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Bannaga AS, Tyagi H, Daulton E, Covington JA, Arasaradnam RP. Exploratory Study Using Urinary Volatile Organic Compounds for the Detection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Molecules 2021; 26:2447. [PMID: 33922256 PMCID: PMC8122735 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) biomarkers are lacking in clinical practice. We therefore explored the pattern and composition of urinary volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in HCC patients. This was done in order to assess the feasibility of a potential non-invasive test for HCC, and to enhance our understanding of the disease. This pilot study recruited 58 participants, of whom 20 were HCC cases and 38 were non-HCC cases. The non-HCC cases included healthy individuals and patients with various stages of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), including those with and without fibrosis. Urine was analysed using gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) and gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS). GC-IMS was able to separate HCC from fibrotic cases with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.97 (0.91-1.00), and from non-fibrotic cases with an AUC of 0.62 (0.48-0.76). For GC-TOF-MS, a subset of samples was analysed in which seven chemicals were identified and tentatively linked with HCC. These include 4-methyl-2,4-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)pent-1-ene (2TMS derivative), 2-butanone, 2-hexanone, benzene, 1-ethyl-2-methyl-, 3-butene-1,2-diol, 1-(2-furanyl)-, bicyclo(4.1.0)heptane, 3,7,7-trimethyl-, [1S-(1a,3β,6a)]-, and sulpiride. Urinary VOC analysis using both GC-IMS and GC-TOF-MS proved to be a feasible method of identifying HCC cases, and was also able to enhance our understanding of HCC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman S. Bannaga
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK;
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7HL, UK
| | - Heena Tyagi
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (H.T.); (E.D.); (J.A.C.)
| | - Emma Daulton
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (H.T.); (E.D.); (J.A.C.)
| | - James A. Covington
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (H.T.); (E.D.); (J.A.C.)
| | - Ramesh P. Arasaradnam
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK;
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7HL, UK
- Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
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Cheng X, Luo R, Wang G, Xu CJ, Feng X, Yang RH, Ding E, He YQ, Chuai M, Lee KKH, Yang X. Effects of 2,5-hexanedione on angiogenesis and vasculogenesis in chick embryos. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 51:79-89. [PMID: 25549948 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
n-Hexane is widely used in industry and its metabolite, 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD), has been implicated as a neural toxin in the developing fetus. Using the chick embryo model, we have previously revealed the neurotoxicity of 2,5-HD during development and established that high dose of 2,5-HD was embryo lethal. In view of the close linkage in biology for neurogenesis and angiogenesis, we speculated that it was most likely caused by cardiovascular dysplasia, therefore in this study, we investigated the effects of 2,5-HD on the development of the vasculature, which involves vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Using gastrulating chick embryos as a model, we demonstrated that the hemangioblasts (precursor of hematopoietic and endothelial cells) migrated to the area opaca where they form the blood islands. However, this process was impaired when the embryos were treated with 2,5-HD, suggesting that 2,5-HD is capable of impairing vasculogenesis. To study the effect of 2,5-HD exposure on angiogenesis, we used the chick yolk-sac membrane (YSM) and chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) models. We found that, at low (0.02M) concentration, 2,5-HD stimulated angiogenesis while at higher concentrations (>0.1M) it inhibited this process. This biphasic response of angiogenesis to 2,5-HD exposure was found to be associated with altered expression of the VEGF-R, FGF-2 and angiogenin. Moreover, we also determined that 2,5-HD exposure increased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. In conclusion, 2,5-HD could induce dysplasia in the developing vasculature, which in turn could cause extravascular hemolysis and the embryos to die.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cheng
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Rong Luo
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Guang Wang
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Chang-Jun Xu
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xin Feng
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ren-Hao Yang
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - E Ding
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yan-Qing He
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Manli Chuai
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Kenneth Ka Ho Lee
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Xuesong Yang
