1
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Olgenblum GI, Hutcheson BO, Pielak GJ, Harries D. Protecting Proteins from Desiccation Stress Using Molecular Glasses and Gels. Chem Rev 2024; 124:5668-5694. [PMID: 38635951 PMCID: PMC11082905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Faced with desiccation stress, many organisms deploy strategies to maintain the integrity of their cellular components. Amorphous glassy media composed of small molecular solutes or protein gels present general strategies for protecting against drying. We review these strategies and the proposed molecular mechanisms to explain protein protection in a vitreous matrix under conditions of low hydration. We also describe efforts to exploit similar strategies in technological applications for protecting proteins in dry or highly desiccated states. Finally, we outline open questions and possibilities for future explorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil I. Olgenblum
- Institute
of Chemistry, Fritz Haber Research Center, and The Harvey M. Krueger
Family Center for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Brent O. Hutcheson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Gary J. Pielak
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Integrated
Program for Biological & Genome Sciences, Lineberger Comprehensive
Cancer Center, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Daniel Harries
- Institute
of Chemistry, Fritz Haber Research Center, and The Harvey M. Krueger
Family Center for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
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2
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Zhang B, Hou Z, Yan B, Zhao Y, Peng B, Qian S, Li K, Su B, Zhang C. Trehalose and its dihydrate: terahertz insights from solid to solution states. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:3037-3049. [PMID: 38855704 PMCID: PMC11161380 DOI: 10.1364/boe.519006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are pivotal biomolecules in biochemistry; this study employs terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) to investigate the spectral characteristics of trehalose and its hydrate across the 0.1 to 2.2 THz frequency range. Notable differences in spectra between the two compounds were observed. Density Functional Theory (DFT) simulations of the crystal structure were conducted to elucidate this phenomenon. The consistency between experimental results and simulations substantiates the reliability of the experimental findings. Additionally, the spectral characteristics of these carbohydrates in solution were examined using microfluidic chip technology. This approach facilitates a comprehensive comparison of their behaviors in both solid and solution states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyan Zhang
- Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Imaging Theory and Technology, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging, Beijing 100048, China
- Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zeyu Hou
- Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Imaging Theory and Technology, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging, Beijing 100048, China
- Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Bingxin Yan
- Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Imaging Theory and Technology, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging, Beijing 100048, China
- Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yuhan Zhao
- Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Imaging Theory and Technology, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging, Beijing 100048, China
- Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Imaging Theory and Technology, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging, Beijing 100048, China
- Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Siyu Qian
- Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Imaging Theory and Technology, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging, Beijing 100048, China
- Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Bo Su
- Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Imaging Theory and Technology, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging, Beijing 100048, China
- Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Cunlin Zhang
- Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Imaging Theory and Technology, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging, Beijing 100048, China
- Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100048, China
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3
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Choi I, Lee JS, Han J. Maltodextrin-trehalose miscible system-based bacteriophage encapsulation: Studies of plasticizing effect on encapsulated phage activity and food application as an antimicrobial agent. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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4
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Wang Y, Milewska M, Foster H, Chapman R, Stenzel MH. The Core-Shell Structure, Not Sugar, Drives the Thermal Stabilization of Single-Enzyme Nanoparticles. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:4569-4581. [PMID: 34617439 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Trehalose is widely assumed to be the most effective sugar for protein stabilization, but exactly how unique the structure is and the mechanism by which it works are still debated. Herein, we use a polyion complex micelle approach to control the position of trehalose relative to the surface of glucose oxidase within cross-linked and non-cross-linked single-enzyme nanoparticles (SENs). The distribution and density of trehalose molecules in the shell can be tuned by changing the structure of the underlying polymer, poly(N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl] acrylamide (PDMAPA). SENs in which the trehalose is replaced with sucrose and acrylamide are prepared as well for comparison. Isothermal titration calorimetry, dynamic light scattering, and asymmetric flow field-flow fraction in combination with multiangle light scattering reveal that two to six polymers bind to the enzyme. Binding either trehalose or sucrose close to the enzyme surface has very little effect on the thermal stability of the enzyme. By contrast, encapsulation of the enzyme within a cross-linked polymer shell significantly enhances its thermal stability and increases the unfolding temperature from 70.3 °C to 84.8 °C. Further improvements (up to 92.8 °C) can be seen when trehalose is built into this shell. Our data indicate that the structural confinement of the enzyme is a far more important driver in its thermal stability than the location of any sugar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Wang
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Malgorzata Milewska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry, and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, Gliwice 44 100, Poland
| | - Henry Foster
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Robert Chapman
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia.,School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Martina H Stenzel
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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5
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Olgenblum GI, Wien F, Sapir L, Harries D. β-Hairpin Miniprotein Stabilization in Trehalose Glass Is Facilitated by an Emergent Compact Non-Native State. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:7659-7664. [PMID: 34351767 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
From stem cell freeze-drying to organ storage, considerable recent efforts have been directed toward the development of new preservation technologies. A prominent protein stabilizing strategy involves vitrification in glassy matrices, most notably those formed of sugars such as the biologically relevant preservative trehalose. Here, we compare the folding thermodynamics of a model miniprotein in solution and in the glassy state of the sugars trehalose and glucose. Using synchrotron radiation circular dichroism (SRCD), we find that the same native structure persists in solution and glass. However, upon transition to the glass, a completely different, conformationally restricted unfolded state replaces the disordered denatured state found in solution, potentially inhibiting misfolding. Concomitantly, a large exothermic contribution is observed in glass, exposing the stabilizing effect of interactions with the sugar matrix on the native state. Our results shed light on the mechanism of protein stabilization in sugar glass and should aid in future preservation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil I Olgenblum
- Institute of Chemistry, the Fritz Haber Research Center, and the Harvey M. Kruger Center for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Frank Wien
- DISCO Beamline, Synchrotron SOLEIL, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Liel Sapir
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Daniel Harries
- Institute of Chemistry, the Fritz Haber Research Center, and the Harvey M. Kruger Center for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
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6
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Influence of Carbamazepine Dihydrate on the Preparation of Amorphous Solid Dispersions by Hot Melt Extrusion. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12040379. [PMID: 32326114 PMCID: PMC7238004 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12040379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) are commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry to improve the dissolution and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Hot melt extrusion (HME) has been employed to prepare ASD based products. However, due to the narrow processing window of HME, ASDs are normally obtained with high processing temperatures and mechanical stress. Interestingly, one-third of pharmaceutical compounds reportedly exist in hydrate forms. In this study, we selected carbamazepine (CBZ) dihydrate to investigate its solid-state changes during the dehydration process and the impact of the dehydration on the preparation of CBZ ASDs using a Leistritz micro-18 extruder. Various characterization techniques were used to study the dehydration kinetics of CBZ dihydrate under different conditions. We designed the extrusion runs and demonstrated that: 1) the dehydration of CBZ dihydrate resulted in a disordered state of the drug molecule; 2) the resulted higher energy state CBZ facilitated the drug solubilization and mixing with the polymer matrix during the HME process, which significantly decreased the required extrusion temperature from 140 to 60 °C for CBZ ASDs manufacturing compared to directly processing anhydrous crystalline CBZ. This work illustrated that the proper utilization of drug hydrates can significantly improve the processability of HME for preparing ASDs.
