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Bom ADOP, Dias-Soares M, Corrêa RCD, Neves CL, Hosch NG, de Lucena GG, Oliveira CG, Pagano RL, Chacur M, Giorgi R. Molecular Aspects Involved in the Mechanisms of Bothrops jararaca Venom-Induced Hyperalgesia: Participation of NK1 Receptor and Glial Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:187. [PMID: 38668612 PMCID: PMC11053884 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16040187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Accidents caused by Bothrops jararaca (Bj) snakes result in several local and systemic manifestations, with pain being a fundamental characteristic. The inflammatory process responsible for hyperalgesia induced by Bj venom (Bjv) has been studied; however, the specific roles played by the peripheral and central nervous systems in this phenomenon remain unclear. To clarify this, we induced hyperalgesia in rats using Bjv and collected tissues from dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) and spinal cord (SC) at 2 and 4 h post-induction. Samples were labeled for Iba-1 (macrophage and microglia), GFAP (satellite cells and astrocytes), EGR1 (neurons), and NK1 receptors. Additionally, we investigated the impact of minocycline, an inhibitor of microglia, and GR82334 antagonist on Bjv-induced hyperalgesia. Our findings reveal an increase in Iba1 in DRG at 2 h and EGR1 at 4 h. In the SC, markers for microglia, astrocytes, neurons, and NK1 receptors exhibited increased expression after 2 h, with EGR1 continuing to rise at 4 h. Minocycline and GR82334 inhibited venom-induced hyperalgesia, highlighting the crucial roles of microglia and NK1 receptors in this phenomenon. Our results suggest that the hyperalgesic effects of Bjv involve the participation of microglial and astrocytic cells, in addition to the activation of NK1 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariela de Oliveira Pedro Bom
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (A.d.O.P.B.); (M.D.-S.); (R.C.D.C.); (C.L.N.); (G.G.d.L.)
- Postgraduate Program in Toxinology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Monique Dias-Soares
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (A.d.O.P.B.); (M.D.-S.); (R.C.D.C.); (C.L.N.); (G.G.d.L.)
| | - Raíssa Cristina Darroz Corrêa
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (A.d.O.P.B.); (M.D.-S.); (R.C.D.C.); (C.L.N.); (G.G.d.L.)
- Postgraduate Program in Toxinology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila Lima Neves
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (A.d.O.P.B.); (M.D.-S.); (R.C.D.C.); (C.L.N.); (G.G.d.L.)
| | | | - Gabriela Gomes de Lucena
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (A.d.O.P.B.); (M.D.-S.); (R.C.D.C.); (C.L.N.); (G.G.d.L.)
| | - Camilla Garcia Oliveira
- Laboratory of Functional Neuroanatomy of Pain, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil; (C.G.O.); (M.C.)
| | - Rosana Lima Pagano
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo 01308-060, SP, Brazil;
| | - Marucia Chacur
- Laboratory of Functional Neuroanatomy of Pain, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil; (C.G.O.); (M.C.)
| | - Renata Giorgi
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (A.d.O.P.B.); (M.D.-S.); (R.C.D.C.); (C.L.N.); (G.G.d.L.)
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2
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Passos JGR, Gomes JAS, Xavier-Santos JB, Yamashita FO, Cavalcanti-Cruz JV, Siqueira EMS, Garcia VB, Zucolotto SM, de Araujo-Junior RF, Ferreira LS, Silva-Junior AA, Félix-Silva J, Fernandes-Pedrosa MF. Anti-inflammatory, healing and antiophidic potential of Jatropha mollissima (Pohl) Baill. (Euphorbiaceae): From popular use to pharmaceutical formulation in gel. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 173:116290. [PMID: 38458010 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Jatropha mollissima (Pohl) Baill. (Euphorbiaceae) is widely used in traditional medicine to treat inflammatory disorders. So, a topical gel containing the hydroethanolic extract of its leaves was developed and evaluated for its anti-inflammatory, wound healing, and antiophidic properties in mice. First, the chemical profile of different parts of the plant was characterized by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) using molecular networking. In the leaf extract, 11 compounds were characterized, with a particular emphasis on the identification of flavonoids. The gel efficiently inhibited carrageenan-induced paw edema, as well as acute and chronic croton oil-induced ear edema models, thereby reducing inflammatory and oxidative parameters in inflamed tissues. Besides anti-inflammatory activity, the herbal gel showed significant wound healing activity. The edematogenic, hemorrhagic and dermonecrotic activities induced by Bothrops jararaca snake venom were effectively inhibited by the treatment with J. mollissima gel. The association with the herbal gel improved in up to 90% the efficacy of commercial snake antivenom in reduce venom-induced edema. Additionally, while antivenom was not able to inhibit venom-induced dermonecrosis, treatment with herbal gel reduced in 55% the dermonocrotic halo produced. These results demonstrate the pharmacological potential of the herbal gel containing J. mollissima extract, which could be a strong candidate for the development of herbal products that can be used to complement the current antivenom therapy against snake venom local toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia G R Passos
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, Brazil.
| | - Jacyra A S Gomes
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, Brazil.
| | - Jacinthia B Xavier-Santos
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, Brazil.
| | - Fabiana O Yamashita
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, Brazil.
| | - Joelly V Cavalcanti-Cruz
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, Brazil.
| | - Emerson M S Siqueira
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy (PNBio), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, Brazil.
| | - Vinícius Barreto Garcia
- Cancer and Inflammatory Research Laboratory, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Lagoa Nova, Natal 59078-970, Brazil.
| | - Silvana M Zucolotto
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy (PNBio), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, Brazil.
| | - Raimundo Fernandes de Araujo-Junior
- Cancer and Inflammatory Research Laboratory, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Lagoa Nova, Natal 59078-970, Brazil.
| | - Leandro S Ferreira
- Laboratory of Quality Control, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, Brazil.
| | - Arnóbio A Silva-Junior
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Félix-Silva
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, Brazil; Laboratory of Clinical Haematology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.
| | - Matheus F Fernandes-Pedrosa
- Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N, Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, Brazil.
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Zychar BC, Gonçalves LRC. Understanding Local Reactions Induced by Bothrops jararaca Venom: The Role of Inflammatory Mediators in Leukocyte-Endothelium Interactions. Biomedicines 2024; 12:734. [PMID: 38672090 PMCID: PMC11048348 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, extensive research has delved into the pathophysiology of local reactions triggered by Bothrops snake venoms. Even though antivenom works well at reducing death and systemic effects, it is still not very effective in treating local reactions because it cannot counteract damage that has already been triggered. This limitation might be attributed to certain molecules that amplify the venom-induced innate response. While evidence suggests endogenous mediators at the venom site play a role in this envenomation, in Brazil, the concurrent use of anti-inflammatory agents or other drugs alongside antivenom remains uncommon. This study evaluated the pharmacological mediation of alterations in leukocyte-endothelium interactions following the experimental envenomation of mice with Bothrops jararaca venom, the main culprit of snake-related accidents in Southeast Brazil. We treated envenomed mice with inhibitors of different pharmacological pathways and observed the cremaster muscle microcirculation with intravital microscopy. We found that eicosanoids related to cyclooxygenase pathways and nitric oxide significantly contributed to B. jararaca venom-induced alterations in leukocyte-endothelium interactions. Conversely, lipoxygenase-mediated eicosanoids, histamine, and serotonin had minimal participation. Notably, dexamethasone and antivenom treatment diminished B. jararaca venom-induced alterations in leukocyte-endothelium interactions. The limited efficacy of the antivenom in managing Bothrops venom-induced local reactions emphasizes the critical need for supplementary treatments to enhance therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Cestari Zychar
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil 1500, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Luís Roberto C. Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil 1500, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil
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Alam MI, Quasimi H, Kumar A, Alam A, Bhagat S, Alam MS, Khan GA, Dhulap A, Ahmad Ansari M. Protective effects of novel diazepinone derivatives in snake venom induced sterile inflammation in experimental animals. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 928:175095. [PMID: 35728626 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Snake envenomation leads to the formation of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which are mediated by endogenous intracellular molecules. These are recognized by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) and can induce sterile inflammation. AIMS In the present study, we aim at understanding the mechanisms involved in DAMPs induced sterile inflammation to unravel the novel therapeutic strategies for treating snake bites. The potential of benzodiazepinone derivatives to act against snake venom induced inflammation has been explored in the present investigation. MAIN METHODS Three compounds VA 17, VA 43 and PA 03 were taken from our library of synthetic compounds. Oxidative stress markers such as lipid peroxidation, superoxide and nitric oxide were measured along with the analysis of DAMPs (IL6, HMGB1, vWF, S100b and HSP70). These compounds have been docked using molecular docking against the snake venom PLA2 structure (PDB code: 1OXL). KEY FINDINGS The compounds have been found to effectively neutralize viper and cobra venoms induced lethal activity both ex vivo and in vivo. The compounds have also neutralized the viper venom induced hemorrhagic, coagulant, anticoagulant reactions as well as inflammation. The fold of protection have always been found to be higher in case of ex vivo than in in vivo. These compounds have neutralized the venom induced DAMPs as exhibited by IL6, HMGB1, vWF, S100b and HSP70. The fold of neutralization is found to be higher in VA 43. SIGNIFICANCE The identified compounds could be used as potential candidates for developing treatment of snakebites in areas where antiserums are not yet available.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Alam
- Department of Physiology, Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Jamia Hamdard (Deemed University), New Delhi, India.