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Cheng X, Wang G, Ma ZL, Chen YY, Fan JJ, Zhang ZL, Lee KKH, Luo HM, Yang X. Exposure to 2,5-hexanedione can induce neural malformations in chick embryos. Neurotoxicology 2012; 33:1239-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Jiménez-Garza O, Márquez-Gamiño S, Albores A, Caudillo-Cisneros C, Carrieri M, Bartolucci GB, Manno M. CYP2E1 phenotype in Mexican workers occupationally exposed to low levels of toluene. Toxicol Lett 2012; 210:254-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Kim MS, Park HR, Park M, Kim SJ, Kwon M, Yu BP, Chung HY, Kim HS, Kwack SJ, Kang TS, Kim SH, Lee J. Neurotoxic effect of 2,5-hexanedione on neural progenitor cells and hippocampal neurogenesis. Toxicology 2009; 260:97-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Revised: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Nong A, McCarver DG, Hines RN, Krishnan K. Modeling interchild differences in pharmacokinetics on the basis of subject-specific data on physiology and hepatic CYP2E1 levels: A case study with toluene. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2006; 214:78-87. [PMID: 16464483 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2005.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2005] [Revised: 12/05/2005] [Accepted: 12/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the magnitude of interindividual variability in the internal dose of toluene in children of various age groups, on the basis of subject-specific hepatic CYP2E1 content and physiology. The methodology involved the use of a previously validated physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model, in which the intrinsic clearance for hepatic metabolism (CL(int)) was expressed in terms of the CYP2E1 content. The adult toluene PBPK model, with enzyme content-normalized CL(int), facilitated the calculation of child-specific CL(int) based on knowledge of hepatic CYP2E1 protein levels. The child-specific physiological parameters, except liver volume, were computed with knowledge of age and body weight, whereas physicochemical parameters for toluene were kept age-invariant based on available data. The actual individual-specific liver volume (autopsy data) was also included in the model. The resulting model was used to simulate the blood concentration profiles in children exposed by inhalation, to 1 ppm toluene for 24 h. For this exposure scenario, the area under the venous blood concentration vs. time curve (AUC) ranged from 0.30 to 1.01 microg/ml x h in neonates with low CYP2E1 concentration (<3.69 pmol/mg protein). The simulations indicated that neonates with higher levels of CYP2E1 (4.33 to 55.93 pmol/mg protein) as well as older children would have lower AUC (0.16 to 0.43 microg/ml x h). The latter values were closer to those simulated for adults. Similar results were also obtained for 7 h exposure to 17 ppm toluene, a scenario previously evaluated in human volunteers. The interindividual variability factor for each subgroup of children and adults, calculated as the ratio of the 95th and 50th percentile values of AUC, was within a factor of 2. The 95th percentile value of the low metabolizing neonate group, however, was greater than the mean adult AUC by a factor of 3.9. This study demonstrates the feasibility of incorporating subject-specific data on hepatic CYP2E1 content and physiology within PBPK models for evaluating the age, interchild and population variability of internal dose for use in risk assessment of inhaled volatile organics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nong
- Occupational and Environmental Health, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Nakajima T. Cytochrome P450 Isoforms and the Metabolism of Volatile Hydrocarbons of Low Relative Molecular Mass. J Occup Health 2006. [DOI: 10.1539/joh.39.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tamie Nakajima
- Department of HygieneShinshu University School of Medicine
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Nakajima T, Wang RS, Ito Y, Aoyama T, Kamijima M. A review of hazardous chemical toxicity studies utilizing genetically-modified animals--their applications for risk assessment. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2005; 43:615-22. [PMID: 16294915 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.43.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Studies on the mechanisms of chemical toxicity carried out using knockout mice lacking genes of enzymes for drug metabolism or nuclear receptor proteins were reviewed, and the studies were compared with the respective conventional mechanistic studies. While the toxicity of many hazardous chemicals was observed only in wild-type or knockout mice, which clearly showed that their toxicity was involved in the enzyme or receptor, some chemicals exhibited the same degree of toxicity in two genotypes, i.e., in both the wild strain and knockout mice, demonstrating that the enzymes or receptors are not involved in their toxicity. The use of genetically-modified animals presents not only the advantage of simultaneous evaluation of toxicity endpoints and mechanisms, but also suggests significant benefits over conventional methods using several chemicals to elucidate toxicity mechanisms. Elucidation of the mechanism of toxicity will provide useful information for risk assessment, and the use of genetically-modified animals for this purpose will lead to the advancement of this assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamie Nakajima
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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Abstract
This article reviews, with an emphasis on human experimental data, factors known or suspected to cause changes in the toxicokinetics of organic solvents. Such changes in the toxicokinetic pattern alters the relation between external exposure and target dose and thus may explain some of the observed individual variability in susceptibility to toxic effects. Factors shown to modify the uptake, distribution, biotransformation, or excretion of solvent include physical activity (work load), body composition, age, sex, genetic polymorphism of the biotransformation, ethnicity, diet, smoking, drug treatment, and coexposure to ethanol and other solvents. A better understanding of modifying factors is needed for several reasons. First, it may help in identifying important potential confounders and eliminating negligible ones. Second, the risk assessment process may be improved if different sources of variability between external exposures and target doses can be quantitatively assessed. Third, biological exposure monitoring may be also improved for the same reason.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Löf
