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Tasima LJ, Lima EOVD, Hatakeyama DM, Vidueiros JP, Stuginski DR, Grego KF, Tanaka-Azevedo AM. Seasonality in Crotalus durissus venom. Toxicon 2024; 244:107748. [PMID: 38710309 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Rattlesnakes belonging to the genus Crotalus are widely distributed throughout the Americas. In Brazil, symptoms commonly associated with envenomation by Crotalus durissus collilineatus include myalgia, rhabdomyolysis, renal failure, neurotoxicity, and progressive paralysis, which are related to the protein composition of this venom. Snake venom composition exhibits compositional variability that may reflect geographic distribution, age, captivity, diet, sex, and even individual genetics. Although seasonality is also considered a possible source of variation, there are few reports of such variability in snake venom. In this work, venoms of the same eight C. durissus collilineatus were extracted every three months for two years, to analyze seasonal changes in composition and activities. To this end, venom composition was analyzed by protein quantification, SDS-PAGE, and HPLC, and the LAAO, PLA2 and coagulant activities were measured. Venoms of these C. d. collilineatus showed minor seasonal differences in venom activities and no composition differences were found. LAAO and coagulant activities displayed a pattern of seasonal change, while PLA2 activity seemed to have no seasonality tendency. Also, there are sexual differences, in which males seem to be more stable than females in regard to some activities. Individual variability occurs even in seasonal variation of activities, highlighting the importance of controlling circumstances of venom extraction before comparing results between groups of snakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Jorge Tasima
- Laboratory of Herpetology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, 05503-900, SP, Brazil; Interunidades Em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas-Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas-Instituto Butantan, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Oliveira Venâncio de Lima
- Laboratory of Herpetology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, 05503-900, SP, Brazil; Interunidades Em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas-Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas-Instituto Butantan, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniela Miki Hatakeyama
- Laboratory of Herpetology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, 05503-900, SP, Brazil; Interunidades Em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas-Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas-Instituto Butantan, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-900, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Anita Mitico Tanaka-Azevedo
- Laboratory of Herpetology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, 05503-900, SP, Brazil; Interunidades Em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas-Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas-Instituto Butantan, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-900, SP, Brazil.
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Serino-Silva C, Bittencourt Rodrigues CF, Miyamoto JG, Hatakeyama DM, Kavazoi VK, Da Rocha MMT, Tanaka AS, Tashima AK, de Morais-Zani K, Grego KF, Tanaka-Azevedo AM. Proteomics and life-history variability of Endogenous Phospholipases A2 Inhibitors (PLIs) in Bothrops jararaca plasma. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0295806. [PMID: 38319909 PMCID: PMC10846723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
In Brazil, the genus Bothrops is responsible for most ophidian accidents. Snake venoms have a wide variety of proteins and peptides exhibiting a broad repertoire of pharmacological and toxic effects that elicit systemic injury and characteristic local effects. The snakes' natural resistance to envenomation caused by the presence of inhibitory compounds on their plasma have been extensively studied. However, the presence of these inhibitors in different developmental stages is yet to be further discussed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ontogeny of Bothrops jararaca plasma inhibitor composition and, to this end, plasma samples of B. jararaca were obtained from different developmental stages (neonates, youngs, and adults) and sexes (female and male). SDS-PAGE, Western blotting, affinity chromatography, and mass spectrometry were performed to analyze the protein profile and interaction between B. jararaca plasma and venom proteins. In addition, the presence of γBjPLI, a PLA2 inhibitor previously identified and characterized in B. jararaca serum, was confirmed by Western blotting. According to our results, 9-17% of plasma proteins were capable of binding to venom proteins in the three developmental stages. The presence of different endogenous inhibitors and, more specifically, different PLA2 inhibitor (PLI) classes and antihemorrhagic factors were confirmed in specimens of B. jararaca from newborn by mass spectrometry. For the first time, the αPLI and βPLI were detected in B. jararaca plasma, although low or no ontogenetic and sexual correlation were found. The γPLI were more abundant in adult female, than in neonate and young female, but similar to neonate, young and adult male according to the results of mass spectrometry analysis. Our results suggest that there are proteins in the plasma of these animals that can help counteract the effects of self-envenomation from birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Serino-Silva
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia (PPIB—IPT, IBU and USP), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Caroline Fabri Bittencourt Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia (PPIB—IPT, IBU and USP), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela Miki Hatakeyama
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia (PPIB—IPT, IBU and USP), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Victor Koiti Kavazoi
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia (PPIB—IPT, IBU and USP), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Aparecida Sadae Tanaka
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Keiji Tashima
