1
|
Nyarko EB, Donnelly CW. Listeria monocytogenes: Strain Heterogeneity, Methods, and Challenges of Subtyping. J Food Sci 2015; 80:M2868-78. [PMID: 26588067 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a food-borne bacterial pathogen that is associated with 20% to 30% case fatality rate. L. monocytogenes is a genetically heterogeneous species, with a small fraction of strains (serotypes 1/2a, 1/2b, 4b) implicated in human listeriosis. Monitoring and source tracking of L. monocytogenes involve the use of subtyping methods, with the performance of genetic-based methods found to be superior to phenotypic-based ones. Various methods have been used to subtype L. monocytogenes isolates, with the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) being the gold standard. Although PFGE has had a massive impact on food safety through the establishment of the PulseNet, there is no doubt that whole genome sequence (WGS) typing is accurate, has a discriminatory power superior to any known method, and allows genome-wide differences between strains to be quantified through the comparison of nucleotide sequences. This review focuses on the different techniques that have been used to type L. monocytogenes strains, their performance challenges, and the tremendous impact WGS typing could have on the food safety landscape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esmond B Nyarko
- Dept. of Animal and Food Science, Univ. of Delaware, 044 Townsend Hall, 531 S. College Avenue, Newark, Del., 19716, U.S.A
| | - Catherine W Donnelly
- Dept. of Nutrition and Food Science, Univ. of Vermont, 109 Carrigan Drive, 256 Carrigan Wing, Burlington, Vt., 05405, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jin D, Luo Y, Zhang Z, Fang W, Ye J, Wu F, Ding G. Rapid molecular identification of Listeria species by use of real-time PCR and high-resolution melting analysis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2012; 330:72-80. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2012.02535.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yun Luo
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Hangzhou; China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Hangzhou; China
| | - Weijia Fang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University; Hangzhou; China
| | - Julian Ye
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Hangzhou; China
| | - Fang Wu
- Haining Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Haining; China
| | - Gangqiang Ding
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Hangzhou; China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kérouanton A, Marault M, Petit L, Grout J, Dao TT, Brisabois A. Evaluation of a multiplex PCR assay as an alternative method for Listeria monocytogenes serotyping. J Microbiol Methods 2009; 80:134-7. [PMID: 19958798 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes serotyping is commonly used as the first level of characterisation in the epidemiological surveillance of food and clinical isolates and is therefore widely accepted. The aim of this study was to define a scheme for multiplex molecular serotyping of L. monocytogenes based on a previously described PCR assay and then to evaluate and compare this new procedure with conventional serotyping by agglutination. The study included 1204 Listeria strains collected from food products in France, from March 2005 to October 2006. Two multiplex PCR assays were designed to cluster L. monocytogenes strains into five molecular serogroups: IIa, IIb, IIc, IVa, IVb in agreement with the most commonly encountered serotypes. Amplification of the prfA gene was added to the multiplex PCR to check for L. monocytogenes species; forty-eight (4%) of the isolates tested belonged to the genus Listeria but were not L. monocytogenes. Using this first multiplex PCR, the concordance between conventional and molecular methods was 90.6%, 97.8%, 100% and 100%, for 1/2a, 1/2c, 1/2b and 4b serotypes respectively. False results were observed for some atypical 1/2a, 3a and 1/2c strains. Therefore, this lack of specificity was resolved by using an additional PCR assay based on amplification of the flaA gene, a specific target of 1/2a and 3a strains. When applying the second PCR assay to IIa and IIc molecular serogroup strains, total agreement was obtained between molecular and conventional serotyping methods with a lower level of discrimination for the molecular one. This study proposes to define a strategy for molecular serotyping using both PCR assays: a multiplex and the flaA PCR in order to assign the atypical 1/2a, 3a and 1/2c strains. Moreover, prs gene detection was added for Listeria genus recognition as a positive control in association with flaA detection. Indeed, this molecular serotyping scheme could be considered as a useful and rapid method for first-level characterisation of the most frequently encountered L. monocytogenes serotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annaëlle Kérouanton
