1
|
Costa TR, Francisco AF, Cardoso FF, Moreira-Dill LS, Fernandes CAH, Gomes AAS, Guimarães CLS, Marcussi S, Pereira PS, Oliveira HC, Fontes MRM, Silva SL, Zuliani JP, Soares AM. Gallic acid anti-myotoxic activity and mechanism of action, a snake venom phospholipase A 2 toxin inhibitor, isolated from the medicinal plant Anacardium humile. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 185:494-512. [PMID: 34197854 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Snakebite envenoming is the cause of an ongoing health crisis in several regions of the world, particularly in tropical and neotropical countries. This scenario creates an urgent necessity for new practical solutions to address the limitations of current therapies. The current study investigated the isolation, phytochemical characterization, and myotoxicity inhibition mechanism of gallic acid (GA), a myotoxin inhibitor obtained from Anacardium humile. The identification and isolation of GA was achieved by employing analytical chromatographic separation, which exhibited a compound with retention time and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra compatible with GA's commercial standard and data from the literature. GA alone was able to inhibit the myotoxic activity induced by the crude venom of Bothrops jararacussu and its two main myotoxins, BthTX-I and BthTX-II. Circular dichroism (CD), fluorescence spectroscopy (FS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and interaction studies by molecular docking suggested that GA forms a complex with BthTX-I and II. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) kinetics assays showed that GA has a high affinity for BthTX-I with a KD of 9.146 × 10-7 M. Taken together, the two-state reaction mode of GA binding to BthTX-I, and CD, FS and DLS assays, suggest that GA is able to induce oligomerization and secondary structure changes for BthTX-I and -II. GA and other tannins have been shown to be effective inhibitors of snake venoms' toxic effects, and herein we demonstrated GA's ability to bind to and inhibit a snake venom PLA2, thus proposing a new mechanism of PLA2 inhibition, and presenting more evidence of GA's potential as an antivenom compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tássia R Costa
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Aleff F Francisco
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil; Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos, LABIOPROT, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Fábio F Cardoso
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Leandro S Moreira-Dill
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos, LABIOPROT, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Carlos A H Fernandes
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Antoniel A S Gomes
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - César L S Guimarães
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos, LABIOPROT, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis, IBAMA, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Silvana Marcussi
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Lavras, UFLA, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Hamine C Oliveira
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos R M Fontes
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Saulo L Silva
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Cuenca, Cuenca, Azuay, Ecuador; LAQV/Requimte, Faculty of Sciences University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Juliana P Zuliani
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos, LABIOPROT, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Andreimar M Soares
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos, LABIOPROT, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Centro Universitário São Lucas, UniSL, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental (INCT-EpiAmO), Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Holanda RJ, Deves C, Moreira-Dill LS, Guimarães CL, Marttinelli LKB, Fernandes CFC, Medeiros PSM, Pereira SS, Honda ER, Stábeli RG, Santos DS, Soares AM, Pereira da Silva LH. Plasmodium falciparum purine nucleoside phosphorylase as a model in the search for new inhibitors by high throughput screening. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:1832-1841. [PMID: 33075341 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase (PfPNP) blocks the purine salvage pathway in vitro and in vivo. In this study, PfPNP was evaluated as a model in the search for new inhibitors using surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Its expression, purification, oligomeric state, kinetic constants, calorimetric parameters and kinetic mechanisms were obtained. PfPNP was immobilized on a CM5 sensor chip and sensorgrams were produced through binding the enzyme to the substrate MESG and interactions between molecules contained in 10 fractions of natural extracts. The oligomeric state showed that recombinant PfPNP is a hexamer. The true steady-state kinetic parameters for the substrate inosine were: KM 17 μM, kcat 1.2 s-1, VMax 2.2 U/mg and kcat/KM 7 × 10-4; for MESG they were: KM 131 μM, kcat 2.4 s-1, VMax 4.4 U/mg and kcat/KM 1.8 × 10-4. The thermodynamic parameters for the substrate Phosphate were: ΔG - 5.8 cal mol-1, ΔH - 6.5 cal mol-1 and ΔS - 2.25 cal mol-1/degree. The ITC results demonstrated that the binding of phosphate to free PfPNP led to a significant change in heat and association constants and thermodynamic parameters. A sequential ordered mechanism was proposed as the kinetic mechanism. Three plant extracts contained molecules capable of interacting with PfPNP, showing different levels of affinity. The identification of plant extract fractions containing molecules that interact with recombinant PfPNP using SRP validates this target as a model in the search for new inhibitors. In this study, we showed for the first time the true steady-state kinetic parameters for reactions catalyzed by PfPNP and a model using PfPNP as a target for High-throughput Screening for new inhibitors through SPR. This knowledge will allow for the development of more efficient research methods in the search for new drugs against malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rudson J Holanda
- Universidade Federal do Amazonas, UFAM, campus Humaitá, Amazonas, Brazil; Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos da Amazônia Ocidental, LABIOPROT, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Fiocruz Rondônia e Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil.
