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Safaie M, Chang JC, Park J, Miller LE, Dudman JT, Perich MG, Gallego JA. Preserved neural dynamics across animals performing similar behaviour. Nature 2023; 623:765-771. [PMID: 37938772 PMCID: PMC10665198 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06714-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Animals of the same species exhibit similar behaviours that are advantageously adapted to their body and environment. These behaviours are shaped at the species level by selection pressures over evolutionary timescales. Yet, it remains unclear how these common behavioural adaptations emerge from the idiosyncratic neural circuitry of each individual. The overall organization of neural circuits is preserved across individuals1 because of their common evolutionarily specified developmental programme2-4. Such organization at the circuit level may constrain neural activity5-8, leading to low-dimensional latent dynamics across the neural population9-11. Accordingly, here we suggested that the shared circuit-level constraints within a species would lead to suitably preserved latent dynamics across individuals. We analysed recordings of neural populations from monkey and mouse motor cortex to demonstrate that neural dynamics in individuals from the same species are surprisingly preserved when they perform similar behaviour. Neural population dynamics were also preserved when animals consciously planned future movements without overt behaviour12 and enabled the decoding of planned and ongoing movement across different individuals. Furthermore, we found that preserved neural dynamics extend beyond cortical regions to the dorsal striatum, an evolutionarily older structure13,14. Finally, we used neural network models to demonstrate that behavioural similarity is necessary but not sufficient for this preservation. We posit that these emergent dynamics result from evolutionary constraints on brain development and thus reflect fundamental properties of the neural basis of behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Safaie
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Joanna C Chang
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Junchol Park
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, TX, USA
| | - Lee E Miller
- Departments of Physiology, Biomedical Engineering and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University and Shirley Ryan Ability Lab, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joshua T Dudman
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, TX, USA
| | - Matthew G Perich
- Département de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- Mila, Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Juan A Gallego
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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2
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de Lima-Pardini AC, Mikhail Y, Dominguez-Vargas AU, Dancause N, Scott SH. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in non-human primates: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 152:105273. [PMID: 37315659 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is widely employed as a tool to investigate and treat brain diseases. However, little is known about the direct effects of TMS on the brain. Non-human primates (NHPs) are a valuable translational model to investigate how TMS affects brain circuits given their neurophysiological similarity with humans and their capacity to perform complex tasks that approach human behavior. This systematic review aimed to identify studies using TMS in NHPs as well as to assess their methodological quality through a modified reference checklist. The results show high heterogeneity and superficiality in the studies regarding the report of the TMS parameters, which have not improved over the years. This checklist can be used for future TMS studies with NHPs to ensure transparency and critical appraisal. The use of the checklist would improve methodological soundness and interpretation of the studies, facilitating the translation of the findings to humans. The review also discusses how advancements in the field can elucidate the effects of TMS in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C de Lima-Pardini
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; Canadian Platform for Trials in Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation (CanStim), Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | - Youstina Mikhail
- Canadian Platform for Trials in Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation (CanStim), Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Adan-Ulises Dominguez-Vargas
- Canadian Platform for Trials in Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation (CanStim), Montréal, QC, Canada; Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche sur le cerveau et l'apprentissage (CIRCA), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Numa Dancause
- Canadian Platform for Trials in Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation (CanStim), Montréal, QC, Canada; Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche sur le cerveau et l'apprentissage (CIRCA), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Stephen H Scott
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; Canadian Platform for Trials in Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation (CanStim), Montréal, QC, Canada
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3
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Tozer L. Anti-ageing protein injection boosts monkeys' memories. Nature 2023; 619:234. [PMID: 37402904 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-02214-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
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4
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Ernst UA, Chen X, Bohnenkamp L, Galashan FO, Wegener D. Dynamic divisive normalization circuits explain and predict change detection in monkey area MT. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009595. [PMID: 34767547 PMCID: PMC8612546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sudden changes in visual scenes often indicate important events for behavior. For their quick and reliable detection, the brain must be capable to process these changes as independently as possible from its current activation state. In motion-selective area MT, neurons respond to instantaneous speed changes with pronounced transients, often far exceeding the expected response as derived from their speed tuning profile. We here show that this complex, non-linear behavior emerges from the combined temporal dynamics of excitation and divisive inhibition, and provide a comprehensive mathematical analysis. A central prediction derived from this investigation is that attention increases the steepness of the transient response irrespective of the activation state prior to a stimulus change, and irrespective of the sign of the change (i.e. irrespective of whether the stimulus is accelerating or decelerating). Extracellular recordings of attention-dependent representation of both speed increments and decrements confirmed this prediction and suggest that improved change detection derives from basic computations in a canonical cortical circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udo A. Ernst
- Computational Neurophysics Lab, Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Xiao Chen
- Computational Neurophysics Lab, Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Lisa Bohnenkamp
- Computational Neurophysics Lab, Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Detlef Wegener
- Brain Research Institute, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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5
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Lau AR, Grote MN, Dufek ME, Franzetti TJ, Bales KL, Isbell LA. Titi monkey neophobia and visual abilities allow for fast responses to novel stimuli. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2578. [PMID: 33510399 PMCID: PMC7844259 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82116-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Snake Detection Theory implicates constricting snakes in the origin of primates, and venomous snakes for differences between catarrhine and platyrrhine primate visual systems. Although many studies using different methods have found very rapid snake detection in catarrhines, including humans, to date no studies have examined how quickly platyrrhine primates can detect snakes. We therefore tested in captive coppery titi monkeys (Plecturocebus cupreus) the latency to detect a small portion of visible snake skin. Because titi monkeys are neophobic, we designed a crossover experiment to compare their latency to look and their duration of looking at a snake skin and synthetic feather of two lengths (2.5 cm and uncovered). To test our predictions that the latency to look would be shorter and the duration of looking would be longer for the snake skin, we used survival/event time models for latency to look and negative binomial mixed models for duration of looking. While titi monkeys looked more quickly and for longer at both the snake skin and feather compared to a control, they also looked more quickly and for longer at larger compared to smaller stimuli. This suggests titi monkeys' neophobia may augment their visual abilities to help them avoid dangerous stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison R Lau
- Animal Behavior Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Mark N Grote
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Madison E Dufek
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Tristan J Franzetti
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Karen L Bales
- Animal Behavior Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Lynne A Isbell
- Animal Behavior Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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6
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Qin DD, Feng SF, Zhang FY, Wang N, Sun WJ, Zhou Y, Xiong TF, Xu XL, Yang XT, Zhang X, Zhu X, Hu XT, Xiong L, Liu Y, Chen YC. Potential use of actigraphy to measure sleep in monkeys: comparison with behavioral analysis from videography. Zool Res 2020; 41:437-443. [PMID: 32400976 PMCID: PMC7340525 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2020.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep is indispensable for human health, with sleep disorders initiating a cascade of negative consequences. As our closest phylogenetic relatives, non-human primates (NHPs) are invaluable for comparative sleep studies and exhibit tremendous potential for improving our understanding of human sleep and related disorders. Previous work on measuring sleep in NHPs has mostly used electroencephalography or videography. In this study, simultaneous videography and actigraphy were applied to observe sleep patterns in 10 cynomolgus monkeys ( Macaca fascicularis) over seven nights (12 h per night). The durations of wake, transitional sleep, and relaxed sleep were scored by analysis of animal behaviors from videography and actigraphy data, using the same behavioral criteria for each state, with findings then compared. Here, results indicated that actigraphy constituted a reliable approach for scoring the state of sleep in monkeys and showed a significant correlation with that scored by videography. Epoch-by-epoch analysis further indicated that actigraphy was more suitable for scoring the state of relaxed sleep, correctly identifying 97.57% of relaxed sleep in comparison with video analysis. Only 34 epochs (0.13%) and 611 epochs (2.30%) were differently interpreted as wake and transitional sleep compared with videography analysis. The present study validated the behavioral criteria and actigraphy methodology for scoring sleep, which can be considered as a useful and a complementary technique to electroencephalography and/or videography analysis for sleep studies in NHPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Dong Qin
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedicine Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
- Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Shu-Fei Feng
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedicine Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Fei-Yu Zhang
- Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Na Wang
- Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Wen-Jie Sun
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedicine Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Yin Zhou
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedicine Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Teng-Fang Xiong
- Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Xian-Lai Xu
- Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Xiao-Ting Yang
- Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Xue Zhu
- Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Xin-Tian Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Lei Xiong
- Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, 650034, China. E-mail:
| | - Yong-Chang Chen
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedicine Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China. E-mail:
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7
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Zeininger A, Schmitt D, Wunderlich RE. Mechanics of heel-strike plantigrady in African apes. J Hum Evol 2020; 145:102840. [PMID: 32652258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The initiation of a walking step with a heel strike is a defining characteristic of humans and great apes but is rarely found in other mammals. Despite the considerable importance of heel strike to an understanding of human locomotor evolution, no one has explicitly tested the fundamental mechanical question of why great apes use a heel strike. In this report, we test two hypotheses (1) that heel strike is a function of hip protraction and/or knee extension and (2) that short-legged apes with a midfoot that dorsiflexes at heel lift and long digits for whom digitigrady is not an option use heel-strike plantigrady. This strategy increases hip translation while potentially moderating the cost of redirecting the center of mass ('collisional costs') during stance via rollover along the full foot from the heel to toes. We quantified hind limb kinematics and relative hip translation in ten species of primates, including lemurs, terrestrial and arboreal monkeys, chimpanzees, and gorillas. Chimpanzees and gorillas walked with relatively extended knees but only with moderately protracted hips or hind limbs, partially rejecting the first hypothesis. Nonetheless, chimpanzees attained relative hip translations comparable with those of digitigrade primates. Heel-strike plantigrady may be a natural result of a need for increased hip translations when forelimbs are relatively long and digitigrady is morphologically restricted. In addition, foot rollover from the heel to toe in large, short-legged apes may reduce energetic costs of redirecting the center of mass at the step-to-step transition as it appears to do in humans. Heel strike appears to have been an important mechanism for increasing hip translation, and possibly reducing energetic costs, in early hominins and was fundamental to the evolution of the modern human foot and human bipedalism.