| | - Huma Quasimi
- Department of Physiology, Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Jamia Hamdard (Deemed University), New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Aftab Alam
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge University Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Saumya Bhagat
- Department of Physiology, Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Jamia Hamdard (Deemed University), New Delhi, India
| | - M Sarwar Alam
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.
| | - G A Khan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Faisal University, Alhasa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abhijeet Dhulap
- CSIR Unit for Research and Development of Information Products, Pune, India
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Kondo FV, Cabrera WHK, Ribeiro OG, De Franco M, Jensen JR, Picolo G, Sant’Anna MB, Spadafora-Ferreira M, Borrego A, Ibañez OM, Starobinas N. Pain and Cellular Migration Induced by Bothrops jararaca Venom in Mice Selected for an Acute Inflammatory Response: Involvement of Mast Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 12:779473. [PMID: 35185861 PMCID: PMC8854176 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.779473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bothrops jararaca venom (BjV) can induce mast cell degranulation. In order to investigate the role of mast cells and the interference of the host genetic background in the inflammation induced by BjV, we have used mouse strains selected for maximal (AIRmax) or minimal (AIRmin) acute inflammatory response (AIR). Mice were pretreated with an inhibitor of mast cell degranulation, cromolyn (CROM), and injected in footpads or intraperitoneally (i.p.) with BjV. Pain was measured with von Frey hairs, cell migration in the peritoneum by flow cytometry, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by chemiluminescence assays. The nociceptive response to BjV was higher in AIRmax than AIRmin mice; however, this difference was abolished by pretreatment with CROM. BjV induced peritoneal neutrophil (CD11b+ GR-1+) infiltration and ROS secretion in AIRmax mice only, which were partially inhibited by CROM. Our findings evidence a role for mast cells in pain, neutrophil migration, and ROS production triggered by BjV in AIRmax mice that are more susceptible to the action of BjV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Gisele Picolo
- Laboratory of Pain and Signaling, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Andrea Borrego
- Laboratory Immunogenetics, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Olga M. Ibañez
- Laboratory Immunogenetics, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nancy Starobinas
- Laboratory Immunogenetics, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Nancy Starobinas,
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6
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Kwasniewski FH, Kayano AM, Fukunaga AN, da Silva Setubal S, Soares AM, Zuliani JP. Bothrops jararacussu snake venom lectin induces mast cell activation and vascular permeability enhance in an animal model. Toxicon 2021; 205:20-23. [PMID: 34785172 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bothrops species trigger an acute inflammatory response in victims, with activated leukocytes releasing several mediators that may contribute to local and systemic effects. The effects of BjcuL, a lectin isolated from B. jararacussu snake venom, on mast cells and vasopermeability were investigated in this study. BjcuL activates mast cells and increases vasopermeability through the involvement of histamine and platelet activating factor, which may play a role in the victims' acute inflammatory reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio H Kwasniewski
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
| | - Anderson M Kayano
- Centro de Pesquisa em Medicina Tropical (CEPEM/SESAU-RO), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Rondônia (FIOCRUZ-RO), Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental (INCT-EPIAMO), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | | | - Sulamita da Silva Setubal
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Rondônia (FIOCRUZ-RO), Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Andreimar Martins Soares
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Rondônia (FIOCRUZ-RO), Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental (INCT-EPIAMO), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Juliana P Zuliani
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Rondônia (FIOCRUZ-RO), Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil.
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Effects of photobiomodulation therapy on the local experimental envenoming by Bothrops leucurus snake. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 214:112087. [PMID: 33234463 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.112087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Bothrops leucurus is the major causative agent of snakebites in Brazil's Northeast. The systemic effects of its venom are effectively neutralized by antivenom therapy, preventing bitten patients' death. However, antivenom fails in neutralizing local effects that include intense pain, edema, bleeding, and myonecrosis. Such effects can lead to irreversible sequels, representing a clinically relevant issue for which there is no current effective treatment. Herein, the effects of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) were tested in the local actions induced by B. leucurus venom (BLV) in mice (n = 123 animals in 20 experimental groups). A continuous emission AlGaAs semiconductor diode laser was used in two wavelengths (660 or 780 nm). Mechanical nociceptive thresholds were assessed with the electronic von Frey apparatus. Local edema was determined by measuring the increase in paw thickness. Hemorrhage was quantified by digital measurement of the bleeding area. Myotoxicity was evaluated by serum creatine kinase (CK) activity and histopathological analysis. PBMT promoted anti-hypernociception in BLV-injected mice; irradiation with the 660 nm laser resulted in faster effect onset than the 780 nm laser. Both laser protocols reduced paw edema formation, whether irradiation was performed immediately or half an hour after venom injection. BLV-induced hemorrhage was not altered by PBMT. Laser irradiation delayed, but did not prevent myotoxicity caused by BLV, as shown by a late increase in CK activity and histopathological alterations. PBMT was effective in the control of some of the major local effects of BLV refractory to antivenom. It is a potential complementary therapy that could be used in bothropic envenoming, minimizing the morbidity of these snakebite accidents.
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Teixeira C, Fernandes CM, Leiguez E, Chudzinski-Tavassi AM. Inflammation Induced by Platelet-Activating Viperid Snake Venoms: Perspectives on Thromboinflammation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2082. [PMID: 31572356 PMCID: PMC6737392 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Envenomation by viperid snakes is characterized by systemic thrombotic syndrome and prominent local inflammation. To date, the mechanisms underlying inflammation and blood coagulation induced by Viperidae venoms have been viewed as distinct processes. However, studies on the mechanisms involved in these processes have revealed several factors and signaling molecules that simultaneously act in both the innate immune and hemostatic systems, suggesting an overlap between both systems during viper envenomation. Moreover, distinct classes of venom toxins involved in these effects have also been identified. However, the interplay between inflammation and hemostatic alterations, referred as to thromboinflammation, has never been addressed in the investigation of viper envenomation. Considering that platelets are important targets of viper snake venoms and are critical for the process of thromboinflammation, in this review, we summarize the inflammatory effects and mechanisms induced by viper snake venoms, particularly from the Bothrops genus, which strongly activate platelet functions and highlight selected venom components (metalloproteases and C-type lectins) that both stimulate platelet functions and exhibit pro-inflammatory activities, thus providing insights into the possible role(s) of thromboinflammation in viper envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Teixeira
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.,Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina Maria Fernandes
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.,Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elbio Leiguez
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.,Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Marisa Chudzinski-Tavassi
- Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
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9
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Inhibition of snake venom induced sterile inflammation and PLA2 activity by Titanium dioxide Nanoparticles in experimental animals. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11175. [PMID: 31371738 PMCID: PMC6671979 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47557-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterile inflammation (SI) is an essential process in response to snakebite and injury. The venom induced pathophysiological response to sterile inflammation results into many harmful and deleterious effects that ultimately leads to death. The available treatment for snakebite is antiserum which does not provide enough protection against venom-induced pathophysiological changes like haemorrhage, necrosis, nephrotoxicity and often develop hypersensitive reactions. In order to overcome these hindrances, scientists around the globe are searching for an alternative therapy to provide better treatment to the snake envenomation patients. In the present study TiO2 (Titanium dioxide)-NPs (Nanoparticles) has been assessed for antisnake venom activity and its potential to be used as an antidote. In this study, the synthesis of TiO2-NPs arrays has been demonstrated on p-type Silicon Si < 100 > substrate (∼30 ohm-cm) and the surface topography has been detected by Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The TiO2-NPs successfully neutralized the Daboia russelii venom (DRV) and Naja kaouthia venom (NKV)-induced lethal activity. Viper venom induced haemorrhagic, coagulant and anticoagulant activities were effectively neutralized both in in-vitro and in vivo studies. The cobra and viper venoms-induced sterile inflammatory molecules (IL-6, HMGB1, HSP70, HSP90, S100B and vWF) were effectively neutralised by the TiO2-NPs in experimental animals.