| | - Candida Deves
- Centro de Pesquisa em Biologia Molecular e Funcional, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Leandro S Moreira-Dill
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos da Amazônia Ocidental, LABIOPROT, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Fiocruz Rondônia e Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Cesar L Guimarães
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos da Amazônia Ocidental, LABIOPROT, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Fiocruz Rondônia e Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Leonardo K B Marttinelli
- Centro de Pesquisa em Biologia Molecular e Funcional, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carla F C Fernandes
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos da Amazônia Ocidental, LABIOPROT, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Fiocruz Rondônia e Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil; Laboratório de Engenharia de Anticorpos, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Fiocruz Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Patrícia S M Medeiros
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos da Amazônia Ocidental, LABIOPROT, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Fiocruz Rondônia e Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Soraya S Pereira
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos da Amazônia Ocidental, LABIOPROT, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Fiocruz Rondônia e Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil; Laboratório de Engenharia de Anticorpos, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Eduardo R Honda
- Instituto de Pesquisa em Patologias Tropicais de Rondônia, IPEPATRO e Laboratório Central, LACEN, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo G Stábeli
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos da Amazônia Ocidental, LABIOPROT, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Fiocruz Rondônia e Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Plataforma Bi-institucional de Medicina Translacional, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diógenes S Santos
- Centro de Pesquisa em Biologia Molecular e Funcional, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Andreimar M Soares
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos da Amazônia Ocidental, LABIOPROT, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Fiocruz Rondônia e Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil; Centro Universitário São Lucas, UniSL, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental, INCT-EpiAmO, Brazil.
| | - Luiz H Pereira da Silva
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos da Amazônia Ocidental, LABIOPROT, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Fiocruz Rondônia e Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
González Rodríguez II, Francisco AF, Moreira-Dill LS, Quintero A, Guimarães CLS, Fernandes CAH, Takeda AAS, Zanchi FB, Caldeira CAS, Pereira PS, Fontes MRM, Zuliani JP, Soares AM. Isolation and structural characterization of bioactive compound from Aristolochia sprucei aqueous extract with anti-myotoxic activity. Toxicon X 2020; 7:100049. [PMID: 32613196 PMCID: PMC7322210 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2020.100049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A bioactive compound isolated from the stem extract of Aristolochia sprucei through High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was identified via Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) as the aristolochic acid (AA). This compound showed an inhibitory effect over the myotoxic activity of Bothrops jararacussu and Bothrops asper venoms, being also effective against the indirect hemolytic activity of B. asper venom. Besides, AA also inhibited the myotoxic activity of BthTX-I and MTX-II with an efficiency greater than 60% against both myotoxins. Docking predictions revealed an interesting mechanism, through which the AA displays an interaction profile consistent with its inhibiting abilities, binding to both active and putative sites of svPLA2. Overall, the present findings indicate that AA may bind to critical regions of myotoxic Asp 49 and Lys49-PLA2s from snake venoms, highlighting the relevance of domains comprising the active and putative sites to inhibit these toxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isela I González Rodríguez
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, FCFRP, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Aleff F Francisco
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos da Amazônia Ocidental, LaBioProt, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia e Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Leandro S Moreira-Dill
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos da Amazônia Ocidental, LaBioProt, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia e Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Aristides Quintero