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Abstract
Taxonomies of human memory, influenced heavily by Endel Tulving, make a fundamental distinction between explicit and implicit memory. Humans are aware of explicit memories, whereas implicit memories control behavior even though we are not aware of them. Efforts to understand the evolution of memory, and to use nonhuman animals to model human memory, will be facilitated by better understanding the extent to which this critical distinction exists in nonhuman animals. Work with metacognition paradigms in the past 20 years has produced a strong case for the existence of explicit memory in nonhuman primates and possibly other nonhuman animals. Clear dissociations of explicit and implicit memory by metacognition have yet to be demonstrated in nonhumans, although dissociations between memory systems by other behavioral techniques, and by brain manipulations, suggest that the explicit-implicit distinction applies to nonhumans. Neurobehavioral studies of metamemory are beginning to identify neural substrates for memory monitoring in the frontal cortex of monkeys. We have strong evidence that at least some memory systems are explicit in rhesus monkeys, but we need to learn more about the distribution of explicit processes across cognitive systems within monkeys, and across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R Hampton
- Department of Psychology and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Jonathan W M Engelberg
- Department of Psychology and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ryan J Brady
- Department of Psychology and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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9
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Abstract
Why humans have large brains with higher cognitive abilities is a question long asked by scientists. However, much remains unknown, especially the underlying genetic mechanisms. With the use of a transgenic monkey model, we showed that human-specific sequence changes of a key brain development gene (primary microcephaly1, MCPH1) could result in detectable molecular and cognitive changes resembling human neoteny, a notable characteristic developed during human evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
- Primate Research Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Bing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
- Primate Research Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
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10
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Wärnberg E, Kumar A. Perturbing low dimensional activity manifolds in spiking neuronal networks. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1007074. [PMID: 31150376 PMCID: PMC6586365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several recent studies have shown that neural activity in vivo tends to be constrained to a low-dimensional manifold. Such activity does not arise in simulated neural networks with homogeneous connectivity and it has been suggested that it is indicative of some other connectivity pattern in neuronal networks. In particular, this connectivity pattern appears to be constraining learning so that only neural activity patterns falling within the intrinsic manifold can be learned and elicited. Here, we use three different models of spiking neural networks (echo-state networks, the Neural Engineering Framework and Efficient Coding) to demonstrate how the intrinsic manifold can be made a direct consequence of the circuit connectivity. Using this relationship between the circuit connectivity and the intrinsic manifold, we show that learning of patterns outside the intrinsic manifold corresponds to much larger changes in synaptic weights than learning of patterns within the intrinsic manifold. Assuming larger changes to synaptic weights requires extensive learning, this observation provides an explanation of why learning is easier when it does not require the neural activity to leave its intrinsic manifold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Wärnberg
- Dept. of Computational Science and Technology, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Dept. of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Dept. of Computational Science and Technology, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Wu TL, Yang PF, Wang F, Shi Z, Mishra A, Wu R, Chen LM, Gore JC. Intrinsic functional architecture of the non-human primate spinal cord derived from fMRI and electrophysiology. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1416. [PMID: 30926817 PMCID: PMC6440970 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09485-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Resting-state functional MRI (rsfMRI) has recently revealed correlated signals in the spinal cord horns of monkeys and humans. However, the interpretation of these rsfMRI correlations as indicators of functional connectivity in the spinal cord remains unclear. Here, we recorded stimulus-evoked and spontaneous spiking activity and local field potentials (LFPs) from monkey spinal cord in order to validate fMRI measures. We found that both BOLD and electrophysiological signals elicited by tactile stimulation co-localized to the ipsilateral dorsal horn. Temporal profiles of stimulus-evoked BOLD signals covaried with LFP and multiunit spiking in a similar way to those observed in the brain. Functional connectivity of dorsal horns exhibited a U-shaped profile along the dorsal-intermediate-ventral axis. Overall, these results suggest that there is an intrinsic functional architecture within the gray matter of a single spinal segment, and that rsfMRI signals at high field directly reflect this underlying spontaneous neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung-Lin Wu
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Pai-Feng Yang
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Feng Wang
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Zhaoyue Shi
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Arabinda Mishra
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Ruiqi Wu
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Li Min Chen
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - John C Gore
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
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12
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Wedage O, Amano N, Langley MC, Douka K, Blinkhorn J, Crowther A, Deraniyagala S, Kourampas N, Simpson I, Perera N, Picin A, Boivin N, Petraglia M, Roberts P. Specialized rainforest hunting by Homo sapiens ~45,000 years ago. Nat Commun 2019; 10:739. [PMID: 30783099 PMCID: PMC6381157 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08623-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Defining the distinctive capacities of Homo sapiens relative to other hominins is a major focus for human evolutionary studies. It has been argued that the procurement of small, difficult-to-catch, agile prey is a hallmark of complex behavior unique to our species; however, most research in this regard has been limited to the last 20,000 years in Europe and the Levant. Here, we present detailed faunal assemblage and taphonomic data from Fa-Hien Lena Cave in Sri Lanka that demonstrates specialized, sophisticated hunting of semi-arboreal and arboreal monkey and squirrel populations from ca. 45,000 years ago, in a tropical rainforest environment. Facilitated by complex osseous and microlithic technologies, we argue these data highlight that the early capture of small, elusive mammals was part of the plastic behavior of Homo sapiens that allowed it to rapidly colonize a series of extreme environments that were apparently untouched by its hominin relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oshan Wedage
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745, Jena, Germany.
