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Zhao W, Liu J, Wang S, Tao Q, Lei Q, Huang C. Varespladib mitigates acute liver injury via suppression of excessive mitophagy on Naja atra envenomed mice by inhibiting PLA 2. Toxicon 2024; 242:107694. [PMID: 38556061 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Snakebite envenomation often leads to severe visceral injuries, including acute liver injury (ALI). However, the toxicity mechanism remains unclear. Moreover, varespladib can directly inhibit phospholipase A2 (PLA2) in snake venom, but its protective effect on snakebite-induced ALI and the mechanism have not been clarified. Previous studies have shown that snake venom PLA2 leads to neuron cell death via reactive oxygen species (ROS), one of the initial factors related to the mitophagy pathway. The present study group also found that ROS accumulation occurred after Naja atra envenoming. Hematoxylin and eosin (H/E) staining and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were performed to identify the expression of inflammatory factors in the liver tissue, and flow cytometry and immunofluorescence were used to detect ROS levels and mitochondrial function. Immunofluorescence and western blotting were also used for detecting mitophagy pathway-related proteins. The results showed that N. atra bite induced ALI by activating mitophagy and inducing inflammation and that varespladib had a protective effect. Collectively, these results showed the pathological mechanism of ALI caused by N. atra bite and revealed the protective effect of varespladib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Zhao
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Jiahao Liu
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Sidan Wang
- Queen Mary School, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Qinqin Tao
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Qiongqiong Lei
- School of Nursing, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China.
| | - Chunhong Huang
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China.
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2
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Santhosh KH, Krishna V, Kemparaju K, Manjunatha H, Shashi Kumar R, Mukherjee A, Gomez Mejiba SE, Ramirez DC, Ravindranath BS. β-keto amyrin isolated from Cryptostegia grandiflora R. br. inhibits inflammation caused by Daboia russellii viper venom: Direct binding of β-keto amyrin to phospholipase A 2. Toxicon 2024; 241:107679. [PMID: 38447765 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The search for mechanism-based anti-inflammatory therapies is of fundamental importance to avoid undesired off-target effects. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity is a potential molecular target for anti-inflammatory drugs because it fuels arachidonic acid needed to synthesize inflammation mediators, such as prostaglandins. Herein, we aim to investigate the molecular mechanism by which β-keto amyrin isolated from a methanolic extract of Cryptostegia grandiflora R. Br. Leaves can inhibit inflammation caused by Daboia russellii viper (DR) venom that mainly contains PLA2. We found that β-keto amyrin neutralizes DR venom-induced paw-edema in a mouse model. Molecular docking of PLA2 with β-keto amyrin complex resulted in a higher binding energy score of -8.86 kcal/mol and an inhibition constant of 611.7 nM. Diclofenac had a binding energy of -7.04 kcal/mol and an IC50 value of 620 nM, which predicts a poorer binding interaction than β-keto amyrin. The higher conformational stability of β-keto amyrin interaction compared to diclofenac is confirmed by molecular dynamics simulation. β-keto amyrin isolated from C. grandiflora inhibits the PLA2 activity contained in Daboia russellii viper venom. The anti-inflammatory property of β-keto amyrin is due to its direct binding into the active site of PLA2, thus inhibiting its enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Santhosh
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Kuvempu University, Jnana Sahyadri, Shankaraghatta-577451, Karnataka, India
| | - V Krishna
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Kuvempu University, Jnana Sahyadri, Shankaraghatta-577451, Karnataka, India
| | - K Kemparaju
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasa Gangotri Campus, Mysore-57006, Karnataka, India
| | - H Manjunatha
- Department of Biochemistry, Jnana Bharathi Campus, Bangalore University, Bangalore- 56005, Karnataka, India
| | - R Shashi Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Kuvempu University, Jnana Sahyadri, Shankaraghatta-577451, Karnataka, India
| | - A Mukherjee
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal- 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - S E Gomez Mejiba
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Experimental Therapeutics, CCT-San Luis-National University of San Luis, San Luis, 5700-San Luis, Argentina.
| | - D C Ramirez
- Laboratory of Experimental and Translational Medicine. CCT-San Luis-National University of San Luis, San Luis, 5700-San Luis, Argentina.
| | - B S Ravindranath
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal- 576104, Karnataka, India.
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Arestakesyan H, LeFevre N, Posnack N, Sarian A, Grigoryan V, Ayvazyan N, Voskanyan A, Sarvazyan N, Karabekian Z. Changes in attachment and metabolic activity of rat neonatal cardiomyocytes and nonmyocytes caused by Macrovipera lebetina obtusa venom. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 95:105755. [PMID: 38061605 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The Caucasian viper Macrovipera lebetina obtusa (MLO) is one of the most prevalent and venomous snakes in the Caucasus and the surrounding regions, yet the effects of MLO venom on cardiac function remain largely unknown. We examined the influence of MLO venom (crude and with inhibited metalloproteinases and phospholipase A2) on attachment and metabolic activity of rat neonatal cardiomyocytes (CM) and nonmyocytes (nCM), assessed at 1 and 24 h. After exposing both CM and nCM to varying concentrations of MLO venom, we observed immediate cytotoxic effects at a concentration of 100 μg/ml, causing detachment from the culture substrate. At lower MLO venom concentrations both cell types detached in a dose-dependent manner. Inhibition of MLO venom metalloproteinases significantly improved CM and nCM attachment after 1-hour exposure. At 24-hour exposure to metalloproteinases inhibited venom statistically significant enhancement was observed only in nCM attachment. However, metabolic activity of CM and nCM did not decrease upon exposure to the lower dose of the venom. Moreover, we demonstrated that metalloproteinases and phospholipases A2 are not the components of the MLO venom that change metabolic activity of both CM and nCM. These results provide a valuable platform to study the impact of MLO venom on prey cardiac function. They also call for further exploration of individual venom components for pharmaceutical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hovhannes Arestakesyan
- Orbeli Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences, 22 Orbeli Bros. St., Yerevan 0028, Armenia; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Narine LeFevre
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Nikki Posnack
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA; Children's National Heart Institute, Sheikh Zayed Institute of Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Arni Sarian
- Orbeli Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences, 22 Orbeli Bros. St., Yerevan 0028, Armenia
| | - Vahan Grigoryan
- Orbeli Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences, 22 Orbeli Bros. St., Yerevan 0028, Armenia
| | - Naira Ayvazyan
- Orbeli Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences, 22 Orbeli Bros. St., Yerevan 0028, Armenia
| | - Armen Voskanyan
- Orbeli Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences, 22 Orbeli Bros. St., Yerevan 0028, Armenia
| | - Narine Sarvazyan
- Orbeli Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences, 22 Orbeli Bros. St., Yerevan 0028, Armenia; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Zaruhi Karabekian
- Orbeli Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences, 22 Orbeli Bros. St., Yerevan 0028, Armenia; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
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Talukdar A, Doley R. Identification of poorly immunodepleted phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2) proteins of Bungarus fasciatus venom from Assam, India and evaluation of Indian polyvalent antivenom using third-generation antivenomics. Toxicon 2024; 239:107617. [PMID: 38219916 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Bungarus fasciatus also referred to as the Banded krait is a snake which possesses venom and belongs to the Elapidae family. It is widely distributed across the Indian subcontinent and South East Asian countries and is responsible for numerous snakebites in the population. B. fasciatus possesses a neurotoxic venom and envenomation by the snake results in significant morbidity and occasional morbidity in the victim if not treated appropriately. In this study, the efficacy of Indian polyvalent antivenom (Premium Serums polyvalent antivenom) was evaluated against the venom of B. fasciatus from Guwahati, Assam (India) employing the Third-generation antivenomics technique followed by identification of venom proteins from three poorly immunodepleted peaks (P5, P6 and P7) using LC-MS/MS analysis. Seven proteins were identified from the three peaks and all these venom proteins belonged to the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) superfamily. The identified PLA2 proteins were corroborated by the in vitro enzymatic activities (PLA2 and Anticoagulant activity) exhibited by the three peaks and previous reports of pathological manifestation in the envenomated victims. Neutralization of enzymatic activities by Premium Serums polyvalent antivenom was also assessed in vitro for crude venom, P5, P6 and P7 which revealed moderate to poor inhibition. Inclusion of venom proteins/peptides, which are non-immunodepleted or poorly immunodepleted, into the immunization mixture of venom used for antivenom production may help in enhancing the efficacy of the polyvalent antivenom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Talukdar
- Molecular Toxinology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Assam, 784028, India
| | - Robin Doley
- Molecular Toxinology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Assam, 784028, India.
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Averin A, Starkov V, Tsetlin V, Utkin Y. Effects of the Heterodimeric Neurotoxic Phospholipase A 2 from the Venom of Vipera nikolskii on the Contractility of Rat Papillary Muscles and Thoracic Aortas. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:100. [PMID: 38393179 PMCID: PMC10891809 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16020100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) are a large family of snake toxins manifesting diverse biological effects, which are not always related to phospholipolytic activity. Snake venom PLA2s (svPLA2s) are extracellular proteins with a molecular mass of 13-14 kDa. They are present in venoms in the form of monomers, dimers, and larger oligomers. The cardiovascular system is one of the multiple svPLA2 targets in prey organisms. The results obtained previously on the cardiovascular effects of monomeric svPLA2s were inconsistent, while the data on the dimeric svPLA2 crotoxin from the rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus showed that it significantly reduced the contractile force of guinea pig hearts. Here, we studied the effects of the heterodimeric svPLA2 HDP-1 from the viper Vipera nikolskii on papillary muscle (PM) contractility and the tension of the aortic rings (ARs). HDP-1 is structurally different from crotoxin, and over a wide range of concentrations, it produced a long-term, stable, positive inotropic effect in PMs, which did not turn into contractures at the concentrations studied. This also distinguishes HDP-1 from the monomeric svPLA2s, which at high concentrations inhibited cardiac function. HDP-1, when acting on ARs preconstricted with 10 μM phenylephrine, induced a vasorelaxant effect, similar to some other svPLA2s. These are the first indications of the cardiac and vascular effects of true vipers' heterodimeric svPLA2s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Averin
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center of Biological Research”, Pushchino Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia;
| | - Vladislav Starkov
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia; (V.S.); (V.T.)
| | - Victor Tsetlin
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia; (V.S.); (V.T.)
| | - Yuri Utkin
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia; (V.S.); (V.T.)
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Serino-Silva C, Bittencourt Rodrigues CF, Miyamoto JG, Hatakeyama DM, Kavazoi VK, Da Rocha MMT, Tanaka AS, Tashima AK, de Morais-Zani K, Grego KF, Tanaka-Azevedo AM. Proteomics and life-history variability of Endogenous Phospholipases A2 Inhibitors (PLIs) in Bothrops jararaca plasma. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0295806. [PMID: 38319909 PMCID: PMC10846723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
In Brazil, the genus Bothrops is responsible for most ophidian accidents. Snake venoms have a wide variety of proteins and peptides exhibiting a broad repertoire of pharmacological and toxic effects that elicit systemic injury and characteristic local effects. The snakes' natural resistance to envenomation caused by the presence of inhibitory compounds on their plasma have been extensively studied. However, the presence of these inhibitors in different developmental stages is yet to be further discussed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ontogeny of Bothrops jararaca plasma inhibitor composition and, to this end, plasma samples of B. jararaca were obtained from different developmental stages (neonates, youngs, and adults) and sexes (female and male). SDS-PAGE, Western blotting, affinity chromatography, and mass spectrometry were performed to analyze the protein profile and interaction between B. jararaca plasma and venom proteins. In addition, the presence of γBjPLI, a PLA2 inhibitor previously identified and characterized in B. jararaca serum, was confirmed by Western blotting. According to our results, 9-17% of plasma proteins were capable of binding to venom proteins in the three developmental stages. The presence of different endogenous inhibitors and, more specifically, different PLA2 inhibitor (PLI) classes and antihemorrhagic factors were confirmed in specimens of B. jararaca from newborn by mass spectrometry. For the first time, the αPLI and βPLI were detected in B. jararaca plasma, although low or no ontogenetic and sexual correlation were found. The γPLI were more abundant in adult female, than in neonate and young female, but similar to neonate, young and adult male according to the results of mass spectrometry analysis. Our results suggest that there are proteins in the plasma of these animals that can help counteract the effects of self-envenomation from birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Serino-Silva
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia (PPIB—IPT, IBU and USP), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Caroline Fabri Bittencourt Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia (PPIB—IPT, IBU and USP), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela Miki Hatakeyama
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia (PPIB—IPT, IBU and USP), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Victor Koiti Kavazoi
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia (PPIB—IPT, IBU and USP), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Aparecida Sadae Tanaka
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Keiji Tashima
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Cardoso FF, Salvador GHM, Cavalcante WLG, Dal-Pai M, Fontes MRDM. BthTX-I, a phospholipase A 2-like toxin, is inhibited by the plant cinnamic acid derivative: chlorogenic acid. Biochim Biophys Acta Proteins Proteom 2024; 1872:140988. [PMID: 38142025 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2023.140988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Snakebite is a significant health concern in tropical and subtropical regions, particularly in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, resulting in more than 2.7 million envenomations and an estimated one hundred thousand fatalities annually. The Bothrops genus is responsible for the majority of snakebite envenomings in Latin America and Caribbean countries. Accidents involving snakes from this genus are characterized by local symptoms that often lead to permanent sequelae and death. However, specific antivenoms exhibit limited effectiveness in inhibiting local tissue damage. Phospholipase A2-like (PLA2-like) toxins emerge as significant contributors to local myotoxicity in accidents involving Bothrops species. As a result, they represent a crucial target for prospective treatments. Some natural and synthetic compounds have shown the ability to reduce or abolish the myotoxic effects of PLA2-like proteins. In this study, we employed a combination approach involving myographic, morphological, biophysical and bioinformatic techniques to investigate the interaction between chlorogenic acid (CGA) and BthTX-I, a PLA2-like toxin. CGA provided a protection of 71.8% on muscle damage in a pre-incubation treatment. Microscale thermophoresis and circular dichroism experiments revealed that CGA interacted with the BthTX-I while preserving its secondary structure. CGA exhibited an affinity to the toxin that ranks among the highest observed for a natural compound. Bioinformatics simulations indicated that CGA inhibitor binds to the toxin's hydrophobic channel in a manner similar to other phenolic compounds previously investigated. These findings suggest that CGA interferes with the allosteric transition of the non-activated toxin, and the stability of the dimeric assembly of its activated state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Florença Cardoso
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Walter Luís Garrido Cavalcante
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Maeli Dal-Pai
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos Roberto de Mattos Fontes
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil; Instituto de Estudos Avançados do Mar (IEAMar), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Vicente, SP, Brazil.