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7
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Olgenblum GI, Sapir L, Harries D. Properties of Aqueous Trehalose Mixtures: Glass Transition and Hydrogen Bonding. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:1249-1262. [PMID: 31917927 PMCID: PMC7467637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b01071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Trehalose is a naturally occurring disaccharide known to remarkably stabilize biomacromolecules in the biologically active state. The stabilizing effect is typically observed over a large concentration range and affects many macromolecules including proteins, lipids, and DNA. Of special interest is the transition from aqueous solution to the dense and highly concentrated glassy state of trehalose that has been implicated in bioadaptation of different organisms toward desiccation stress. Although several mechanisms have been suggested to link the structure of the low water content glass with its action as an exceptional stabilizer, studies are ongoing to resolve which are most pertinent. Specifically, the role that hydrogen bonding plays in the formation of the glass is not well resolved. Here we model aqueous trehalose mixtures over a wide concentration range, using molecular dynamics simulations with two available force fields. Both force fields indicate glass transition temperatures and osmotic pressures that are close to experimental values, particularly at high trehalose contents. We develop and employ a methodology that allows us to analyze the thermodynamics of hydrogen bonds in simulations at different water contents and temperatures. Remarkably, this analysis is able to link the liquid to glass transition with changes in hydrogen bond characteristics. Most notably, the onset of the glassy state can be quantitatively related to the transition from weakly to strongly correlated hydrogen bonds. Our findings should help resolve the properties of the glass and the mechanisms of its formation in the presence of added macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil I Olgenblum
- Institute of Chemistry, the Fritz Haber Research Center, and the Harvey M. Kruger Center for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology , The Hebrew University , Jerusalem 9190401 , Israel
| | - Liel Sapir
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , United States
| | - Daniel Harries
- Institute of Chemistry, the Fritz Haber Research Center, and the Harvey M. Kruger Center for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology , The Hebrew University , Jerusalem 9190401 , Israel
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8
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Snell JR, Kumar NSK, Suryanarayanan R, Randolph TW. Nanobubbles in Reconstituted Lyophilized Formulations: Interaction With Proteins and Mechanism of Formation. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:284-292. [PMID: 31095959 PMCID: PMC6851470 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Reconstitution of lyophilized disaccharide formulations results in the formation of nanosized air bubbles that persist in suspension for weeks. If proteins are present, interactions with nanobubbles may cause loss of monomeric protein and formation of subvisible particles. The goals of this work are to determine the mechanism(s) by which nanobubbles form in reconstituted lyophilized formulations and to develop strategies for reducing nanobubble generation. We hypothesize that nanobubbles are created from nanosized gas pockets within lyophilized solids, which become bubbles when the surrounding matrix is dissolved away during reconstitution. Nanosized voids may originate from small ice crystals formed within the concentrated liquid during freezing that subsequently sublime during drying. Nanobubble concentrations are correlated with the extent of mannitol crystallization during freezing. Nanosized ice crystals, induced by the release of water during mannitol crystallization, were responsible for nanobubble formation. The presence of trehalose or sucrose, in formulations with low mannitol concentrations, inhibited excipient crystallization during lyophilization and reduced nanobubble levels following reconstitution. Our results show a correlation between nanobubble formation and concentrations of insoluble IL-1ra aggregates, suggesting that minimizing nanobubble generation may be an effective strategy for reducing protein aggregation following reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared R Snell
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309
| | - N S Krishna Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Raj Suryanarayanan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Theodore W Randolph
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309.