- Department of History and Archaeology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, Colombo, 10250, Sri Lanka.
| | - Noel Amano
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Michelle C Langley
- Australian Research Centre for Human Evolution, Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Katerina Douka
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - James Blinkhorn
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Department of Geography, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 OEX, UK
| | - Alison Crowther
- Department of Archaeology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Siran Deraniyagala
- Department of Archaeology, Government of Sri Lanka, Colombo, 00700, Sri Lanka
| | - Nikos Kourampas
- Biological & Environmental Science, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
- Center for Open Learning, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 8AQ, UK
| | - Ian Simpson
- Biological & Environmental Science, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Nimal Perera
- Department of Archaeology, Government of Sri Lanka, Colombo, 00700, Sri Lanka
| | - Andrea Picin
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicole Boivin
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Petraglia
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745, Jena, Germany.
- Human Origins Program, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20013-7012, USA.
| | - Patrick Roberts
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745, Jena, Germany.
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Caballero JA, Humphries MD, Gurney KN. A probabilistic, distributed, recursive mechanism for decision-making in the brain. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006033. [PMID: 29614077 PMCID: PMC5882111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Decision formation recruits many brain regions, but the procedure they jointly execute is unknown. Here we characterize its essential composition, using as a framework a novel recursive Bayesian algorithm that makes decisions based on spike-trains with the statistics of those in sensory cortex (MT). Using it to simulate the random-dot-motion task, we demonstrate it quantitatively replicates the choice behaviour of monkeys, whilst predicting losses of otherwise usable information from MT. Its architecture maps to the recurrent cortico-basal-ganglia-thalamo-cortical loops, whose components are all implicated in decision-making. We show that the dynamics of its mapped computations match those of neural activity in the sensorimotor cortex and striatum during decisions, and forecast those of basal ganglia output and thalamus. This also predicts which aspects of neural dynamics are and are not part of inference. Our single-equation algorithm is probabilistic, distributed, recursive, and parallel. Its success at capturing anatomy, behaviour, and electrophysiology suggests that the mechanism implemented by the brain has these same characteristics. Decision-making is central to cognition. Abnormally-formed decisions characterize disorders like over-eating, Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases, OCD, addiction, and compulsive gambling. Yet, a unified account of decision-making has, hitherto, remained elusive. Here we show the essential composition of the brain’s decision mechanism by matching experimental data from monkeys making decisions, to the knowable function of a novel statistical inference algorithm. Our algorithm maps onto the large-scale architecture of decision circuits in the primate brain, replicating the monkeys’ choice behaviour and the dynamics of the neural activity that accompany it. Validated in this way, our algorithm establishes a basic framework for understanding the mechanistic ingredients of decision-making in the brain, and thereby, a basic platform for understanding how pathologies arise from abnormal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A. Caballero
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Deptartment of Psychology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Mark D. Humphries
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin N. Gurney
- Deptartment of Psychology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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14
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Abstract
Panid, gorillid, and hominid social structures appear to have diverged as dramatically as did their locomotor patterns as they emerged from a late Miocene last common ancestor (LCA). Despite their elimination of the sectorial canine complex and adoption of bipedality with its attendant removal of their ready access to the arboreal canopy, Australopithecus was able to easily invade novel habitats after florescence from its likely ancestral genus, Ardipithecus sp. Other hominoids, unable to sustain sufficient population growth, began an inexorable decline, culminating in their restriction to modern refugia. Success similar to that of earliest hominids also characterizes several species of macaques, often termed "weed species." We here review their most salient demographic features and find that a key element is irregularly elevated female survival. It is reasonable to conclude that a similar feature characterized early hominids, most likely made possible by the adoption of social monogamy. Reduced female mortality is a more probable key to early hominid success than a reduction in birth space, which would have been physiologically more difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Meindl
- Department of Anthropology, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242;
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242
| | - Morgan E Chaney
- Department of Anthropology, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242
| | - C Owen Lovejoy
- Department of Anthropology, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242;
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242
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15
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Hampton RR. Monkey Perirhinal Cortex is Critical for Visual Memory, but not for Visual Perception: Reexamination of the Behavioural Evidence from Monkeys. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 58:283-99. [PMID: 16194970 DOI: 10.1080/02724990444000195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Overdependence on discrimination learning paradigms to assess the function of perirhinal cortex has complicated understanding of the cognitive role of this structure. Impairments in discrimination learning can result from at least two distinct causes: (a) failure to accurately apprehend and represent the relevant stimuli, or (b) failure to form and remember associations between stimulus representations and reward. Thus, the results of discrimination learning experiments do not readily differentiate deficits in perception from deficits in learning and memory. Here I describe studies that do dissociate learning and memory from perception and show that perirhinal cortex damage impairs learning and/or memory, but not perception. Reanalysis and reconsideration of other published data call into further question the hypothesis that the monkey perirhinal cortex plays a critical role in visual perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R Hampton
- Department of Psychology and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Evans
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Mapother House, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London SE5 0RS, UK.
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17
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Abstract
The finding that human infants and many other animal species are sensitive to numerical quantity has been widely interpreted as evidence for evolved, biologically determined numerical capacities across unrelated species, thereby supporting a 'nativist' stance on the origin of number sense. Here, we tackle this issue within the 'emergentist' perspective provided by artificial neural network models, and we build on computer simulations to discuss two different approaches to think about the innateness of number sense. The first, illustrated by artificial life simulations, shows that numerical abilities can be supported by domain-specific representations emerging from evolutionary pressure. The second assumes that numerical representations need not be genetically pre-determined but can emerge from the interplay between innate architectural constraints and domain-general learning mechanisms, instantiated in deep learning simulations. We show that deep neural networks endowed with basic visuospatial processing exhibit a remarkable performance in numerosity discrimination before any experience-dependent learning, whereas unsupervised sensory experience with visual sets leads to subsequent improvement of number acuity and reduces the influence of continuous visual cues. The emergent neuronal code for numbers in the model includes both numerosity-sensitive (summation coding) and numerosity-selective response profiles, closely mirroring those found in monkey intraparietal neurons. We conclude that a form of innatism based on architectural and learning biases is a fruitful approach to understanding the origin and development of number sense.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'The origins of numerical abilities'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Zorzi
- Department of General Psychology and Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Via Venezia 12, Padova 35131, Italy
- IRCCS San Camillo Hospital Foundation, Venice-Lido, Italy
| | - Alberto Testolin
- Department of General Psychology and Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Via Venezia 12, Padova 35131, Italy
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18
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Matsuda I, Clauss M, Tuuga A, Sugau J, Hanya G, Yumoto T, Bernard H, Hummel J. Factors Affecting Leaf Selection by Foregut-fermenting Proboscis Monkeys: New Insight from in vitro Digestibility and Toughness of Leaves. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42774. [PMID: 28211530 PMCID: PMC5314408 DOI: 10.1038/srep42774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Free-living animals must make dietary choices in terms of chemical and physical properties, depending on their digestive physiology and availability of food resources. Here we comprehensively evaluated the dietary choices of proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus) consuming young leaves. We analysed the data for leaf toughness and digestibility measured by an in vitro gas production method, in addition to previously reported data on nutrient composition. Leaf toughness, in general, negatively correlated with the crude protein content, one of the most important nutritional factors affecting food selection by leaf-eating primates. This result suggests that leaf toughness assessed by oral sensation might be a proximate cue for its protein content. We confirmed the importance of the leaf chemical properties in terms of preference shown by N. larvatus; leaves with high protein content and low neutral detergent fibre levels were preferred to those of the common plant species. We also found that these preferred leaves were less tough and more digestible than the alternatives. Our in vitro results also suggested that N. larvatus were little affected by secondary plant compounds. However, the spatial distribution pattern of plant species was the strongest factor explaining the selection of the preferred leaf species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikki Matsuda
- Chubu University Academy of Emerging Sciences, 1200, Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai-shi, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
- Wildlife Research Center of Kyoto University, 2-24 Tanaka-Sekiden-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8203, Japan
- Japan Monkey Centre, 26 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-0081, Japan
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Augustine Tuuga
- Sabah Wildlife Department, Sabah, Malaysia, 5th Floor, B Block, Wisma MUIS, 88100 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - John Sugau
- Forest Research Center, P.O. Box 1407, 90715 Sandakan Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Goro Hanya
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Takakazu Yumoto
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Henry Bernard
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Jürgen Hummel
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Kellnerweg 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Abstract
Since Premack and Woodruf (1978), the study of mindreading abilities in nonhumans, especially primates, has been thoroughly investigated. But attempts to understand the evolution of this aspect of human intelligence have mainly focused on comparisons between apes and human infants, while relatively little is known about the abilities of monkeys. This lack of data on monkeys seems mainly due to the hypothesis of a cognitive "gap" between apes and monkeys. However, in recent years monkeys have been featuring more prominently in the landscape of social cognition research, and some of these systematic studies appear promising. This paper reviews i) current knowledge about monkeys' socio-cognitive abilities, especially regarding gaze processing, attention and intention reading, and perspective-taking, ii) alternative hypotheses regarding the underlying mechanisms of such complex behaviors, and iii) potential new perspectives and future directions for studying ToM in monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Meunier
- Centre de Primatologie de l'Université de Strasbourg, 67207 Niederhausbergen, France; Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives, UMR 7364, CNRS et Université de Strasbourg, France.