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Guo S, Yang Q. Bioinformatics Analysis Identifies PLA2G7 as a Key Antigen-Presenting Prognostic Related Gene Promoting Hepatocellular Carcinoma through the STAT1/PD-L1 Axis. FRONT BIOSCI-LANDMRK 2024; 29:39. [PMID: 38287833 DOI: 10.31083/j.fbl2901039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antigen presentation may be an important factor contributing to immune evasion in cancer. This study investigated antigen-presenting prognostic related genes (APPGs) and their potential mechanisms in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS We constructed a score built upon the core APPGs (APP.Score) through nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) clustering, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), random forest (RF), and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) methods. We also compared the clinical and molecular characteristics of different APP.Score. Furthermore, in vitro experiments were conducted to validate the expression of core APPGs and investigate the effects of phospholipase A2, group 7 (PLA2G7) knockdown on HCC cell development and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression. RESULTS APP.Score was positively correlated with immune cell infiltration and levels of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related genes, and negatively correlated with overall survival (OS). The area under the curve values were 0.734, 0.747, and 0.679 for survival periods of 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively, indicating that APP.Score could be an independent prognostic factor for patients with HCC. OS of the high expression group of these genes, including PLA2G7, musculin, heat shock protein family A, secreted phosphoprotein 1, and neutrophil cytosolic factor 2 (NCF2) was lower than that of their low expression group. Moreover, the upregulation of key components of APPGs, except NCF2, was observed in HCC. The inhibition of PLA2G7 suppressed HCC progression and reduced PD-L1 and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (p-STAT1)/STAT1 levels in HepG2 and Huh-7 cells. Remarkably, the decrease in PD-L1 expression caused by PLA2G7 silencing was reversed upon treatment with a STAT1 activator. CONCLUSION The results of this study show that APP.Score could be an independent prognostic factor for patients with HCC, and that PLA2G7 silencing inhibits cancer cell development and PD-L1 expression. We provide a new perspective and potential target for immune research on antigen presentation in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihang Guo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, 510632 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qinhe Yang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, 510632 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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9
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McFarlane LO, Pukala TL. Proteomic Investigation of Cape Cobra ( Naja nivea) Venom Reveals First Evidence of Quaternary Protein Structures. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:63. [PMID: 38393141 PMCID: PMC10892407 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16020063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Naja nivea (N. nivea) is classed as a category one snake by the World Health Organization since its envenomation causes high levels of mortality and disability annually. Despite this, there has been little research into the venom composition of N. nivea, with only one full venom proteome published to date. Our current study separated N. nivea venom using size exclusion chromatography before utilizing a traditional bottom-up proteomics approach to unravel the composition of the venom proteome. As expected by its clinical presentation, N. nivea venom was found to consist mainly of neurotoxins, with three-finger toxins (3FTx), making up 76.01% of the total venom proteome. Additionally, cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISPs), vespryns (VESPs), cobra venom factors (CVFs), 5'-nucleotidases (5'NUCs), nerve growth factors (NGFs), phospholipase A2s (PLA2), acetylcholinesterases (AChEs), Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor (KUN), phosphodiesterases (PDEs), L-amino acid oxidases (LAAOs), hydrolases (HYDs), snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs), and snake venom serine protease (SVSP) toxins were also identified in decreasing order of abundance. Interestingly, contrary to previous reports, we find PLA2 toxins in N. nivea venom. This highlights the importance of repeatedly profiling the venom of the same species to account for intra-species variation. Additionally, we report the first evidence of covalent protein complexes in N. nivea venom, which likely contribute to the potency of this venom.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tara L. Pukala
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia;
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10
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Phan P, Deshwal A, McMahon TA, Slikas M, Andrews E, Becker B, Kumar TKS. A Review of Rattlesnake Venoms. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 16:2. [PMID: 38276526 PMCID: PMC10818703 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Venom components are invaluable in biomedical research owing to their specificity and potency. Many of these components exist in two genera of rattlesnakes, Crotalus and Sistrurus, with high toxicity and proteolytic activity variation. This review focuses on venom components within rattlesnakes, and offers a comparison and itemized list of factors dictating venom composition, as well as presenting their known characteristics, activities, and significant applications in biosciences. There are 64 families and subfamilies of proteins present in Crotalus and Sistrurus venom. Snake venom serine proteases (SVSP), snake venom metalloproteases (SVMP), and phospholipases A2 (PLA2) are the standard components in Crotalus and Sistrurus venom. Through this review, we highlight gaps in the knowledge of rattlesnake venom; there needs to be more information on the venom composition of three Crotalus species and one Sistrurus subspecies. We discuss the activity and importance of both major and minor components in biomedical research and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuc Phan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA;
| | - Anant Deshwal
- Department of Biology, Bradley University, Peoria, IL 61625, USA; (T.A.M.); (M.S.); (E.A.)
| | - Tyler Anthony McMahon
- Department of Biology, Bradley University, Peoria, IL 61625, USA; (T.A.M.); (M.S.); (E.A.)
| | - Matthew Slikas
- Department of Biology, Bradley University, Peoria, IL 61625, USA; (T.A.M.); (M.S.); (E.A.)
| | - Elodie Andrews
- Department of Biology, Bradley University, Peoria, IL 61625, USA; (T.A.M.); (M.S.); (E.A.)
| | - Brian Becker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA;
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Sampat GH, Hiremath K, Dodakallanavar J, Patil VS, Harish DR, Biradar P, Mahadevamurthy RK, Barvaliya M, Roy S. Unraveling snake venom phospholipase A 2: an overview of its structure, pharmacology, and inhibitors. Pharmacol Rep 2023; 75:1454-1473. [PMID: 37926795 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-023-00543-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Snake bite is a neglected disease that affects millions of people worldwide. WHO reported approximately 5 million people are bitten by various species of snakes each year, resulting in nearly 1 million deaths and an additional three times cases of permanent disability. Snakes utilize the venom mainly for immobilization and digestion of their prey. Snake venom is a composition of proteins and enzymes which is responsible for its diverse pharmacological action. Snake venom phospholipase A2 (SvPLA2) is an enzyme that is present in every snake species in different quantities and is known to produce remarkable functional diversity and pharmacological action like inflammation, necrosis, myonecrosis, hemorrhage, etc. Arachidonic acid, a precursor to eicosanoids, such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes, is released when SvPLA2 catalyzes the hydrolysis of the sn-2 positions of membrane glycerophospholipids, which is responsible for its actions. Polyvalent antivenom produced from horses or lambs is the standard treatment for snake envenomation, although it has many drawbacks. Traditional medical practitioners treat snake bites using plants and other remedies as a sustainable alternative. More than 500 plant species from more than 100 families reported having venom-neutralizing abilities. Plant-derived secondary metabolites have the ability to reduce the venom's adverse consequences. Numerous studies have documented the ability of plant chemicals to inhibit the enzymes found in snake venom. Research in recent years has shown that various small molecules, such as varespladib and methyl varespladib, effectively inhibit the PLA2 toxin. In the present article, we have overviewed the knowledge of snake venom phospholipase A2, its classification, and the mechanism involved in the pathophysiology of cytotoxicity, myonecrosis, anticoagulation, and inflammation clinical application and inhibitors of SvPLA2, along with the list of studies carried out to evaluate the potency of small molecules like varespladib and secondary metabolites from the traditional medicine for their anti-PLA2 effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh H Sampat
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India
- KLE College of Pharmacy, Belagavi, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India
| | - Kashinath Hiremath
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India
- KLE College of Pharmacy, Belagavi, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India
| | - Jagadeesh Dodakallanavar
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India
- KLE College of Pharmacy, Belagavi, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India
| | - Vishal S Patil
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India
- KLE College of Pharmacy, Belagavi, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India
| | - Darasaguppe R Harish
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India.
| | - Prakash Biradar
- KLE College of Pharmacy, Belagavi, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India.
| | | | - Manish Barvaliya
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India
| | - Subarna Roy
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India
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12
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王 文, 杨 泳, 王 莉, 郭 欣, 田 玲, 王 鹤, 胡 玉, 刘 睿. [Sevoflurane alleviates ventilator-induced lung injury in rats by down-regulating the TRPV4/C-PLA2 signaling pathway]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2023; 43:1886-1891. [PMID: 38081606 PMCID: PMC10713460 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2023.11.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the mechanism underlying the protective effect of sevoflurane against ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). METHODS Thirty-two SD rats were randomized into mechanical ventilation (MV) group, MV+sevoflurane group (MS group), MV+sevoflurane+transient receptor potential vanillate subtype 4 (TRPV4) agonist group (MST group) and MV+ sevoflurane + vehicle group (MSV group). Arachidonic acid (AA) in the lung tissues was quantified with ELISA. TRPV4, cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 (C-PLA2) and myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) protein expressions were detected by Western blotting. Lung injury in the rats was evaluated by assessing MLCK protein expression level, pulmonary permeability index, lung wet/dry ratio, leukocyte count in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), myeloperoxidase content in lung tissue, and histological score of the lungs. RESULTS The rats in MV group showed significantly increased TRPV4 and C-PLA2 expression levels in the lung tissues with increased lung permeability and obvious lung inflammation compared with those in the other 3 groups (P < 0.05). No significant differences were found in the parameters associated with lung injuries between MS group and MSV group. Compared with those in MST group, the rats in MS group and MSV group showed significantly reduced AA production and TRPV4 and C-PLA2 expressions in the lungs (P < 0.05) with alleviated lung hyper-permeability and inflammation (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Sevoflurane protects against VILI in rats by down-regulating the TRPV4/C-PLA2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- 文法 王
- 楚雄彝族自治州人民医院麻醉科,云南 楚雄 675000Department of Anesthesiology, Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture People's Hospital, Chuxiong 675000, China
| | - 泳 杨
- 昆明医科大学医学机能实验中心,云南 昆明 650500Experimental Center of Medical Function, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - 莉 王
- 云南省第一人民医院//昆明理工大学附属医院麻醉科,云南 昆明 650032Department of Anesthesiology, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province/Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, China
| | - 欣 郭
- 云南省第一人民医院//昆明理工大学附属医院麻醉科,云南 昆明 650032Department of Anesthesiology, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province/Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, China
| | - 玲芳 田
- 楚雄彝族自治州人民医院麻醉科,云南 楚雄 675000Department of Anesthesiology, Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture People's Hospital, Chuxiong 675000, China
| | - 鹤 王
- 楚雄彝族自治州人民医院麻醉科,云南 楚雄 675000Department of Anesthesiology, Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture People's Hospital, Chuxiong 675000, China
| | - 玉珍 胡
- 楚雄彝族自治州人民医院麻醉科,云南 楚雄 675000Department of Anesthesiology, Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture People's Hospital, Chuxiong 675000, China
| | - 睿 刘
- 云南省第一人民医院//昆明理工大学附属医院麻醉科,云南 昆明 650032Department of Anesthesiology, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province/Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, China
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Haller AM, Wolfkiel PR, Jaeschke A, Hui DY. Inactivation of Group 1B Phospholipase A 2 Enhances Disease Recovery and Reduces Experimental Colitis in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16155. [PMID: 38003345 PMCID: PMC10671771 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes influence inflammatory bowel disease in both positive and negative manners depending on the type of PLA2 that is expressed. This study explored the influence of the abundantly expressed Group 1B PLA2 (PLA2G1B) on ulcerative colitis. Wild-type C57BL/6J mice and Pla2g1b-/- mice were treated with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for 5 days to induce epithelial injury, followed by another 5 days without DSS for recovery. The Pla2g1b-/- mice displayed significantly less body weight loss, colitis pathology, and disease activity indexes compared to the wild-type mice. The differences in colitis were not due to differences in the colonic lysophospholipid levels, but higher numbers of stem and progenitor cells were found in the intestines of Pla2g1b-/- mice compared to the wild-type mice. The DSS-treated Pla2g1b-/- mice also showed higher expressions of genes that are responsible for epithelial repair and lower expressions of proinflammatory cytokine genes in the colon, as well as reduced inflammatory cytokine levels in the plasma. In vitro experiments revealed the PLA2G1B stimulation of inflammatory cytokine expression by myeloid cells. PLA2G1B inactivation protects against DSS-induced colitis in mice by increasing the intestinal stem cell reservoir for epithelial repair and reducing myeloid cell inflammation in the diseased colon. Thus, PLA2G1B may be a target for colitis management.