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10
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Malange KF, Dos Santos GG, Kato NN, Toffoli-Kadri MC, Carollo CA, Silva DB, Portugal LC, Alves FM, Rita PHS, Parada CA, Rondon ES. Tabebuia aurea decreases hyperalgesia and neuronal injury induced by snake venom. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 233:131-140. [PMID: 30590196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tabebuia aurea (Silva Manso) Benth. & Hook. f. ex S. Moore is used as anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antiophidic in traditional medicine, though its pharmacological proprieties are still underexplored. In the bothropic envenoming, pain is a key symptom drove by an intense local inflammatory and neurotoxic event. The antivenom serum therapy is still the main treatment despite its poor local effects against pain and tissue injury. Furthermore, it is limited to ambulatorial niches, giving space for the search of new and more inclusive pharmacological approaches. AIM OF THE STUDY evaluation of Tabebuia aurea hydroethanolic extract (HEETa) in hyperalgesia and neuronal injury induced by Bothrops mattogrossensis venom (VBm). MATERIALS AND METHODS Stem barks from Tabebuia aurea were extracted with ethanol and water (7:3, v/v) to yield the extract HEETa. Then, HEETa was analyzed by LC-DAD-MS and its constituents were identified. Snake venoms were extracted from adult specimens of Bothrops mattogrossensis, lyophilized and kept at -20 °C until use. Male Swiss mice, weighting 20-25 g, were used to hyperalgesia (electronic von Frey), motor impairment (Rotarod test) and tissue injury evaluation (histopatology and ATF-3 immunohistochemistry). Therefore, three experimental groups were formed: VBm (1 pg, 1 ng, 0.3 μg, 1 μg, 3 and 6 μg/paw), HEETa orally (180, 540, 720, 810 or 1080 mg/kg; 10 mL/kg, 30 min prior VBm inoculation) and VBm neutralized (VBm: HEETa, 1:100 parts, respectively). In all set of experiments a control (saline group) was used. First, we made a dose-time-response course curve of VBm's induced hyperalgesia. Next, VBm maximum hyperalgesic dose was employed to perform HEETa orally dose-time-response course curve and analyses of VBm neutralized. Paw tissues for histopathology and DRGs were collected from animals inoculated with VBm maximum dose and treated with HEETa antihyperalgesic effective dose or neutralized VBm. Paws were extract two or 72 h after VBm inoculation and DRGs, in the maximum expected time expression of ATF-3 (72 h). RESULTS From HEETa extract, glycosylated iridoids were identified, such as catalpol, minecoside, verminoside and specioside. VBm induced a time and dose dependent hyperalgesia with its highest effect seen with 3 µg/paw, 2 h after venom inoculation. HEETa effective dose (720 mg/kg) decreased significantly VBm induced hyperalgesia (3 µg/paw) with no motor impairment and signs of acute toxicity. HEETa antihyperalgesic action starts 1.5 h after VBm inoculation and lasted up until 2 h after VBm. Hyperalgesia wasn't reduced by VBm: HEETa neutralization. Histopathology revealed a large hemorragic field 2 h after VBm inoculation and an intense inflammatory infiltrate of polymorphonuclear cells at 72 h. Both HEETa orally and VBm: HEETa groups had a reduced inflammation at 72 h after VBm. Also, the venom significantly induced ATF-3 expression (35.37 ± 3.25%) compared with saline group (4.18 ± 0.68%) which was reduced in HEETa orally (25.87 ± 2.57%) and VBm: HEETa (19.84 ± 2.15%) groups. CONCLUSION HEETa reduced the hyperalgesia and neuronal injury induced by VBm. These effects could be related to iridoid glycosides detected in HEETa and their intrinsic reported mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kauê Franco Malange
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food, and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gilson Gonçalves Dos Santos
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natália Naomi Kato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food, and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mônica Cristina Toffoli-Kadri
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food, and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alexandre Carollo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food, and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Denise Brentan Silva
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food, and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luciane Candeloro Portugal
- Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Flávio Macedo Alves
- Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Amílcar Parada
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eric Schmidt Rondon
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (FAMEZ), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
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Inhibitory effects of Morus nigra L. (Moraceae) against local paw edema and mechanical hypernociception induced by Bothrops jararacussu snake venom in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 111:1046-1056. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Nielsen VG. Carbon monoxide inhibits the anticoagulant activity of phospholipase A 2 purified from Crotalus adamanteus venom. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2019; 47:73-79. [PMID: 30374703 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-018-1763-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Snake venom contains a myriad of classes of enzyme which have been investigated for medicinal and toxinological purposes, including phospholipase A2 (PLA2), which is responsible for anticoagulant, myotoxic and neurotoxic effects. Given the importance of PLA2, the purposes of the present investigation were to characterize the coagulation kinetic behavior of a PLA2 purified from Crotalus adamanteus venom (Ca-PLA2) in human plasma with thrombelastography and determine if carbon monoxide could inhibit its activity. Coagulation kinetics were determined in human plasma with a range of Ca-PLA2 activity (0-2 U/ml) via thrombelastography. Then, using carbon monoxide releasing molecule-2 or its inactivated molecule (0 or 100 µM), the vulnerability of Ca-PLA2 activity to carbon monoxide mediated inhibition was assessed. Lastly, the inhibitory response of Ca-PLA2 activity to exposure to carbon monoxide releasing molecule-2 (0-100 µM) was determined. Ca-PLA2 activity degraded the velocity of clot growth and clot strength in an activity dependent, exponential manner. Carbon monoxide inhibited Ca-PLA2 activity in a concentration dependent fashion, with loss of detectable activity at 100 µM of carbon monoxide releasing molecule-2. These findings, while preliminary, open the possibility that other PLA2 contained in snake venom with multiple toxicities (e.g., myotoxin, neurotoxin) may be heme bearing and CO-inhibitable, which have profound potential basic and clinical science implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vance G Nielsen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245114, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5114, USA.
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Protective effect of Myrsine parvifolia plant extract against the inflammatory process induced by Bothrops jararaca snake venom. Toxicon 2019; 157:66-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.11.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Sachetto ATA, Rosa JG, Santoro ML. Rutin (quercetin-3-rutinoside) modulates the hemostatic disturbances and redox imbalance induced by Bothrops jararaca snake venom in mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006774. [PMID: 30307940 PMCID: PMC6181271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Snakebites are a major Collective Health problem worldwide. In Brazil, Bothrops jararaca snake venom (BjV) evokes hemostatic disturbances, bleeding manifestations, and redox status imbalance. Specific antivenom therapy, although efficacious to revert most snakebite-induced manifestations, is incapable of treating secondary manifestations, such as oxidative/nitrosative stress. Searching for new complementary therapies that could attenuate physiological derangements triggered by envenomation, we elected to test quercetin-3-rutinoside (rutin) by its potential as both a potent antioxidant and a hemostasis modulatory compound. The activity of rutin was evaluated both on the biological activities of crude BjV in vitro, and in vivo by the ability of rutin (14.4 mg/kg b.w.) to modulate hematological, hemostatic and redox status markers altered by BjV injection (1.6 mg/kg b.w., s.c.) in mice. In vitro, rutin failed to inhibit BjV-induced platelet aggregation and biological activities of major BjV enzymes (metalloproteinases, phospholipases A2, serine proteases, and L-amino acid oxidases). On the other hand, rutin attenuated local hemorrhage, and the increase in reactive species, prevented the fall in RBC counts and fibrinogen levels, diminished tail bleeding and shortened prothrombin time (PT) evoked by envenomation. Furthermore, rutin reduced tissue factor (TF) activity and altered the protein expression of TF in liver, lungs, heart and skin. In conclusion, the disturbances in redox status and hemostatic system induced by B. jararaca envenomation were modulated by rutin, suggesting it has a great potential to be used as an ancillary therapeutic agent for snakebites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Teresa Azevedo Sachetto
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Institute Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Gomes Rosa
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Institute Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Larami Santoro
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Institute Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Zoccal KF, Ferreira GZ, Prado MK, Gardinassi LG, Sampaio SV, Faccioli LH. LTB4 and PGE2 modulate the release of MIP-1α and IL-1β by cells stimulated with Bothrops snake venoms. Toxicon 2018; 150:289-296. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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16
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Unresolved issues in the understanding of the pathogenesis of local tissue damage induced by snake venoms. Toxicon 2018; 148:123-131. [PMID: 29698755 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Snakebite envenoming by viperid species, and by some elapids, is characterized by a complex pattern of tissue damage at the anatomical site of venom injection. In severe cases, tissue destruction may be so extensive as to lead to permanent sequelae, with serious pathophysiological, social and psychological consequences. Significant advances have been performed in the study of venom-induced tissue damage, including identification and characterization of the toxins involved, insights into the mechanisms of action of venoms and toxins, and study of tissue responses to venom-induced injury. Nevertheless, much remains to be known and understood on the pathogenesis of these alterations. This review focuses on some of the pending issues in the topic of snake venom-induced local tissue damage. The traditional 'reductionist' approach, which has predominated in the study of snake venoms and their actions, needs to be complemented by more integrative and holistic perspectives aimed at capturing the complexity of these pathological alterations. Future advances in the study of these topics will certainly pave the way for innovative therapeutic interventions, with the goal of reducing the impact of this aspect of snakebite envenoming.