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20
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Simione L, Nolfi S. The Emergence of Selective Attention through Probabilistic Associations between Stimuli and Actions. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166174. [PMID: 27846301 PMCID: PMC5112963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper we show how a multilayer neural network trained to master a context-dependent task in which the action co-varies with a certain stimulus in a first context and with a second stimulus in an alternative context exhibits selective attention, i.e. filtering out of irrelevant information. This effect is rather robust and it is observed in several variations of the experiment in which the characteristics of the network as well as of the training procedure have been varied. Our result demonstrates how the filtering out of irrelevant information can originate spontaneously as a consequence of the regularities present in context-dependent training set and therefore does not necessarily depend on specific architectural constraints. The post-evaluation of the network in an instructed-delay experimental scenario shows how the behaviour of the network is consistent with the data collected in neuropsychological studies. The analysis of the network at the end of the training process indicates how selective attention originates as a result of the effects caused by relevant and irrelevant stimuli mediated by context-dependent and context-independent bidirectional associations between stimuli and actions that are extracted by the network during the learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Simione
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, CNR, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Stefano Nolfi
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, CNR, Rome, Italy
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21
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Watanabe H, Takahashi K, Nishimura Y, Isa T. Phase and magnitude spatiotemporal dynamics of β oscillation in electrocorticography (ECoG) in the monkey motor cortex at the onset of 3D reaching movements. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2016; 2014:5196-9. [PMID: 25571164 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2014.6944796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
β oscillations in local field potentials, electro-corticography (ECoG), and electroencephalograms (EEG) are ubiquitous in the motor cortex of monkeys and humans. However due to their lack of contributions, compared to other frequency ranges, to decode effector kinematics especially in ECoG signals, spatiotemporal dynamics of ECoG β oscillations has not been examined despite the larger areas that ECoG arrays can cover than standard intracortical multielectrode arrays. Here, we used ECoG grids to cover large areas of motor cortex and some somatosensory cortex in monkeys while they performed an unconstrained reaching and a lever pulling task at two force levels in three dimensional space. We showed that under the pulling task β power increased around movement onset. However, the β phases were locked around the movement onsets and their peak timings were spatially aligned in the motor cortex. These results may indicate that spatiotemporal dynamics of β oscillation conveys task relevant information and that ECoG arrays will be useful to study larger spatiotemporal patterns in the motor cortex, or any cortical areas in general, than intracortical multielectrode arrays.
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22
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Abstract
One way to understand the topography of the cerebral cortex is that “like attracts like.” The cortex is organized to maximize nearest neighbor similarity. This principle can explain the separation of the cortex into discrete areas that emphasize different information domains. It can also explain the maps that form within cortical areas. However, because the cortex is two-dimensional, when a parameter space of much higher dimensionality is reduced onto the cortical sheet while optimizing nearest neighbor relationships, the result may lack an obvious global ordering into separate areas. Instead, the topography may consist of partial gradients, fractures, swirls, regions that resemble separate areas in some ways but not others, and in not a lack of topographic maps but an excess of maps overlaid on each other, no one of which seems to be entirely correct. Like a canvas in a gallery of modern art that no two observers interpret the same way, this lack of obvious ordering of high-dimensional spaces onto the cortex might then result in some scientific controversy over the true organization. In this review, the authors suggest that at least some sectors of the cortex do not have a simple global ordering and are better understood as a result of a reduction of a high-dimensional space onto the cortical sheet. The cortical motor system may be an example of this phenomenon. The authors discuss a model of the lateral motor cortex in which a reduction of many parameters onto a simulated cortical sheet results in a complex topographic pattern that matches the actual monkey motor cortex in surprising detail. Some of the ambiguities of topography and areal boundaries that have plagued the attempt to systematize the lateral motor cortex are explained by the model. NEUROSCIENTIST the attempt to syste 13(2):138—147, 2007.
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23
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Puts DA, Hill AK, Bailey DH, Walker RS, Rendall D, Wheatley JR, Welling LLM, Dawood K, Cárdenas R, Burriss RP, Jablonski NG, Shriver MD, Weiss D, Lameira AR, Apicella CL, Owren MJ, Barelli C, Glenn ME, Ramos-Fernandez G. Sexual selection on male vocal fundamental frequency in humans and other anthropoids. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:20152830. [PMID: 27122553 PMCID: PMC4855375 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.2830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In many primates, including humans, the vocalizations of males and females differ dramatically, with male vocalizations and vocal anatomy often seeming to exaggerate apparent body size. These traits may be favoured by sexual selection because low-frequency male vocalizations intimidate rivals and/or attract females, but this hypothesis has not been systematically tested across primates, nor is it clear why competitors and potential mates should attend to vocalization frequencies. Here we show across anthropoids that sexual dimorphism in fundamental frequency (F0) increased during evolutionary transitions towards polygyny, and decreased during transitions towards monogamy. Surprisingly, humans exhibit greater F0 sexual dimorphism than any other ape. We also show that low-F0 vocalizations predict perceptions of men's dominance and attractiveness, and predict hormone profiles (low cortisol and high testosterone) related to immune function. These results suggest that low male F0 signals condition to competitors and mates, and evolved in male anthropoids in response to the intensity of mating competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Puts
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA Center for Brain, Behavior, and Cognition, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Alexander K Hill
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Drew H Bailey
- School of Education, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Robert S Walker
- Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Drew Rendall
- Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1 K 3M4
| | - John R Wheatley
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Lisa L M Welling
- Department of Psychology, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
| | - Khytam Dawood
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Rodrigo Cárdenas
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Robert P Burriss
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Nina G Jablonski
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Mark D Shriver
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Daniel Weiss
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Adriano R Lameira
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK Pongo Foundation, Papenhoeflaan 91, Oudewater 3421XN, The Netherlands
| | - Coren L Apicella
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael J Owren
- OSV Acoustical Associates and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Claudia Barelli
- Sezione di Biodiversità Tropicale, Museo delle Scienze, Trento 38122, Italy
| | - Mary E Glenn
- Department of Anthropology, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA 95521, USA
| | - Gabriel Ramos-Fernandez
- CIIDIR Unidad Oaxaca, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico and C3-Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Mexico 04510, Mexico
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24
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Briseño-Jaramillo M, Estrada A, Lemasson A. Behavioural innovation and cultural transmission of communication signal in black howler monkeys. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13400. [PMID: 26303965 PMCID: PMC4548217 DOI: 10.1038/srep13400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Social traditions based on communication signals are widespread in birds, cetaceans and humans, but surprisingly rare in nonhuman primates known for having genetically-determined vocal repertoires. This study presents the first description of a singular case of behaviour associated with calling (placing a hand in front of the mouth while vocalizing: HFM) in black howler monkeys. We showed, first, that HFM was found only in a subset of the groups observed, at the same geographical location, and was age- and sex-specific. There was an audience effect on HFM, with highest rates when a neighbouring group was visible. HFM was non-randomly combined with audio-visual signals and always performed while roaring. High HFM rates triggered more vocal responses from group members and male neighbours, and HFM signalers temporally synchronized their behaviour in a predictable way. Finally, the positioning of the hand systematically modified the call's auditory structure. Altogether these results support the idea that HFM is an innovated, culturally transmitted communication signal that may play a role in inter-group competition and intra-group cohesion. This study opens new lines of research about how nonhuman primates developed strategies to overcome their constraints in acoustic plasticity very early in the primate lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Briseño-Jaramillo
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Instituto de Biología, Coyoacán, 04510. México City
| | - A. Estrada
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Instituto de Biología, Coyoacán, 04510. México City
| | - A. Lemasson
- Université de Rennes 1, Ethologie Animale et Humaine, U.M.R. 6552 - C.N.R.S, Station Biologique, 35380 Paimpont, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 103 boulevard Saint-Michel 75005 Paris, France
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Bastos AM, Litvak V, Moran R, Bosman CA, Fries P, Friston KJ. A DCM study of spectral asymmetries in feedforward and feedback connections between visual areas V1 and V4 in the monkey. Neuroimage 2015; 108:460-75. [PMID: 25585017 PMCID: PMC4334664 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.12.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reports a dynamic causal modeling study of electrocorticographic (ECoG) data that addresses functional asymmetries between forward and backward connections in the visual cortical hierarchy. Specifically, we ask whether forward connections employ gamma-band frequencies, while backward connections preferentially use lower (beta-band) frequencies. We addressed this question by modeling empirical cross spectra using a neural mass model equipped with superficial and deep pyramidal cell populations-that model the source of forward and backward connections, respectively. This enabled us to reconstruct the transfer functions and associated spectra of specific subpopulations within cortical sources. We first established that Bayesian model comparison was able to discriminate between forward and backward connections, defined in terms of their cells of origin. We then confirmed that model selection was able to identify extrastriate (V4) sources as being hierarchically higher than early visual (V1) sources. Finally, an examination of the auto spectra and transfer functions associated with superficial and deep pyramidal cells confirmed that forward connections employed predominantly higher (gamma) frequencies, while backward connections were mediated by lower (alpha/beta) frequencies. We discuss these findings in relation to current views about alpha, beta, and gamma oscillations and predictive coding in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Bastos
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Deutschordenstraße 46, Frankfurt 60528, Germany; Center for Neuroscience and Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95618, USA.