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Hatakeyama DM, Jorge Tasima L, da Costa Galizio N, Serino-Silva C, Fabri Bittencourt Rodrigues C, Rodrigues Stuginski D, Stefanini Sant’Anna S, Fernandes Grego K, Tashima AK, Nishiduka ES, de Morais-Zani K, Tanaka-Azevedo AM. From birth to adulthood: An analysis of the Brazilian lancehead (Bothrops moojeni) venom at different life stages. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253050. [PMID: 34111213 PMCID: PMC8191990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Brazilian lancehead (Bothrops moojeni) has a wide distribution in Brazil and represents a serious public health hazard. Previous works reported that the symptoms of snakebites caused by B. moojeni juveniles’ bites were mainly related to coagulation, while those caused by adults’ bites had a more prominent local damage. In this work, we analyzed the venoms of B. moojeni at different life stages to better understand the ontogeny shift in this species. Snakes were grouped by age and sex, and venom pools were formed accordingly. Compositional analyses by one-dimensional electrophoresis (1-DE), chromatography, and mass spectrometry revealed that ontogenetic changes might be mostly related to phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and metalloproteases. Regarding the venoms functional aspect, proteolytic, L-amino acid oxidase, PLA2, and coagulant in vitro activities were assayed, but only the first and the last ones showed age-related changes, with the venom of snakes up to 1 year-old displaying lower proteolytic and higher coagulant activities, while those from 2 years-old onward presented the opposite relation. The venoms of 3 years-old snakes were exceptions to the compositional and functional pattern of adults as both venoms presented profiles similar to neonates. Sex-related differences were observed in specific groups and were not age-related. In vivo experiments (median lethal dose and hemorrhagic activity) were statistically similar between neonates and adults, however we verified that the adult venom killed mice faster comparing to the neonates. All venoms were mostly recognized by the antibothropic serum and displayed similar profiles to 1-DE in western blotting. In conclusion, the Brazilian lancehead venom showed ontogenetic shift in its composition and activities. Furthermore, this change occurred in snakes from 1 to 2 years-old, and interestingly the venom pools from 3 years-old snakes had particular characteristics, which highlights the importance of comprehensive studies to better understand venom variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Miki Hatakeyama
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lídia Jorge Tasima
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nathália da Costa Galizio
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline Serino-Silva
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline Fabri Bittencourt Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Karen de Morais-Zani
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anita Mitico Tanaka-Azevedo
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Lima EOVD, Tasima LJ, Hatakeyama DM, Serino-Silva C, Rodrigues CFB, Galizio NDC, Chiarelli T, Nishiduka ES, Rocha MMTD, Sant'Anna SS, Grego KF, Tashima AK, Tanaka-Azevedo AM, Morais-Zani KD. Snake venom color and L-amino acid oxidase: An evidence of long-term captive Crotalus durissus terrificus venom plasticity. Toxicon 2021; 193:73-83. [PMID: 33515573 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The venom color variation of Crotalus durissus terrificus (Cdt) is attributed to the presence of the toxin L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO). During the venom milking routine of Instituto Butantan, we have noticed that most venoms of captive Cdt specimens show a yellowish color, while most venoms of wild specimens are white. Here we describe a comparative analysis of long-term captive (LTC) and recently wild-caught (RWC) Cdt, focusing on LAAO variation. For the identification of LAAO in individual venoms, four different approaches were employed: evaluation of the enzymatic activity, SDS-PAGE, Western blotting, and ELISA. In addition, mass spectrometry analysis was performed using pooled samples. Although some variation among these methodologies was observed, it was possible to notice that the presence of LAAO was significantly higher in the venom of LTC individuals. LAAO was identified in 60-80% LTC specimens and in only 10-12% of RWC specimens. Furthermore, this enzyme accounts for 5.6% of total venom proteins of LTC Cdt pooled venom, while it corresponds to only 0.7% of RWC Cdt pooled venom. These findings strongly suggest that captive maintenance increases the expression of LAAO in Cdt venom.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lídia Jorge Tasima
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil; Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Miki Hatakeyama
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil; Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline Serino-Silva
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil; Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline Fabri Bittencourt Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil; Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nathália da Costa Galizio
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil; Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tassia Chiarelli
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Anita Mitico Tanaka-Azevedo
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil; Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karen de Morais-Zani