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9
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LeClair DA, Li L, Rahman N, Cranston ED, Xing Z, Thompson MR. Stabilization of HSV-2 viral vaccine candidate by spray drying. Int J Pharm 2019; 569:118615. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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10
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Ogawa S, Honda K, Tsubomura T, Totani K, Takahashi I, Hara S. Physicochemical characterization of 6-O-acyl trehalose fatty acid monoesters in desiccated system. Chem Phys Lipids 2018; 216:80-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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11
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Castro VI, Craveiro R, Silva JM, Reis RL, Paiva A, C. Duarte AR. Natural deep eutectic systems as alternative nontoxic cryoprotective agents. Cryobiology 2018; 83:15-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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12
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LeClair DA, Cranston ED, Lichty BD, Xing Z, Thompson MR. Consecutive Spray Drying to Produce Coated Dry Powder Vaccines Suitable for Oral Administration. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:1669-1678. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. LeClair
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street W., Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Emily D. Cranston
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street W., Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Brian D. Lichty
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre & Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street W., Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Zhou Xing
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre & Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street W., Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Michael R. Thompson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street W., Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
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13
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Tao H, Bennett TD, Yue Y. Melt-Quenched Hybrid Glasses from Metal-Organic Frameworks. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1601705. [PMID: 28084652 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201601705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
While glasses formed by quenching the molten states of inorganic non-metallic, organic, and metallic species are known, those containing both inorganic and organic moieties are far less prevalent. Network materials consisting of inorganic nodes linked by organic ligands do however exist in the crystalline or amorphous domain. This large family of open framework compounds, called metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) or coordination polymers, has been investigated intensively in the past two decades for a variety of applications, almost all of which stem from their high internal surface areas and chemical versatility. Recently, a selection of MOFs has been demonstrated to undergo melting and vitrification upon cooling. Here, these recent discoveries and the connections between the fields of MOF chemistry and glass science are summarized. Possible advantages and applications for MOF glasses produced by utilizing the tunable chemistry of the crystalline state are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizheng Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Thomas D Bennett
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Yuanzheng Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, DK-9220, Denmark
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14
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Constantin JG, Schneider M, Corti HR. Glass Transition Temperature of Saccharide Aqueous Solutions Estimated with the Free Volume/Percolation Model. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:5047-55. [PMID: 27176640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b01841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The glass transition temperature of trehalose, sucrose, glucose, and fructose aqueous solutions has been predicted as a function of the water content by using the free volume/percolation model (FVPM). This model only requires the molar volume of water in the liquid and supercooled regimes, the molar volumes of the hypothetical pure liquid sugars at temperatures below their pure glass transition temperatures, and the molar volumes of the mixtures at the glass transition temperature. The model is simplified by assuming that the excess thermal expansion coefficient is negligible for saccharide-water mixtures, and this ideal FVPM becomes identical to the Gordon-Taylor model. It was found that the behavior of the water molar volume in trehalose-water mixtures at low temperatures can be obtained by assuming that the FVPM holds for this mixture. The temperature dependence of the water molar volume in the supercooled region of interest seems to be compatible with the recent hypothesis on the existence of two structure of liquid water, being the high density liquid water the state of water in the sugar solutions. The idealized FVPM describes the measured glass transition temperature of sucrose, glucose, and fructose aqueous solutions, with much better accuracy than both the Gordon-Taylor model based on an empirical kGT constant dependent on the saccharide glass transition temperature and the Couchman-Karasz model using experimental heat capacity changes of the components at the glass transition temperature. Thus, FVPM seems to be an excellent tool to predict the glass transition temperature of other aqueous saccharides and polyols solutions by resorting to volumetric information easily available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Gelman Constantin
- Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160 - Ciudad Universitaria , C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matthias Schneider
- Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160 - Ciudad Universitaria , C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Horacio R Corti
- Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160 - Ciudad Universitaria , C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica , Av. General Paz 1499, San Martin, 1650 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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15
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LeClair DA, Cranston ED, Xing Z, Thompson MR. Evaluation of excipients for enhanced thermal stabilization of a human type 5 adenoviral vector through spray drying. Int J Pharm 2016; 506:289-301. [PMID: 27130366 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We have produced a thermally stable recombinant human type 5 adenoviral vector (AdHu5) through spray drying with three excipient formulations (l-leucine, lactose/trehalose and mannitol/dextran). Spray drying leads to immobilization of the viral vector which is believed to prevent viral protein unfolding, aggregation and inactivation. The spray dried powders were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, Karl Fischer titrations, and X-ray diffraction to identify the effects of temperature and atmospheric moisture on the immobilizing matrix. Thermal stability of the viral vector was confirmed in vitro by infection of A549 lung epithelial cells. Mannitol/dextran powders showed the greatest improvement in thermal stability with almost no viral activity loss after storage at 20°C for 90days (0.7±0.3 log TCID50) which is a significant improvement over the current -80°C storage protocol. Furthermore, viral activity was retained over short term exposure (72h) to temperatures as high as 55°C. Conversely, all powders exhibited activity loss when subjected to moisture due to amplified molecular motion of the matrix. Overall, a straightforward method ideal for the production of thermally stable vaccines has been demonstrated through spray drying AdHu5 with a blend of mannitol and dextran and storing the powder under low humidity conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A LeClair
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Emily D Cranston
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Zhou Xing
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre & Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Canada
| | - Michael R Thompson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada.
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16
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Hybrid glasses from strong and fragile metal-organic framework liquids. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8079. [PMID: 26314784 PMCID: PMC4560802 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrid glasses connect the emerging field of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with the glass formation, amorphization and melting processes of these chemically versatile systems. Though inorganic zeolites collapse around the glass transition and melt at higher temperatures, the relationship between amorphization and melting has so far not been investigated. Here we show how heating MOFs of zeolitic topology first results in a low density 'perfect' glass, similar to those formed in ice, silicon and disaccharides. This order-order transition leads to a super-strong liquid of low fragility that dynamically controls collapse, before a subsequent order-disorder transition, which creates a more fragile high-density liquid. After crystallization to a dense phase, which can be remelted, subsequent quenching results in a bulk glass, virtually identical to the high-density phase. We provide evidence that the wide-ranging melting temperatures of zeolitic MOFs are related to their network topologies and opens up the possibility of 'melt-casting' MOF glasses.
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17
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Effects of trehalose supplementation on cell viability and oxidative stress variables in frozen-thawed bovine calf testicular tissue. Cryobiology 2015; 70:246-52. [PMID: 25818604 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Trehalose is widely used for cryopreservation of various cells and tissues. Until now, the effect of trehalose supplementation on cell viability and antioxidant enzyme activity in frozen-thawed bovine calf testicular tissue remains unexplored. The objective of the present study was to compare the effect of varying doses of trehalose in cryomedia on cell viability and key antioxidant enzymes activities in frozen-thawed bovine calf testicular tissue. Bovine calf testicular tissue samples were collected and cryopreserved in the cryomedias containing varying doses (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25%; v/v) of trehalose, respectively. Cell viability, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) activity, catalase (CAT) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, glutathione (GSH) content and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were measured and analyzed. The results showed that cell viability, T-AOC activity, SOD activity, CAT activity and GSH content of frozen-thawed bovine calf testicular tissue was decreased compared with that of fresh group (P<0.05). MDA content in frozen-thawed bovine calf testicular tissue was significantly increased compared with that of fresh group (P<0.05). The cryomedia added 15% trehalose exhibited the greatest percentage of cell viability and antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD and CAT) among frozen-thawed groups (P<0.05). Meanwhile, GSH content was the lowest among frozen-thawed groups (P<0.05). However, there were no significance differences in MDA content among the groups added 10, 15 and 20% trehalose (P>0.05). In conclusion, the cryomedia added 15% trehalose reduced the oxidative stress and improved the cryoprotective effect of bovine calf testicular tissue. Further studies are required to obtain more concrete results on the determination of antioxidant capacity of trehalose in frozen-thawed bovine calf testicular tissue.