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, FCFRP, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Centro de Informaciones e Investigaciones Toxicológicas y Químicas Aplicadas (CEIITOXQUIA) and Departamento de Química, FCNYE, Universidad Autónoma de Chiriquí, UNACHI, David, Panama
| | - César L S Guimarães
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos da Amazônia Ocidental, LaBioProt, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia e Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil.,Instituto Brasileiro Do Meio Ambiente e Dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis, IBAMA, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Carlos A H Fernandes
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Agnes A S Takeda
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando B Zanchi
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos da Amazônia Ocidental, LaBioProt, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia e Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Em Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental, INCT - EpiAmO, Brazil
| | - Cléopatra A S Caldeira
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos da Amazônia Ocidental, LaBioProt, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia e Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Paulo S Pereira
- Unidade de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Ribeirão Preto, UNAERP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Instituto Federal de Goiás, IFG, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - Marcos R M Fontes
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana P Zuliani
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos da Amazônia Ocidental, LaBioProt, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia e Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil.,Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada a Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Andreimar M Soares
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos da Amazônia Ocidental, LaBioProt, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia e Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil.,Centro Universitário São Lucas, UniSL, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Em Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental, INCT - EpiAmO, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
de Medeiros DSS, Rego TB, dos Santos APDA, Pontes AS, Moreira-Dill LS, Matos NB, Zuliani JP, Stábeli RG, Teles CBG, Soares AM, Sperotto ARDM, Moura DJ, Saffi J, Caldeira CADS, Pimenta DC, Calderon LA. Corrigendum to "Biochemical and Biological Profile of Parotoid Secretion of the Amazonian Rhinella marina (Anura: Bufonidae)". Biomed Res Int 2019; 2019:4209743. [PMID: 31263705 PMCID: PMC6556797 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4209743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/2019/2492315.].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S. S. de Medeiros
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde (CEBio), Fiocruz-Rondônia and Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, 76812-245, Brazil
- Plataforma de Bioensaios de Malária e Leishmaniose (PBML), FIOCRUZ-Rondônia, Porto Velho, 76812-245, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia na Amazônia Ocidental, Porto Velho, 76812-245, Brazil
| | - Tiago B. Rego
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde (CEBio), Fiocruz-Rondônia and Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, 76812-245, Brazil
| | - Ana P. de A. dos Santos
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde (CEBio), Fiocruz-Rondônia and Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, 76812-245, Brazil
- Plataforma de Bioensaios de Malária e Leishmaniose (PBML), FIOCRUZ-Rondônia, Porto Velho, 76812-245, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia na Amazônia Ocidental, Porto Velho, 76812-245, Brazil
| | - Adriana S. Pontes
- Laboratório de Imunologia Aplicada à Saúde, FIOCRUZ-Rondônia, Porto Velho, 76812-245, Brazil
| | - Leandro S. Moreira-Dill
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde (CEBio), Fiocruz-Rondônia and Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, 76812-245, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia na Amazônia Ocidental, Porto Velho, 76812-245, Brazil
| | - Najla B. Matos
- Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia na Amazônia Ocidental, Porto Velho, 76812-245, Brazil
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, FIOCRUZ-Rondônia, Porto Velho, 76812-245, Brazil
| | - Juliana P. Zuliani
- Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia na Amazônia Ocidental, Porto Velho, 76812-245, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunologia Aplicada à Saúde, FIOCRUZ-Rondônia, Porto Velho, 76812-245, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo G. Stábeli
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde (CEBio), Fiocruz-Rondônia and Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, 76812-245, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia na Amazônia Ocidental, Porto Velho, 76812-245, Brazil
| | - Carolina B. G. Teles