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Affiliation(s)
- April M. Haller
- Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA; (A.M.H.); (A.J.)
| | - Patrick R. Wolfkiel
- Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA;
| | - Anja Jaeschke
- Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA; (A.M.H.); (A.J.)
| | - David Y. Hui
- Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA; (A.M.H.); (A.J.)
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14
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Qin WG, Zhuo ZP, Hu H, Lay M, Li QQ, Huang JT, Zeng LB, Liang ZJ, Long F, Liang Q. Proteomic characteristics of six snake venoms from the Viperidae and Elapidae families in China and their relation to local tissue necrosis. Toxicon 2023; 235:107317. [PMID: 37839739 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Patients envenomed by snakes from the Viperidae and Elapidae families in China often have varying degrees of local tissue necrosis. Due to the relative clinical characteristics of local tissue necrosis and ulceration following envenoming, this study has analyzed the proteome of six snake venoms from the Viperidae and Elapidae family, and the toxin profiles of each snake were compared and correlated with the clinical manifestations that follow cytotoxic envenoming. Deinagkistrodon acutus and Naja atra envenomation induce severe ulceration, which is absent in Bungarus multicinctus envenomation and mild in the other three vipers. It is interesting to note that the proportion of c-type lectins (CTL) (20.63%) in Deinagkistrodon acutus venom was relatively high, which differs from the venom of other vipers. In addition, three-fingered toxin (3FTx) (2.15%) is present in the venom of Deinagkistrodon acutus, but has not been detected in the remaining three vipers. Snake venom metalloprotease (SVMP) (34.4%-44.7%), phospholipase A2 (PLA2) (9.81%-40.83%), and snake venom serine protease (SVSP) (9.44%-16.2%) represent the most abundant families of toxin in Viperidae venom. The Elapidae venom proteome was mainly composed of neurotoxins and cytotoxins, including 3FTx (39.28%-60.08%) and PLA2 (8.24%-58.95%) toxins, however, the proportion of CRISPS (26.36%) in Naja atra venom was relatively higher compared to Bungarus multicinctus venom. Significant differences in SVMP, SVSP, and 3FTx expression levels exist between the Viperidae and the Elapidae family. The main toxins responsible for the development of tissue necrosis and ulcerations following Viperidae envenoming are hematotoxins (SVSMP, SVSP) and myotoxins (PLA2). Deinagkistrodon acutus venom contains high levels of CTL and traces of 3FTx, leading to more severe local necrosis. However, Naja atra venom can also cause severe local necrosis through the effects of myotoxin (3FTx, CRISP, PLA2). Bungarus multicinctus venom does not contain myotoxins, resulting in pure systemic neurological manifestations no obvious necrosis of local tissue in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Gang Qin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University,151 Yanjiang Rd., Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Zhan-Peng Zhuo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University,151 Yanjiang Rd., Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mimi Lay
- Monash Venom Group, Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Vic, 3800, Australia
| | - Qian-Qin Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University,151 Yanjiang Rd., Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jun-Ting Huang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University,151 Yanjiang Rd., Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Liang-Bo Zeng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University,151 Yanjiang Rd., Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Zi-Jing Liang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University,151 Yanjiang Rd., Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Fei Long
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Qing Liang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University,151 Yanjiang Rd., Guangzhou, 510120, China; Monash Venom Group, Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Vic, 3800, Australia.
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15
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Chen Y, Shi HB, Le WL, Tang QN. [Effect of calcium-independent phospholipase A2 on the expression of glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase in human non-alcoholic fatty liver disease cells]. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi 2023; 31:1063-1067. [PMID: 38016771 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501113-20220724-00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To explore the effect of calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2) on the expression of mitochondrial glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (mGPDH) in human non-alcoholic fatty liver disease cells. Methods: Oleic acid was used to construct a non-alcoholic fatty liver disease cell model by inducing lipid deposition in THLE-2 cells in vitro. Simultaneously, intracellular triglyceride content, iPLA2 expression levels, and mGPDH levels were determined at various induction times (0, 24, 48, and 72 h) using a triglyceride assay kit, quantitative RT-PCR, and western blotting. The model cells were treated with bromelenol lactone, an iPLA2 inhibitor, and N-acetylcysteine, a ROS inhibitor, respectively. Following continuous culture for 24 and 48 hours, the cells were harvested, and the mRNA and protein expression levels of mGPDH were measured. Statistical analysis was performed using the t-test, one-way analysis of variance, and linear correlation. Results: The intracellular triglyceride content gradually increased (P < 0.01), the mGPDH mRNA and protein expression decreased (P < 0.01), and the iPLA2 mRNA and protein expression increased (P < 0.01) in THLE-2 cells with the prolonging time effect of oleic acid therapy. In addition, the mGPDH mRNA expression level was negatively correlated with the iPLA2 mRNA level (r = -0.878, P = 0.002). The expression levels of mGPDH mRNA and protein in the iPLA2 inhibitor group and ROS inhibitor group were increased compared with the model control group (P < 0.01). The expression of mGPDH mRNA was increased at 24 h compared with 48 h in the iPLA2 inhibitor group (P < 0.01). The expression of mGPDH mRNA was gradually increased in the ROS inhibitor group with the prolongation of inhibitor action time (P < 0.01). Compared with the two inhibitor groups, the increase in mGPDH mRNA was significantly higher in the ROS inhibitor group than that in the iPLA2 inhibitor group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.01). Conclusion: iPLA2 can inhibit the expression of mGPDH in non-alcoholic fatty liver cells to a certain extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Chen
- Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo 315000, China
| | - H B Shi
- Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo 315000, China
| | - W L Le
- Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo 315000, China
| | - Q N Tang
- Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo 315000, China
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16
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Ji Z, Nagar R, Duncan SM, Sampaio Guther ML, Ferguson MAJ. Identification of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase A2 (GPI-PLA2) that mediates GPI fatty acid remodeling in Trypanosoma brucei. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105016. [PMID: 37414151 PMCID: PMC10457582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) in the parasitic protozoan Trypanosoma brucei involves fatty acid remodeling of the GPI precursor molecules before they are transferred to protein in the endoplasmic reticulum. The genes encoding the requisite phospholipase A2 and A1 activities for this remodeling have thus far been elusive. Here, we identify a gene, Tb927.7.6110, that encodes a protein that is both necessary and sufficient for GPI-phospholipase A2 (GPI-PLA2) activity in the procyclic form of the parasite. The predicted protein product belongs to the alkaline ceramidase, PAQR receptor, Per1, SID-1, and TMEM8 (CREST) superfamily of transmembrane hydrolase proteins and shows sequence similarity to Post-GPI-Attachment to Protein 6 (PGAP6), a GPI-PLA2 that acts after transfer of GPI precursors to protein in mammalian cells. We show the trypanosome Tb927.7.6110 GPI-PLA2 gene resides in a locus with two closely related genes Tb927.7.6150 and Tb927.7.6170, one of which (Tb927.7.6150) most likely encodes a catalytically inactive protein. The absence of GPI-PLA2 in the null mutant procyclic cells not only affected fatty acid remodeling but also reduced GPI anchor sidechain size on mature GPI-anchored procyclin glycoproteins. This reduction in GPI anchor sidechain size was reversed upon the re-addition of Tb927.7.6110 and of Tb927.7.6170, despite the latter not encoding GPI precursor GPI-PLA2 activity. Taken together, we conclude that Tb927.7.6110 encodes the GPI-PLA2 of GPI precursor fatty acid remodeling and that more work is required to assess the roles and essentiality of Tb927.7.6170 and the presumably enzymatically inactive Tb927.7.6150.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Ji
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Rupa Nagar
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel M Duncan
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Lucia Sampaio Guther
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A J Ferguson
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.
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17
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Cheng C, Liu K, Shen F, Zhang J, Xie Y, Li S, Hou Y, Bai G. Astragaloside IV targets PRDX6, inhibits the activation of RAC subunit in NADPH oxidase 2 for oxidative damage. Phytomedicine 2023; 114:154795. [PMID: 37030053 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radix Astragali Mongolici, as a traditional Chinese medicine, is widely used in the treatment of qi deficiency, viral or bacterial infection, inflammation and cancer. Astragaloside IV (AST), a key active compound in Radix Astragali Mongolici, has been shown to reduce disease progression by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation. However, the specific target and mechanism of action of AST in improving oxidative stress are still unclear. PURPOSE This study aims to explore the target and mechanism of AST to improve oxidative stress, and to explain the biological process of oxidative stress. METHODS AST functional probes were designed to capture target proteins and combined with protein spectrum to analyze target proteins. Small molecule and protein interaction technologies were used to verify the mode of action, while computer dynamics simulation technology was used to analyze the site of interaction with the target protein. The pharmacological activity of AST in improving oxidative stress was evaluated in a mouse model of acute lung injury induced by LPS. Additionally, pharmacological and serial molecular biological approaches were used to explore the underlying mechanism of action. RESULTS AST inhibits PLA2 activity in PRDX6 by targeting the PLA2 catalytic triad pocket. This binding alters the conformation and structural stability of PRDX6 and interferes with the interaction between PRDX6 and RAC, hindering the activation of the RAC-GDI heterodimer. Inactivation of RAC prevents NOX2 maturation, attenuates superoxide anion production, and improves oxidative stress damage. CONCLUSION The findings of this research indicate that AST impedes PLA2 activity by acting on the catalytic triad of PRDX6. This, in turn, disrupts the interaction between PRDX6 and RAC, thereby hindering the maturation of NOX2 and diminishing the oxidative stress damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjing Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
| | - Kaixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
| | - Fukui Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
| | - Jinling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
| | - Yang Xie
- The Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Suyun Li
- The Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450000, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases co-constructed by Henan province & Education Ministry of P.R., China, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yuanyuan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China.
| | - Gang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China.
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18
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Chen J, Cazenave-Gassiot A, Xu Y, Piroli P, Hwang R, DeFreitas L, Chan RB, Di Paolo G, Nandakumar R, Wenk MR, Marquer C. Lysosomal phospholipase A2 contributes to the biosynthesis of the atypical late endosome lipid bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate. Commun Biol 2023; 6:210. [PMID: 36823305 PMCID: PMC9950130 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04573-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The late endosome/lysosome (LE/Lys) lipid bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate (BMP) plays major roles in cargo sorting and degradation, regulation of cholesterol and intercellular communication and has been linked to viral infection and neurodegeneration. Although BMP was initially described over fifty years ago, the enzymes regulating its synthesis remain unknown. The first step in the BMP biosynthetic pathway is the conversion of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) into lysophosphatidylglycerol (LPG) by a phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzyme. Here we report that this enzyme is lysosomal PLA2 (LPLA2). We show that LPLA2 is sufficient to convert PG into LPG in vitro. We show that modulating LPLA2 levels regulates BMP levels in HeLa cells, and affects downstream pathways such as LE/Lys morphology and cholesterol levels. Finally, we show that in a model of Niemann-Pick disease type C, overexpressing LPLA2 alleviates the LE/Lys cholesterol accumulation phenotype. Altogether, we shed new light on BMP biosynthesis and contribute tools to regulate BMP-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinda Chen
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Amaury Cazenave-Gassiot
- Department of Biochemistry and Precision Medicine Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Yimeng Xu
- Biomarkers Core Laboratory, Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Paola Piroli
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Robert Hwang
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Laura DeFreitas
- Biomarkers Core Laboratory, Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Robin Barry Chan
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY, 10032, USA
- AliveX Biotech, Shanghai, China
| | - Gilbert Di Paolo
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY, 10032, USA
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Renu Nandakumar
- Biomarkers Core Laboratory, Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Markus R Wenk
- Department of Biochemistry and Precision Medicine Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Catherine Marquer
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY, 10032, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY, 10032, USA.
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Bakht MA, Pooventhiran T, Thomas R, Kamal M, Din IU, Rehman NU, Ali I, Ajmal N, Ahsan MJ. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Octahydroquinazolinones as Phospholipase A2, and Protease Inhibitors: Experimental and Theoretical Exploration. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041944. [PMID: 36838935 PMCID: PMC9963251 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) promotes inflammation via lipid mediators and releases arachidonic acid (AA), and these enzymes have been found to be elevated in a variety of diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, sepsis, and atherosclerosis. The mobilization of AA by PLA2 and subsequent synthesis of prostaglandins are regarded as critical events in inflammation. Inflammatory processes may be treated with drugs that inhibit PLA2, thereby blocking the COX and LOX pathways in the AA cascade. To address this issue, we report herein an efficient method for the synthesis of a series of octahydroquinazolinone compounds (4a-h) in the presence of the catalyst Pd-HPW/SiO2 and their phospholipase A2, as well as protease inhibitory activities. Among eight compounds, two of them exhibited overwhelming results against PLA2 and protease. By using FT-IR, Raman, NMR, and mass spectroscopy, two novel compounds were thoroughly studied. After carefully examining the SAR of the investigated compounds against these enzymes, it was found that compounds (4a, 4b) containing both electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups on the phenyl ring exhibited higher activity than compounds with only one of these groups. DFT studies were employed to study the electronic nature and reactivity properties of the molecules by optimizing at the BLYP/cc-pVDZ. Natural bond orbitals helped to study the various electron delocalizations in the molecules, and the frontier molecular orbitals helped with the reactivity and stability parameters. The nature and extent of the expressed biological activity of the molecule were studied using molecular docking with human non-pancreatic secretory phospholipase A2 (hnps-PLA2) (PDB ID: 1DB4) and protease K (PDB ID: 2PWB). The drug-ability of the molecule has been tested using ADMET, and pharmacodynamics data have been extracted. Both the compounds qualify for ADME properties and follow Lipinski's rule of five.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Afroz Bakht
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanity Studies, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (M.A.B.); (M.J.A.)
| | - Thangaiyan Pooventhiran
- Department of Chemistry, St Berchmans College (Autonomous), Mahatma Gandhi University, Changanassery 686101, Kerala, India
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India
| | - Renjith Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, St Berchmans College (Autonomous), Mahatma Gandhi University, Changanassery 686101, Kerala, India
| | - Mehnaz Kamal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Israf Ud Din
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanity Studies, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Najeeb Ur Rehman
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imtiaz Ali
- Preparatory College, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noushin Ajmal
- Department of Basic Science and Humanities, Pratap University, Jaipur 303104, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mohamed Jawed Ahsan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Maharishi Arvind College of Pharmacy, Ambabari Circle, Jaipur 302039, Rajasthan, India
- Correspondence: (M.A.B.); (M.J.A.)