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Dette HP, Qi M, Schröder DC, Godt A, Koop T. Glass-Forming Properties of 3-Methylbutane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic Acid and Its Mixtures with Water and Pinonic Acid. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:7024-33. [DOI: 10.1021/jp505910w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans P. Dette
- Faculty of Chemistry and ‡Center for Molecular Materials, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Mian Qi
- Faculty of Chemistry and ‡Center for Molecular Materials, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - David C. Schröder
- Faculty of Chemistry and ‡Center for Molecular Materials, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Adelheid Godt
- Faculty of Chemistry and ‡Center for Molecular Materials, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Koop
- Faculty of Chemistry and ‡Center for Molecular Materials, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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19
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Hoe S, Ivey JW, Boraey MA, Shamsaddini-Shahrbabak A, Javaheri E, Matinkhoo S, Finlay WH, Vehring R. Use of a fundamental approach to spray-drying formulation design to facilitate the development of multi-component dry powder aerosols for respiratory drug delivery. Pharm Res 2013; 31:449-65. [PMID: 23974958 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1174-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A fundamental approach incorporating current theoretical models into aerosol formulation design potentially reduces experimental work for complex formulations. A D-amino acid mixture containing D-Leucine (D-Leu), D-Methionine, D-Tryptophan, and D-Tyrosine was selected as a model formulation for this approach. METHODS Formulation design targets were set, with the aim of producing a highly dispersible D-amino acid aerosol. Particle formation theory and a spray dryer process model were applied with boundary conditions to the design targets, resulting in a priori predictions of particle morphology and necessary spray dryer process parameters. Two formulations containing 60% w/w trehalose, 30% w/w D-Leu, and 10% w/w remaining D-amino acids were manufactured. RESULTS The design targets were met. The formulations had rugose and hollow particles, caused by deformation of a crystalline D-Leu shell while trehalose remained amorphous, as predicted by particle formation theory. D-Leu acts as a dispersibility enhancer, ensuring that both formulations: 1) delivered over 40% of the loaded dose into the in vitro lung region, and 2) achieved desired values of lung airway surface liquid concentrations based on lung deposition simulations. CONCLUSIONS Theoretical models were applied to successfully achieve complex formulations with design challenges a priori. No further iterations to the design process were required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Hoe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2G8
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20
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Choi HJ, Bondy BJ, Yoo DG, Compans RW, Kang SM, Prausnitz MR. Stability of whole inactivated influenza virus vaccine during coating onto metal microneedles. J Control Release 2012; 166:159-71. [PMID: 23246470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Revised: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immunization using a microneedle patch coated with vaccine offers the promise of simplified vaccination logistics and increased vaccine immunogenicity. This study examined the stability of influenza vaccine during the microneedle coating process, with a focus on the role of coating formulation excipients. Thick, uniform coatings were obtained using coating formulations containing a viscosity enhancer and surfactant, but these formulations retained little functional vaccine hemagglutinin (HA) activity after coating. Vaccine coating in a trehalose-only formulation retained about 40-50% of vaccine activity, which is a significant improvement. The partial viral activity loss observed in the trehalose-only formulation was hypothesized to come from osmotic pressure-induced vaccine destabilization. We found that inclusion of a viscosity enhancer, carboxymethyl cellulose, overcame this effect and retained full vaccine activity on both washed and plasma-cleaned titanium surfaces. The addition of polymeric surfactant, Lutrol® micro 68, to the trehalose formulation generated phase transformations of the vaccine coating, such as crystallization and phase separation, which was correlated to additional vaccine activity loss, especially when coating on hydrophilic, plasma-cleaned titanium. Again, the addition of a viscosity enhancer suppressed the surfactant-induced phase transformations during drying, which was confirmed by in vivo assessment of antibody response and survival rate after immunization in mice. We conclude that trehalose and a viscosity enhancer are beneficial coating excipients, but the inclusion of surfactant is detrimental to vaccine stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Jick Choi
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Bhardwaj SP, Suryanarayanan R. Molecular Mobility as an Effective Predictor of the Physical Stability of Amorphous Trehalose. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:3209-17. [DOI: 10.1021/mp300302g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunny P. Bhardwaj
- Department of Pharmaceutics,
University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Raj Suryanarayanan
- Department of Pharmaceutics,
University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Bhardwaj SP, Suryanarayanan R. Use of Dielectric Spectroscopy To Monitor Molecular Mobility in Glassy and Supercooled Trehalose. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:11728-36. [DOI: 10.1021/jp303317p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunny P. Bhardwaj
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Raj Suryanarayanan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Lupi L, Comez L, Paolantoni M, Fioretto D, Ladanyi BM. Dynamics of Biological Water: Insights from Molecular Modeling of Light Scattering in Aqueous Trehalose Solutions. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:7499-508. [DOI: 10.1021/jp301988f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lupi
- Dipartimento di
Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Pascoli, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Lucia Comez
- Dipartimento di
Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Pascoli, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- IOM-CNR c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Perugia, Via Pascoli,
I-06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marco Paolantoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Perugia, via Elce di Sotto, I-06123
Perugia, Italy
| | - Daniele Fioretto
- Dipartimento di
Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Pascoli, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN), Università of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Branka M. Ladanyi