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, LERQAP, 94706 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lindstedt BA, Tham W, Danielsson-Tham ML, Vardund T, Helmersson S, Kapperud G. Multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeats analysis of Listeria monocytogenes using multicolour capillary electrophoresis and comparison with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing. J Microbiol Methods 2007; 72:141-8. [PMID: 18096258 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2007.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Revised: 11/01/2007] [Accepted: 11/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeats analysis (MLVA) method for genotyping has proven to be a fast and reliable typing tool in several bacterial species. MLVA is in our laboratory the routine typing method for Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157. The gram-positive bacteria Listeria monocytogenes, while not isolated as frequent as S. Typhimurium and E. coli, causes severe illness with an overall mortality rate of 30%. Thus, it is important that any outbreak of this pathogen is detected early and a fast trace to the source can be performed. In view of this, we have used the information provided by two fully sequenced L. monocytogenes strains to develop a MLVA assay coupled with high-resolution capillary electrophoresis and compared it to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) in two sets of isolates, one Norwegian (79 isolates) and one Swedish (61 isolates) set. The MLVA assay could resolve all of the L. monocytogenes serotypes tested, and was slightly more discriminatory than PFGE for the Norwegian isolates (28 MLVA profiles and 24 PFGE profiles) and opposite for the Swedish isolates (42 MLVA profiles and 43 PFGE profiles).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn-Arne Lindstedt
- Division of Infectious Diseases control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Geitmyrsveien 75, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gasanov U, Hughes D, Hansbro PM. Methods for the isolation and identification of Listeria spp. and Listeria monocytogenes: a review. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2004; 29:851-75. [PMID: 16219509 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsre.2004.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2004] [Revised: 10/07/2004] [Accepted: 12/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is an important food-borne pathogen and is widely tested for in food, environmental and clinical samples. Identification traditionally involved culture methods based on selective enrichment and plating followed by the characterization of Listeria spp. based on colony morphology, sugar fermentation and haemolytic properties. These methods are the gold standard; but they are lengthy and may not be suitable for testing of foods with short shelf lives. As a result more rapid tests were developed based on antibodies (ELISA) or molecular techniques (PCR or DNA hybridization). While these tests possess equal sensitivity, they are rapid and allow testing to be completed within 48 h. More recently, molecular methods were developed that target RNA rather than DNA, such as RT-PCR, real time PCR or nucleic acid based sequence amplification (NASBA). These tests not only provide a measure of cell viability but they can also be used for quantitative analysis. In addition, a variety of tests are available for sub-species characterization, which are particularly useful in epidemiological investigations. Early typing methods differentiated isolates based on phenotypic markers, such as multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, phage typing and serotyping. These phenotypic typing methods are being replaced by molecular tests, which reflect genetic relationships between isolates and are more accurate. These new methods are currently mainly used in research but their considerable potential for routine testing in the future cannot be overlooked.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uta Gasanov
- Immunology and Microbiology, Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, The University of Newcastle, Australia; Vaccines, Immunology/Infection, Viruses and Asthma Group, The Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Medeiros D, Farber JM. A single-step polymerase chain reaction for combined gene detection and epidemiological typing of Listeria monocytogenes. Food Microbiol 2001. [DOI: 10.1006/fmic.2001.0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
7
|
Jacquet C, Thierry D, Veit P, Guesdon JL, Rocourt J. Evaluation of an rDNAListeriaprobe forListeria monocytogenestyping. APMIS 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1999.tb01451.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
8
|
Abstract
Following the initial isolation and description in 1926 Listeria monocytogenes has been shown to be of world-wide prevalence and is associated with serious disease in a wide variety of animals, including man. Our knowledge of this bacterial pathogen and the various forms of listeriosis that it causes has until recently been extremely limited, but recent advances in taxonomy, isolation methods, bacterial typing, molecular biology and cell biology have extended our knowledge. It is an exquisitely adaptable environmental bacterium capable of existing both as an animal pathogen and plant saprophyte with a powerful array of regulated virulence factors. Most cases of listeriosis arise from the ingestion of contaminated food and in the UK the disease is particularly common in ruminants fed on silage. Although a number of forms of listeriosis are easily recognized, such as encephalitis, abortion and septicaemia, the epidemiological aspects and pathogenesis of infection in ruminants remain poorly understood. The invasion of peripheral nerve cells and rapid entry into the brain is postulated as a unique characteristic of its virulence, but relevant and practical disease models are still required to investigate this phenomenon. This review offers an up to date introduction to the organism with a description of virulence determinants, typing systems and a detailed account of listeriosis in animals. Experimental and field papers are reviewed and further sections deal with the diagnosis, treatment and control of listeriosis in animals. A final part gives an overview of listeriosis in man.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C Low