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Torres AM, Ojeda GA, Angelina E, Bustillo S, Peruchena N, Tonidandel L, Larcher R, Nardin T, Dellacassa E. The anti-snake activity of Nectandra angustifolia flavonoids on phospholipase A2: In vitro and in silico evaluation. J Ethnopharmacol 2023; 302:115889. [PMID: 36334817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Lauraceae family includes Nectandra angustifolia a species widely used in the folk medicine of South America against various maladies. It is commonly used to treat different types of processes like inflammation, pain, and snakebites. Snakes of the Bothrops genus are responsible for about 97% of the ophidic accidents in northeastern Argentina. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the anti-snake activity of the phytochemicals present in N. angustifolia extracts, identify the compounds, and evaluate their inhibitory effect on phospholipase A2 (PLA2) with in vitro and in silico assays. METHODS Seasonal variations in the alexiteric potential of aqueous, ethanolic and hexanic extracts were evaluated by inhibition of coagulant, haemolytic, and cytotoxic effects of B. diporus venom. The chemical identity of an enriched fraction obtained by bio-guided fractioning was established by UPLC-MS/MS analysis. Molecular docking studies were carried out to investigate the binding mechanisms of the identified compounds to PLA2 enzyme from snake venom. RESULTS All the extracts inhibited venom coagulant activity. However, spring ethanolic extract achieved 100% inhibition of haemolytic activity. Bio-guide fractioning led to an enriched fraction (F4) with the highest haemolytic inhibition. Five flavonoids were identified in this fraction; molecular docking and Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations indicated the binding mechanisms of the identified compounds. The carbohydrates present in some of the compounds had a critical effect on the interaction with PLA2. CONCLUSION This study shows, for the first time, which compounds are responsible for the anti-snake activity in Nectandra angustifolia based on in vitro and in silico assays. The results obtained in this work support the traditional use of this species as anti-snake in folk medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Torres
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Av. Libertad 5470, 3400, Corrientes, Argentina; Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del NEA - (IQUIBA-NEA-CONICET), Av. Libertad 5470, 3400, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo Adrián Ojeda
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Av. Libertad 5470, 3400, Corrientes, Argentina; Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del NEA - (IQUIBA-NEA-CONICET), Av. Libertad 5470, 3400, Corrientes, Argentina.
| | - Emilio Angelina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Av. Libertad 5470, 3400, Corrientes, Argentina; Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del NEA - (IQUIBA-NEA-CONICET), Av. Libertad 5470, 3400, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Soledad Bustillo
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Av. Libertad 5470, 3400, Corrientes, Argentina; Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del NEA - (IQUIBA-NEA-CONICET), Av. Libertad 5470, 3400, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Nélida Peruchena
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Av. Libertad 5470, 3400, Corrientes, Argentina; Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del NEA - (IQUIBA-NEA-CONICET), Av. Libertad 5470, 3400, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Loris Tonidandel
- Centro Trasferimento Tecnologico, Fondazione Edmund Mach di San Michele all'Adige, Via E. Mach 1, 38010-S, Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Roberto Larcher
- Centro Trasferimento Tecnologico, Fondazione Edmund Mach di San Michele all'Adige, Via E. Mach 1, 38010-S, Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Tiziana Nardin
- Centro Trasferimento Tecnologico, Fondazione Edmund Mach di San Michele all'Adige, Via E. Mach 1, 38010-S, Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Eduardo Dellacassa
- Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Av General Flores 2124, 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Manzi A, De-Carli BP, Roggero A, Ferreira De Moraes LL, Annunciato I, Novo Belchor M, Lima Neto DFD, Antonio De Oliveira M, Hikari Toyama M. Theoretical evaluation of the malathion and its chemical derivatives interaction with cytosolic phospholipase A2 from zebrafish. Chemosphere 2023; 311:136984. [PMID: 36306964 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) belongs to a large family of proteins and plays a crucial role in the regulation of arachidonic acid metabolism and inflammation cascade in zebrafish (Danio rerio). This enzyme with a molecular weight of 85 kDa, has two distinct domains. One is the regulatory and calcium-dependent (Ca2+) domain called C2, the other is the catalytic α/β hydrolase Ca2+-independent domain, where serine and aspartic acid catalytic dyad residues are present. We investigated the interaction of malathion and their organophosphate metabolites in the cPLA2 using in silico tools. Molecular docking results showed hydrophobic interactions with the paraoxon and catalytic site residue (Ser 223). Malathion increases intracellular Ca2+ due to endoplasmic reticulum influx which in turn activities phospholipase A2 and arachidonic acid release. Molecular docking and homology modelling of proteins and ligands could be a complementary tool for ecotoxicology and environment pollution assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agatha Manzi
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Vicente, SP, Brazil; BIOMOLPEP, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Vicente, 11330-900, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Bruno Paes De-Carli
- BIOMOLPEP, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Vicente, 11330-900, São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade Paulista UNIP, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Airam Roggero
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Vicente, SP, Brazil; BIOMOLPEP, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Vicente, 11330-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laila Lucyane Ferreira De Moraes
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Vicente, SP, Brazil; BIOMOLPEP, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Vicente, 11330-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabelly Annunciato
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Vicente, SP, Brazil; BIOMOLPEP, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Vicente, 11330-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Novo Belchor
- BIOMOLPEP, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Vicente, 11330-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcos Hikari Toyama
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Vicente, SP, Brazil; BIOMOLPEP, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Vicente, 11330-900, São Paulo, Brazil
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Sers C, Schäfer R. Silencing effects of mutant RAS signalling on transcriptomes. Adv Biol Regul 2023; 87:100936. [PMID: 36513579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2022.100936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mutated genes of the RAS family encoding small GTP-binding proteins drive numerous cancers, including pancreatic, colon and lung tumors. Besides the numerous effects of mutant RAS gene expression on aberrant proliferation, transformed phenotypes, metabolism, and therapy resistance, the most striking consequences of chronic RAS activation are changes of the genetic program. By performing systematic gene expression studies in cellular models that allow comparisons of pre-neoplastic with RAS-transformed cells, we and others have estimated that 7 percent or more of all transcripts are altered in conjunction with the expression of the oncogene. In this context, the number of up-regulated transcripts approximates that of down-regulated transcripts. While up-regulated transcription factors such as MYC, FOSL1, and HMGA2 have been identified and characterized as RAS-responsive drivers of the altered transcriptome, the suppressed factors have been less well studied as potential regulators of the genetic program and transformed phenotype in the breadth of their occurrence. We therefore have collected information on downregulated RAS-responsive factors and discuss their potential role as tumor suppressors that are likely to antagonize active cancer drivers. To better understand the active mechanisms that entail anti-RAS function and those that lead to loss of tumor suppressor activity, we focus on the tumor suppressor HREV107 (alias PLAAT3 [Phospholipase A and acyltransferase 3], PLA2G16 [Phospholipase A2, group XVI] and HRASLS3 [HRAS-like suppressor 3]). Inactivating HREV107 mutations in tumors are extremely rare, hence epigenetic causes modulated by the RAS pathway are likely to lead to down-regulation and loss of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Sers
- Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology and systems Biology, Institute of Pathology, Charité Universitätstmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany; German Cancer Consortium, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Reinhold Schäfer
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117, Berlin, Germany; German Cancer Consortium, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Abstract
Water-soluble proteins as well as membrane-bound proteins associate with membrane surfaces and bind specific lipid molecules in specific sites on the protein. Membrane surfaces include the traditional bilayer membranes of cells and subcellular organelles formed by phospholipids. Monolayer membranes include the outer monolayer phospholipid surface of intracellular lipid droplets of triglycerides and various lipoproteins including HDL, LDL, VLDL, and chylomicrons. These lipoproteins circulate in our blood and lymph systems and contain triglycerides, cholesterol, cholesterol esters, and proteins in their interior, and these are sometimes interspersed on their surfaces. Similar lipid-water interfaces also occur in mixed micelles of phospholipids and bile acids in our digestive system, which may also include internalized triglycerides and cholesterol esters. Diacyl phospholipids constitute the defining molecules of biological membranes. Phospholipase A1 (PLA1) hydrolyzes phospholipid acyl chains at the sn-1 position of membrane phospholipids, phospholipase A2 (PLA2) hydrolyzes acyl chains at the sn-2 position, phospholipase C (PLC) hydrolyzes the glycerol-phosphodiester bond, and phospholipase D (PLD) hydrolyzes the polar group-phosphodiester bond. Of the phospholipases, the PLA2s have been the most well studied at the mechanistic level. The PLA2 superfamily consists of 16 groups and numerous subgroups, and each is generally described as one of 6 types. The most well studied of the PLA2s include extensive genetic and mutational studies, complete lipidomics specificity characterization, and crystallographic structures. This Account will focus principally on results from deuterium exchange mass spectrometric (DXMS) studies of PLA2 interactions with membranes and extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of their interactions with membranes and specific phospholipids bound in their catalytic and allosteric sites. These enzymes either are membrane-bound or are water-soluble and associate with membranes before extracting their phospholipid substrate molecule into their active site to carry out their enzymatic hydrolytic reaction. We present evidence that when a PLA2 associates with a membrane, the membrane association can result in a conformational change in the enzyme whereby the membrane association with an allosteric site on the enzyme stabilizes the enzyme in an active conformation on the membrane. We sometimes refer to this transition from a "closed" conformation in aqueous solution to an "open" conformation when associated with a membrane. The enzyme can then extract a single phospholipid substrate into its active site, and catalysis occurs. We have also employed DXMS and MD simulations to characterize how PLA2s interact with specific inhibitors that could lead to potential therapeutics. The PLA2s constitute a paradigm for how membranes interact allosterically with proteins, causing conformational changes and activation of the proteins to enable them to extract and bind a specific phospholipid from a membrane for catalysis, which is probably generalizable to intracellular and extracellular transport and phospholipid exchange processes as well as other specific biological functions. We will focus on the four main types of PLA2, namely, the secreted (sPLA2), cytosolic (cPLA2), calcium-independent (iPLA2), and lipoprotein-associated PLA2 (Lp-PLA2) also known as platelet-activating factor acetyl hydrolase (PAF-AH). Studies on a well-studied specific example of each of the four major types of the PLA2 superfamily demonstrate clearly that protein subsites can show precise specificity for one of the phospholipid hydrophobic acyl chains, often the one at the sn-2 position, including exquisite sensitivity to the number and position of double bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varnavas D. Mouchlis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601 United States
| | - Edward A. Dennis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601 United States
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Sharapov MG, Goncharov RG, Parfenyuk SB, Glushkova OV, Novoselov VI. The Role of Phospholipase Activity of Peroxiredoxin 6 in Its Transmembrane Transport and Protective Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315265. [PMID: 36499590 PMCID: PMC9738660 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6) is a multifunctional eukaryotic antioxidant enzyme. Mammalian Prdx6 possesses peroxidase activity against a wide range of organic and inorganic hydroperoxides, as well as exhibits phospholipase A2 (aiPLA2) activity, which plays an important role in the reduction of oxidized phospholipids and cell membrane remodeling. Exogenous Prdx6 has recently been shown to be able to penetrate inside the cell. We hypothesized that this entry may be due to the phospholipase activity of Prdx6. Experiments using exogenous Prdx6 in three cell lines (3T3, A549, RAW 264.7) demonstrated that it is the phospholipase activity that promotes its penetration into the cell. Overoxidation of Prdx6 led to a suppression of the peroxidase activity and a 3-to-4-fold growth of aiPLA2, which enhanced the efficiency of its transmembrane transport into the cells by up to 15 times. A mutant form of Prdx6-S32A with an inactivated phospholipase center turned out to be unable to enter the cells in both the reduced and oxidized state of the peroxidase active center. Previously, we have shown that exogenous Prdx6 has a significant radioprotective action. However, the role of phospholipase activity in the radioprotective effects of Prdx6 remained unstudied. Trials with the mutant Prdx6-S32A form, with the use of a total irradiation model in mice, showed a nearly 50% reduction of the radioprotective effect upon aiPLA2 loss. Such a significant decrease in the radioprotective action may be due to the inability of Prdx6-S32A to penetrate animal cells, which prevents its reduction by the natural intracellular reducing agent glutathione S-transferase (πGST) and lowers the efficiency of elimination of peroxides formed from the effect of ionizing radiation. Thus, phospholipase activity may play an important role in the reduction of oxidized Prdx6 and manifestation of its antioxidant properties.