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872,
United States
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Lee JW, Thomas LC, Schmidt SJ. Investigation of the heating rate dependency associated with the loss of crystalline structure in sucrose, glucose, and fructose using a thermal analysis approach (part I). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:684-701. [PMID: 21175199 DOI: 10.1021/jf1042344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Thermodynamic melting occurs at a single, time-independent temperature with a constant enthalpy value. However, substantial variation in the melting parameters (T(m onset), T(m peak), and ΔH) for sucrose, glucose, and fructose has been reported in the literature. Although a number of explanations have been put forth, they do not completely account for the observed variation. Thus, this research was performed to elucidate the fundamental mechanism underlying the loss of crystalline structure in the sugars using both thermal (Part I) and chemical (Part II) analysis approaches. A strong heating rate dependency observed in the melting parameters for the sugars implies the occurrence of a kinetic process during the loss of crystalline structure. The difference in heat capacity and modulated heat flow amplitude in the stepwise quasi-isothermal modulated differential scanning calorimetry experiments for the sugars compared to indium and mannitol (thermodynamic melting comparison materials) strongly suggests thermal decomposition as the kinetic process responsible for the loss of crystalline structure, which is the critical difference between our conclusion and others. We propose the term "apparent melting" to distinguish the loss of crystalline structure due to a kinetic process, such as thermal decomposition, from thermodynamic melting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Won Lee
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 399A Bevier Hall, 905 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Empirical and theoretical models of equilibrium and non-equilibrium transition temperatures of supplemented phase diagrams in aqueous systems (IUPAC Technical Report). PURE APPL CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1351/pac-rep-09-10-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the main thermodynamic concepts related to the construction of supplemented phase (or state) diagrams (SPDs) for aqueous solutions containing vitrifying agents used in the cryo- and dehydro-preservation of natural (foods, seeds, etc.) and synthetic (pharmaceuticals) products. It also reviews the empirical and theoretical equations employed to predict equilibrium transitions (ice freezing, solute solubility) and non-equilibrium transitions (glass transition and the extrapolated freezing curve). The comparison with experimental results is restricted to carbohydrate aqueous solutions, because these are the most widely used cryoprotectant agents. The paper identifies the best standard procedure to determine the glass transition curve over the entire water-content scale, and how to determine the temperature and concentration of the maximally freeze-concentrated solution.
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Huang W, Kim Y, Li X, Rayas-Duarte P. Rheofermentometer parameters and bread specific volume of frozen sweet dough influenced by ingredients and dough mixing temperature. J Cereal Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2008.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Sussich F, Cesàro A. Trehalose amorphization and recrystallization. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:2667-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2008] [Revised: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 08/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Bennun SV, Faller R, Longo ML. Drying and rehydration of DLPC/DSPC symmetric and asymmetric supported lipid bilayers: a combined AFM and fluorescence microscopy study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:10371-10381. [PMID: 18707144 DOI: 10.1021/la8016694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This work characterizes the impact of lipid symmetry/asymmetry on drying/rehydration reorganization in phase-separated dilauroylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC)/distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC) supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) at the submicron and micron-scale. In addition the prevention of major drying/rehydration reorganization by the use of trehalose is demonstrated. Even though it was found using fluorescence microscopy that micrometer scale structure is preserved in the presence and absence of trehalose upon drying/rehydration, AFM and FRAP experiments successfully revealed major changes in the phase-separated structure such as defects, obstructions, lipid condensation, collapse structures, and complex incomplete DLPC-DSPC mixing/exchange in the absence of trehalose. In the presence of trehalose the membrane preserves its structure at the nanometer scale and mobility. We found that SLBs with asymmetric domain configurations underwent major rearrangements during drying and rehydration, whereas the symmetric domain configuration mainly rearranged during rehydration, that we hypothesize is related to lower transmembrane cohesiveness or lack of anchoring to the substrate in the case of the asymmetric domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra V Bennun
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California-Davis, CA 95616, USA
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30
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Di Fonzo S, Masciovecchio C, Bencivenga F, Gessini A, Fioretto D, Comez L, Morresi A, Gallina ME, De Giacomo O, Cesàro A. Concentration−Temperature Dependencies of Structural Relaxation Time in Trehalose−Water Solutions by Brillouin Inelastic UV Scattering†. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:12577-83. [DOI: 10.1021/jp075982+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bates S, Kelly RC, Ivanisevic I, Schields P, Zografi G, Newman AW. Assessment of Defects and Amorphous Structure Produced in Raffinose Pentahydrate upon Dehydration. J Pharm Sci 2007; 96:1418-33. [PMID: 17455351 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The progressive conversion of crystalline raffinose pentahydrate to its amorphous form by dehydration at 60 degrees C, well below its melting temperature, was monitored by X-ray powder diffraction over a period of 72 h. The presence of defects within the crystal structure and any amorphous structure created was determined computationally by a total diffraction method where both coherent long-range crystalline order and incoherent short-range disorder components were modeled as a single system. The data were analyzed using Rietveld, pair distribution function (PDF), and Debye total diffraction methods. Throughout the dehydration process, when crystalline material was observed, the average long-range crystal structure remained isostructural with the original pentahydrate material. Although the space group symmetry remained unchanged by dehydration, the c-axis of the crystal unit cell exhibited an abrupt discontinuity after approximately 2 h of drying (loss of one to two water molecules). Analysis of diffuse X-ray scattering revealed an initial rapid build up of defects during the first 0.5 h with no evidence of any amorphous material. From 1-2 h of drying out to 8 h where the crystalline structure is last observed, the diffuse scattering has both amorphous and defect contributions. After 24 h of drying, there was no evidence of any crystalline material remaining. It is concluded that the removal of the first two waters from raffinose pentahydrate created defects, likely in the form of vacancies, that provided the thermodynamic driving force and disorder for subsequent conversion to the completely amorphous state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Bates
