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Sugar Alcohols Have a Key Role in Pathogenesis of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Whole Blood and Liver Tissues. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020484. [PMID: 32092943 PMCID: PMC7072169 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The major risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are hepatitis C and B viral infections that proceed to Chronic Liver Disease (CLD). Yet, the early diagnosis and treatment of HCC are challenging because the pathogenesis of HCC is not fully defined. To better understand the onset and development of HCC, untargeted GC-TOF MS metabolomics data were acquired from resected human HCC tissues and their paired non-tumor hepatic tissues (n = 46). Blood samples of the same HCC subjects (n = 23) were compared to CLD (n = 15) and healthy control (n = 15) blood samples. The participants were recruited from the National Liver Institute in Egypt. The GC-TOF MS data yielded 194 structurally annotated compounds. The most strikingly significant alteration was found for the class of sugar alcohols that were up-regulated in blood of HCC patients compared to CLD subjects (p < 2.4 × 10−12) and CLD compared to healthy controls (p = 4.1 × 10−7). In HCC tissues, sugar alcohols were the most significant (p < 1 × 10−6) class differentiating resected HCC tissues from non-malignant hepatic tissues for all HCC patients. Alteration of sugar alcohol levels in liver tissues also defined early-stage HCC from their paired non-malignant hepatic tissues (p = 2.7 × 10−6). In blood, sugar alcohols differentiated HCC from CLD subjects with an ROC-curve of 0.875 compared to 0.685 for the classic HCC biomarker alpha-fetoprotein. Blood sugar alcohol levels steadily increased from healthy controls to CLD to early stages of HCC and finally, to late-stage HCC patients. The increase in sugar alcohol levels indicates a role of aldo-keto reductases in the pathogenesis of HCC, possibly opening novel diagnostic and therapeutic options after in-depth validation.
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Zhao JX, Yuan YW, Cai CF, Shen DY, Chen ML, Ye F, Mi YJ, Luo QC, Cai WY, Zhang W, Long Y, Zeng Y, Ye GD, Yang SY. Aldose reductase interacts with AKT1 to augment hepatic AKT/mTOR signaling and promote hepatocarcinogenesis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:66987-67000. [PMID: 28978011 PMCID: PMC5620151 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Marked up-regulation of aldose reductase (AR) is reportedly associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We investigated how aberrantly overexpressed AR might promote oncogenic transformation in liver cells and tissues. We found that overexpressed AR interacted with the kinase domain of AKT1 to increase AKT/mTOR signaling. In both cultured liver cancer cells and liver tissues in DEN-induced transgenic HCC model mice, we observed that AR overexpression-induced AKT/mTOR signaling tended to enhance lactate formation and hepatic inflammation to enhance hepatocarcinogenesis. Conversely, AR knockdown suppressed lactate formation and inflammation. Using cultured liver cancer cells, we also demonstrated that AKT1 was essential for AR-induced dysregulation of AKT/mTOR signaling, metabolic reprogramming, antioxidant defense, and inflammatory responses. These findings suggest that aberrantly overexpressed/over-activated hepatic AR promotes HCC development at least in part by interacting with oncogenic AKT1 to augment AKT/mTOR signaling. Inhibition of AR and/or AKT1 might serve as an effective strategy for the prevention and therapy of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361002, China
| | - Ya-Wei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361002, China
| | - Cheng-Fu Cai
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361003, China
| | - Dong-Yan Shen
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361003, China
| | - Mao-Li Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361003, China
| | - Feng Ye
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361003, China
| | - Yan-Jun Mi
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361003, China
| | - Qi-Cong Luo
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361003, China
| | - Wang-Yu Cai
- Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361003, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361003, China
| | - Ying Long
- Translational Medicine Center, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Yong Zeng
- Translational Medicine Center, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Guo-Dong Ye
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361003, China
| | - Shu-Yu Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361003, China
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Hwang JJ, Johnson A, Cline G, Belfort-DeAguiar R, Snegovskikh D, Khokhar B, Han CS, Sherwin RS. Fructose levels are markedly elevated in cerebrospinal fluid compared to plasma in pregnant women. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128582. [PMID: 26035307 PMCID: PMC4452737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fructose, unlike glucose, promotes feeding behavior in rodents and its ingestion exerts differential effects in the human brain. However, plasma fructose is typically 1/1000th of glucose levels and it is unclear to what extent fructose crosses the blood-brain barrier. We investigated whether local endogenous central nervous system (CNS) fructose production from glucose via the polyol pathway (glucose→sorbitol→fructose) contributes to brain exposure to fructose. Methods In this observational study, fasting glucose, sorbitol and fructose concentrations were measured using gas-chromatography-liquid mass spectroscopy in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), maternal plasma, and venous cord blood collected from 25 pregnant women (6 lean, 10 overweight/obese, and 9 T2DM/gestational DM) undergoing spinal anesthesia and elective cesarean section. Results As expected, CSF glucose was ~60% of plasma glucose levels. In contrast, fructose was nearly 20-fold higher in CSF than in plasma (p < 0.001), and CSF sorbitol was ~9-times higher than plasma levels (p < 0.001). Moreover, CSF fructose correlated positively with CSF glucose (ρ 0.45, p = 0.02) and sorbitol levels (ρ 0.75, p < 0.001). Cord blood sorbitol was also ~7-fold higher than maternal plasma sorbitol levels (p = 0.001). There were no differences in plasma, CSF, and cord blood glucose, fructose, or sorbitol levels between groups. Conclusions These data raise the possibility that fructose may be produced endogenously in the human brain and that the effects of fructose in the human brain and placenta may extend beyond its dietary consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice J. Hwang
- Yale University School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Andrea Johnson
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Gary Cline
- Yale University School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Renata Belfort-DeAguiar
- Yale University School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Denis Snegovskikh
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesia, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Babar Khokhar
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Christina S. Han
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Robert S. Sherwin
- Yale University School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zeindl-Eberhart E, Jungblut P, Rabes HM. Expression of tumor-associated protein variants in chemically induced rat hepatomas and transformed rat liver cell lines determined by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 1994; 15:372-81. [PMID: 8055867 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150150156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
High resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE), using the rat liver as a model, was applied to study hepatocarcinogenesis induced by different chemical carcinogens. Several tumor-associated protein variants were detected by 2-DE in chemically induced rat hepatomas and transformed rat liver cell lines compared to normal rat liver tissue. Proliferation-related protein changes and/or protein alterations due to culture conditions were corrected for by comparison with 2-DE patterns of isolated cells from regenerating liver and short-term cultivated liver cells. Some of the tumor-associated variants were further characterized: (i) By peptide mapping with limited proteolysis we detected clear relationships between several variants. (ii) By studying post-translational modifications phosphorylated and glycosylated variants could be determined. (iii) A tumor-associated protein variant was identified by amino acid analysis and amino acid sequencing.
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