- Plataforma de Bioensaios de Malária e Leishmaniose (PBML), FIOCRUZ-Rondônia, Porto Velho, 76812-245, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia na Amazônia Ocidental, Porto Velho, 76812-245, Brazil
| | - Andreimar M. Soares
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde (CEBio), Fiocruz-Rondônia and Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, 76812-245, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia na Amazônia Ocidental, Porto Velho, 76812-245, Brazil
| | - Angelo R. de M. Sperotto
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Dinara J. Moura
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Jenifer Saffi
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Cleópatra Alves da Silva Caldeira
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde (CEBio), Fiocruz-Rondônia and Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, 76812-245, Brazil
| | - Daniel Carvalho Pimenta
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Leonardo A. Calderon
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde (CEBio), Fiocruz-Rondônia and Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, 76812-245, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia na Amazônia Ocidental, Porto Velho, 76812-245, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Simoes-Silva R, Alfonso J, Gomez A, Holanda RJ, Sobrinho JC, Zaqueo KD, Moreira-Dill LS, Kayano AM, Grabner FP, da Silva SL, Almeida JR, Stabeli RG, Zuliani JP, Soares AM. Snake Venom, A Natural Library of New Potential Therapeutic Molecules: Challenges and Current Perspectives. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2018; 19:308-335. [DOI: 10.2174/1389201019666180620111025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Simoes-Silva
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoleculas Aplicadas a Saude, CEBio, Fiocruz Rondonia, FIOCRUZ e Universidade Federal de Rondonia, UNIR, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | - Jorge Alfonso
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoleculas Aplicadas a Saude, CEBio, Fiocruz Rondonia, FIOCRUZ e Universidade Federal de Rondonia, UNIR, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | - Ana Gomez
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoleculas Aplicadas a Saude, CEBio, Fiocruz Rondonia, FIOCRUZ e Universidade Federal de Rondonia, UNIR, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | - Rudson J. Holanda
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoleculas Aplicadas a Saude, CEBio, Fiocruz Rondonia, FIOCRUZ e Universidade Federal de Rondonia, UNIR, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | - Juliana C. Sobrinho
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoleculas Aplicadas a Saude, CEBio, Fiocruz Rondonia, FIOCRUZ e Universidade Federal de Rondonia, UNIR, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | - Kayena D. Zaqueo
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoleculas Aplicadas a Saude, CEBio, Fiocruz Rondonia, FIOCRUZ e Universidade Federal de Rondonia, UNIR, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | - Leandro S. Moreira-Dill
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoleculas Aplicadas a Saude, CEBio, Fiocruz Rondonia, FIOCRUZ e Universidade Federal de Rondonia, UNIR, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | - Anderson M. Kayano
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoleculas Aplicadas a Saude, CEBio, Fiocruz Rondonia, FIOCRUZ e Universidade Federal de Rondonia, UNIR, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | - Fernando P. Grabner
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoleculas Aplicadas a Saude, CEBio, Fiocruz Rondonia, FIOCRUZ e Universidade Federal de Rondonia, UNIR, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | - Saulo L. da Silva
- Universidad Regional Amazonica IKIAM, Via Muyuna Km 7, Tena, Napo, Ecuador
| | - Jose R. Almeida
- Universidad Regional Amazonica IKIAM, Via Muyuna Km 7, Tena, Napo, Ecuador
| | - Rodrigo G. Stabeli
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoleculas Aplicadas a Saude, CEBio, Fiocruz Rondonia, FIOCRUZ e Universidade Federal de Rondonia, UNIR, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | - Juliana P. Zuliani
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoleculas Aplicadas a Saude, CEBio, Fiocruz Rondonia, FIOCRUZ e Universidade Federal de Rondonia, UNIR, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | - Andreimar M. Soares