- SSCI, Inc., West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, USA
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Byrne N, Wang LM, Belieres JP, Angell CA. Reversible folding-unfolding, aggregation protection, and multi-year stabilization, in high concentration protein solutions, using ionic liquids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:2714-6. [PMID: 17594030 DOI: 10.1039/b618943a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the reversible thermal unfolding/refolding, and long period stabilization against aggregation and hydrolysis, of >200 mg ml(-1) solutions of lysozyme in ionic liquid-rich, ice-avoiding, solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolene Byrne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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Rani M, Govindarajan R, Surana R, Suryanarayanan R. Structure in Dehydrated Trehalose Dihydrate—Evaluation of the Concept of Partial Crystallinity. Pharm Res 2006; 23:2356-67. [PMID: 16927180 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-006-9058-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2006] [Accepted: 05/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE (i) To use trehalose as a model compound to evaluate the concept of crystallinity in pharmaceuticals. (ii) To understand the structural nature of dehydrated trehalose dihydrate. MATERIALS AND METHODS Trehalose dihydrate was dehydrated isothermally at several temperatures below 100 degrees C and the anhydrous product was characterized by XRD, DSC and water vapor sorption. RESULTS XRD and DSC suggested that the dehydration product was a partially crystalline alpha-polymorphic form of anhydrous trehalose (T(alpha)). An increase in the temperature of dehydration resulted in a decrease in lattice order. In agreement with earlier findings, the ordered regions in the dehydrated lattice (T(alpha)) converted to the dihydrate at much lower RH values than amorphous trehalose. However, the lattice order in the dehydrated product dictated the RH at which this conversion was initiated--the higher the lattice order the lower this RH. The structural nature of these samples can be explained based on the one-state model of crystallinity. In dehydrated trehalose, there is a continuum in lattice order ranging from highly crystalline (T(alpha)) to a completely disordered (i.e., amorphous) state. CONCLUSION The extent of lattice order in anhydrous trehalose T(alpha) was dictated by the kinetics of water removal from trehalose dihydrate. The partially crystalline nature of anhydrous trehalose produced by dehydration could be described on a continuous scale of lattice order based on the one-state model of crystallinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena Rani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard St. S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Roe KD, Labuza TP. Glass Transition and Crystallization of Amorphous Trehalose-sucrose Mixtures. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/10942910500269824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Furuki T, Kishi A, Sakurai M. De- and rehydration behavior of α,α-trehalose dihydrate under humidity-controlled atmospheres. Carbohydr Res 2005; 340:429-38. [PMID: 15680598 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2004.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2004] [Accepted: 12/03/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Effects of humidity were investigated on de- and rehydration behavior of alpha,alpha-trehalose dihydrate (T(h)) throughout simultaneous measurements of differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffractometry (DSC-XRD) and simultaneous thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA). When T(h) was heated from room temperature under dry nitrogen atmosphere, a metastable anhydrous crystal (T(alpha)) was formed at 105 degrees C after dehydration of T(h). The resulting T(alpha) melted at 125 degrees C and became amorphous, followed by cold crystallization from 150 degrees C giving rise to a stable anhydrous crystal T(beta). Under a highly humid atmosphere, on the other hand, T(beta) was formed at 90 degrees C directly as a result of T(h) dehydration. T(alpha) was readily rehydrated and turned back to T(h) when nitrogen gas with low water vapor pressure of 2.1kPa was admitted, whereas high water vapor pressure up to 7.4kPa was required for rehydration of T(beta) into T(h). This study provided a picture of pathways that link various solid forms of trehalose, taking into account the effects of a humid environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Furuki
- Chemical Technology Division, Kanagawa Industrial Technology Research Institute, 705-1 Shimoimaizumi, Ebina, Kanagawa 243-0435, Japan
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Lefort R, De Gusseme A, Willart JF, Danède F, Descamps M. Solid state NMR and DSC methods for quantifying the amorphous content in solid dosage forms: an application to ball-milling of trehalose. Int J Pharm 2004; 280:209-19. [PMID: 15265560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2004] [Revised: 05/20/2004] [Accepted: 05/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine quantitatively the amorphous fraction in crystalline-amorphous powder mixtures of trehalose, in order to assess the ability of the (13)C NMR technique for quantitative amorphous characterization. The NMR method is described in detail and its accuracy is compared to that of the DSC technique. Amorphous trehalose was prepared by mechanical milling. Samples with different amorphous fractions were prepared by physical mixing of purely amorphous and purely crystalline powders. The results reveal a close correlation between the imposed compositions of the physical mixtures and those determined by NMR and DSC, indicating that both are useful and accurate methods for compositional characterization of powders. The NMR method is then used to determine the evolution of the amorphous fraction in a trehalose powder, during a milling procedure which ultimately leads to a fully amorphous state.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lefort
- Laboratoire de Dynamique et Structure des Matériaux Moléculaires, CNRS UMR 8024, Université de Lille 1, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France.