| | - V Litvak
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - R Moran
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - C A Bosman
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Kapittelweg 29, Nijmegen 6535 EN, Netherlands; Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Group, Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, Netherlands
| | - P Fries
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Deutschordenstraße 46, Frankfurt 60528, Germany; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Kapittelweg 29, Nijmegen 6535 EN, Netherlands
| | - K J Friston
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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Rangel-Negrín A, Coyohua-Fuentes A, Chavira R, Canales-Espinosa D, Dias PAD. Primates living outside protected habitats are more stressed: the case of black howler monkeys in the Yucatán Peninsula. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112329. [PMID: 25375243 PMCID: PMC4223037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The non-invasive monitoring of glucocorticoid hormones allows for the assessment of the physiological effects of anthropogenic disturbances on wildlife. Variation in glucocorticoid levels of the same species between protected and unprotect areas seldom has been measured, and the available evidence suggests that this relationship may depend on species-specific habitat requirements and biology. In the present study we focused on black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra), a canopy-dwelling primate species, as a case study to evaluate the physiological consequences of living in unprotected areas, and relate them with intragroup competition and competition with extragroup individuals. From February 2006 to September 2007 we collected 371 fecal samples from 21 adults belonging to five groups (two from protected and three from unprotected areas) in Campeche, Mexico. We recorded agonistic interactions within groups and encounters with other groups (1,200 h of behavioral observations), and determined fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGM) concentrations with radioimmunoassays. We used linear mixed models and Akaike's information criterion to choose the best model explaining variation in FGM concentrations between protected and unprotected areas calculated from five categorical variables: habitat type (protected vs. unprotected), participation in agonistic interactions, intergroup encounters, sex and female reproductive state, and season. The best model included habitat type, the interaction between habitat type and agonism, and the interaction between habitat type and season. FGM concentrations were higher in unprotected habitats, particularly when individuals were involved in agonistic interactions; seasonal variation in FGM concentrations was only detected in protected habitats. High FGM concentrations in black howler monkeys living in unprotected habitats are associated with increased within-group food competition and probably associated with exposure to anthropogenic stressors and overall food scarcity. Because persistent high GC levels can be detrimental to health and fitness, populations living in disturbed unprotected areas may not be viable in the long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roberto Chavira
- Instituto de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México D.F., Mexico
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Vasilyeva LN, Badakva AM, Miller NV, Zobova LN, Roschin VY, Bondar IV. [Long-term recording of single unit activity and criteria for estimation of stability]. Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova 2014; 64:693-701. [PMID: 25975145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Stable single-unit recording in the brain of vertebrates allows to investigate processes underlying neural plasticity. In applied aspect long-term single-unit recording can be useful for development of invasive brain--computer interface. Here we propose a criterion for identification of neurons that were recorded for more than one day. Based only on the spike forms classification yields ambiguous result. Additional parameters (such as form of interspike interval histogram or certain parameters of that histogram) decreased misclassification probability considerably. Using proposed criterion we were able to identify 82 neurons that were recoded for more than one day. In extreme case activity of one neuron was observed for 94 days.
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Claidière N, Bowler M, Brookes S, Brown R, Whiten A. Frequency of behavior witnessed and conformity in an everyday social context. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99874. [PMID: 24950212 PMCID: PMC4064983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Conformity is thought to be an important force in human evolution because it has the potential to stabilize cultural homogeneity within groups and cultural diversity between groups. However, the effects of such conformity on cultural and biological evolution will depend much on the particular way in which individuals are influenced by the frequency of alternative behavioral options they witness. In a previous study we found that in a natural situation people displayed a tendency to be ‘linear-conformist’. When visitors to a Zoo exhibit were invited to write or draw answers to questions on cards to win a small prize and we manipulated the proportion of text versus drawings on display, we found a strong and significant effect of the proportion of text displayed on the proportion of text in the answers, a conformist effect that was largely linear with a small non-linear component. However, although this overall effect is important to understand cultural evolution, it might mask a greater diversity of behavioral responses shaped by variables such as age, sex, social environment and attention of the participants. Accordingly we performed a further study explicitly to analyze the effects of these variables, together with the quality of the information participants' responses made available to further visitors. Results again showed a largely linear conformity effect that varied little with the variables analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Claidière
- Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution, School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Psychologie Cognitive, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7290, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Mark Bowler
- Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution, School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland, United Kingdom
- San Diego Zoo Global, Institute for Conservation Research, Iquitos, Peru
| | - Sarah Brookes
- Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution, School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Brown
- Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution, School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Whiten
- Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution, School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Hammond AS. In vivo baseline measurements of hip joint range of motion in suspensory and nonsuspensory anthropoids. Am J Phys Anthropol 2014; 153:417-34. [PMID: 24288178 PMCID: PMC4023689 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hominoids and atelines are known to use suspensory behaviors and are assumed to possess greater hip joint mobility than nonsuspensory monkeys, particularly for range of abduction. This assumption has greatly influenced how extant and fossil primate hip joint morphology has been interpreted, despite the fact that there are no data available on hip mobility in hominoids or Ateles. This study uses in vivo measurements to test the hypothesis that suspensory anthropoids have significantly greater ranges of hip joint mobility than nonsuspensory anthropoids. Passive hip joint mobility was measured on a large sample of anesthetized captive anthropoids (nonhuman hominids = 43, hylobatids = 6, cercopithecids = 43, Ateles = 6, and Cebus = 6). Angular and linear data were collected using goniometers and tape measures. Range of motion (ROM) data were analyzed for significant differences by locomotor group using ANOVA and phylogenetic regression. The data demonstrate that suspensory anthropoids are capable of significantly greater hip abduction and external rotation. Degree of flexion and internal rotation were not larger in the suspensory primates, indicating that suspension is not associated with a global increase in hip mobility. Future work should consider the role of external rotation in abduction ability, how the physical position of the distal limb segments are influenced by differences in ROM proximally, as well as focus on bony and soft tissue differences that enable or restrict abduction and external rotation at the anthropoid hip joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley S. Hammond
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, M263 Medical Sciences Building, Columbia, Missouri 65212