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Fang N, Zhang C, Hu H, Li Y, Wang X, Zhao X, Jiang J. Histology and metabonomics reveal the toxic effects of kresoxim-methyl on adult zebrafish. Chemosphere 2022; 309:136739. [PMID: 36223820 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that kresoxim-methyl (KM) and other strobilurin fungicides have toxic effects on aquatic organisms. However, the potential deleterious effects of kresoxim-methyl (KM) on adult zebrafish regarding the ecological risk of environmental concentration remain unclear. Here, the histology and untargeted metabonomics was used to investigate the adverse effect on female zebrafish after exposure to KM at environmental concentration, aquatic life benchmark and one-half LC50 of adult zebrafish. Results demonstrated KM affected zebrafish liver, ovary and intestine development, blurred the boundary between hepatocytes or caused hepatic vacuoles, increased the percentage of perinucleolar oocyte and cortical alveolus oocyte, decreased intestinal goblet cells and disturbed villus and wall integrity after 21 d exposure. Metabonomics showed different concentrations of KM simultaneously influenced the metabolites annotated to vitamin digestion and absorption, serotonergic synapse, retinol metabolism, ovarian steroidogenesis and arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism in zebrafish liver. Results showed the decreased triglyceride and cholesterol levels, as well as the metabolic alterations in amino acid, lipid, vitamin and retinol metabolism caused by KM, might disturb the energy supply for normal liver development and oocyte maturation. In addition, KM altered the transcription of Tdo2a, Tdo2b, Ido1, Cxcl8b, Cyp7a, Cyp11a, Cyp11b, Cyp17a, Cyp19a, Hsd3β, Hsd17β, Pla2, Ptgs2a and Ptgs2b, the level of TG, TC, MDA, IFN, IL6 and Ca2+, and the activity of CAT, SOD Ca2+-ATPase in zebrafish liver. Moreover, cytoscape analysis suggested the disturbed AA metabolism caused by KM, might interconnect multiple metabolic pathways to share implicated function in the regulation of oocyte maturation and immune response. Current study brought us closer to an incremental understanding of the toxic mechanism of KM on adult zebrafish, indicated there was crosstalk among different regulatory pathways to regulate the metabolic disorders and biologically hazardous effects induced by KM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Changpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haoze Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China; College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanjie Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xueping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinhua Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China.
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Hernández-Altamirano JA, Salazar-Valenzuela D, Medina-Villamizar EJ, Quirola DR, Patel K, Vaiyapuri S, Lomonte B, Almeida JR. First Insights into the Venom Composition of Two Ecuadorian Coral Snakes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314686. [PMID: 36499012 PMCID: PMC9740791 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Micrurus is a medically relevant genus of venomous snakes composed of 85 species. Bites caused by coral snakes are rare, but they are usually associated with very severe and life-threatening clinical manifestations. Ecuador is a highly biodiverse country with a complex natural environment, which is home to approximately 20% of identified Micrurus species. Additionally, it is on the list of Latin American countries with the highest number of snakebites. However, there is no local antivenom available against the Ecuadorian snake venoms, and the biochemistry of these venoms has been poorly explored. Only a limited number of samples collected in the country from the Viperidae family were recently characterised. Therefore, this study addressed the compositional patterns of two coral snake venoms from Ecuador, M. helleri and M. mipartitus, using venomics strategies, integrating sample fractionation, gel electrophoresis, and mass spectrometry. Chromatographic and electrophoretic profiles of these snake venoms revealed interspecific variability, which was ascertained by mass spectrometry. The two venoms followed the recently recognised dichotomic toxin expression trends displayed by Micrurus species: M. helleri venom contains a high proportion (72%) of phospholipase A2, whereas M. mipartitus venom is dominated by three-finger toxins (63%). A few additional protein families were also detected in these venoms. Overall, these results provide the first comprehensive views on the composition of two Ecuadorian coral snake venoms and expand the knowledge of Micrurus venom phenotypes. These findings open novel perspectives to further research the functional aspects of these biological cocktails of PLA2s and 3FTxs and stress the need for the preclinical evaluation of the currently used antivenoms for therapeutic purposes in Ecuador.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Salazar-Valenzuela
- Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático (BioCamb) e Ingeniería en Biodiversidad y Recursos Genéticos, Facultad de Ciencias de Medio Ambiente, Universidad Indoamérica, Quito 180103, Ecuador
| | | | - Diego R. Quirola
- Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático (BioCamb) e Ingeniería en Biodiversidad y Recursos Genéticos, Facultad de Ciencias de Medio Ambiente, Universidad Indoamérica, Quito 180103, Ecuador
| | - Ketan Patel
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK
| | | | - Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose 11501, Costa Rica
| | - José R. Almeida
- Biomolecules Discovery Group, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Km 8 Via Muyuna, Tena 150101, Ecuador
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK
- Correspondence:
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Zhan Q, Yi K, Cui X, Li X, Yang S, Wang Q, Fang C, Tan Y, Li L, Xu C, Yuan X, Kang C. Blood exosomes-based targeted delivery of cPLA2 siRNA and metformin to modulate glioblastoma energy metabolism for tailoring personalized therapy. Neuro Oncol 2022; 24:1871-1883. [PMID: 35312010 PMCID: PMC9629419 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noac071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeting glioblastoma (GBM) energy metabolism through multiple metabolic pathways has emerged as an effective therapeutic approach. Dual inhibition of phospholipid and mitochondrial metabolism with cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) knockdown and metformin treatment could be a potential strategy. However, the strategic prerequisite is to explore a carrier capable of co-delivering the therapeutic combination to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and preferentially accumulate at the GBM site. METHODS Blood exosomes (Exos) were selected as the combination delivery carriers. The cellular uptake of Exos and the therapeutic effects of the combination strategy were evaluated in primary GBM cells. In vivo GBM-targeted delivery efficiency and anti-GBM efficacy were tested in a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model. RESULTS Here, we showed that the Exos-mediated cPLA2 siRNA/metformin combined strategy could regulate GBM energy metabolism for personalized treatment. Genomic analysis and experiments showed that polymerase 1 and transcript release factor (PTRF, a biomarker of GBM) positively regulated the uptake of Exos by GBM cells, confirming the feasibility of the delivery strategy. Further, Exos could co-load cPLA2 siRNA (sicPLA2) and metformin and co-deliver them across the BBB and into GBM tissue. The mitochondrial energy metabolism of GBM was impaired with this combination treatment (Exos-Met/sicPLA2). In the PDX GBM model, systemic administration of Exos-Met/sicPLA2 reduced tumor growth and prolonged survival. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrated that Exos-based combined delivery of sicPLA2 and metformin selectively targeted the GBM energy metabolism to achieve antitumor effects, showing its potential as a personalized therapy for GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xueping Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shixue Yang
- Laboratory of Neuro-oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuro Injury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Qixue Wang
- Laboratory of Neuro-oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuro Injury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Chuan Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Glioma in Hebei Province, Baoding, China
| | - Yanli Tan
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Glioma in Hebei Province, Baoding, China
| | - Lijie Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Can Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Xubo Yuan
- Corresponding Authors: Xubo Yuan, PhD, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China ()
| | - Chunsheng Kang
- Chunsheng Kang, PhD, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, China ()
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Ayvazyan N, Ghukasyan G, Ghulikyan L, Kirakosyan G, Sevoyan G, Voskanyan A, Karabekyan Z. The Contribution of Phospholipase A 2 and Metalloproteinases to the Synergistic Action of Viper Venom on the Bioenergetic Profile of Vero Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110724. [PMID: 36355974 PMCID: PMC9695613 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing concern about the use of animal models has stimulated the development of in vitro cell culture models for analysis of the biological effects of snake venoms. However, the complexity of animal venoms and the extreme synergy of the venom components during envenomation calls for critical review and analysis. The epithelium is a primary target for injected viper venom's toxic substances, and therefore, is a focus in modern toxinology. We used the Vero epithelial cell line as a model to compare the actions of a crude Macrovipera lebetina obtusa (Levantine viper) venom with the actions of the same venom with two key enzymatic components inhibited (specifically, phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and metalloproteinases) in the bioenergetic cellular response, i.e., oxygen uptake and reactive oxygen species generation. In addition to the rate of free-radical oxidation and lipid peroxidation, we measured real-time mitochondrial respiration (based on the oxygen consumption rate) and glycolysis (based on the extracellular acidification rate) using a Seahorse analyzer. Our data show that viper venom drives an increase in both glycolysis and respiration in Vero cells, while the blockage of PLA2 or/and metalloproteinases affects only the rates of the oxidative phosphorylation. PLA2-blocking in venom also increases cytotoxic activity and the overproduction of reactive oxygen species. These data show that certain components of the venom may have a different effect within the venom cocktail other than the purified enzymes due to the synergy of the venom components.
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Botten N, Hodges RR, Bair J, Utheim TP, Serhan CN, Yang M, Dartt DA. Resolvin D2 uses multiple Ca 2+ -dependent signaling pathways to stimulate mucin secretion in rat and human conjunctival goblet cells. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:3816-3833. [PMID: 36066128 PMCID: PMC9560994 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The mucin layer of the tear film is produced by goblet cells in the conjunctiva to protect the ocular surface and maintain homeostasis. The pro-resolving lipid mediator resolvin D2 (RvD2) biosynthesized from an omega 3 fatty acid actively terminates inflammation and regulates mucin secretion from conjunctival goblet cells. Our objective was to determine which Ca2+ -dependent signaling pathways RvD2 uses to stimulate conjunctival goblet cell function (CGC). We hypothesize that RvD2 activates multiple intracellular Ca2+ signaling pathways to stimulate CGC secretion. Rat and human CGCs were cultured from conjunctival explants. The amount of RvD2 receptor GPR18/DRV2 message and protein were determined. The intracellular concentration of Ca2+ ([Ca2+ ]i ) was measured in CGCs using a fluorescent Ca2+ dye and mucin secretion was determined by measuring protein secretion enzymatically with a lectin. Goblet cells were incubated with signaling pathway inhibitors before stimulation with RvD2 and [Ca2+ ]i or secretion was measured. In rat and human CGCs RvD2 receptor and in rat CGCs IP3 (a molecule that releases Ca2+ from intracellular organelles) receptors 1-3 were detected. In both species of CGC RvD2 increased [Ca2+ ]i similarly to RvD1. In rat CGCs, the increase in [Ca2+ ]i and secretion stimulated by RvD2 was significantly blocked by inhibitors to phospholipase (PL-) C and IP3 -receptor, but not protein kinase C. Increase in [Ca2+ ]i was blocked by the PLD inhibitor, but not the PLA2 inhibitor. Secretion was blocked by PLA2 inhibitor, but not the PLD inhibitor. An inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor blocked the increase in [Ca2+ ]i by RvD2 in both species of CGCs. In CGCs RvD2 activates multiple intracellular signaling pathways that are Ca2+ -dependent, along with one Ca2+ -independent and one cAMP/protein kinase A-dependent pathway. Activation of these pathways stimulate mucin secretion from rat and human CGCs into the tear film contributing to ocular surface homeostasis and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Botten
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Robin R. Hodges
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeffrey Bair
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tor P. Utheim
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Charles N. Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Menglu Yang
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Darlene A. Dartt
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Jiang J, Zhang C, Wang L, Wang X, He H, Wu S, Zhao X. Insights into the combined effects of environmental concentration of difenoconazole and tebuconazole on zebrafish early life stage. Sci Total Environ 2022; 830:154687. [PMID: 35314214 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Limited literature had focused on the combined effect of triazole fungicides on aquatic organisms at environmental concentrations. In this research, difenoconazole (DIF) and tebuconazole (TEB) mixture exhibited additive effect on the acute toxicity to zebrafish embryos. The transcriptomics and metabolomics demonstrated DIF and TEB mixtures at aquatic life benchmark and environmental concentration simultaneously influenced the lipid metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, steroid hormone biosynthesis and tryptophan metabolism, but showed diverse response patterns mediating the combined effects on zebrafish embryos after 120 h exposure. The DIF and TEB mixture at aquatic life benchmark caused combined effect on yolk sac resorption and metabolites, was less than the additive effect of individual DIF and TEB. It was found environmental concentration of DIF and TEB caused much lower levels of IFN and IL6, induced higher levels of PGE2, l-kynurenine and formylanthranilate in zebrafish larvae, and their binary mixture caused synergistic effect on the accumulation of metabolites in metabolic pathways, which might cause more negative effect and risk on growth in zebrafish later life stages. Results further demonstrated that adding arachidonic acid (AA) increased the transcripts of Pla2, Ptgs1, Cyp19a and Cxcl8b, allayed the accumulation of PLA2 and 17β-E2, and induced more PGF2α, IFN and IL6 levels in zebrafish larvae, indicated AA metabolism might play important regulatory roles on hormone synthesis and immune response caused by DIF and TEB mixtures. Current results indicated the risk assessment of mixtures based on single concentration may not precisely estimate the environmental risk and health effect, it is crucially important to consider the multi-concentration combinations, and more attention should be paid to the environmental concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Changpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Luyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongmei He
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shenggan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xueping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China.