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Willart JF, Danede F, De Gusseme A, Descamps M, Neves C. Origin of the Dual Structural Transformation of Trehalose Dihydrate upon Dehydration. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp034679f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. F. Willart
- Laboratoire de Dynamique et Structure des Matériaux Moléculaires, UMR CNRS 8024 - ERT 1018, Université de Lille 1, Bât. P5, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France, and Laboratoire de Physique Appliquée, Département des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Centre de Recherches Aventis, 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - F. Danede
- Laboratoire de Dynamique et Structure des Matériaux Moléculaires, UMR CNRS 8024 - ERT 1018, Université de Lille 1, Bât. P5, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France, and Laboratoire de Physique Appliquée, Département des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Centre de Recherches Aventis, 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - A. De Gusseme
- Laboratoire de Dynamique et Structure des Matériaux Moléculaires, UMR CNRS 8024 - ERT 1018, Université de Lille 1, Bât. P5, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France, and Laboratoire de Physique Appliquée, Département des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Centre de Recherches Aventis, 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - M. Descamps
- Laboratoire de Dynamique et Structure des Matériaux Moléculaires, UMR CNRS 8024 - ERT 1018, Université de Lille 1, Bât. P5, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France, and Laboratoire de Physique Appliquée, Département des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Centre de Recherches Aventis, 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - C. Neves
- Laboratoire de Dynamique et Structure des Matériaux Moléculaires, UMR CNRS 8024 - ERT 1018, Université de Lille 1, Bât. P5, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France, and Laboratoire de Physique Appliquée, Département des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Centre de Recherches Aventis, 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine, France
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De Gusseme A, Carpentier L, Willart JF, Descamps M. Molecular Mobility in Supercooled Trehalose. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0343234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. De Gusseme
- Laboratoire de Dynamique et Structure des Matériaux Moléculaires, UMR 8024, Bât. P5, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - L. Carpentier
- Laboratoire de Dynamique et Structure des Matériaux Moléculaires, UMR 8024, Bât. P5, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - J. F. Willart
- Laboratoire de Dynamique et Structure des Matériaux Moléculaires, UMR 8024, Bât. P5, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - M. Descamps
- Laboratoire de Dynamique et Structure des Matériaux Moléculaires, UMR 8024, Bât. P5, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
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Angell CA. Liquid fragility and the glass transition in water and aqueous solutions. Chem Rev 2002; 102:2627-50. [PMID: 12175262 DOI: 10.1021/cr000689q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 489] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C A Angell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, USA
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Willart JF, De Gusseme A, Hemon S, Descamps M, Leveiller F, Rameau A. Vitrification and Polymorphism of Trehalose Induced by Dehydration of Trehalose Dihydrate. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp012836+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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41
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Furuki T. Effect of molecular structure on thermodynamic properties of carbohydrates. A calorimetric study of aqueous di- and oligosaccharides at subzero temperatures. Carbohydr Res 2002; 337:441-50. [PMID: 11861018 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(01)00332-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
For aqueous solutions of di- and oligosaccharides thermodynamic properties have been investigated at subzero temperatures using differential scanning calorimetry. The amount of unfrozen water observed is found to increase linearly with the glass transition temperatures of anhydrous carbohydrates. Furthermore, the amount of unfrozen water shows a linear relationship with known solution properties of aqueous carbohydrates, such as partial molar compressibility and heat of solution. The different effectiveness among various di- and oligosaccharides to avoid ice formation is associated with the combination of constitutive monosaccharides and attendant molecular structure features including the position and type of the glycosidic linkage between the constituent units. More unfrozen water is induced in the presence of a carbohydrate having a poorer compatibility with the three-dimensional hydrogen-bond network of water. A series of these results obtained imply that there is a common key of carbohydrate stereochemistry governing several different thermodynamic amounts of a given system involving carbohydrates. In this context, a modified stereospecific-hydration model can be used to interpret the present results in terms of stereochemical effects of carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Furuki
- Molecular Engineering Division, Kanagawa Industrial Technology Research Institute, 705-1 Shimoimaizumi, Ebina, 243-0435, Kanagawa, Japan.
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42
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Lapidus LJ, Eaton WA, Hofrichter J. Dynamics of intramolecular contact formation in polypeptides: distance dependence of quenching rates in a room-temperature glass. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2001; 87:258101. [PMID: 11736610 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.87.258101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Quenching of the triplet state of tryptophan by cysteine is an important new tool for measuring the rate of forming a specific contact between amino acids in a polypeptide chain. To determine the length scale associated with this contact, tryptophan was embedded in a room-temperature glass containing a high concentration of cysteine. The decay of the triplet population is extended in time, consistent with a rate coefficient that decreases exponentially with distance. Solving the diffusion equation with this distant-dependent rate reproduces the observed bimolecular rates in water and shows that quenching at low viscosities takes place less than or similar to A from van der Waals contact between the tryptophan and cysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Lapidus
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, Building 5, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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43
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Sussich F, Skopec C, Brady J, Cesàro A. Reversible dehydration of trehalose and anhydrobiosis: from solution state to an exotic crystal? Carbohydr Res 2001; 334:165-76. [PMID: 11513823 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(01)00189-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Physico-chemical properties of the trehalose-water system are reviewed with special reference to the transformations that may shed light on the mechanism of trehalose bio-protection. Critical analysis of solution thermodynamics is made in order to scrutinize trehalose properties often called 'anomalous' and to check the consistency of literature results. Discussion on the conversion between the solid state polymorphic forms is given, with a special emphasis of the transformations involving the newly identified anhydrous crystalline form of alpha,alpha-trehalose, TRE(alpha). This exotic crystal is almost 'isomorphous' with the dihydrate crystal structure, and possesses the unique feature of reversibly absorbing water to produce the dihydrate, without changing the main structural features. The reversible process could play a functional role in the well-known ability of this sugar to protect biological structures from damage during desiccation. The final aim of the paper is to add some new insights into and to reconcile previous hypotheses for the peculiar 'in vivo' action of trehalose.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sussich
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Macromolecular Chemistry, Laboratory of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
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Akao K, Okubo Y, Asakawa N, Inoue Y, Sakurai M. Infrared spectroscopic study on the properties of the anhydrous form II of trehalose. Implications for the functional mechanism of trehalose as a biostabilizer. Carbohydr Res 2001; 334:233-41. [PMID: 11513830 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(01)00182-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