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
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Fedigan LM, Melin AD, Addicott JF, Kawamura S. The heterozygote superiority hypothesis for polymorphic color vision is not supported by long-term fitness data from wild neotropical monkeys. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84872. [PMID: 24404195 PMCID: PMC3880319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The leading explanatory model for the widespread occurrence of color vision polymorphism in Neotropical primates is the heterozygote superiority hypothesis, which postulates that trichromatic individuals have a fitness advantage over other phenotypes because redgreen chromatic discrimination is useful for foraging, social signaling, or predator detection. Alternative explanatory models predict that dichromatic and trichromatic phenotypes are each suited to distinct tasks. To conclusively evaluate these models, one must determine whether proposed visual advantages translate into differential fitness of trichromatic and dichromatic individuals. We tested whether color vision phenotype is a significant predictor of female fitness in a population of wild capuchins, using longterm 26 years survival and fertility data. We found no advantage to trichromats over dichromats for three fitness measures fertility rates, offspring survival and maternal survival. This finding suggests that a selective mechanism other than heterozygote advantage is operating to maintain the color vision polymorphism. We propose that attention be directed to field testing the alternative mechanisms of balancing selection proposed to explain opsin polymorphism nichedivergence, frequencydependence and mutual benefit of association. This is the first indepth, longterm study examining the effects of color vision variation on survival and reproductive success in a naturallyoccurring population of primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Fedigan
- Department of Anthropology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Amanda D Melin
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University, St. Louis Missouri, United States of America
| | - John F Addicott
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shoji Kawamura
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
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Bondar' IV, Vasil'eva LN, Badakva AM, Miller NV, Zobova LN, Roshchin VI. [Quality of neuronal signal registered in the monkey motor cortex with chronically implanted multiple microwires]. Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova 2014; 64:101-112. [PMID: 25710068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Disconnection of central and peripheral parts of motor system leads to severe forms of disability. However, current research of brain-computer interfaces will solve the problem of rehabilitation of patients with motor disorders in future. Chronic recordings of single-unit activity in specialized areas of cerebral cortex could provide appropriate control signal for effectors with multiple degrees of freedom. In present article we evaluated the quality of chronic single-unit recordings in the primary motor cortex of awake behaving monkeys obtained with bundles of multiple microwires. Action potentials of proper quality were recorded from single units during three months. In some cases up to 7 single units could be extracted on a channel. Recording quality stabilized after 40 days since electrodes were implanted. Ultimately, functionality of multiple electrodes bundle makes it highly usable and reliable instrument for obtaining of control neurophysiologic signal from populations of neurons for brain-computer interfaces.
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Bonnell TR, Campennì M, Chapman CA, Gogarten JF, Reyna-Hurtado RA, Teichroeb JA, Wasserman MD, Sengupta R. Emergent group level navigation: an agent-based evaluation of movement patterns in a folivorous primate. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78264. [PMID: 24205174 PMCID: PMC3804626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The foraging activity of many organisms reveal strategic movement patterns, showing efficient use of spatially distributed resources. The underlying mechanisms behind these movement patterns, such as the use of spatial memory, are topics of considerable debate. To augment existing evidence of spatial memory use in primates, we generated movement patterns from simulated primate agents with simple sensory and behavioral capabilities. We developed agents representing various hypotheses of memory use, and compared the movement patterns of simulated groups to those of an observed group of red colobus monkeys (Procolobus rufomitratus), testing for: the effects of memory type (Euclidian or landmark based), amount of memory retention, and the effects of social rules in making foraging choices at the scale of the group (independent or leader led). Our results indicate that red colobus movement patterns fit best with simulated groups that have landmark based memory and a follow the leader foraging strategy. Comparisons between simulated agents revealed that social rules had the greatest impact on a group's step length, whereas the type of memory had the highest impact on a group's path tortuosity and cohesion. Using simulation studies as experimental trials to test theories of spatial memory use allows the development of insight into the behavioral mechanisms behind animal movement, developing case-specific results, as well as general results informing how changes to perception and behavior influence movement patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler R. Bonnell
- Deptartment of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marco Campennì
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Colin A. Chapman
- Deptartment of Anthropology & McGill School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec and Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Jan F. Gogarten
- Deptartment of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Julie A. Teichroeb
- University of California Santa Cruz, Anthropology Department, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | | | - Raja Sengupta
- Deptartment of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Abstract
Allogrooming in primates has acquired an important social function beyond its original hygienic function and can be exchanged either for itself or used as a currency to obtain other benefits such as copulations, access to infants or agonistic support. We explore the strategic use of grooming as a social tool in semi-wild golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) in central China, a species where two desirable resources, viz. reproductive males and infants, are restricted to the mating and birth season, respectively. We predict that females expend their grooming selectively to different individuals according to their "value". Our results show that in the mating season, females devoted more grooming to the resident male than in the birth season, and this effect was particularly strong in non-mothers (females without newborn infants). Moreover, females were more likely to groom the resident male after copulation than during baseline social conditions. In the birth season, females devoted more grooming to other females than in the mating season, and mothers (females with newborn infants) were the most valuable grooming partners. The mean rate of contact by non-mothers toward infants of other females was significantly higher after grooming the mothers than in baseline social conditions. In conclusion, our findings lend credence to the notion that primate females use grooming as a strategic tool to obtain limited resources such as males and infants and vary preference for particular individuals depending on the seasonal availability of valuable resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zuo-Fu Xiang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Yao
- Key lab of Conservation Biology for Shennongjia Golden Monkey, Hubei Province, Shennongjia Forest District, Hubei, China
| | - Cyril C. Grueter
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Ming Li
- Key lab of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Abstract
In the article tensor-input/tensor-output blockwise Recursive N-way Partial Least Squares (RNPLS) regression is considered. It combines the multi-way tensors decomposition with a consecutive calculation scheme and allows blockwise treatment of tensor data arrays with huge dimensions, as well as the adaptive modeling of time-dependent processes with tensor variables. In the article the numerical study of the algorithm is undertaken. The RNPLS algorithm demonstrates fast and stable convergence of regression coefficients. Applied to Brain Computer Interface system calibration, the algorithm provides an efficient adjustment of the decoding model. Combining the online adaptation with easy interpretation of results, the method can be effectively applied in a variety of multi-modal neural activity flow modeling tasks.