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoleculas Aplicadas a Saude, CEBio, Fiocruz Rondonia, FIOCRUZ e Universidade Federal de Rondonia, UNIR, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Diniz-Sousa R, Kayano AM, Caldeira CA, Simões-Silva R, Monteiro MC, Moreira-Dill LS, Grabner FP, Calderon LA, Zuliani JP, Stábeli RG, Soares AM. Biochemical characterization of a phospholipase A 2 homologue from the venom of the social wasp Polybia occidentalis. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2018; 24:5. [PMID: 29467796 PMCID: PMC5815181 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-018-0143-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wasp venoms constitute a molecular reservoir of new pharmacological substances such as peptides and proteins, biological property holders, many of which are yet to be identified. Exploring these sources may lead to the discovery of molecules hitherto unknown. This study describes, for the first time in hymenopteran venoms, the identification of an enzymatically inactive phospholipase A2 (PLA2) from the venom of the social wasp Polybia occidentalis. Methods P. occidentalis venom was fractioned by molecular exclusion and reverse phase chromatography. For the biochemical characterization of the protein, 1D and 2D SDS-PAGE were performed, along with phospholipase activity assays on synthetic substrates, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and sequencing by Edman degradation. Results The protein, called PocTX, was isolated using two chromatographic steps. Based on the phospholipase activity assay, electrophoresis and mass spectrometry, the protein presented a high degree of purity, with a mass of 13,896.47 Da and a basic pI. After sequencing by the Edman degradation method, it was found that the protein showed a high identity with snake venom PLA2 homologues. Conclusion This is the first report of an enzymatically inactive PLA2 isolated from wasp venom, similar to snake PLA2 homologues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Diniz-Sousa
- Center for the Study of Biomolecules Applicable to Health (CEBio), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - Rondônia (Fiocruz - Rondônia), Porto Velho, RO Brazil.,2Department of Medicine, Federal University of Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO Brazil.,3Postgraduate Program in Experimental Biology (PGBIOEXP), Federal University of Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO Brazil.,São Lucas University Center (UniSL), Porto Velho, RO Brazil
| | - Anderson M Kayano
- Center for the Study of Biomolecules Applicable to Health (CEBio), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - Rondônia (Fiocruz - Rondônia), Porto Velho, RO Brazil.,2Department of Medicine, Federal University of Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO Brazil
| | - Cleópatra A Caldeira
- Center for the Study of Biomolecules Applicable to Health (CEBio), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - Rondônia (Fiocruz - Rondônia), Porto Velho, RO Brazil.,2Department of Medicine, Federal University of Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO Brazil.,5Postgraduate Program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Bionorte Network, Federal University of Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Simões-Silva
- Center for the Study of Biomolecules Applicable to Health (CEBio), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - Rondônia (Fiocruz - Rondônia), Porto Velho, RO Brazil.,2Department of Medicine, Federal University of Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO Brazil
| | - Marta C Monteiro
- 6School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, PA Brazil
| | - Leandro S Moreira-Dill
- Center for the Study of Biomolecules Applicable to Health (CEBio), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - Rondônia (Fiocruz - Rondônia), Porto Velho, RO Brazil.,2Department of Medicine, Federal University of Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO Brazil
| | - Fernando P Grabner
- Center for the Study of Biomolecules Applicable to Health (CEBio), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - Rondônia (Fiocruz - Rondônia), Porto Velho, RO Brazil.,São Lucas University Center (UniSL), Porto Velho, RO Brazil
| | - Leonardo A Calderon
- Center for the Study of Biomolecules Applicable to Health (CEBio), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - Rondônia (Fiocruz - Rondônia), Porto Velho, RO Brazil.,2Department of Medicine, Federal University of Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO Brazil
| | - Juliana P Zuliani
- Center for the Study of Biomolecules Applicable to Health (CEBio), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - Rondônia (Fiocruz - Rondônia), Porto Velho, RO Brazil.,2Department of Medicine, Federal University of Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO Brazil
| | - Rodrigo G Stábeli
- Center for the Study of Biomolecules Applicable to Health (CEBio), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - Rondônia (Fiocruz - Rondônia), Porto Velho, RO Brazil.,7Department of Medicine, UFSCar, São Carlos, Center of Translational Medicine, Fiocruz - SP, and School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andreimar M Soares
- Center for the Study of Biomolecules Applicable to Health (CEBio), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - Rondônia (Fiocruz - Rondônia), Porto Velho, RO Brazil.,2Department of Medicine, Federal University of Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO Brazil.,São Lucas University Center (UniSL), Porto Velho, RO Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Grabner AN, Alfonso J, Kayano AM, Moreira-Dill LS, dos Santos APDA, Caldeira CA, Sobrinho JC, Gómez A, Grabner FP, Cardoso FF, Zuliani JP, Fontes MR, Pimenta DC, Gómez CV, Teles CB, Soares AM, Calderon LA. BmajPLA 2 -II, a basic Lys49-phospholipase A 2 homologue from Bothrops marajoensis snake venom with parasiticidal potential. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 102:571-581. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