- SACVS Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Swaminathan B, Hunter SB, Desmarchelier PM, Gerner-Smidt P, Graves LM, Harlander S, Hubner R, Jacquet C, Pedersen B, Reineccius K, Ridley A, Saunders NA, Webster JA. WHO-sponsored international collaborative study to evaluate methods for subtyping Listeria monocytogenes: restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis using ribotyping and Southern hybridization with two probes derived from L. monocytogenes chromosome. Int J Food Microbiol 1996; 32:263-78. [PMID: 8913799 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(96)01141-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Seven laboratories participated in a WHO-sponsored international collaborative study, to evaluate methods for subtyping Listeria monocytogenes, by performing restriction fragment length polymorph sm (RFLP) analysis-based subtyping of an international study set of 80 strains of L. monocytogenes that included 22 epidemiologically related groups. The RFLP analysis was done by Southern hybridization with one of two types of probes found in multiple copies on the chromosome of L. monocytogenes. Six laboratories performed ribotyping. These laboratories used EcoRI enzyme to restrict the L. monocytogenes DNA and ribosomal RNA or DNA as the probe for Southern hybridizations. The seventh laboratory used Ncil to restrict the DNA, and two probes, one randomly cloned and the other containing repeat sequences cloned from L. monocytogenes DNA. The overall discriminating power of ribotyping, as estimated by calculation of Simpson's index of diversity, ranged from 0.83 to 0.88 for the six laboratories. The discriminating power of the combination of two probes used by Laboratory 7 was 0.91. Ribotyping and the cloned probes used by Laboratory 7 discriminated poorly between serotype 4b strains. Neither method identified three atypical strains (identified by other subtyping methods) included in three apparently epidemiologically related groups. Ribotyping did not discriminate between strains of serotypes 4b and 4b(X) in one epidemiologically related group of strains; one cloned probe used by Laboratory 7 discriminated between these strains. Intra-laboratory reproducibilities for the seven laboratories ranged from 80.0 to 100%. as determined by their abilities to correctly identify 11 pairs of duplicate strains included in the study set. Inter-laboratory reproducibilities were generally very good considering that no attempt was made to standardize protocols used by the participants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Swaminathan
- Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gerner-Smidt P, Boerlin P, Ischer F, Schmidt J. High-frequency endonuclease (REA) typing: results from the WHO collaborative study group on subtyping of Listeria monocytogenes. Int J Food Microbiol 1996; 32:313-24. [PMID: 8913803 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(96)01145-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Eighty isolates of Listeria monocytogenes were typed by high-frequency restriction endonuclease analysis. Two laboratories participated in the study with two restriction enzymes each. The enzymes used were EcoRI, Hae1II, HhaI. and its isoschizomer Cfo1. EcoRI was less discriminatory than the other enzymes. The profiles generated by Hha1 and CfoI were not fully stable for some closely related isolates. The size and the number of restriction bands generated by Hha1 in one laboratory and its isoschizomer Cfo1 in another laboratory were directly comparable. This indicates that REA-typing may be used as a definitive typing method for Listeria monocytogenes if the typing procedure is standardized. The stability of the REA-types needs further elucidation in order to establish firm differentiation criteria for comparison of isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Gerner-Smidt