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31
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Bengtsson JD, Wallis JG, Browse J. Expression of Physaria longchain acyl-CoA synthetases and hydroxy fatty acid accumulation in transgenic Arabidopsis. J Plant Physiol 2022; 274:153717. [PMID: 35584570 PMCID: PMC9494924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxy fatty acids (HFA) are industrially useful chemical feedstocks that accumulate in seed-storage triacylglycerols (TAG) of several plant species, including castor (Ricinus communis) and Physaria (Physaria fendleri). For researchers, HFA also offer a unique opportunity to trace fatty acid metabolism and modification. Past work producing HFA in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) has demonstrated the importance of isozymes of TAG synthesis from plants that evolved to store HFA and as a result have a high degree of specificity towards HFA substrates. Castor phospholipase A2α (RcPLA2) has specificity for HFA-containing phosphatidylcholine. However, expression of RcPLA2 in HFA-accumulating Arabidopsis line CL37-PLA2 reduced HFA content of TAG. This loss was interpreted as being due to poor ability of Arabidopsis longchain acyl-CoA synthetases (LACSs) to utilize HFAs substrates. LACS enzymes are essential to activate HFA to HFA-CoA for TAG synthesis. Physaria is a close relative of Arabidopsis in the Brassicaceae family. To test the hypothesis that this close relatedness would allow Physaria LACSs to interface successfully with Arabidopsis enzymes of seed lipid metabolism and thereby restore HFA accumulation, we transformed PfLACS4 and PfLACS8 constructs into the CL37-PLA2 line. However, HFA content was not recovered, and biochemical characterization of recombinant PfLACS4 and PfLACS8 indicated that these isozymes have substrate specificities and selectivities that are similar to their Arabidopsis orthologues. These and other results pose an important question about how HFA synthesized on phosphatidylcholine can be transferred into the acyl-CoA pool for TAG synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse D Bengtsson
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - James G Wallis
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - John Browse
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
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32
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Taketomi Y, Murakami M. Regulatory Roles of Phospholipase A2 Enzymes and Bioactive Lipids in Mast Cell Biology. Front Immunol 2022; 13:923265. [PMID: 35833146 PMCID: PMC9271868 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.923265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids play fundamental roles in life as an essential component of cell membranes, as a major source of energy, as a body surface barrier, and as signaling molecules that transmit intracellular and intercellular signals. Lipid mediators, a group of bioactive lipids that mediates intercellular signals, are produced via specific biosynthetic enzymes and transmit signals via specific receptors. Mast cells, a tissue-resident immune cell population, produce several lipid mediators that contribute to exacerbation or amelioration of allergic responses and also non-allergic inflammation, host defense, cancer and fibrosis by controlling the functions of microenvironmental cells as well as mast cell themselves in paracrine and autocrine fashions. Additionally, several bioactive lipids produced by stromal cells regulate the differentiation, maturation and activation of neighboring mast cells. Many of the bioactive lipids are stored in membrane phospholipids as precursor forms and released spatiotemporally by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes. Through a series of studies employing gene targeting and lipidomics, several enzymes belonging to the PLA2 superfamily have been demonstrated to participate in mast cell-related diseases by mobilizing unique bioactive lipids in multiple ways. In this review, we provide an overview of our current understanding of the regulatory roles of several PLA2-driven lipid pathways in mast cell biology.
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Wang R, Gao D, Yu F, Han J, Yuan H, Hu F. Phospholipase A 2 inhibitor varespladib prevents wasp sting-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Toxicon 2022; 215:69-76. [PMID: 35724947 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to clarify whether varespladib, a phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitor, can be used as a therapeutic agent for wasp sting-induced acute kidney injury (AKI). Rats were divided into control, AKI, and AKI + varespladib groups. The AKI model was established by subcutaneously injecting wasp venom at five different sites in rats. Varespladib treatment showed a significant inhibitory effect on wasp venom PLA2in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we observed that varespladib decreased the levels of rhabdomyolysis and hemolysis markers compared with that in the AKI group. Histopathological changes in the kidney decreased significantly, and rat serum creatinine levels were reduced after varespladib administration. The significantly regulated genes in the kidney of the AKI group were mostly involved in inflammatory response pathway, and the administration of varespladib remarkably attenuated the expression of these genes. Therefore, varespladib inhibited wasp sting-induced functional and pathological damage to the kidneys. We propose that the PLA2 inhibitor varespladib protects the kidney tissue in a wasp sting-induced AKI model by inhibiting PLA2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China; Department of Nephrology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441000, China
| | - Dan Gao
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441000, China
| | - Fanglin Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441000, China
| | - Jiamin Han
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441000, China
| | - Hai Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441000, China.
| | - Fengqi Hu
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441000, China.
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Wang X, Sun M, Chan CY, Wu LG. Phospholipase A 2-based probes to study vesicle trafficking. Cell Rep Methods 2022; 2:100206. [PMID: 35497501 PMCID: PMC9046444 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Vesicle exo- and endocytosis mediate important biological functions, including synaptic transmission. In this issue of Cell Reports Methods, Seong J. An et al. found that the fluorescently tagged C2 domain of phospholipase A2 binds to membrane phosphatidylcholine and thus labels vesicle membrane, allowing for super-resolution and electron microscopic visualization of vesicle trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 35 Convent Dr., Bldg. 35, Rm. 2B-1012, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Min Sun
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 35 Convent Dr., Bldg. 35, Rm. 2B-1012, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chung Yu Chan
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 35 Convent Dr., Bldg. 35, Rm. 2B-1012, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ling-Gang Wu
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 35 Convent Dr., Bldg. 35, Rm. 2B-1012, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Geng F, Zhang G, Wang Y, Lü J. Membrane phosphatidylserine allosterically regulates the cytosolic phospholipase A2 activity via an electrostatic-switch mechanism. Soft Matter 2022; 18:2203-2210. [PMID: 35226022 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01791h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is a peripheral membrane protein that plays an essential role in many inflammatory responses. However, the activation mechanisms of PLA2 on the membrane surface have not been fully understood. Herein, we have combined experimental techniques and theoretical approaches to investigate the activation and association of the PLA2 protein on an artificial phospholipid membrane. Using a phosphatidylserine (PS) nanodomain containing membrane to mimic the inflammatory conditions, we found that the activity of cytosolic PLA2s (cPLA2s) increases with higher ratios of PS in the membrane. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that significant changes in the protein structure are related to negatively charged membranes. In particular, the alteration of negatively charged residues in the C2 domain brings about an opened binding pocket and the catalytic site access to the substrate phospholipid. Meanwhile, the negative residues in the loop 650-665 facilitate the optimal interfacial orientation of the protein with a closed binding pocket on the membrane surface. These results lead us to suggest an electrostatic-switch allosteric mechanism for cPLA2 activation on the cell membrane surface under the inflammatory state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Geng
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China.
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Guangxu Zhang
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan 250000, China
- CAS key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yadi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China.
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Junhong Lü
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China.
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan 250000, China
- CAS key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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Van Petten de Vasconcelos Azevedo F, Lopes DS, Zóia MAP, Correia LIV, Saito N, Fonseca BB, Polloni L, Teixeira SC, Goulart LR, de Melo Rodrigues Ávila V. A New Approach to Inhibiting Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: In Vitro, Ex Vivo and In Vivo Antiangiogenic Effect of BthTx-II, a PLA 2-Asp-49 from Bothrops jararacussu Venom. Biomolecules 2022; 12:258. [PMID: 35204758 PMCID: PMC8961627 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) represent a superfamily of enzymes widely distributed in living organisms, with a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities and therapeutic potential. Anti-angiogenic strategies have become one of the main tools in fighting cancer. In this sense, the present work reports the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis induced by Asp-49 BthTX-II using in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo approaches. We demonstrate that BthTx-II inhibited cell adhesion, proliferation, and migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), as well as caused a reduction in the levels of endothelial growth factor (VEGF) during in vitro angiogenesis assays. BthTx-II was also able to inhibit the sprouting angiogenic process, by the ex vivo germination assay of the aortic ring; in addition, this toxin inhibited the migration and proliferation of HUVEC in co-culture with triple-negative breast cancer cells (e.g., MDA-MB-231 cells). Finally, in vivo tumor suppression and anti-angiogenic activities were analyzed using MDA-MB-231 cells with Matrigel injected into the chorioallantoic membrane of chicken embryo (CAM) for 7 days treatment with BthTx-II, showing a considerable reduction in vessel caliber, on the size and weight of tumors. Together, these results suggest an important antiangiogenic and antitumor role for BthTx-II, as a potential prototype for the development of new tools and antitumor drugs in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Van Petten de Vasconcelos Azevedo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlândia 38408-100, MG, Brazil; (L.I.V.C.); (L.P.)
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlândia 38408-100, MG, Brazil; (M.A.P.Z.); (N.S.); (L.R.G.)
| | - Daiana Silva Lopes
- Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Federal University of Bahia, Vitoria da Conquista, Salvador 40170-110, BA, Brazil;
| | - Mariana Alves Pereira Zóia
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlândia 38408-100, MG, Brazil; (M.A.P.Z.); (N.S.); (L.R.G.)
| | - Lucas Ian Veloso Correia
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlândia 38408-100, MG, Brazil; (L.I.V.C.); (L.P.)
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlândia 38408-100, MG, Brazil; (M.A.P.Z.); (N.S.); (L.R.G.)
| | - Natieli Saito
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlândia 38408-100, MG, Brazil; (M.A.P.Z.); (N.S.); (L.R.G.)
| | | | - Lorena Polloni
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlândia 38408-100, MG, Brazil; (L.I.V.C.); (L.P.)
| | - Samuel Cota Teixeira
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlândia 38408-100, MG, Brazil;
| | - Luiz Ricardo Goulart
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlândia 38408-100, MG, Brazil; (M.A.P.Z.); (N.S.); (L.R.G.)
| | - Veridiana de Melo Rodrigues Ávila
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlândia 38408-100, MG, Brazil; (L.I.V.C.); (L.P.)
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Ji JY, Yin ZH, Zhang SS, Shen DX, An CJ. PLA 2 mediates the innate immune response in Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis. Insect Sci 2022; 29:245-258. [PMID: 34080301 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The eicosanoid signaling pathway mediates insect immune reactions to a wide range of stimuli. This pathway begins with the biosynthesis of arachidonic acid (AA) from the hydrolysis of phospholipids catalyzed by phospholipase A2 (PLA2 ). We report here that the PLA2 inhibitor, dexamethasone (DEX), impaired the innate immune response including nodulation, encapsulation, and melanization in Ostrinia furnacalis larvae, while AA partially reversed these effects of DEX. We cloned a full-length complementary DNA encoding a PLA2 , designated as OfsPLA2 , from O. furnacalis. The open reading frame of OfsPLA2 encodes a 195-amino acid residue protein with a 22-residue signal peptide. Sequence alignment analyses indicated that O. furnacalis PLA2 might be a Group III secretory PLA2 . The highest transcript levels of OfsPLA2 were detected in the fat body, and its transcript levels increased dramatically after infection with Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, or Beauveria bassiana. Recombinant OfsPLA2 significantly induced prophenoloxidase (PPO) activation in larval hemolymph in the presence of Ca2+ and encapsulation of agarose beads. Injection of recombinant OfsPLA2 into larvae resulted in increased transcript levels of attacin, defencin, and moricin-3 genes. Our results demonstrate the involvement of the eicosanoid signaling pathway in the innate immune response of O. furnacalis larvae and provide new information about the roles of O. furnacalis secretory PLA2 in activating PPO and antimicrobial peptide production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yue Ji
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhao-Hua Yin
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Sha-Sha Zhang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dong-Xu Shen
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China
| | - Chun-Ju An
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Oliveira CR, Polonini H, Marcucci MC, Vieira RP. Miodesin TM Positively Modulates the Immune Response in Endometrial and Vaginal Cells. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030782. [PMID: 35164046 PMCID: PMC8837934 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Endometriosis presents high prevalence and its physiopathology involves hyperactivation of endometrial and vaginal cells, especially by bacteria. The disease has no cure and therapies aiming to inhibit its development are highly desirable. Therefore, this study investigated whether MiodesinTM (10 µg/mL = IC80; 200 µg/mL = IC50), a natural compound constituted by Uncaria tomentosa, Endopleura uchi, and astaxanthin, could exert anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative effects against Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) stimulation in endometrial and Candida albicans vaginal cell lines. VK2 E6/E7 (vaginal) and KLE (epithelial) cell lines were stimulated with Candida albicans (1 × 107 to 5 × 107/mL) and LPS (1 μg/mL), respectively. MiodesinTM inhibited mRNA expression for Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), ciclo-oxigenase 1 (COX-1), and phospholipase A2 (PLA2), beyond the C–C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), CCL3, and CCL5 in VK2 E6/E7 cells (p < 0.05). In addition, the inhibitory effects of both doses of MiodesinTM (10 µg/mL and 200 µg/mL) resulted in reduced secretion of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) (24 h, 48 h, and 72 h) and CCL2, CCL3, and CLL5 (p < 0.05) by VK2 E6/E7 cells. In the same way, COX-1 MiodesinTM inhibited LPS-induced hyperactivation of KLE cells, as demonstrated by reduced secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α (24 h, 48 h, and 72 h) and CCL2, CCL3, and CLL5 (p < 0.05). Furthermore, MiodesinTM also inhibited mRNA expression and secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), MMP-9, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which are key regulators of invasion of endometrial cells. Thus, the study concludes that MiodesinTM presents beneficial effects in the context of endometriosis, positively affecting the inflammatory and proliferative response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Rocha Oliveira
- School of Medicine, Anhembi Morumbi University, Avenida Deputado Benedito Matarazzo 6070, Sao Jose dos Campos 12231-280, SP, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Department of Science and Technology, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Talim, 330, Vila Nair, Sao Jose dos Campos 12231-280, SP, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| | - Hudson Polonini
- Fagron BV, Fascinatio Boulevard 350, 3065 WB Rotterdam, The Netherlands; or
| | - Maria Cristina Marcucci
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Sao Jose dos Campos 12231-280, SP, Brazil;
| | - Rodolfo P. Vieira
- Post-graduation Program in Sciences of Human Movement and Rehabilitation, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Avenida Ana Costa 95, Santos 11060-001, SP, Brazil;
- Post-Graduation Program in Human Movement and Rehabilitation, Unievangelica, Avenida Universitária KM 3,5, Anapolis 75083-515, GO, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), Rua Pedro Ernesto 240, Sao Jose dos Campos 12231-280, SP, Brazil
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Abdulrashid NI, Aminu S, Adamu RM, Tajuddeen N, Isah MB, Jatau ID, Aliyu AB, Simelane MBC, Onyike E, Ibrahim MA. Phloroglucinol as a Potential Candidate against Trypanosoma congolense Infection: Insights from In Vivo, In Vitro, Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamic Simulation Analyses. Molecules 2022; 27:469. [PMID: 35056785 PMCID: PMC8781988 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sub-Saharan Africa is profoundly challenged with African Animal Trypanosomiasis and the available trypanocides are faced with drawbacks, necessitating the search for novel agents. Herein, the chemotherapeutic potential of phloroglucinol on T. congolense infection and its inhibitory effects on the partially purified T. congolense sialidase and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) were investigated. Treatment with phloroglucinol for 14 days significantly (p < 0.05) suppressed T. congolense proliferation, increased animal survival and ameliorated anemia induced by the parasite. Using biochemical and histopathological analyses, phloroglucinol was found to prevent renal damages and splenomegaly, besides its protection against T. congolense-associated increase in free serum sialic acids in infected animals. Moreover, the compound inhibited bloodstream T. congolense sialidase via mixed inhibition pattern with inhibition binding constant (Ki) of 0.181 µM, but a very low uncompetitive inhibitory effects against PLA2 (Ki > 9000 µM) was recorded. Molecular docking studies revealed binding energies of -4.9 and -5.3 kcal/mol between phloroglucinol with modeled sialidase and PLA2 respectively, while a 50 ns molecular dynamics simulation using GROMACS revealed the sialidase-phloroglucinol complex to be more compact and stable with higher free binding energy (-67.84 ± 0.50 kJ/mol) than PLA2-phloroglucinol complex (-77.17 ± 0.52 kJ/mol), based on MM-PBSA analysis. The sialidase-phloroglucinol complex had a single hydrogen bond interaction with Ser453 while none was observed for the PLA2-phloroglucinol complex. In conclusion, phloroglucinol showed moderate trypanostatic activity with great potential in ameliorating some of the parasite-induced pathologies and its anti-anemic effects might be linked to inhibition of sialidase rather than PLA2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suleiman Aminu
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810241, Nigeria; (N.I.A.); (S.A.); (E.O.)