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Secreted Phospholipases A₂ from Animal Venoms in Pain and Analgesia. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9120406. [PMID: 29311537 PMCID: PMC5744126 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9120406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal venoms comprise a complex mixture of components that affect several biological systems. Based on the high selectivity for their molecular targets, these components are also a rich source of potential therapeutic agents. Among the main components of animal venoms are the secreted phospholipases A2 (sPLA2s). These PLA2 belong to distinct PLA2s groups. For example, snake venom sPLA2s from Elapidae and Viperidae families, the most important families when considering envenomation, belong, respectively, to the IA and IIA/IIB groups, whereas bee venom PLA2 belongs to group III of sPLA2s. It is well known that PLA2, due to its hydrolytic activity on phospholipids, takes part in many pathophysiological processes, including inflammation and pain. Therefore, secreted PLA2s obtained from animal venoms have been widely used as tools to (a) modulate inflammation and pain, uncovering molecular targets that are implicated in the control of inflammatory (including painful) and neurodegenerative diseases; (b) shed light on the pathophysiology of inflammation and pain observed in human envenomation by poisonous animals; and, (c) characterize molecular mechanisms involved in inflammatory diseases. The present review summarizes the knowledge on the nociceptive and antinociceptive actions of sPLA2s from animal venoms, particularly snake venoms.
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18
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Casais-e-Silva LL, Teixeira C. Neurogenic mediators contribute to local edema induced by Micrurus lemniscatus venom. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005874. [PMID: 29161255 PMCID: PMC5716551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Micrurus is one of the four snake genera of medical importance in Brazil. Coral snakes have a broad geographic distribution from the southern United States to Argentina. Micrurine envenomation is characterized by neurotoxic symptoms leading to dyspnea and death. Moreover, various local manifestations, including edema formation, have been described in patients bitten by different species of Micrurus. Thus, we investigated the ability of Micrurus lemniscatus venom (MLV) to induce local edema. We also explored mechanisms underlying this effect, focusing on participation of neuropeptides and mast cells. Methodology/Principal findings Intraplantar injection of MLV (1–10 μg/paw) in rats caused dose- and time-dependent edema with a peak between 15 min and 1 h after injection. MLV also induced degranulation of peritoneal mast cells (MCs). MC depletion by compound 48/80 markedly reduced MLV-induced edema. Pre-treatment (30 min) of rats with either promethazine a histamine H1 receptor antagonist or methysergide, a nonselective 5-HT receptor antagonist, reduced MLV-induced edema. However, neither thioperamide, a histamine H3/H4 receptor antagonist, nor co-injection of MLV with HOE-140, a BK2 receptor antagonist, altered the response. Depletion of neuropeptides by capsaicin or treatment of animals with NK1- and NK2-receptor antagonists (SR 140333 and SR 48968, respectively) markedly reduced MLV-induced edema. Conclusions/Significance In conclusion, MLV induces paw edema in rats by mechanisms involving activation of mast cells and substance P-releasing sensory C-fibers. Tachykinins NKA and NKB, histamine, and serotonin are major mediators of the MLV-induced edematogenic response. Targeting mast cell- and sensory C-fiber-derived mediators should be considered as potential therapeutic approaches to interrupt development of local edema induced by Micrurus venoms. Micrurus venoms have neurotoxic activity that is responsible for the serious sequelae in human envenomation. However, various local manifestations of envenoming have been described in patients bitten by different Micrurus species and edematogenic activity has been experimentally demonstrated. Despite the low frequency of edema in Micrurus envenomation, this effect can worsen the clinical manifestations. However, there are few studies on local inflammatory effects induced by Micrurus snake venom. We investigated the edematogenic effect of Micrurus lemniscatus venom (MLV) and participation of neuropeptides and mast cells in inflammation. Results demonstrate that MLV induces prominent edema with rapid onset. Using specific pharmacological interferences, we found that MLV-induced edema is dependent on activation of mast cells and substance P-releasing sensory C-fibers. NKA and NKB tachykinins, histamine via H1 receptor and serotonin are major mediators of the MLV-induced edematogenic response. These findings suggest that mast cell- and C-fiber-derived mediators are promising therapeutic targets to efficiently counteract the local edema induced by Micrururs venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Lyra Casais-e-Silva
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunoendocrinology and Toxinology, Department of Bioregulation, Institute of Health Sciences (ICS), Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Catarina Teixeira
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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19
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Gutiérrez JM, Solano G, Pla D, Herrera M, Segura Á, Vargas M, Villalta M, Sánchez A, Sanz L, Lomonte B, León G, Calvete JJ. Preclinical Evaluation of the Efficacy of Antivenoms for Snakebite Envenoming: State-of-the-Art and Challenges Ahead. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9050163. [PMID: 28505100 PMCID: PMC5450711 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9050163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal-derived antivenoms constitute the mainstay in the therapy of snakebite envenoming. The efficacy of antivenoms to neutralize toxicity of medically-relevant snake venoms has to be demonstrated through meticulous preclinical testing before their introduction into the clinical setting. The gold standard in the preclinical assessment and quality control of antivenoms is the neutralization of venom-induced lethality. In addition, depending on the pathophysiological profile of snake venoms, the neutralization of other toxic activities has to be evaluated, such as hemorrhagic, myotoxic, edema-forming, dermonecrotic, in vitro coagulant, and defibrinogenating effects. There is a need to develop laboratory assays to evaluate neutralization of other relevant venom activities. The concept of the 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement) in Toxinology is of utmost importance, and some advances have been performed in their implementation. A significant leap forward in the study of the immunological reactivity of antivenoms against venoms has been the development of “antivenomics”, which brings the analytical power of mass spectrometry to the evaluation of antivenoms. International partnerships are required to assess the preclinical efficacy of antivenoms against snake venoms in different regions of the world in order to have a detailed knowledge on the neutralizing profile of these immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Gabriela Solano
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Davinia Pla
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Valencia 46010, Spain.
| | - María Herrera
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
- Sección de Química Analítica, Escuela de Química, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Álvaro Segura
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Mariángela Vargas
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Mauren Villalta
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Andrés Sánchez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Libia Sanz
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Valencia 46010, Spain.
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Guillermo León
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Juan J Calvete
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Valencia 46010, Spain.