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Statens Seruminstitut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Caugant DA, Ashton FE, Bibb WF, Boerlin P, Donachie W, Low C, Gilmour A, Harvey J, Nørrung B. Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis for characterization of Listeria monocytogenes isolates: results of an international comparative study. Int J Food Microbiol 1996; 32:301-11. [PMID: 8913802 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(96)01144-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MEE) is a standard technique that is used to elucidate the epidemiology of a variety of bacterial species. Recently, the method has been employed by several laboratories for investigations of clinical and foodborne isolates of Listeria monocytogenes. To assess the sensitivity and reproducibility of MEE in characterising L. monocytogenes isolates for epidemiological purposes and, ultimately, to agree on a standard protocol, seven laboratories participated in a blinded study of 80 strains. The strain collection included both epidemiologically related and unrelated isolates. Each laboratory used its own protocol for MEE. The number of enzymes that were assayed by the laboratories ranged from 8 to 23, and the total number of identified electrophoretic types (ETs) varied between 14 and 25. Of the II pairs of duplicate strains, the number of pairs recognised as identical by the seven laboratories ranged from 3 to 10 (median = 8). From 10 to 18 (median = 15) of the 22 groups of epidemiological related strains were recognised as homogeneous by the different laboratories. The discriminatory power of the method, calculated using Simpson's index of diversity for 69 strains (80 strains minus the 11 duplicates), ranged from 0.827 to 0.925. This relatively low discriminatory power is a consequence of a somewhat low genetic diversity of L. monocytogenes compared to other bacterial species. Efforts should be pursued to standardise the method in order to improve the intra- and inter-laboratory reproducibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Caugant
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bannerman E, Boerlin P, Bille J. Typing of Listeria monocytogenes by monocin and phage receptors. Int J Food Microbiol 1996; 31:245-62. [PMID: 8880312 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1605(96)01003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
One hundred strains of Listeria monocytogenes from both sporadic and epidemic cases were typed by monocin production combined with phage receptor and reverse phage receptor methods. The monocin-phage combination gave 72 types with 100% typability and 97% reproducibility. The results were compared to those of serotyping, phage typing, ribotyping, multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, restriction enzyme analysis and RAPD (random amplification of polymorphic DNA). The monocin/phage types were comparable in terms of discrimination with other methods for epidemiological investigations. The index of discrimination of using the monocin typing and phage receptor/reverse phage receptor method combination (0.99) for both the 87 epidemiologically unrelated strains and the epidemiologically important serogroup 4 strains was the highest of the seven different methods analysed. This combination of methods was simple, highly discriminatory and reproducible and can be carried out in a non-specialized laboratory. However, like most of the other Listeria typing methods, both the method and the indicator test strains need to be standardized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Bannerman
- Centre National de Référence des Listérias, WHO Collaborating Center for Foodborne Listeriosis, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ryser ET, Arimi SM, Bunduki MM, Donnelly CW. Recovery of different Listeria ribotypes from naturally contaminated, raw refrigerated meat and poultry products with two primary enrichment media. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996; 62:1781-7. [PMID: 8633878 PMCID: PMC167954 DOI: 10.1128/aem.62.5.1781-1787.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Isolation rates for Listeria monocytogenes and the other Listeria spp. typically improve when samples are enriched in more than one primary enrichment medium. This study evaluated the abilities of two primary enrichment media, University of Vermont-modified Listeria enrichment broth (UVM) and Listeria repair broth (LRB), to recover different ribotypes of Listeria spp. from raw meat and poultry samples. Forty-five paired 25-g retail samples of ground beef, pork sausage, ground turkey, and chicken (160 samples) underwent primary enrichment in UVM and LRB (30 degrees C for 24 h) followed by secondary enrichment in Fraser broth (35 degrees C for 24 and 40 h) and plating on modified Oxford agar. After 24 h of incubation of 35 degrees C, 608 Listeria colonies from selected positive samples were biochemically confirmed as L. monocytogenes (245 isolates), L innocua (276 isolates), and L. welshimeri (89 isolates) and then ribotyped with the automated Riboprinter microbial characterization system (E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc.). Thirty-six different Listeria strains comprising 16 L. monocytogenes (including four known clinical ribotypes), 12 L. innocua, and 8 L. welshimeri ribotypes were identified from selected positive samples (15 samples of each product type; two UVM and two LRB isolates per sample). Twenty-six of 36(13 L. monocytogenes) ribotypes were detected with both UVM and LRB, whereas 3 of 36 (1 L. monocytogenes) and 7 of 36 (3 L. monocytogenes) Listeria ribotypes were observed with only UVM or LRB, respectively. Ground beef, pork sausage, ground turkey, and chicken yielded 22 (8 L. monocytogenes), 21 (12 L. monocytogenes), 20 (9 L. monocytogenes), and 19 (11 L. monocytogenes) different Listeria ribotypes, respectively, with some Listeria ribotypes confined to a particular product. More importantly, major