| | - Rahma Muhammad Adamu
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India;
| | - Nasir Tajuddeen
- Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810241, Nigeria; (N.T.); (A.B.A.)
| | - Murtala Bindawa Isah
- Department of Biochemistry, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, Katsina 820241, Nigeria;
| | - Isa Danladi Jatau
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810241, Nigeria;
| | - Abubakar Babando Aliyu
- Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810241, Nigeria; (N.T.); (A.B.A.)
| | | | - Elewechi Onyike
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810241, Nigeria; (N.I.A.); (S.A.); (E.O.)
| | - Mohammed Auwal Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810241, Nigeria; (N.I.A.); (S.A.); (E.O.)
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Schreiber JA, Tajuddin NF, Kouzoukas DE, Kevala K, Kim HY, Collins MA. Moderate blood alcohol and brain neurovulnerability: Selective depletion of calcium-independent phospholipase A2, omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid, and its synaptamide derivative as a potential harbinger of deficits in anti-inflammatory reserve. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:2506-2517. [PMID: 34719812 PMCID: PMC11049540 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repetitive, highly elevated blood alcohol (ethanol) concentrations (BACs) of 350 to 450 mg/dl over several days cause brain neurodegeneration and coincident neuroinflammation in adult rats localized in the hippocampus (HC), temporal cortex (especially the entorhinal cortex; ECX), and olfactory bulb (OB). The profuse neuroinflammation involves microgliosis, increased proinflammatory cytokines, and elevations of Ca+2 -dependent phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) and secretory PLA2 (sPLA2), which both mobilize proinflammatory ω-6 arachidonic acid (ARA). In contrast, Ca+2 -independent PLA2 (iPLA2) and anti-inflammatory ω-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a polyunsaturated fatty acid regulated primarily by iPLA2, are diminished. Furthermore, supplemented DHA exerts neuroprotection. Given uncertainties about the possible effects of lower circulating BACs that are common occurring during short- term binges, we examined how moderate BACs affected the above inflammatory events, and the impact of supplemented DHA. METHODS AND RESULTS Young adult male rats sustaining upper-moderate BACs (~150 mg/dl) from once-daily alcohol intubations were sacrificed with appropriate controls after 1 week. The HC, ECX and OB were quantitatively examined using immunoblotting, neurodegeneration staining, and lipidomics assays. Whereas neurodegeneration, increases in cPLA2 IVA, sPLA2 IIA, and ARA, and microglial activation were not detected, the HC and ECX regions demonstrated significantly reduced iPLA2 levels. Levels of DHA and synaptamide, its anti-inflammatory N-docosahexaenoylethanolamide derivative, also were lower in HC, and DHA supplementation prevented the iPLA2 decrements in HC. Additionally, adult mice maintaining upper-moderate BACs from limited alcohol binges had reduced midbrain iPLA2 levels. CONCLUSIONS The apparently selective depletion by moderate BACs of the metabolically linked anti-inflammatory triad of hippocampal iPLA2, DHA, and synaptamide, and of iPLA2 in the ECX, potentially indicates an unappreciated deficit in brain anti-inflammatory reserve that may be a harbinger of regional neurovulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Schreiber
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, USA
- Alcohol Research Program, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, USA
- Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois, USA
| | - Nuzhath F Tajuddin
- Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Dimitrios E Kouzoukas
- Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Karl Kevala
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hee-Yong Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael A Collins
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, USA
- Alcohol Research Program, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, USA
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Di T, Zhai C, Zhao J, Wang Y, Chen Z, Li P. Taxifolin inhibits keratinocyte proliferation and ameliorates imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like mouse model via regulating cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 and PPAR-γ pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 99:107900. [PMID: 34233233 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a skin disease with autoimmune tendency, and taxifolin is an effective flavonoid with anti-inflammatory activity. It has been reported that taxifolin alleviates psoriatic dermatitis, but the detailed regulatory mechanism of keratinocyte proliferation is unclear. In this study, we revealed the mechanism of taxifolin on imiquimod-induced inflammatory infiltration and keratinocyte over-proliferation. Our results show that taxifolin prevented proliferation cycle of keratinocyte in a concentration-dependent manner. Over-proliferation and abnormal apoptosis of epidermal cells were obvious in the mouse model of psoriasis induced by imiquimod. Taxifolin treatment improved erythema and scales of psoriatic lesions in mice, and reduced the proportion of CD3 + cells, especially γδT cells, in lesions and thymus. Therefore, taxifolin decreased the expression level of IL-17A-dominated inflammatory cytokines. Proteomic analysis showed that 30 up-regulated proteins and 23 down-regulated proteins were compared with the lesions before and after the treatment with taxifolin. Among them, cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), the key enzyme of the pro-inflammatory mediator, was the most significantly down-regulated protein. And enriched KEGG pathway shown that PPAR-γ pathway was most involved. Taxifolin significantly reduced p-cPLA2 and increased PPAR-γ protein level in keratinocytes and lesions induced by IL-17 and imiquimod respectively. Meanwhile, phosphorylation of ERK and P-38 were also inhibited. These results suggest that taxifolin prevented imiquimode-induced excessive immune activation and keratinocyte proliferation by decreasing p-cPLA2 and regulating the PPAR-γ pathway. Our study provides new insights into the cellular regulatory mechanisms of taxifolin in psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Di
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyan Zhai
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jingxia Zhao
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoxia Chen
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Li
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
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Kountz TS, Jairaman A, Kountz CD, Stauderman KA, Schleimer RP, Prakriya M. Differential Regulation of ATP- and UTP-Evoked Prostaglandin E 2 and IL-6 Production from Human Airway Epithelial Cells. J Immunol 2021; 207:1275-1287. [PMID: 34389624 PMCID: PMC8816324 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The airway epithelial cells (AECs) lining the conducting passageways of the lung secrete a variety of immunomodulatory factors. Among these, PGE2 limits lung inflammation and promotes bronchodilation. By contrast, IL-6 drives intense airway inflammation, remodeling, and fibrosis. The signaling that differentiates the production of these opposing mediators is not understood. In this study, we find that the production of PGE2 and IL-6 following stimulation of human AECs by the damage-associated molecular pattern extracellular ATP shares a common requirement for Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels. ATP-mediated synthesis of PGE2 required activation of metabotropic P2Y2 receptors and CRAC channel-mediated cytosolic phospholipase A2 signaling. By contrast, ATP-evoked synthesis of IL-6 occurred via activation of ionotropic P2X receptors and CRAC channel-mediated calcineurin/NFAT signaling. In contrast to ATP, which elicited the production of both PGE2 and IL-6, the uridine nucleotide, UTP, stimulated PGE2 but not IL-6 production. These results reveal that human AECs employ unique receptor-specific signaling mechanisms with CRAC channels as a signaling nexus to regulate release of opposing immunomodulatory mediators. Collectively, our results identify P2Y2 receptors, CRAC channels, and P2X receptors as potential intervention targets for airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S Kountz
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Amit Jairaman
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Candace D Kountz
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | | | - Robert P Schleimer
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Murali Prakriya
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL;
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
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Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a multifactorial life-threatening lung injury, characterized by diffuse lung inflammation and increased alveolocapillary barrier permeability. The different stages of ARDS have distinctive biochemical and clinical profiles. Despite the progress of our understanding on ARDS pathobiology, the mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis are still obscure. Herein, we review the existing literature about the implications of phospholipases 2 (PLA2s), a large family of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of fatty acids at the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids, in ARDS-related pathology. We emphasize on the versatile way of participation of different PLA2s isoforms in the distinct ARDS subgroup phenotypes by either potentiating lung inflammation and damage or by preserving the normal lung. Current research supports that PLA2s are associated with the progression and the outcome of ARDS. We herein discuss the transcellular communication of PLA2s through secreted extracellular vesicles and suggest it as a new mechanism of PLA2s involvement in ARDS. Thus, the elucidation of the spatiotemporal features of PLA2s expression may give new insights and provide valuable information about the risk of an individual to develop ARDS or advance to more severe stages, and potentially identify PLA2 isoforms as biomarkers and target for pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Kitsiouli
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Margarita Tenopoulou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Stylianos Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Marilena E Lekka
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
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Hayashi D, Mouchlis VD, Dennis EA. Omega-3 versus Omega-6 fatty acid availability is controlled by hydrophobic site geometries of phospholipase A 2s. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100113. [PMID: 34474084 PMCID: PMC8551542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human phospholipase A2s (PLA2) constitute a superfamily of enzymes that hydrolyze the sn-2 acyl-chain of glycerophospholipids, producing lysophospholipids and free fatty acids. Each PLA2 enzyme type contributes to specific biological functions based on its expression, subcellular localization, and substrate specificity. Among the PLA2 superfamily, the cytosolic cPLA2 enzymes, calcium-independent iPLA2 enzymes, and secreted sPLA2 enzymes are implicated in many diseases, but a central issue is the preference for double-bond positions in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) occupying the sn-2 position of membrane phospholipids. We demonstrate that each PLA2 has a unique preference between the specific omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and the omega-6 arachidonic acid (AA), which are the precursors of most proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory or resolving eicosanoids and related oxylipins. Surprisingly, we discovered that human cPLA2 selectively prefers AA, whereas iPLA2 prefers EPA, and sPLA2 prefers DHA as substrate. We determined the optimal binding of each phospholipid substrate in the active site of each PLA2 to explain these specificities. To investigate this, we utilized recently developed lipidomics-based LC-MS/MS and GC/MS assays to determine the sn-2 acyl chain specificity in mixtures of phospholipids. We performed μs timescale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to reveal unique active site properties, especially how the precise hydrophobic cavity accommodation of the sn-2 acyl chain contributes to the stability of substrate binding and the specificity of each PLA2 for AA, EPA, or DHA. This study provides the first comprehensive picture of the unique substrate selectivity of each PLA2 for omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Hayashi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Varnavas D Mouchlis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Edward A Dennis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Guo Y, Uyama T, Rahman SMK, Sikder MM, Hussain Z, Tsuboi K, Miyake M, Ueda N. Involvement of the γ Isoform of cPLA 2 in the Biosynthesis of Bioactive N-Acylethanolamines. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175213. [PMID: 34500646 PMCID: PMC8433734 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Arachidonylethanolamide (anandamide) acts as an endogenous ligand of cannabinoid receptors, while other N-acylethanolamines (NAEs), such as palmitylethanolamide and oleylethanolamide, show analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and appetite-suppressing effects through other receptors. In mammalian tissues, NAEs, including anandamide, are produced from glycerophospholipid via N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE). The ɛ isoform of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) functions as an N-acyltransferase to form NAPE. Since the cPLA2 family consists of six isoforms (α, β, γ, δ, ɛ, and ζ), the present study investigated a possible involvement of isoforms other than ɛ in the NAE biosynthesis. Firstly, when the cells overexpressing one of the cPLA2 isoforms were labeled with [14C]ethanolamine, the increase in the production of [14C]NAPE was observed only with the ɛ-expressing cells. Secondly, when the cells co-expressing ɛ and one of the other isoforms were analyzed, the increase in [14C]N-acyl-lysophosphatidylethanolamine (lysoNAPE) and [14C]NAE was seen with the combination of ɛ and γ isoforms. Furthermore, the purified cPLA2γ hydrolyzed not only NAPE to lysoNAPE, but also lysoNAPE to glycerophospho-N-acylethanolamine (GP-NAE). Thus, the produced GP-NAE was further hydrolyzed to NAE by glycerophosphodiesterase 1. These results suggested that cPLA2γ is involved in the biosynthesis of NAE by its phospholipase A1/A2 and lysophospholipase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiman Guo
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (Y.G.); (T.U.); (S.M.K.R.); (M.M.S.); (Z.H.)