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Lopes PH, Rocha MMT, Kuniyoshi AK, Portaro FCV, Gonçalves LRC. Edema and Nociception Induced by Philodryas patagoniensis Venom in Mice: A Pharmacological Evaluation with Implications for the Accident Treatment. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 361:349-354. [PMID: 28348058 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.239640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the mechanisms involved in the genesis of edema and nociception induced by Philodryas patagoniensis venom (PpV) injected into the footpad of mice. PpV induced dose-related edema and nociceptive effects. Pretreatment of mice with cyclooxygenase inhibitor (indomethacin), but not with cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor (celecoxib) markedly inhibited both effects. Pretreatments with H1 receptor antagonist (promethazine) or with dual histamine-serotonin inhibitor (cyproheptadine) failed in inhibiting both effects. In groups pretreated with captopril (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor) the edema was unaltered, but nociception was clearly increased, suggesting the participation of kinins in the pathophysiology of the nociception but not of the edema-forming effect of PpV. When PpV was treated with EDTA, the nociception was similar to the one induced by untreated venom, but edema was markedly reduced. We concluded that PpV-induced edema and nociception have cyclooxygenase eicosanoids as the main mediators and no participation of vasoactive amines. Kinins seem to participate in nociception but not in edema induced by PpV. The results also suggest that metalloproteinases are the main compounds responsible for the edema, but not for the nociception induced by this venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Hess Lopes
- Laboratório de Imunoquímica (P.H.L., A.K.K., F.C.V.P.), Laboratório de Herpetologia/Venenos (M.M.T.R.), and Laboratório de Fisiopatologia (L.R.C.G.) Instituto Butantan, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Marisa M T Rocha
- Laboratório de Imunoquímica (P.H.L., A.K.K., F.C.V.P.), Laboratório de Herpetologia/Venenos (M.M.T.R.), and Laboratório de Fisiopatologia (L.R.C.G.) Instituto Butantan, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Kazuo Kuniyoshi
- Laboratório de Imunoquímica (P.H.L., A.K.K., F.C.V.P.), Laboratório de Herpetologia/Venenos (M.M.T.R.), and Laboratório de Fisiopatologia (L.R.C.G.) Instituto Butantan, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Calheta Vieira Portaro
- Laboratório de Imunoquímica (P.H.L., A.K.K., F.C.V.P.), Laboratório de Herpetologia/Venenos (M.M.T.R.), and Laboratório de Fisiopatologia (L.R.C.G.) Instituto Butantan, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Luís Roberto C Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Imunoquímica (P.H.L., A.K.K., F.C.V.P.), Laboratório de Herpetologia/Venenos (M.M.T.R.), and Laboratório de Fisiopatologia (L.R.C.G.) Instituto Butantan, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
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Santos Barreto GNL, de Oliveira SS, dos Anjos IV, Chalkidis HDM, Mourão RHV, Moura-da-Silva AM, Sano-Martins IS, Gonçalves LRDC. Experimental Bothrops atrox envenomation: Efficacy of antivenom therapy and the combination of Bothrops antivenom with dexamethasone. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005458. [PMID: 28306718 PMCID: PMC5371371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bothrops atrox snakes are the leading cause of snake bites in Northern Brazil. The venom of this snake is not included in the antigen pool used to obtain the Bothrops antivenom. There are discrepancies in reports on the effectiveness of this antivenom to treat victims bitten by B. atrox snakes. However, these studies were performed using a pre-incubation of the venom with the antivenom and, thus, did not simulate a true case of envenomation treatment. In addition, the local lesions induced by Bothrops venoms are not well resolved by antivenom therapy. Here, we investigated the efficacy of the Bothrops antivenom in treating the signs and symptoms caused by B. atrox venom in mice and evaluated whether the combination of dexamethasone and antivenom therapy enhanced the healing of local lesions induced by this envenomation. In animals that were administered the antivenom 10 minutes after the envenomation, we observed an important reduction of edema, dermonecrosis, and myonecrosis. When the antivenom was given 45 minutes after the envenomation, the edema and myonecrosis were reduced, and the fibrinogen levels and platelet counts were restored. The groups treated with the combination of antivenom and dexamethasone had an enhanced decrease in edema and a faster recovery of the damaged skeletal muscle. Our results show that Bothrops antivenom effectively treats the envenomation caused by Bothrops atrox and that the use of dexamethasone as an adjunct to the antivenom therapy could be useful to improve the treatment of local symptoms observed in envenomation caused by Bothrops snakes. Bothrops atrox is the dominant species responsible for accidental human snake bites in Northern Brazil. The efficacy of antivenom therapy to correct the systemic disturbances, including hemostatic disorders, caused by Brazilian Bothrops is well known. However, two fundamental issues need to be addressed in this region. (1) There are concerns regarding the effectiveness of the antivenom to treat Bothrops snake bites in this region since Bothrops atrox venom is not used as an antigen to obtain the Bothrops antivenom in Brazil, and (2) the efficacy of the antivenom therapy in reversing local injuries induced by Bothrops venoms is low. Thus, our study aimed to assess the effectiveness of antivenom therapy alone or in combination with dexamethasone to treat experimental envenomation induced by Bothrops atrox venom in mice. Our results showed that the Brazilian Bothrops antivenom effectively reversed the systemic disturbances caused by this envenomation and combining the antivenom therapy with dexamethasone accelerated the regression of inflammatory edema and the regeneration of skeletal muscle that was damaged by the venom.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hipocrates de Menezes Chalkidis
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Zoológicas, Faculdades Integradas do Tapajós/Faculdade da Amazônia (FIT/UNAMA), Santarém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Rosa Helena Veras Mourão
- Laboratório de Bioprospecção e Biologia Experimental, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Santarém, Pará, Brazil
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Menaldo DL, Bernardes CP, Zoccal KF, Jacob-Ferreira AL, Costa TR, Del Lama MPFM, Naal RMZG, Frantz FG, Faccioli LH, Sampaio SV. Immune cells and mediators involved in the inflammatory responses induced by a P-I metalloprotease and a phospholipase A 2 from Bothrops atrox venom. Mol Immunol 2017; 85:238-247. [PMID: 28327442 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Bothrops envenomations can promote severe inflammatory responses by inducing edema, pain, leukocyte recruitment and release of chemical mediators by local cells. In the present study, two toxins from Bothrops atrox venom (the P-I metalloprotease Batroxase and the acidic phospholipase A2 BatroxPLA2) were evaluated in relation to their inflammatory effects induced in vivo and in vitro, mainly focusing on the participation of different immune cells and inflammatory mediators. Both toxins mainly promoted acute inflammatory responses with significant recruitment of neutrophils in the early hours (1-4h) after administration into the peritoneal cavity of C57BL/6 mice, and increased infiltration of mononuclear cells especially after 24h. Among the mediators induced by both toxins are IL-6, IL-10 and PGE2, with Batroxase also inducing the release of L-1β, and BatroxPLA2 of LTB4 and CysLTs. These responses pointed to possible involvement of immune cells such as macrophages and mast cells, which were then evaluated in vitro. Mice peritoneal macrophages stimulated with Batroxase produced significant levels of IL-6, IL-1β, PGE2 and LTB4, whereas stimulus with BatroxPLA2 induced increases of IL-6, PGE2 and LTB4. Furthermore, both toxins were able to stimulate degranulation of RBL-2H3 mast cells, but with distinct concentration-dependent effects. Altogether, these results indicated that Batroxase and BatroxPLA2 promoted local and acute inflammatory responses related to macrophages and mast cells and to the production of several mediators. Our findings should contribute for better understanding the different mechanisms of toxicity induced by P-I metalloproteases and phospholipases A2 after snakebite envenomations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo L Menaldo
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Carolina P Bernardes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Karina F Zoccal
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Anna L Jacob-Ferreira
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Tássia R Costa
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria P F M Del Lama
- Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rose M Z G Naal
- Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabiani G Frantz
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Lúcia H Faccioli
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Suely V Sampaio
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Aqueous Leaf Extract of Jatropha mollissima (Pohl) Bail Decreases Local Effects Induced by Bothropic Venom. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:6101742. [PMID: 27847818 PMCID: PMC5101363 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6101742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Snakebites are a serious worldwide public health problem. In Brazil, about 90% of accidents are attributed to snakes from the Bothrops genus. The specific treatment consists of antivenom serum therapy, which has some limitations such as inability to neutralize local effects, difficult access in some regions, risk of immunological reactions, and high cost. Thus, the search for alternative therapies to treat snakebites is relevant. Jatropha mollissima (Euphorbiaceae) is a medicinal plant popularly used in folk medicine as an antiophidic remedy. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effect of the aqueous leaf extract from J. mollissima on local effects induced by Bothrops venoms. High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detection analysis and Mass Spectrometry analysis of aqueous leaf extract confirmed the presence of the flavonoids isoschaftoside, schaftoside, isoorientin, orientin, vitexin, and isovitexin. This extract, at 50–200 mg/kg doses administered by intraperitoneal route, showed significant inhibitory potential against local effects induced by Bothrops erythromelas and Bothrops jararaca snake venoms. Local skin hemorrhage, local edema, leukocyte migration, and myotoxicity were significantly inhibited by the extract. These results demonstrate that J. mollissima extract possesses inhibitory potential, especially against bothropic venoms, suggesting its potential as an adjuvant in treatment of snakebites.