8
|
Prado NDR, Pereira SS, da Silva MP, Morais MSS, Kayano AM, Moreira-Dill LS, Luiz MB, Zanchi FB, Fuly AL, E. F. Huacca M, Fernandes CF, Calderon LA, Zuliani JP, Pereira da Silva LH, Soares AM, Stabeli RG, F. C. Fernandes C. Inhibition of the Myotoxicity Induced by Bothrops jararacussu Venom and Isolated Phospholipases A2 by Specific Camelid Single-Domain Antibody Fragments. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151363. [PMID: 27028872 PMCID: PMC4814101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antivenoms, produced using animal hyperimmune plasma, remains the standard therapy for snakebites. Although effective against systemic damages, conventional antivenoms have limited efficacy against local tissue damage. Additionally, the hypersensitivity reactions, often elicited by antivenoms, the high costs for animal maintenance, the difficulty of producing homogeneous lots, and the instability of biological products instigate the search for innovative products for antivenom therapy. In this study, camelid antibody fragments (VHH) with specificity to Bothropstoxin I and II (BthTX-I and BthTX-II), two myotoxic phospholipases from Bothrops jararacussu venom, were selected from an immune VHH phage display library. After biopanning, 28 and 6 clones recognized BthTX-I and BthTX-II by ELISA, respectively. Complementarity determining regions (CDRs) and immunoglobulin frameworks (FRs) of 13 VHH-deduced amino acid sequences were identified, as well as the camelid hallmark amino acid substitutions in FR2. Three VHH clones (KF498607, KF498608, and KC329718) were capable of recognizing BthTX-I by Western blot and showed affinity constants in the nanomolar range against both toxins. VHHs inhibited the BthTX-II phospholipase A2 activity, and when tested for cross-reactivity, presented specificity to the Bothrops genus in ELISA. Furthermore, two clones (KC329718 and KF498607) neutralized the myotoxic effects induced by B. jararacussu venom, BthTX-I, BthTX-II, and by a myotoxin from Bothrops brazili venom (MTX-I) in mice. Molecular docking revealed that VHH CDRs are expected to bind the C-terminal of both toxins, essential for myotoxic activity, and to epitopes in the BthTX-II enzymatic cleft. Identified VHHs could be a biotechnological tool to improve the treatment for snake envenomation, an important and neglected world public health problem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Marcos B. Luiz
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | | | - André L. Fuly
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, UFF, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Leonardo A. Calderon
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | - Juliana P. Zuliani
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rodrigo G. Stabeli
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | - Carla F. C. Fernandes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisa em Medicina Tropical, CEPEM, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Guimaraes CLS, Moreira-Dill LS, Fernandes RS, Costa TR, Hage-Melim LIS, Marcussi S, Carvalho BMA, da Silva SL, Zuliani JP, Fernandes CFC, Calderon LA, Soares AM, Stabeli RG. Biodiversity as a source of bioactive compounds against snakebites. Curr Med Chem 2015; 21:2952-79. [PMID: 24164199 DOI: 10.2174/09298673113206660295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Snakebites are a frequently neglected public health issue in tropical and subtropical countries. According to the World Health Organization, 5 million people are bitten annually including up to 2.5 million envenomations. Treatment with antivenom serum remains the only specific therapy for snakebite envenomation. However, it is heterologous and therefore liable to cause adverse reactions, such as early anaphylactic, pyrogenic and delayed reactions. In order to develop alternatives to the current therapy, researchers have been looking for natural products and plant extracts with antimyotoxic, anti-hemorrhagic and anti-inflammatory properties. Especially due to the role the physiopathological processes triggered by snake toxins, play in paralysis, bleeding disorders, kidney failure and tissue damage. Considering the fact that studies involving snake toxins and specific inhibitors, particularly on a molecular level, are the main key to understand neutralization mechanisms and to propose models or prototypes for an alternative therapy, this article presents efforts made by the scientific community in order to produce validated data regarding 87 compounds and plant extracts obtained from 79 species. These plants, which belong to 63 genera and 40 families, have been used by traditional medicine as alternatives or complements to the current serum therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rodrigo G Stabeli