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan;
| | - Toru Uyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (Y.G.); (T.U.); (S.M.K.R.); (M.M.S.); (Z.H.)
| | - S. M. Khaledur Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (Y.G.); (T.U.); (S.M.K.R.); (M.M.S.); (Z.H.)
| | - Mohammad Mamun Sikder
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (Y.G.); (T.U.); (S.M.K.R.); (M.M.S.); (Z.H.)
| | - Zahir Hussain
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (Y.G.); (T.U.); (S.M.K.R.); (M.M.S.); (Z.H.)
| | - Kazuhito Tsuboi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan;
| | - Minoru Miyake
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan;
| | - Natsuo Ueda
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (Y.G.); (T.U.); (S.M.K.R.); (M.M.S.); (Z.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-(87)-891-2104; Fax: +81-(87)-891-2105
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Htwe YM, Wang H, Belvitch P, Meliton L, Bandela M, Letsiou E, Dudek SM. Group V Phospholipase A 2 Mediates Endothelial Dysfunction and Acute Lung Injury Caused by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus. Cells 2021; 10:1731. [PMID: 34359901 PMCID: PMC8304832 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung endothelial dysfunction is a key feature of acute lung injury (ALI) and clinical acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Previous studies have identified the lipid-generating enzyme, group V phospholipase A2 (gVPLA2), as a mediator of lung endothelial barrier disruption and inflammation. The current study aimed to determine the role of gVPLA2 in mediating lung endothelial responses to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA, USA300 strain), a major cause of ALI/ARDS. In vitro studies assessed the effects of gVPLA2 inhibition on lung endothelial cell (EC) permeability after exposure to heat-killed (HK) MRSA. In vivo studies assessed the effects of intratracheal live or HK-MRSA on multiple indices of ALI in wild-type (WT) and gVPLA2-deficient (KO) mice. In vitro, HK-MRSA increased gVPLA2 expression and permeability in human lung EC. Inhibition of gVPLA2 with either the PLA2 inhibitor, LY311727, or with a specific monoclonal antibody, attenuated the barrier disruption caused by HK-MRSA. LY311727 also reduced HK-MRSA-induced permeability in mouse lung EC isolated from WT but not gVPLA2-KO mice. In vivo, live MRSA caused significantly less ALI in gVPLA2 KO mice compared to WT, findings confirmed by intravital microscopy assessment in HK-MRSA-treated mice. After targeted delivery of gVPLA2 plasmid to lung endothelium using ACE antibody-conjugated liposomes, MRSA-induced ALI was significantly increased in gVPLA2-KO mice, indicating that lung endothelial expression of gVPLA2 is critical in vivo. In summary, these results demonstrate an important role for gVPLA2 in mediating MRSA-induced lung EC permeability and ALI. Thus, gVPLA2 may represent a novel therapeutic target in ALI/ARDS caused by bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Steven M. Dudek
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (Y.M.H.); (H.W.); (P.B.); (L.M.); (M.B.); (E.L.)
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Vieira SAPB, Dos Santos BM, Santos Júnior CD, de Paula VF, Gomes MSR, Ferreira GM, Gonçalves RL, Hirata MH, da Silva RA, Brandeburgo MIH, Mendes MM. Isohemigossypolone: Antiophidic properties of a naphthoquinone isolated from Pachira aquatica Aubl. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 245:109028. [PMID: 33676005 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the antiophidic properties of isohemigossypolone (ISO), a naphthoquinone isolated from the outer bark of the Pachira aquatic Aubl. The inhibition of phospholipase A2, coagulant, fibrinogenolytic, hemorrhagic and myotoxic activities induced by Bothrops pauloensis venom (Pb) was investigated. For this, we use samples resulting from the incubation of Pb with ISO in different concentrations (1:1, 1:5 and 1:10 w/w), we also evaluated the condition of treatment using ISO after 15 min of venom inoculation. The activities of phospholipase A2, coagulant, fibrinogenolytic, hemorrhagic and myotoxic induced by the B. pauloensis venom were significantly inhibited when the ISO was pre-incubated with the crude venom. For in vivo neutralization tests, the results were observed even when the ISO was applied after 15 min of inoculation of the venom or metalloprotease (BthMP). Also, to identify the inhibition mechanism, we performed in silico assays, across simulations of molecular coupling and molecular dynamics, it was possible to identify the modes of interaction between ISO and bothropic toxins BmooMPα-I, Jararacussin-I and BNSP-7. The present study shows that naphthoquinone isohemigossypolone isolated from the P. aquatica plant inhibited part of the local and systemic damage caused by venom proteins, demonstrating the pharmacological potential of this compound in neutralizing the harmful effects caused by snakebites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benedito Matheus Dos Santos
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Célio Dias Santos Júnior
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Vanderlúcia Fonseca de Paula
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Department of Sciences and Technology, State University of Bahia Southwest (UESB), Jequié, BA, Brazil
| | - Mario Sergio Rocha Gomes
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Glaucio Monteiro Ferreira
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Mario Hiroyuki Hirata
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mirian Machado Mendes
- Special Academic Unit of Biosciences, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Jataí, GO, Brazil.
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48
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Costa TR, Francisco AF, Cardoso FF, Moreira-Dill LS, Fernandes CAH, Gomes AAS, Guimarães CLS, Marcussi S, Pereira PS, Oliveira HC, Fontes MRM, Silva SL, Zuliani JP, Soares AM. Gallic acid anti-myotoxic activity and mechanism of action, a snake venom phospholipase A 2 toxin inhibitor, isolated from the medicinal plant Anacardium humile. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 185:494-512. [PMID: 34197854 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Snakebite envenoming is the cause of an ongoing health crisis in several regions of the world, particularly in tropical and neotropical countries. This scenario creates an urgent necessity for new practical solutions to address the limitations of current therapies. The current study investigated the isolation, phytochemical characterization, and myotoxicity inhibition mechanism of gallic acid (GA), a myotoxin inhibitor obtained from Anacardium humile. The identification and isolation of GA was achieved by employing analytical chromatographic separation, which exhibited a compound with retention time and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra compatible with GA's commercial standard and data from the literature. GA alone was able to inhibit the myotoxic activity induced by the crude venom of Bothrops jararacussu and its two main myotoxins, BthTX-I and BthTX-II. Circular dichroism (CD), fluorescence spectroscopy (FS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and interaction studies by molecular docking suggested that GA forms a complex with BthTX-I and II. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) kinetics assays showed that GA has a high affinity for BthTX-I with a KD of 9.146 × 10-7 M. Taken together, the two-state reaction mode of GA binding to BthTX-I, and CD, FS and DLS assays, suggest that GA is able to induce oligomerization and secondary structure changes for BthTX-I and -II. GA and other tannins have been shown to be effective inhibitors of snake venoms' toxic effects, and herein we demonstrated GA's ability to bind to and inhibit a snake venom PLA2, thus proposing a new mechanism of PLA2 inhibition, and presenting more evidence of GA's potential as an antivenom compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tássia R Costa
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Aleff F Francisco
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil; Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos, LABIOPROT, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Fábio F Cardoso
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Leandro S Moreira-Dill
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos, LABIOPROT, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Carlos A H Fernandes
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Antoniel A S Gomes
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - César L S Guimarães
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos, LABIOPROT, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis, IBAMA, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Silvana Marcussi
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Lavras, UFLA, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Hamine C Oliveira
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos R M Fontes
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Saulo L Silva
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Cuenca, Cuenca, Azuay, Ecuador; LAQV/Requimte, Faculty of Sciences University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Juliana P Zuliani
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos, LABIOPROT, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Andreimar M Soares
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos, LABIOPROT, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Centro Universitário São Lucas, UniSL, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental (INCT-EpiAmO), Brazil.
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Vecchi L, Araújo TG, Azevedo FVPDV, Mota STS, Ávila VDMR, Ribeiro MA, Goulart LR. Phospholipase A 2 Drives Tumorigenesis and Cancer Aggressiveness through Its Interaction with Annexin A1. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061472. [PMID: 34208346 PMCID: PMC8231270 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipids are suggested to drive tumorigenesis through their essential role in inflammation. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is a phospholipid metabolizing enzyme that releases free fatty acids, mostly arachidonic acid, and lysophospholipids, which contribute to the development of the tumor microenvironment (TME), promoting immune evasion, angiogenesis, tumor growth, and invasiveness. The mechanisms mediated by PLA2 are not fully understood, especially because an important inhibitory molecule, Annexin A1, is present in the TME but does not exert its action. Here, we will discuss how Annexin A1 in cancer does not inhibit PLA2 leading to both pro-inflammatory and pro-tumoral signaling pathways. Moreover, Annexin A1 promotes the release of cancer-derived exosomes, which also lead to the enrichment of PLA2 and COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, contributing to TME formation. In this review, we aim to describe the role of PLA2 in the establishment of TME, focusing on cancer-derived exosomes, and modulatory activities of Annexin A1. Unraveling how these proteins interact in the cancer context can reveal new strategies for the treatment of different tumors. We will also describe the possible strategies to inhibit PLA2 and the approaches that could be used in order to resume the anti-PLA2 function of Annexin A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Vecchi
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia 38400-902, MG, Brazil; (L.V.); (T.G.A.); (F.V.P.d.V.A.); (S.T.S.M.)
| | - Thaise Gonçalves Araújo
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia 38400-902, MG, Brazil; (L.V.); (T.G.A.); (F.V.P.d.V.A.); (S.T.S.M.)
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Patos de Minas 387400-128, MG, Brazil;
| | | | - Sara Teixeria Soares Mota
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia 38400-902, MG, Brazil; (L.V.); (T.G.A.); (F.V.P.d.V.A.); (S.T.S.M.)
| | - Veridiana de Melo Rodrigues Ávila
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia 38400-902, MG, Brazil;
| | - Matheus Alves Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Patos de Minas 387400-128, MG, Brazil;
| | - Luiz Ricardo Goulart
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia 38400-902, MG, Brazil; (L.V.); (T.G.A.); (F.V.P.d.V.A.); (S.T.S.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-3432258440
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50
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Hatakeyama DM, Jorge Tasima L, da Costa Galizio N, Serino-Silva C, Fabri Bittencourt Rodrigues C, Rodrigues Stuginski D, Stefanini Sant’Anna S, Fernandes Grego K, Tashima AK, Nishiduka ES, de Morais-Zani K, Tanaka-Azevedo AM. From birth to adulthood: An analysis of the Brazilian lancehead (Bothrops moojeni) venom at different life stages. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253050. [PMID: 34111213 PMCID: PMC8191990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Brazilian lancehead (Bothrops moojeni) has a wide distribution in Brazil and represents a serious public health hazard. Previous works reported that the symptoms of snakebites caused by B. moojeni juveniles’ bites were mainly related to coagulation, while those caused by adults’ bites had a more prominent local damage. In this work, we analyzed the venoms of B. moojeni at different life stages to better understand the ontogeny shift in this species. Snakes were grouped by age and sex, and venom pools were formed accordingly. Compositional analyses by one-dimensional electrophoresis (1-DE), chromatography, and mass spectrometry revealed that ontogenetic changes might be mostly related to phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and metalloproteases. Regarding the venoms functional aspect, proteolytic, L-amino acid oxidase, PLA2, and coagulant in vitro activities were assayed, but only the first and the last ones showed age-related changes, with the venom of snakes up to 1 year-old displaying lower proteolytic and higher coagulant activities, while those from 2 years-old onward presented the opposite relation. The venoms of 3 years-old snakes were exceptions to the compositional and functional pattern of adults as both venoms presented profiles similar to neonates. Sex-related differences were observed in specific groups and were not age-related. In vivo experiments (median lethal dose and hemorrhagic activity) were statistically similar between neonates and adults, however we verified that the adult venom killed mice faster comparing to the neonates. All venoms were mostly recognized by the antibothropic serum and displayed similar profiles to 1-DE in western blotting. In conclusion, the Brazilian lancehead venom showed ontogenetic shift in its composition and activities. Furthermore, this change occurred in snakes from 1 to 2 years-old, and interestingly the venom pools from 3 years-old snakes had particular characteristics, which highlights the importance of comprehensive studies to better understand venom variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Miki Hatakeyama
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lídia Jorge Tasima
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nathália da Costa Galizio
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline Serino-Silva
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline Fabri Bittencourt Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Karen de Morais-Zani
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anita Mitico Tanaka-Azevedo
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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