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Picanço LCDS, Bittencourt JAHM, Henriques SVC, da Silva JS, Oliveira JMDS, Ribeiro JR, Sanjay AB, Carvalho JCT, Stien D, Silva JOD. Pharmacological activity of Costus spicatus in experimental Bothrops atrox envenomation. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:2103-2110. [PMID: 27306958 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2016.1145703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Medicinal plants encompass a rich source of active compounds that can neutralize snake venoms or toxins. Costus spicatus (Jacq.) Sw. (Costaceae) is used by the Amazonian population to treat inflammation, pain and other pathological manifestations. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of C. spicatus aqueous extract on edema, peritonitis, nociception, coagulation, haemorrhage and indirect haemolytic activity induced by Bothrops atrox venom (BAV). MATERIALS AND METHODS Dried and pulverized leaves were extracted with distilled water. Envenoming was induced by administration of B. atrox snake venom in Swiss Webster mice. The experimental groups consisted of BAV (at the minimum dose to induce measurable biological responses) and C. spicatus extract (CSE, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 mg/kg/25 μl phosphate-buffered saline) administered individually and in combination (BAVCSE). PBS was used as a control. In vitro assays were also conducted in order to evaluate phospholipase A2 coagulant activities (indirect haemolytic method). RESULTS CSE significantly reduced the venom-induced edema and nociception at all concentrations tested and inhibited migration of inflammatory cells at the three least concentrations (5.0, 7.5 and 10 mg/kg/25 μl PBS). CSE was not effective in inhibiting coagulant, haemorrhagic and indirect haemolytic activities of the venom. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The data suggest that CSE could exhibit a central mechanism for pain inhibition, and may also inhibit prostaglandin synthesis. These findings corroborate the traditional administration of C. spicatus decoction to treat inflammatory disorders, including those caused by B. atrox envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Juliane Silva da Silva
- a Toxicology Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Science Course , Federal University of Amapá , Macapa , Brazil
| | | | | | - Antony-Babu Sanjay
- c Department of Food Science and Technology , University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln , NE , USA
| | | | - Didier Stien
- e Laboratoire De Biodiversité Et Biotechnologies Microbiennes, Observatoire Océanologique , Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS , Banyuls-sur-Mer , France
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25
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Bernardes CP, Menaldo DL, Mamede CC, Zoccal KF, Cintra AC, Faccioli LH, Stanziola L, de Oliveira F, Sampaio SV. Evaluation of the local inflammatory events induced by BpirMP, a metalloproteinase from Bothrops pirajai venom. Mol Immunol 2015; 68:456-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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26
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De Toni LGB, Menaldo DL, Cintra ACO, Figueiredo MJ, de Souza AR, Maximiano WMA, Jamur MC, Souza GEP, Sampaio SV. Inflammatory mediators involved in the paw edema and hyperalgesia induced by Batroxase, a metalloproteinase isolated from Bothrops atrox snake venom. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 28:199-207. [PMID: 26072684 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Snake venom metalloproteinases have been described as responsible for several inflammatory effects. In this study, we investigated the edema and hyperalgesia induced in rats by Batroxase, a P-I metalloproteinase from Bothrops atrox venom, along with possible inflammatory mediators involved in these responses. Batroxase or sterile saline was injected into rat paws and the edema and hyperalgesic effects were evaluated for 6h by using a plethysmometer and a Von Frey system, respectively. Batroxase induced significant edematogenic and hyperalgesic peak responses in the first hours after administration. The inflammatory mediators involved in these responses were assayed by pretreatment of animals with synthesis inhibitors or receptor antagonists. Peak responses were significantly reduced by administration of the glucocorticoid dexamethasone, the H1 receptor antagonist diphenhydramine and the FLAP inhibitor MK-886. Rat paws injected with compound 48/80, a mast cell degranulating agent, followed by Batroxase injection resulted in significant reduction of the edema and hyperalgesia. However, Batroxase itself induced minor degranulation of RBL-2H3 mast cells in vitro. Additionally, the inflammatory responses did not seem to be related to prostaglandins, bradykinin or nitric oxide. Our results indicate a major involvement of histamine and leukotrienes in the edema and hyperalgesia induced by Batroxase, which could be related, at least in part, to mast cell degranulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanuze G B De Toni
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - Danilo L Menaldo
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - Adélia C O Cintra
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - Maria J Figueiredo
- Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - Anderson R de Souza
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - William M A Maximiano
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - Maria C Jamur
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - Glória E P Souza
- Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - Suely V Sampaio
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil.
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27
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Félix-Silva J, Souza T, Menezes YAS, Cabral B, Câmara RBG, Silva-Junior AA, Rocha HAO, Rebecchi IMM, Zucolotto SM, Fernandes-Pedrosa MF. Aqueous leaf extract of Jatropha gossypiifolia L. (Euphorbiaceae) inhibits enzymatic and biological actions of Bothrops jararaca snake venom. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104952. [PMID: 25126759 PMCID: PMC4134247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Snakebites are a serious public health problem due their high morbi-mortality. The main available specific treatment is the antivenom serum therapy, which has some disadvantages, such as poor neutralization of local effects, risk of immunological reactions, high cost and difficult access in some regions. In this context, the search for alternative therapies is relevant. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antiophidic properties of Jatropha gossypiifolia, a medicinal plant used in folk medicine to treat snakebites. The aqueous leaf extract of the plant was prepared by decoction and phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of sugars, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenes and/or steroids and proteins. The extract was able to inhibit enzymatic and biologic activities induced by Bothrops jararaca snake venom in vitro and in vivo. The blood incoagulability was efficiently inhibited by the extract by oral route. The hemorrhagic and edematogenic local effects were also inhibited, the former by up to 56% and the latter by 100%, in animals treated with extract by oral and intraperitoneal routes, respectively. The inhibition of myotoxic action of B. jararaca reached almost 100%. According to enzymatic tests performed, it is possible to suggest that the antiophidic activity may be due an inhibitory action upon snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) and/or serine proteinases (SVSPs), including fibrinogenolytic enzymes, clotting factors activators and thrombin like enzymes (SVTLEs), as well upon catalytically inactive phospholipases A2 (Lys49 PLA2). Anti-inflammatory activity, at least partially, could also be related to the inhibition of local effects. Additionally, protein precipitating and antioxidant activities may also be important features contributing to the activity presented. In conclusion, the results demonstrate the potential antiophidic activity of J. gossypiifolia extract, including its significant action upon local effects, suggesting that it may be used as a new source of bioactive molecules against bothropic venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Félix-Silva
- Laboratório de Tecnologia & Biotecnologia Farmacêutica (TecBioFar), Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (PPgCF), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Thiago Souza
- Laboratório de Tecnologia & Biotecnologia Farmacêutica (TecBioFar), Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (PPgCF), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Yamara A. S. Menezes
- Laboratório de Tecnologia & Biotecnologia Farmacêutica (TecBioFar), Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (PPgCF), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Cabral
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Rafael B. G. Câmara
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Polímeros Naturais (BIOPOL), Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Arnóbio A. Silva-Junior
- Laboratório de Tecnologia & Biotecnologia Farmacêutica (TecBioFar), Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (PPgCF), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Hugo A. O. Rocha
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Polímeros Naturais (BIOPOL), Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Ivanise M. M. Rebecchi
- Laboratório de Hematologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Silvana M. Zucolotto
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Matheus F. Fernandes-Pedrosa
- Laboratório de Tecnologia & Biotecnologia Farmacêutica (TecBioFar), Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (PPgCF), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
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Wanderley CWS, Silva CMS, Wong DVT, Ximenes RM, Morelo DFC, Cosker F, Aragão KS, Fernandes C, Palheta-Júnior RC, Havt A, Brito GAC, Cunha FQ, Ribeiro RA, Lima-Júnior RCP. Bothrops jararacussu snake venom-induces a local inflammatory response in a prostanoid- and neutrophil-dependent manner. Toxicon 2014; 90:134-47. [PMID: 25127849 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Local tissue reactions provoked by Bothrops venoms are characterized by edema, hemorrhage, pain, and inflammation; however, the mechanisms of tissue damage vary depending upon the species of snake. Here, we investigated the mechanisms involved in the local inflammatory response induced by the Bothrops jararacussu venom (BjcuV). Female Swiss mice were injected with either saline, BjcuV (0.125-8 μg/paw) or loratadine (an H1 receptor antagonist), compound 48/80 (for mast cell depletion), capsaicin (for C-fiber desensitization), infliximab (an anti-TNF-α antibody), indomethacin (a non-specific COX inhibitor), celecoxib (a selective COX-2 inhibitor) or fucoidan (a P- and L-selectins modulator) given before BjcuV injection. Paw edema was measured by plethysmography. In addition, paw tissues were collected for the measurement of myeloperoxidase activity, TNF-α and IL-1 levels, and COX-2 immunoexpression. The direct chemotactic effect of BjcuV and the in vitro calcium dynamic in neutrophils were also investigated. BjcuV caused an edematogenic response with increased local production of TNF-α and IL-1β as well as COX-2 expression. Both edema and neutrophil migration were prevented by pretreatment with indomethacin, celecoxib or fucoidan. Furthermore, BjcuV induced a direct in vitro neutrophil chemotaxis by increasing intracellular calcium. Therefore, BjcuV induces an early onset edema dependent upon prostanoid production and neutrophil migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W S Wanderley
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
| | - C M S Silva
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
| | - D V T Wong
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
| | - R M Ximenes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
| | - D F C Morelo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F Cosker
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
| | - K S Aragão
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
| | - C Fernandes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
| | - R C Palheta-Júnior
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Brazil
| | - A Havt
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
| | - G A C Brito
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
| | - F Q Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R A Ribeiro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
| | - R C P Lima-Júnior
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil.