differences in both the number and distribution of Listeria ribotypes, including previously recognized clinical and nonclinical ribotypes of L. monocytogenes, were observed when 10 UVM and 10 LRB isolates from five samples of each product were ribotyped. When a third set of six samples per product type was examined from which two Listeria isolates were obtained by using only one of the two primary enrichment media, UVM and LRB failed to detect L. monocytogenes (both clinical and nonclinical ribotypes) in two and four samples, respectively. These findings stress the importance of using more than one primary enrichment medium and picking a sufficient number of colonies per sample when attempting to isolate specific L. monocytogenes strains during investigations of food-borne listeriosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E T Ryser
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ojeniyi B, Wegener HC, Jensen NE, Bisgaard M. Listeria monocytogenes in poultry and poultry products: epidemiological investigations in seven Danish abattoirs. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1996; 80:395-401. [PMID: 8849641 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1996.tb03234.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from 11/236 (4 x 7%) caecal samples from parent flocks, providing broilers to the abattoirs investigated. Caecal samples from 2078 broilers representing 90 randomly selected broiler flocks were negative for L. monocytogenes. A total of 3080 samples from seven abattoirs including poultry processing line samples, and final products were also examined for L. monocytogenes. Listeria monocytogenes was isolated in 0 x 3% to 18 x 7% of the samples collected in the different abattoirs. Epidemiological typing of 247 L. monocytogenes isolates, including serotyping, phage typing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and ribotyping revealed 62 different clones. Based upon typability and discriminatory power, DNA typing methods used were found equally suitable as epidemiological markers. Serotyping and phage typing were not found useful as epidemiological markers for poultry isolates of L. monocytogenes since only 120/247 (48 x 6%) isolates were typable by phage typing and 230/247 (93 x 1%) L. monocytogenes belonged to serotype 01 while 6/247 (2 x 4%) belonged to 04. The discovery of a few dominating clones in each abattoir might indicate an endemic occurrence of L. monocytogenes. It is concluded that L. monocytogenes in the broiler production is primarily localized to the abattoirs. The incidence of L. monocytogenes may be reduced by improving the hygiene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Ojeniyi
- The Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Louie M, Jayaratne P, Luchsinger I, Devenish J, Yao J, Schlech W, Simor A. Comparison of ribotyping, arbitrarily primed PCR, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for molecular typing of Listeria monocytogenes. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34:15-9. [PMID: 8748263 PMCID: PMC228720 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.34.1.15-19.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fifty-one clinical isolates of Listeria monocytogenes (15 isolates from two outbreaks and 36 epidemiologically unrelated isolates) were typed by conventional serotyping, ribotyping (RT), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and arbitrarily primed PCR (AP-PCR). Serotyping was unable to distinguish between related and unrelated strains of L. monocytogenes. Each of the three molecular methods showed excellent typeability and reproducibility. Restriction with EcoRI and PvuII gave 16 and 23 RT patterns, respectively. Restriction with ApaI or SmaI generated 22 and 26 PFGE profiles, respectively. ApaI profiles were easier to interpret, with 10 to 15 bands each, while SmaI profiles had 15 to 20 bands each. AP-PCR with two different primers yielded 29 and 31 randomly amplified polymorphic DNA patterns, respectively. Strains from the same outbreak shared concordant patterns by each of the three methods. Of the three techniques evaluated, RT was the least discriminating and could not distinguish between strains from the two outbreaks. The abilities of AP-PCR and PFGE to differentiate between strains were comparable. However, AP-PCR was more rapid and easier to perform. We conclude that the DNA profiles generated by either AP-PCR or PFGE can be used to differentiate outbreak strains from epidemiologically unrelated strains and to clearly identify unrelated strains as being distinct from one another. We recommend that at least two independent primers be used for AP-PCR typing in order to improve its discriminatory power.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Louie