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil; Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Hatakeyama DM, Tasima LJ, Bravo-Tobar CA, Serino-Silva C, Tashima AK, Rodrigues CFB, Aguiar WDS, Galizio NDC, de Lima EOV, Kavazoi VK, Gutierrez-Marín JD, de Farias IB, Sant'Anna SS, Grego KF, de Morais-Zani K, Tanaka-Azevedo AM. Venom complexity of Bothrops atrox (common lancehead) siblings. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2020; 26:e20200018. [PMID: 33101399 PMCID: PMC7553035 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2020-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Variability in snake venoms is a well-studied phenomenon. However, sex-based variation of Bothrops atrox snake venom using siblings is poorly investigated. Bothrops atrox is responsible for the majority of snakebite accidents in the Brazilian Amazon region. Differences in the venom composition of Bothrops genus have been linked to several factors such as ontogeny, geographical distribution, prey preferences and sex. Thus, in the current study, venom samples of Bothrops atrox male and female siblings were analyzed in order to compare their biochemical and biological characteristics. Methods: Venoms were collected from five females and four males born from a snake captured from the wild in São Bento (Maranhão, Brazil), and kept in the Laboratory of Herpetology of Butantan Intitute. The venoms were analyzed individually and as a pool of each gender. The assays consisted in protein quantification, 1-DE, mass spectrometry, proteolytic, phospholipase A2, L-amino acid oxidase activities, minimum coagulant dose upon plasma, minimum hemorrhagic dose and lethal dose 50%. Results: Electrophoretic profiles of male’s and female’s venom pools were quite similar, with minor sex-based variation. Male venom showed higher LAAO, PLA2 and hemorrhagic activities, while female venom showed higher coagulant activity. On the other hand, the proteolytic activities did not show statistical differences between pools, although some individual variations were observed. Meanwhile, proteomic profile revealed 112 different protein compounds; of which 105 were common proteins of female’s and male’s venom pools and seven were unique to females. Despite individual variations, lethality of both pools showed similar values. Conclusion: Although differences between female and male venoms were observed, our results show that individual variations are significant even between siblings, highlighting that biological activities of venoms and its composition are influenced by other factors beyond gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Miki Hatakeyama
- Laboratory of Herpetology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Interinstitutional Graduate Program in Biotechnology (IPT, IBU and USP), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lídia Jorge Tasima
- Laboratory of Herpetology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Interinstitutional Graduate Program in Biotechnology (IPT, IBU and USP), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cesar Adolfo Bravo-Tobar
- Laboratory of Herpetology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Interinstitutional Graduate Program in Biotechnology (IPT, IBU and USP), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Caroline Serino-Silva
- Laboratory of Herpetology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Interinstitutional Graduate Program in Biotechnology (IPT, IBU and USP), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Keiji Tashima
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Caroline Fabri Bittencourt Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Herpetology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Interinstitutional Graduate Program in Biotechnology (IPT, IBU and USP), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Weslei da Silva Aguiar
- Laboratory of Herpetology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Interinstitutional Graduate Program in Biotechnology (IPT, IBU and USP), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Nathália da Costa Galizio
- Laboratory of Herpetology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Interinstitutional Graduate Program in Biotechnology (IPT, IBU and USP), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Victor Koiti Kavazoi
- Laboratory of Herpetology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Interinstitutional Graduate Program in Biotechnology (IPT, IBU and USP), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Juan David Gutierrez-Marín
- Laboratory of Herpetology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Interinstitutional Graduate Program in Biotechnology (IPT, IBU and USP), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Iasmim Baptista de Farias
- Laboratory of Herpetology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Interinstitutional Graduate Program in Biotechnology (IPT, IBU and USP), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Karen de Morais-Zani
- Laboratory of Herpetology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Interinstitutional Graduate Program in Biotechnology (IPT, IBU and USP), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Anita Mitico Tanaka-Azevedo
- Laboratory of Herpetology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Interinstitutional Graduate Program in Biotechnology (IPT, IBU and USP), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Galizio N, Aguiar W, Chiarelli T, Serino-Silva C, Rodrigues CFB, Hatakeyama DM, de Carvalho Francisco Alves L, Tashima AK, Sant'Anna SS, Grego KF, Tanaka-Azevedo AM, de Morais-Zani K. Are you what you eat? The influence of diet on compositional and functional activities of Bothrops moojeni snakes submitted to diet shift. Toxicon 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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7
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Venancio De Lima EO, Tasima LJ, Hatakeyama DM, Da Costa Galizio N, Silva CS, Sant'anna SS, Grego KF, Tanaka Azevedo AM, De Morais Zani K. Does captivity influence the presence of LAAO in the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus? Toxicon 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.06.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kavazoi VK, Hatakeyama DM, Serino-Silva C, Bittencourt Rodrigues CF, Grego KF, Morais-Zani K, Tanaka-Azevedo AM. Identification and purification of Phospholipase A2 Inhibitors (PLIs) from snake blood maintained in the Laboratory of Herpetology of Butantan Institute. Toxicon 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.06.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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9
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Hatakeyama DM, Da Costa Galizio N, Tasima LJ, Sant'anna SS, De Morais Zani K, Tanaka Azevedo AM. Bothrops moojeni snake venom: an ontogenetic approach of composition and proteolytic and coagulant activities. Toxicon 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.06.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Tasima LJ, de Morais Zani K, Hatakeyama DM, Sant'Anna SS, Grego KF, Tanaka Azevedo AM. Comparison of Crotalus durissus venom from captive specimens and the Brazilian crotalic reference venom. Toxicon 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.11.392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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