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Rigotti M, Barak O, Warden MR, Wang XJ, Daw ND, Miller EK, Fusi S. The importance of mixed selectivity in complex cognitive tasks. Nature 2013; 497:585-90. [PMID: 23685452 PMCID: PMC4412347 DOI: 10.1038/nature12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 831] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Single-neuron activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is tuned to mixtures of multiple task-related aspects. Such mixed selectivity is highly heterogeneous, seemingly disordered and therefore difficult to interpret. We analysed the neural activity recorded in monkeys during an object sequence memory task to identify a role of mixed selectivity in subserving the cognitive functions ascribed to the PFC. We show that mixed selectivity neurons encode distributed information about all task-relevant aspects. Each aspect can be decoded from the population of neurons even when single-cell selectivity to that aspect is eliminated. Moreover, mixed selectivity offers a significant computational advantage over specialized responses in terms of the repertoire of input-output functions implementable by readout neurons. This advantage originates from the highly diverse nonlinear selectivity to mixtures of task-relevant variables, a signature of high-dimensional neural representations. Crucially, this dimensionality is predictive of animal behaviour as it collapses in error trials. Our findings recommend a shift of focus for future studies from neurons that have easily interpretable response tuning to the widely observed, but rarely analysed, mixed selectivity neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Rigotti
- Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA
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38
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Abstract
Brightness induction is the modulation of the perceived intensity of an area by the luminance of surrounding areas. Recent neurophysiological evidence suggests that brightness information might be explicitly represented in V1, in contrast to the more common assumption that the striate cortex is an area mostly responsive to sensory information. Here we investigate possible neural mechanisms that offer a plausible explanation for such phenomenon. To this end, a neurodynamical model which is based on neurophysiological evidence and focuses on the part of V1 responsible for contextual influences is presented. The proposed computational model successfully accounts for well known psychophysical effects for static contexts and also for brightness induction in dynamic contexts defined by modulating the luminance of surrounding areas. This work suggests that intra-cortical interactions in V1 could, at least partially, explain brightness induction effects and reveals how a common general architecture may account for several different fundamental processes, such as visual saliency and brightness induction, which emerge early in the visual processing pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Penacchio
- Computer Vision Center, Computer Science Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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40
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Abstract
Functional relationships (from systematic manipulation of critical variables) are advocated for revealing fundamental processes of (comparative) cognition-through examples from my work in psychophysics, learning, and memory. Functional relationships for pigeon wavelength (hue) discrimination revealed best discrimination at the spectral points of hue transition for pigeons-a correspondence (i.e., functional relationship) similar to that for humans. Functional relationships for learning revealed: Item-specific or relational learning in matching to sample as a function of the pigeons' sample-response requirement, and same/different abstract-concept learning as a function of the training set size for rhesus monkeys, capuchin monkeys, and pigeons. Functional relationships for visual memory revealed serial position functions (a 1st order functional relationship) that changed systematically with retention delay (a 2nd order relationship) for pigeons, capuchin monkeys, rhesus monkeys, and humans. Functional relationships for rhesus-monkey auditory memory also revealed systematic changes in serial position functions with delay, but these changes were opposite to those for visual memory. Functional relationships for proactive interference revealed interference that varied as a function of a ratio of delay times. Functional relationships for change detection memory revealed (qualitative) similarities and (quantitative) differences in human and monkey visual short-term memory as a function of the number of memory items. It is concluded that these findings were made possible by varying critical variables over a substantial portion of the manipulable range to generate functions and derive relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony A Wright
- University of Texas Health Science Center, Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX77030, USA.
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41
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Abstract
Background Collinear patterns of local visual stimuli are used to study contextual effects in the visual system. Previous studies have shown that proximal collinear flankers, unlike orthogonal, can enhance the detection of a low contrast central element. However, the direct neural interactions between cortical populations processing the individual flanker elements and the central element are largely unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings Using voltage-sensitive dye imaging (VSDI) we imaged neural population responses in V1 and V2 areas in fixating monkeys while they were presented with collinear or orthogonal arrays of Gabor patches. We then studied the spatio-temporal interactions between neuronal populations processing individual Gabor patches in the two conditions. Time-frequency analysis of the stimulus-evoked VSDI signal showed power increase mainly in low frequencies, i.e., the alpha band (α; 7–14 Hz). Power in the α-band was more discriminative at a single trial level than other neuronal population measures. Importantly, the collinear condition showed an increased intra-areal (V1-V1 and V2-V2) and inter-areal (V1-V2) α-coherence with shorter latencies than the orthogonal condition, both before and after the removal of the stimulus contribution. α-coherence appeared between discrete neural populations processing the individual Gabor patches: the central element and the flankers. Conclusions/Significance Our findings suggest that collinear effects are mediated by synchronization in a distributed network of proximal and distant neuronal populations within and across V1 and V2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Gilad
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
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42
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Lemasson A, Remeuf K, Rossard A, Zimmermann E. Cross-taxa similarities in affect-induced changes of vocal behavior and voice in arboreal monkeys. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45106. [PMID: 22984618 PMCID: PMC3440359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Measuring the affective state of an individual across species with comparable non-invasive methods is a current challenge in animal communication research. This study aims to explore to which extent affect intensity is conveyed in the vocal behaviours of three nonhuman primate species (Campbell's monkeys, De Brazza's monkeys, red-capped mangabeys), which vary in body size, ecological niche and social system. Similarly in the three species, we experimentally induced a change in captive social groups' affect by locking all group members together in their outside enclosure. The two experimental conditions which varied in affect intensity consisted in imposing a pre-reunion 90 mn-separation by splitting up the respective group into two subgroups (High affect condition) or not (Low affect condition). We measured call rates as well as voice features at the time of reunion in both conditions. The three studied species reacted in a very similar way. Across species, call rates changed significantly between the behaviourally defined states. Furthermore, contact call duration and, to some extent, voice pitch increased. Our results suggest, for the first time in arboreal Old World monkeys, that affect intensity is conveyed reliably in vocal behaviour and specific acoustic characteristics of voice, irrespective of body size and ecological niche differences between species. Cross-taxa similarities in acoustic cues of affect intensity point to phylogenetic constraints and inheritance from a common ancestor, whereas variations in vocal behaviour and affect intensity-related acoustic cues between species may be an adaptation to specific social requirements and depend on social systems. Our findings as well as a comparison with published works on acoustic communication in other vertebrate groups support the hypothesis that affect intensity in human voice originates from precursors already found deep inside the vertebrate phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alban Lemasson
- Université de Rennes 1, Ethologie animale et humaine, UMR 6552 - CNRS, Station Biologique de Paimpont, Paimpont, France.
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Gorgiladze GI, Shipov AA, Horn E. [Biological experiments in microgravity: equilibrium function]. Aviakosm Ekolog Med 2012; 46:3-18. [PMID: 23402139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The review deals with the investigations of structural and functional modifications in the equilibrium organ (EO) in invertebrates (coelenterates, shells, crustaceans and insects) and vertebrates (fishes, amphibians, rats, primates) on different ontogenetic stages in the condition of microgravity and during readaptation to the Earth's gravity. Results of the investigations detail the adaptive strategy of terrestrial organism in the environment lacking the gravitational components that leads to the discrepancy of an inner model of the body-environment schema constructed by the central nervous system at 1 g and the novel reality. It is manifested by ataxic behavior and increased graviceptors' afferentation against efferent system inactivation. The new condition is defined as a sensibilization phase ensued by the eluding phase: behavior obeys the innate motion strategy, whereas graviceptors' afferentation decreases due to activation of the efferent system. Readaptation to 1 G takes several to 50 days and proceeds as a sequence of slow in motion behavior, ataxia and vestibular sensitization. Reactivity of the gravitosensory system to microgravity was found to be age-dependent. Gain in the EO inertial mass in microgravity and reduction with return to 1 g indicates gravity relevance to EO genesis.