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29
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Effects of two serine proteases from Bothrops pirajai snake venom on the complement system and the inflammatory response. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 15:764-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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30
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In vitro antiplasmodial activity of phospholipases A2 and a phospholipase homologue isolated from the venom of the snake Bothrops asper. Toxins (Basel) 2012; 4:1500-16. [PMID: 23242318 PMCID: PMC3528259 DOI: 10.3390/toxins4121500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial and antiparasite activity of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) from snakes and bees has been extensively explored. We studied the antiplasmodial effect of the whole venom of the snake Bothrops asper and of two fractions purified by ion-exchange chromatography: one containing catalytically-active phospholipases A2 (PLA2) (fraction V) and another containing a PLA2 homologue devoid of enzymatic activity (fraction VI). The antiplasmodial effect was assessed on in vitro cultures of Plasmodium falciparum. The whole venom of B. asper, as well as its fractions V and VI, were active against the parasite at 0.13 ± 0.01 µg/mL, 1.42 ± 0.56 µg/mL and 22.89 ± 1.22 µg/mL, respectively. Differences in the cytotoxic activity on peripheral blood mononuclear cells between the whole venom and fractions V and VI were observed, fraction V showing higher toxicity than total venom and fraction VI. Regarding toxicity in mice, the whole venom showed the highest lethal effect in comparison to fractions V and VI. These results suggest that B. asper PLA2 and its homologue have antiplasmodial potential.
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31
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Sebia-Amrane F, Laraba-Djebari F. Pharmaco-Modulations of Induced Edema and Vascular Permeability Changes by Vipera lebetina Venom: Inflammatory Mechanisms. Inflammation 2012; 36:434-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-012-9563-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Moreira V, Dos-Santos MC, Nascimento NG, Borges da Silva H, Fernandes CM, D'Império Lima MR, Teixeira C. Local inflammatory events induced by Bothrops atrox snake venom and the release of distinct classes of inflammatory mediators. Toxicon 2012; 60:12-20. [PMID: 22465491 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bothrops atrox is responsible for most accidents involving snakes in the Brazilian Amazon and its venom induces serious systemic and local effects. The local effects are not neutralized effectively by commercial antivenoms, resulting in serious sequelae in individuals bitten by this species. This study investigates the local inflammatory events induced in mice by B. atrox venom (BaV), such as vascular permeability, leukocyte influx and the release of important inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, eicosanoids and the chemokine CCL-2, at the injection site. The effect of BaV on cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) expression was also investigated. The results showed that intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of BaV promoted a rapid and significant increase in vascular permeability, which reached a peak 1 h after venom administration. Furthermore, BaV caused leukocyte infiltration into the peritoneal cavity between 1 and 8 h after i.p. injection, with mononuclear leukocytes (MNs) predominating in the first 4 h, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in the last 4 h. Increased protein expression of COX-2, but not of COX-1, was detected in leukocytes recruited in the first and fourth hours after injection of BaV. The venom caused the release of eicosanoids PGD₂, PGE₂, TXA₂ and LTB₄, cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12p70, but not IFN-γ, and chemokine CCL-2 at different times. The results show that BaV is able to induce an early increase in vascular permeability and a leukocyte influx to the injection site consisting mainly of MNs initially and PMNs during the later stages. These phenomena are associated with the production of cytokines, the chemokine CCL-2 and eicosanoids derived from COX-1 and COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Moreira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, CEP 05503-900, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Yamashita KM, Nogueira TO, Senise LV, Cirillo MC, Gonçalves LRC, Sano-Martins IS, Giorgi R, Santoro ML. Involvement of circulating platelets on the hyperalgesic response evoked by carrageenan and Bothrops jararaca snake venom. J Thromb Haemost 2011; 9:2057-66. [PMID: 21794075 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04449.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of platelets in hemostasis is well known, but few papers have reported their role in pain and edema induced by inflammatory agents. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the role of circulating platelets in the local injury induced by two diverse inflammatory agents, Bothrops jararaca venom (Bjv) and carrageenan. METHODS Rats were (i) rendered thrombocytopenic by administration of polyclonal anti-rat platelet IgG (ARPI) or busulfan, or (ii) treated with platelet inhibitors (aspirin or clopidogrel). Edema formation, local hemorrhage and the pain threshold were assessed after intraplantar injection of Bjv or carrageenan in rat hind paws. Additionally, whole platelets or platelet releasate were tested whether they directly induced hyperalgesia. RESULTS Platelet counts were markedly diminished in rats administered with either ARPI (± 88%) or busulfan (± 96%). Previous treatment with ARPI or busulfan slightly reduced edema induced by Bjv or carrageenan. Injection of Bjv, but not of carrageenan, induced a statistically significance increase in hemorrhage in the hind paws of thrombocytopenic rats. Remarkably, hyperalgesia evoked by Bjv or carrageenan was completely blocked in animals treated with ARPI or busulfan, or pre-treated with aspirin or clopidogrel. On the other hand, intraplantar administration of whole platelets or platelet releasate evoked hyperalgesia, which was inhibited by pre-incubation with alkaline phosphatase. CONCLUSIONS Thrombocytopenia or inhibition of platelet function drastically reduced hyperalgesia induced by injection of carrageenan or Bjv; moreover, platelets per se secrete phosphorylated compounds involved in pain mediation. Thus, blood platelets are crucial cells involved in the pain genesis, and their role therein has been underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Yamashita
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Institute Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
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Nadur-Andrade N, Barbosa AM, Carlos FP, Lima CJ, Cogo JC, Zamuner SR. Effects of photobiostimulation on edema and hemorrhage induced by Bothrops moojeni venom. Lasers Med Sci 2011; 27:65-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-011-0914-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Napimoga MH, Yatsuda R. Scientific evidence for Mikania laevigata and Mikania glomerata as a pharmacological tool. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 62:809-20. [PMID: 20636868 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.62.07.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Historically, the majority of new drugs have been generated from natural products as well as from compounds derived from natural products. In this context, Mikania laevigata and M. glomerata, popularly known as 'guaco', have a long history of use. Brazilian Indians have an ancient tradition of using 'guaco' for snakebites. In current herbal medicine in Brazil, 'guaco' is used as an effective natural bronchodilator, expectorant and cough suppressant employed for all types of upper respiratory problems including bronchitis, pleurisy, colds and flu, coughs and asthma. KEY FINDINGS In Brazil, this plant has been widely used, even as commercial preparations. Its medicinal properties are widely recognized, mainly in the treatment of inflammatory conditions, bronchodilator activity, anti-ulcerogenic, antiophidian as well as antibacterial and antiparasitic activity, although the efficacy of the antibacterial activity is so far controversial. SUMMARY The studies on Mikania glomerata and M. laevigata have provided scientific evidence that those plants have a considerable anti-inflammatory therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo H Napimoga
- Laboratory of Biopathology and Molecular Biology, University of Uberaba, Minas Gerais 38055-500, Brazil.