- Department of Occupational Medicine, National Institute for Working Life, Solna, Sweden
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Nims RW, Lubet RA. Induction of cytochrome P-450 in the Norway rat, Rattus norvegicus, following exposure to potential environmental contaminants. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1995; 46:271-92. [PMID: 7473857 DOI: 10.1080/15287399509532035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P-450 (CYP) induction (consisting of increases in cellular RNA and protein content and associated catalytic activities) occurs predominantly in the liver, but also in small intestine, lung, kidney, and placenta, of Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) exposed to certain types of potential environmental contaminants. The specific isoform(s) induced in the rat and the magnitudes of the increases observed depend upon the chemical nature of the xenobiotic. For instance, the predominant isoforms induced by nonhalogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as petroleum derivatives and coal-tar constituents such as the benzopyrenes and the anthracenes, are those of the CYP1A subfamily. Polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, such as the halogenated dibenzodioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls, may cause the induction of predominantly the CYP1A subfamily, predominantly the CYP2B subfamily, or mixed CYP1A- and CYP2B-type induction, depending upon the halogen substitution pattern. In contrast, the chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, such as DDT, dieldrin, chlordane, and mirex, cause almost exclusively the induction of isoforms of the CYP2B (and to a lesser extent the CYP3A) subfamilies. The commonly employed plasticizing agent di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate elicits predominantly induction of the CYP4A subfamily. Those xenobiotics that would be expected to be the most pervasive environmental contaminants are typically those that have also been found to cause the most profound CYP induction responses. Such chemicals are extremely lipophilic and tend to accumulate in animal tissues, especially fatty tissues such as the liver. The hepatic CYP induction response to such potential environmental contaminants is typical of the animals' response to lipophilic xenobiotics in general, and serves as a mechanism by which the excretion of such compounds from the body is facilitated.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Nims
- In Vitro Toxicology, Microbiological Associates, Inc., Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
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Wang RS, Nakajima T, Park SS, Gelboin HV, Murayama N. Monoclonal antibody-directed assessment of toluene induction of rat hepatic cytochrome P450 isozymes. Biochem Pharmacol 1993; 46:413-9. [PMID: 8347164 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(93)90517-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 isozymes induced in rat liver by a range of concentrations of toluene were studied with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to specific P450 isozymes and by enzyme assays. Nitrosodimethylamine demethylase activity was significantly increased in microsomes from rats exposed to more than 1000 ppm of toluene, an increase that was dose-dependent. Anti-CYP2E1 significantly inhibited the metabolism of toluene to benzyl alcohol (BA) by about 50%, in microsomes from 1000 to 4000 ppm toluene-exposed rats, at low substrate concentration (0.2 mM). With anti-CYP2B1/2, the rate of BA formation was decreased by 15-17% in microsomes from rats of 2000 and 4000 ppm toluene exposures at high substrate concentration (5.0 mM). On the other hand, anti-CYP2C11/6 inhibited the rate of formation of BA in all of the microsomes, but the extent of inhibition was progressively decreased from 55% in control to 33% in 4000 ppm exposure. Immunoblot analysis with anti-CYP2E1 and anti-CYP2B1/2 revealed stronger immunoreactive bands in microsomes from rats exposed to more than 1000 and 2000 ppm of toluene, respectively. Stronger bands were also observed in microsomes from rats of 2000-4000 ppm toluene exposures with anti-CYP3A1/2, but no immunoreactivity appeared with anti-CYP1A1/2. These results suggest that toluene induces CYP2E1, CYP2B1/2 and CYP3A1/2, but reduces CYP2C11/6, and has no effect on CYP1A1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Wang
- Department of Hygiene, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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12
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Abstract
Numerous halogenated hydrocarbons of the alkane, alkene, and alkyne classes are metabolized by P450 enzymes to products that elicit cytotoxic and/or carcinogenic effects. Such halogenated hydrocarbons include anesthetics (e.g., halothane and enflurane) and industrial solvents (e.g., carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, and vinylidine chloride). Formation of reaction intermediates from these compounds occurs via P450-promoted dehalogenation, reduction, or reductive oxygenation, with certain hydrocarbons undergoing all three reaction types. Of the multiple forms of P450 present in liver microsomes, P4502E1 has been identified as the primary catalyst of hydrocarbon bioactivation in animals and, most likely, in humans as well. As hepatic concentrations of this P450 enzyme are highly inducible by ethanol and similar agents, prior exposure to 2E1-inducing compounds can play a pivotal role in halogenated hydrocarbon toxicity. Considering that metabolism governs the cytotoxicity and carcinogenicity of halogenated hydrocarbons, an understanding of the mechanism(s) underlying 2E1 induction in man becomes all the more important.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Raucy
- Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque 87131
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