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Csiszar A, Podlutsky A, Podlutskaya N, Sonntag WE, Merlin SZ, Philipp EER, Doyle K, Davila A, Recchia FA, Ballabh P, Pinto JT, Ungvari Z. Testing the oxidative stress hypothesis of aging in primate fibroblasts: is there a correlation between species longevity and cellular ROS production? J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2012; 67:841-52. [PMID: 22219516 PMCID: PMC3403864 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glr216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to test predictions of the oxidative stress theory of aging assessing reactive oxygen species production and oxidative stress resistance in cultured fibroblasts from 13 primate species ranging in body size from 0.25 to 120 kg and in longevity from 20 to 90 years. We assessed both basal and stress-induced reactive oxygen species production in fibroblasts from five great apes (human, chimpanzee, bonobo, gorilla, and orangutan), four Old World monkeys (baboon, rhesus and crested black macaques, and patas monkey), three New World monkeys (common marmoset, red-bellied tamarin, and woolly monkey), and one lemur (ring-tailed lemur). Measurements of cellular MitoSox fluorescence, an indicator of mitochondrial superoxide (O2(·-)) generation, showed an inverse correlation between longevity and steady state or metabolic stress-induced mitochondrial O2(·-) production, but this correlation was lost when the effects of body mass were removed, and the data were analyzed using phylogenetically independent contrasts. Fibroblasts from longer-lived primate species also exhibited superior resistance to H(2)O(2)-induced apoptotic cell death than cells from shorter-living primates. After correction for body mass and lack of phylogenetic independence, this correlation, although still discernible, fell short of significance by regression analysis. Thus, increased longevity in this sample of primates is not causally associated with low cellular reactive oxygen species generation, but further studies are warranted to test the association between increased cellular resistance to oxidative stressor and primate longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Csiszar
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, 975 NE 10th Street, BRC-1315A, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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45
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Abstract
Recent comparative evidence suggests that anthropoid primates are the only vertebrates to exhibit a quantitative relationship between relative brain size and social group size. In this paper, I attempt to explain this pattern with regard to facial expressivity and social bonding. I hypothesize that facial motor control increases as a secondary consequence of neocortical expansion owing to cortical innervation of the facial motor nucleus. This is supported by new analyses demonstrating correlated evolution between relative neocortex size and relative facial nucleus size. I also hypothesize that increased facial motor control correlates with enhanced emotional expressivity, which provides the opportunity for individuals to better gauge the trustworthiness of group members. This is supported by previous evidence from human psychology, as well as new analyses demonstrating a positive relationship between allogrooming and facial nucleus volume. I suggest new approaches to the study of primate facial expressivity in light of these hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Dobson
- Department of Anthropology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
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Hogsden KL, Harding JS. Anthropogenic and natural sources of acidity and metals and their influence on the structure of stream food webs. Environ Pollut 2012; 162:466-474. [PMID: 22088498 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We compared food web structure in 20 streams with either anthropogenic or natural sources of acidity and metals or circumneutral water chemistry in New Zealand. Community and diet analysis indicated that mining streams receiving anthropogenic inputs of acidic and metal-rich drainage had much simpler food webs (fewer species, shorter food chains, less links) than those in naturally acidic, naturally high metal, and circumneutral streams. Food webs of naturally high metal streams were structurally similar to those in mining streams, lacking fish predators and having few species. Whereas, webs in naturally acidic streams differed very little from those in circumneutral streams due to strong similarities in community composition and diets of secondary and top consumers. The combined negative effects of acidity and metals on stream food webs are clear. However, elevated metal concentrations, regardless of source, appear to play a more important role than acidity in driving food web structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy L Hogsden
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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47
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Ren B, Li D, Garber PA, Li M. Evidence of allomaternal nursing across one-male units in the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus Bieti). PLoS One 2012; 7:e30041. [PMID: 22253869 PMCID: PMC3256203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allomaternal nursing, common in several species of social mammals, also has been reported in nonhuman primates. However, the function of this behavior in enhancing infant survivorship remains poorly understood. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The study was conducted on a free-ranging group of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) in the Baimaxueshan Natural Reserve. Direct observation and ad libitum sampling were used to record allocare behavior during a 20 month field study. R. bieti exhibits a multilevel social organization in which a large single troop, consisting of over 100 individuals, is divided into many one-male units (OMUs: 6∼41). These OMUs coordinate their daily activities, and feed, forage, travel, and rest together. Here we report on one case of infant temporary adoption in which an adult female from one OMU engaged in allomaternal nursing and cared for an infant from a different OMU of the same troop. This event began when the mother and her five-month-old infant were found to became separated accidentally. The victim infant was observed staying in another OMU. Over the next several days we observed a lactating female in the new OMU to care for and nurse both her infant and the immigrant infant, who also was tolerated by and cared for by the harem male. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE Our findings suggest that lactating primate females are primed to care for young infants and, that the misdirected parental care hypothesis may offer the strongest explanation for allomaternal nursing in R. bieti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoping Ren
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dayong Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Paul A. Garber
- Department of Anthropology Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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48
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Abstract
The inferior part of the parietal lobe (IPL) is known to play a very important role in sensorimotor integration. Neurons in this region code goal-related motor acts performed with the mouth, with the hand and with the arm. It has been demonstrated that most IPL motor neurons coding a specific motor act (e.g., grasping) show markedly different activation patterns according to the final goal of the action sequence in which the act is embedded (grasping for eating or grasping for placing). Some of these neurons (parietal mirror neurons) show a similar selectivity also during the observation of the same action sequences when executed by others. Thus, it appears that the neuronal response occurring during the execution and the observation of a specific grasping act codes not only the executed motor act, but also the agent's final goal (intention).In this work we present a biologically inspired neural network architecture that models mechanisms of motor sequences execution and recognition. In this network, pools composed of motor and mirror neurons that encode motor acts of a sequence are arranged in form of action goal-specific neuronal chains. The execution and the recognition of actions is achieved through the propagation of activity bursts along specific chains modulated by visual and somatosensory inputs.The implemented spiking neuron network is able to reproduce the results found in neurophysiological recordings of parietal neurons during task performance and provides a biologically plausible implementation of the action selection and recognition process.Finally, the present paper proposes a mechanism for the formation of new neural chains by linking together in a sequential manner neurons that represent subsequent motor acts, thus producing goal-directed sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Chersi
- Institute of Science and Technology of Cognition, CNR Rome, Rome, Italy.
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49
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Matsuda I, Murai T, Clauss M, Yamada T, Tuuga A, Bernard H, Higashi S. Regurgitation and remastication in the foregut-fermenting proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus). Biol Lett 2011; 7:786-9. [PMID: 21450728 PMCID: PMC3169055 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2011.0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Although foregut fermentation is often equated with rumination in the literature, functional ruminants (ruminants, camelids) differ fundamentally from non-ruminant foregut fermenters (e.g. macropods, hippos, peccaries). They combine foregut fermentation with a sorting mechanism that allows them to remasticate large particles and clear their foregut quickly of digested particles; thus, they do not only achieve high degrees of particle size reduction but also comparatively high food intakes. Regurgitation and remastication of stomach contents have been described sporadically in several non-ruminant, non-primate herbivores. However, this so-called 'merycism' apparently does not occur as consistently as in ruminants. Here, to our knowledge we report, for the first time, regurgitation and remastication in 23 free-ranging individuals of a primate species, the foregut-fermenting proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus). In one male that was observed continuously during 169 days, the behaviour was observed on 11 different days occurring mostly in the morning, and was associated with significantly higher proportions of daily feeding time than on days when it was not observed. This observation is consistent with the concept that intensified mastication allows higher food intake without compromising digestive efficiency, and represents an expansion of the known physiological primate repertoire that converges with a strategy usually associated with ruminants only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikki Matsuda
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan.
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50
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Nagasaka Y, Shimoda K, Fujii N. Multidimensional recording (MDR) and data sharing: an ecological open research and educational platform for neuroscience. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22561. [PMID: 21811633 PMCID: PMC3141074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Primate neurophysiology has revealed various neural mechanisms at the single-cell level and population level. However, because recording techniques have not been updated for several decades, the types of experimental design that can be applied in the emerging field of social neuroscience are limited, in particular those involving interactions within a realistic social environment. To address these limitations and allow more freedom in experimental design to understand dynamic adaptive neural functions, multidimensional recording (MDR) was developed. MDR obtains behavioral, neural, eye position, and other biological data simultaneously by using integrated multiple recording systems. MDR gives a wide degree of freedom in experimental design because the level of behavioral restraint is adjustable depending on the experimental requirements while still maintaining the signal quality. The biggest advantage of MDR is that it can provide a stable neural signal at higher temporal resolution at the network level from multiple subjects for months, which no other method can provide. Conventional event-related analysis of MDR data shows results consistent with previous findings, whereas new methods of analysis can reveal network mechanisms that could not have been investigated previously. MDR data are now shared in the public server Neurotycho.org. These recording and sharing methods support an ecological system that is open to everyone and will be a valuable and powerful research/educational platform for understanding the dynamic mechanisms of neural networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Nagasaka
- Laboratory for Adaptive Intelligence, BSI, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kentaro Shimoda
- Laboratory for Adaptive Intelligence, BSI, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naotaka Fujii
- Laboratory for Adaptive Intelligence, BSI, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail:
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