Ecologie et de Physiologie du Système Digestif, Jouyen-Josas, France.
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11
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Davies G. Seed-eating by red leaf monkeys (Presbytis rubicunda) in dipterocarp forest of northern borneo. INT J PRIMATOL 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02547577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Habitat quality, population dynamics, and group composition in Colobus Monkeys (Colobus guereza). INT J PRIMATOL 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02737386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Fadda F, Argiolas A, Melis MR, De Montis G, Gessa GL. Suppression of voluntary ethanol consumption in rats by gamma-butyrolactone. Life Sci 1983; 32:1471-7. [PMID: 6339856 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(83)90913-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The effect of gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) on voluntary ethanol intake was studied in a group of Wistar rats in which a stable preference had been induced by exposure to increasing ethanol concentrations. These rats drank 60% of their daily fluid intake as 15% ethanol solution, corresponding to about 6 g ethanol/kg/day. GBL, injected intraperitoneally at the dose of 200 mg/kg, twice daily for 3 consecutive days, decreased ethanol intake by about 80% on the days of treatment, but did not reduce total fluid intake. Ethanol intake remained significantly reduced up to the 5th day following cessation of GBL administration. GBL, up to a concentration of 10(-3) M, inhibited neither alcohol-dehydrogenase nor aldehyde-dehydrogenase in rat liver homogenates, nor dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in homogenates of adrenal medulla or hypothalamus of rats. It is suggested that inhibition of firing in dopaminergic neurons mediates the suppressant effect of GBL on ethanol preference.
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Organic acid production and digesta movement in the gastrointestinal tract of the baboon and sykes monkey. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(80)90204-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Waterman PG, Mbi CN, McKey DB, Gartlan JS. African rainforest vegetation and rumen microbes: Phenolic compounds and nutrients as correlates of digestibility. Oecologia 1980; 47:22-33. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00541771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/1980] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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3: Vitamin B12for vegetarians and vegans. NUTR BULL 1978. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-3010.1978.tb00977.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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