- Department of Microbiology, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jacquet C, Catimel B, Brosch R, Buchrieser C, Dehaumont P, Goulet V, Lepoutre A, Veit P, Rocourt J. Investigations related to the epidemic strain involved in the French listeriosis outbreak in 1992. Appl Environ Microbiol 1995; 61:2242-6. [PMID: 7793944 PMCID: PMC167495 DOI: 10.1128/aem.61.6.2242-2246.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Two hundred seventy-nine cases of human listeriosis (92 pregnancy-related cases and 187 non-pregnancy-related cases) caused by a serovar 4b and phagovar 2389:2425:3274:2671:47:108:340 strain were identified in France between March and December 1992. Epidemiological investigations included a case-control study (not described here) and microbiological analyses of foods. Results of the case-control study and characterization of food isolates identified pork tongue in jelly, a ready-to-eat meat product, as the major vehicle of this outbreak, and to a lesser extent, delicatessen products contaminated secondarily during handling in food stores. As far as serotyping, phage typing, DNA macrorestriction pattern analysis (obtained by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis [PFGE]), and ribotyping are concerned, this epidemic strain is phenotypically and genomically closely related to strains responsible for major outbreaks of listeriosis previously observed in Europe and North America. The epidemic strain sensu stricto as defined by PFGE (2/1/3) displayed the same serovar, phagovar, ribovar, and ApaI and NotI PFGE patterns as the epidemic strains from outbreaks in Switzerland, California, and Denmark, but it consistently showed differences in the SmaI PFGE profile. This information greatly contributed to the identification of the major food vehicle (pork tongue in jelly) and further allowed exclusion of other foods (cheese) as possible sources of this major listeriosis epidemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Jacquet
- Centre National de Référence des Listeria-World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Foodborne Listeriosis, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Surveillance épidémiologique de la listériose humaine en France : rôle du Centre National de Référence. Med Mal Infect 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0399-077x(05)81053-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
18
|
Boerlin P, Bannerman E, Ischer F, Rocourt J, Bille J. Typing Listeria monocytogenes: a comparison of random amplification of polymorphic DNA with 5 other methods. Res Microbiol 1995; 146:35-49. [PMID: 7754227 DOI: 10.1016/0923-2508(96)80269-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
One hundred Listeria monocytogenes strains were typed by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) with three different primers, and the results were compared with those obtained by serotyping, ribotyping, multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, restriction enzyme analysis and phage typing. The RAPD patterns of strains appear to be stable during epidemics even over periods of several years. Reproducibility of the RAPD patterns was good. The discriminatory power of RAPD typing was the best among all the methods tested. RAPD is therefore a very promising tool in the study of listeriosis epidemiology. However, the problems related to the standardization of the technique first have to be resolved before the wide use of RAPD is possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Boerlin
- Swiss National Centre for Listeriosis, Institute for Microbiology, CHUV, Lausanne
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Graves LM, Swaminathan B, Reeves MW, Hunter SB, Weaver RE, Plikaytis BD, Schuchat A. Comparison of ribotyping and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis for subtyping of Listeria monocytogenes isolates. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32:2936-43. [PMID: 7883880 PMCID: PMC264203 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.32.12.2936-2943.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribotyping was compared with multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MEE) for subtyping 305 Listeria monocytogenes isolates from clinical and nonclinical sources. For ribotyping, EcoRI-restricted genomic DNA fragments of L. monocytogenes strains were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis, and Southern blots were probed with a cloned Escherichia coli rrnB operon (plasmid pKK3535) labeled with digoxigenin. The L. monocytogenes isolates were divided into 28 distinct ribotypes, while MEE analysis divided the same isolates into 78 electrophoretic types (ETs). On the basis of their ribotype profiles, the strains were divided into two subgroups. The ribotype alpha (RT alpha) subgroup contained serotypes 1/2a, 1/2c, and 3a, and the ribotype beta (RT beta) subgroup contained serotypes 1/2b, 3b, 4b, and 4ab. This division is in complete agreement with MEE analysis, which divides the species into two subgroups (ET groups A and B), with the same serotype distribution in each subgroup. Overall, MEE was more discriminating than ribotyping. However, in several instances ribotyping discriminated between isolates within the same ET. Ribotyping was more discriminating for serotypes 1/2a, 1/2c, and 3a (Simpson's Index for Diversity [DI] = 0.81) than for serotypes 1/2b and 4b (DI = 0.76). A substantial proportion (69%) of serotype 1/2b and 4b strains clustered in five ETs and five ribotypes. These data suggest that ribotyping and MEE do not provide adequate discrimination between strains of serotypes 1/2b and 4b. Methods such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis should be explored for further discrimination of strains of these serotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L M Graves
- Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|