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoleculas Aplicadas a Saude, CEBio, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondonia, e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondonia, UNIR, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Macedo SRA, de Barros NB, Ferreira AS, Moreira-Dill LS, Calderon LA, Soares AM, Nicolete R. Biodegradable microparticles containing crotamine isolated from Crotalus durissus terrificus display antileishmanial activity in vitro. Pharmacology 2015; 95:78-86. [PMID: 25633844 DOI: 10.1159/000371391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS To evaluate antileishmanial activity of crotamine, a toxin isolated from Crotalus durissus terrificus, in solution form and encapsulated in biodegradable microparticles in vitro. METHODS Particles were analyzed on-chip by surface plasmon resonance and characterized by testing their diameters, zeta potential and encapsulation rate. The viability of promastigotes as well as murine macrophages was assessed. Furthermore, the phagocytic index was determined for macrophages, and cell supernatants were collected for the determination of TNF-α levels. An infection assay using Leishmania amazonensis-infected macrophages was also conducted. RESULTS The diameters and zeta potential of control particles (1.35 μm; -12.3 mV) and of those containing crotamine (3.09 μm; -20.9 mV) were adequate for the assays conducted. Crotamine-loaded particles were better captured by macrophages than control particles (increase of 12% in the phagocytic index), leading to increased TNF-α levels (196 pg/ml), and they also induced a significant decrease in the numbers of amastigotes compared to infected macrophages only. CONCLUSION The approach presented here opens the possibility of working with safe concentrations of encapsulated toxins to reach antileishmanial effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Rose A Macedo
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pereira SS, Moreira-Dill LS, Morais MSS, Prado NDR, Barros ML, Koishi AC, Mazarrotto GACA, Gonçalves GM, Zuliani JP, Calderon LA, Soares AM, Pereira da Silva LH, Duarte dos Santos CN, Fernandes CFC, Stabeli RG. Novel camelid antibody fragments targeting recombinant nucleoprotein of Araucaria hantavirus: a prototype for an early diagnosis of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108067. [PMID: 25243411 PMCID: PMC4171512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to conventional antibodies, camelids produce immunoglobulins G composed exclusively of heavy chains in which the antigen binding site is formed only by single domains called VHH. Their particular characteristics make VHHs interesting tools for drug-delivery, passive immunotherapy and high-throughput diagnosis. Hantaviruses are rodent-borne viruses of the Bunyaviridae family. Two clinical forms of the infection are known. Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS) is present in the Old World, while Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) is found on the American continent. There is no specific treatment for HPS and its diagnosis is carried out by molecular or serological techniques, using mainly monoclonal antibodies or hantavirus nucleoprotein (N) to detect IgM and IgG in patient serum. This study proposes the use of camelid VHHs to develop alternative methods for diagnosing and confirming HPS. Phage display technology was employed to obtain VHHs. After immunizing one Lama glama against the recombinant N protein (prNΔ85) of a Brazilian hantavirus strain, VHH regions were isolated to construct an immune library. VHHs were displayed fused to the M13KO7 phage coat protein III and the selection steps were performed on immobilized prNΔ85. After selection, eighty clones recognized specifically the N protein. These were sequenced, grouped based mainly on the CDRs, and five clones were analyzed by western blot (WB), surface plasmon resonance (SPR) device, and ELISA. Besides the ability to recognize prNΔ85 by WB, all selected clones showed affinity constants in the nanomolar range. Additionaly, the clone KC329705 is able to detect prNΔ85 in solution, as well as the native viral antigen. Findings support the hypothesis that selected VHHs could be a powerful tool in the development of rapid and accurate HPS diagnostic assays, which are essential to provide supportive care to patients and reduce the high mortality rate associated with hantavirus infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marcos L. Barros
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Juliana P. Zuliani
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Leonardo A. Calderon
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Carla F. C. Fernandes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisa em Medicina Tropical, CEPEM, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
- * E-mail: (RGS); (CFCF)
| | - Rodrigo G. Stabeli
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
- * E-mail: (RGS); (CFCF)
| |
Collapse
|