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Comparative analysis of newborn and adult Bothrops jararaca snake venoms. Toxicon 2010; 56:1443-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Bites by the colubrid snake Philodryas patagoniensis: A clinical and epidemiological study of 297 cases. Toxicon 2010; 56:1018-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 07/04/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Galvão Nascimento N, Sampaio MC, Amaral Olivo R, Teixeira C. Contribution of mast cells to the oedema induced by Bothrops moojeni snake venom and a pharmacological assessment of the inflammatory mediators involved. Toxicon 2010; 55:343-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Revised: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Zychar BC, Dale CS, Demarchi DS, Gonçalves LRC. Contribution of metalloproteases, serine proteases and phospholipases A2 to the inflammatory reaction induced by Bothrops jararaca crude venom in mice. Toxicon 2010; 55:227-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 07/19/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Experimental pathology of local tissue damage induced by Bothrops asper snake venom. Toxicon 2009; 54:958-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Revised: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Mendes MM, Vale LHF, Lucena MN, Vieira SAPB, Izidoro LFM, Junior RJO, Soares AM, Alcântara TM, Hamaguchi A, Homsi-Brandeburgo MI, Rodrigues VM. Acute toxicity of Schizolobium parahyba
aqueous extract in mice. Phytother Res 2009; 24:459-62. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Paludo KS, Biscaia SMP, Chaim OM, Otuki MF, Naliwaiko K, Dombrowski PA, Franco CRC, Veiga SS. Inflammatory events induced by brown spider venom and its recombinant dermonecrotic toxin: a pharmacological investigation. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 149:323-33. [PMID: 19041422 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2008.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Revised: 08/21/2008] [Accepted: 08/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Accidents involving Brown spider (Loxosceles sp.) venom produce a massive inflammatory response in injured region. This venom has a complex mixture of different toxins, and the dermonecrotic toxin is the major contributor to toxic effects. The ability of Loxosceles intermedia venom and a recombinant isoform of dermonecrotic toxin to induce edema and increase in vascular permeability was investigated. These toxins were injected into hind paws and caused a marked dose and time-dependent edema and increase in vascular permeability in mice. Furthermore, the enzymatic activity of venom toxins may be primal for these effects. A mutated recombinant isoform of dermonecrotic toxin, that has only residual enzymatic activity, was not able to induce these inflammatory events. Besides the previous heating of toxins markedly reduced the paw edema and vascular permeability showing that thermolabile constituents can trigger these effects. In addition, the ability of these venom toxins to evoke inflammatory events was partially reduced in compound 48/80-pretreated animals, suggesting that mast cells may be involved in these responses. Pretreating mice with histamine (prometazine and cetirizine) and serotonin (methysergide) receptor antagonists significantly attenuated toxins induced edema and vascular permeability. Moreover, HPLC analysis of whole venom showed the presence of histamine sufficient to induce inflammatory responses. In conclusion, these inflammatory events may result from the activation of mast cells, which in turn release bioamines and may be related to intrinsic histamine content of venom.
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Ferreira T, Camargo EA, Ribela MTC, Damico DC, Marangoni S, Antunes E, De Nucci G, Landucci EC. Inflammatory oedema induced by Lachesis muta muta (Surucucu) venom and LmTX-I in the rat paw and dorsal skin. Toxicon 2009; 53:69-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2008] [Revised: 10/12/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Pessini AC, Kanashiro A, Malvar DDC, Machado RR, Soares DM, Figueiredo MJ, Kalapothakis E, Souza GE. Inflammatory mediators involved in the nociceptive and oedematogenic responses induced by Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom injected into rat paws. Toxicon 2008; 52:729-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 08/27/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Mora J, Mora R, Lomonte B, Gutiérrez JM. Effects of Bothrops asper snake venom on lymphatic vessels: insights into a hidden aspect of envenomation. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2008; 2:e318. [PMID: 18923712 PMCID: PMC2563035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Envenomations by the snake Bothrops asper represent a serious medical problem in Central America and parts of South America. These envenomations concur with drastic local tissue pathology, including a prominent edema. Since lymph flow plays a role in the maintenance of tissue fluid balance, the effect of B. asper venom on collecting lymphatic vessels was studied. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS B. asper venom was applied to mouse mesentery, and the effects were studied using an intravital microscopy methodology coupled with an image analysis program. B. asper venom induced a dose-dependent contraction of collecting lymphatic vessels, resulting in a reduction of their lumen and in a halting of lymph flow. The effect was reproduced by a myotoxic phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) homologue isolated from this venom, but not by a hemorrhagic metalloproteinase or a coagulant thrombin-like serine proteinase. In agreement with this, treatment of the venom with fucoidan, a myotoxin inhibitor, abrogated the effect, whereas no inhibition was observed after incubation with the peptidomimetic metalloproteinase inhibitor Batimastat. Moreover, fucoidan significantly reduced venom-induced footpad edema. The myotoxic PLA(2) homologue, known to induce skeletal muscle necrosis, was able to induce cytotoxicity in smooth muscle cells in culture and to promote an increment in the permeability to propidium iodide in these cells. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our observations indicate that B. asper venom affects collecting lymphatic vessels through the action of myotoxic PLA(2)s on the smooth muscle of these vessels, inducing cell contraction and irreversible cell damage. This activity may play an important role in the pathogenesis of the pronounced local edema characteristic of viperid snakebite envenomation, as well as in the systemic biodistribution of the venom, thus representing a potential therapeutical target in these envenomations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Mora
- Departamento de Parasitología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Rodrigo Mora
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- * E-mail:
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Carneiro AS, Ribeiro OG, Cabrera WHK, Vorraro F, De Franco M, Ibañez OM, Starobinas N. Bothrops jararaca venom (BjV) induces differential leukocyte accumulation in mice genetically selected for acute inflammatory reaction: the role of host genetic background on expression of adhesion molecules and release of endogenous mediators. Toxicon 2008; 52:619-27. [PMID: 18723041 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2008] [Revised: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of the local inflammatory events induced by Bothrops jararaca venom (BjV) inoculation in footpad of mice genetically selected for maximal (AIRmax) and minimal (AIRmin) acute inflammatory reactivity (AIR) was investigated. The BjV injection induced a marked inflammatory cell infiltrate with predominance of neutrophils, with increased blood cell numbers before its accumulation, suggesting a stimulatory action of BjV on mechanisms of cell mobilization from bone marrow. The process of cell migration is regulated by different cell-adhesion molecules (CAM). Our results showed that neutrophil cells from both lines had the same pattern of response concerning CAMs expression, presenting the involvement of l-selectin, Mac-1 and PECAM-1 adhesion molecules in BjV-induced neutrophil accumulation. The effect of BjV on the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines related with cellular migration was also studied and IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha and MIP-2 levels could be detected after venom injection. The AIRmax mice were shown to be more responsive than AIRmin with respect to leukocyte influx, expression of MIP-2 and release of IL-1beta and IL-6. These results demonstrate the importance of host genetic background in the local response and the involvement of alleles accumulated in AIRmax mice in the inflammatory events induced by BjV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana S Carneiro
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil 1500 - cep 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Santoro ML, Sano-Martins IS, Fan HW, Cardoso JL, Theakston RDG, Warrell DA. Haematological evaluation of patients bitten by the jararaca, Bothrops jararaca, in Brazil. Toxicon 2008; 51:1440-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Barbosa AM, Villaverde AB, Guimarães-Souza L, Ribeiro W, Cogo JC, Zamuner SR. Effect of low-level laser therapy in the inflammatory response induced by Bothrops jararacussu snake venom. Toxicon 2008; 51:1236-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Revised: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 02/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Zychar BC, Castro NC, Marcelino JR, Gonçalves LRC. Phenol used as a preservative in Bothrops antivenom induces impairment in leukocyte–endothelial interactions. Toxicon 2008; 51:1151-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Revised: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Gomes A, Saha A, Chatterjee I, Chakravarty AK. Viper and cobra venom neutralization by beta-sitosterol and stigmasterol isolated from the root extract of Pluchea indica Less. (Asteraceae). PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 14:637-43. [PMID: 17293096 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2006.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2006] [Accepted: 11/22/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We reported previously that the methanolic root extract of the Indian medicinal plant Pluchea indica Less. (Asteraceae) could neutralize viper venom-induced action [Alam, M.I., Auddy, B., Gomes, A., 1996. Viper venom neutralization by Indian medicinal plant (Hemidesmus indicus and P. indica) root extracts. Phytother. Res. 10, 58-61]. The present study reports the neutralization of viper and cobra venom by beta-sitosterol and stigmasterol isolated from the root extract of P. indica Less. (Asteraceae). The active fraction (containing the major compound beta-sitosterol and the minor compound stigmasterol) was isolated and purified by silica gel column chromatography and the structure was determined using spectroscopic analysis (EIMS, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR). Anti-snake venom activity was studied in experimental animals. The active fraction was found to significantly neutralize viper venom-induced lethal, hemorrhagic, defibrinogenation, edema and PLA(2) activity. Cobra venom-induced lethality, cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicity, respiratory changes and PLA(2) activity were also antagonized by the active component. It potentiated commercial snake venom antiserum action against venom-induced lethality in male albino mice. The active fraction could antagonize venom-induced changes in lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase activity. This study suggests that beta-sitosterol and stigmasterol may play an important role, along with antiserum, in neutralizing snake venom-induced actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gomes
- Laboratory of Toxinology and Experimental Pharmacodynamics, Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700 009, India.
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