FTIR spectra were obtained for several different states of trehalose including dihydrate crystal, anhydrous form II (designated by Gil, A. M.; Belton, P. S.; Felix V. Spectrochim. Acta 1996, A52, 1649-1659), anhydrate crystal, dried melt, amorphous solid and aqueous solution. From the observation of the symmetric and antisymmetric stretch vibrations of the glycosidic linkage, it is found that this sugar assumes at least three types of backbone conformations. Among them, the conformation with C(2) symmetry is characterized as 'open state', which means that the sugar easily absorbs water molecules. The conformation of the sugars in anhydrous form II and in freeze-dried trehalose is shown to be in the open state. Next, the hygroscopic properties of the anhydrate, form II and the amorphous solid are compared based on their IR spectra. Interestingly, form II alone is converted to the original dihydrate in a week under mild environmental-like conditions: relative humidity of 40% and room temperature. These results suggest the possibility that form II plays a role in avoiding the devitrification of the sugar glass. Finally, we discuss the role of form II in preserving freeze-dried biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Akao
- Spectroscopic Instruments Division, JASCO Corporation, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8537, Japan
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45
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Paris M, Bizot H, Emery J, Buzaré JY, Buléon A. NMR local range investigations in amorphous starchy substrates I. Structural heterogeneity probed by (13)C CP-MAS NMR. Int J Biol Macromol 2001; 29:127-36. [PMID: 11518584 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-8130(01)00160-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The (13)C CP-MAS (Cross Polarization and Magic Angle Spinning) NMR signatures of a series of amorphous and semi-crystalline samples prepared from various starchy substrates (native potato starch, amylopectin, amylose) following different techniques of preparation (casting, freeze drying, solvent exchange) are compared. Decompositions of the C1 resonance spectra reveal the existence of four or five main types of alpha(1-4) linkages, which can be quantified. The influence of the intrinsic primary structure (linear or branched) and of the preparation procedure on conformational changes and resulting crystallinity are interpreted in terms of distributions of average glycosidic linkages dihedral angles (Phi, Psi). The role of hydration is also considered. An improved understanding at different structural levels is obtained in relation to local and intermediate range orders. Such information may be useful for the understanding of the structural evolution of a large variety of starchy substrates before or after treatments widely used in industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Paris
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Etat Condensé, UPRES-A CNRS no. 6087, Faculté des Sciences, Université du Maine, 72085 Le MAns Cedex 9, France
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Abstract
Sugar glasses are widely used to stabilize proteins during drying and subsequent storage. To act successfully as a protectant, the sugars should have a high glass transition temperature (Tg), a poor hygroscopicity, a low crystallization rate, and contain no reducing groups. When freeze drying is envisaged as method of drying, a relatively high Tg of the freeze concentrated fraction (Tg') is preferrable. In this study, whether inulins meet these requirements was investigated. Inulins of various degrees of polymerisation (DP) were evaluated. Trehalose glass was used as a positive control. It was found that the Tg and the Tg' of inulins with a number/weight average DP (DP(n)/DP(w)) higher than 5.5/6.0 were higher than those of trehalose glass. Furthermore, inulin glasses showed a similar hygroscopicity to that of trehalose glass but crystallized less rapidly. Less than 6% of the sugar units of inulins with a DP(n)/DP(w) higher than 5.5/6.0 contained reducing groups. Trehalose contained no reducing groups. Freeze drying of an alkaline phosphatase solution without protectant induced an almost complete loss of the activity of the protein. In contrast, when inulins with a DP(n)/DP(w) higher than 5.5/6.0 or trehalose were used as stabilizer, the activity was fully maintained, also after subsequent storage for 4 weeks at 20 degrees C and 0, 45, or 60% RH, respectively. The stabilizing capacities of inulin with a lower DP and glucose were substantially less pronounced. After storage at 60 degrees C for 6 days, the activity of freeze dried samples containing inulins with a DP(n)/DP(w) higher than 5.5/6.0 was still about 50% whereas the activity of samples containing inulin with a lower DP, glucose, or trehalose was completely lost. It is concluded that inulins with a DP(n)/DP(w) higher than 5.5/6.0 meet the physico-chemical characteristics to successfully act as protectants for proteins. The stabilizing potential of these inulins was clearly shown using alkaline phosphatase as a model protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Hinrichs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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48
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López-Díez EC, Bone S. An investigation of the water-binding properties of protein + sugar systems. Phys Med Biol 2000; 45:3577-88. [PMID: 11131185 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/45/12/305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The water-binding properties of sucrose + beta-lactoglobulin and trehalose + beta-lactoglobulin prepared by freeze-drying, spray-drying and evaporation from solution have been studied using gravimetric methods. The hydration characteristics of the individual sugars are dependent on the method of drying, and different isotherms have been recorded for each of the sample preparations. However, the initial hydration isotherms produced for the sugar + protein samples appear to be very similar for each sample type irrespective of drying method, with the sugar present in the amorphous glassy form in all cases. There is evidence of interaction between the sugar in this form and protein, specifically in the hydration region where single hydrogen-bonded water is expected to be bound. The magnitude of the interaction appears to be of the same order for both sugars. Irrespective of the method of preparation, rehydration of the sugar + protein complexes above a critical value causes a transition resulting in the sugar adopting a crystalline form and phase separation of the sugar and protein. In this crystalline form there is no evidence of interaction between the sugar and protein. For sugar + protein samples prepared by evaporation from solution, a small amount (approximately 3% by weight) of water is trapped in the complex even under extreme conditions of dehydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C López-Díez
- Institute of Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics, University of Wales, Gwynedd, UK
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49
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Li Y, Han J, Zhang GG, Grant DJ, Suryanarayanan R. In situ dehydration of carbamazepine dihydrate: a novel technique to prepare amorphous anhydrous carbamazepine. Pharm Dev Technol 2000; 5:257-66. [PMID: 10810755 DOI: 10.1081/pdt-100100540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The purposes of this project were to prepare amorphous carbamazepine by dehydration of crystalline carbamazepine dihydrate, and to study the kinetics of crystallization of the prepared amorphous phase. Amorphous carbamazepine was formed and characterized in situ in the sample chamber of a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), and a variable temperature x-ray powder diffractometer (VTXRD). It has a glass transition temperature of 56 degrees C and it is a relatively strong glass with a strength parameter of 37. The kinetics of its crystallization were followed by isothermal XRD, under a controlled water vapor pressure of 23 Torr. The crystallization kinetics are best described by the three-dimensional nuclear growth model with rate constants of 0.014, 0.021, and 0.032 min-1 at 45, 50, and 55 degrees C, respectively. When the Arrhenius equation was used, the activation energy of crystallization was calculated to be 74 kJ/mol in the presence of water vapor (23 Torr). On the basis of the Kissinger plot, the activation energy of crystallization in the absence of water vapor (0 Torr water vapor pressure) was determined to be 157 kJ/mol. Dehydration of the dihydrate is a novel method to prepare amorphous carbamazepine; in comparison with other methods, it is a relatively gentle and effective technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455-0343, USA
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50
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Franks F. Thermomechanical properties of amorphous saccharides: their role in enhancing pharmaceutical product stability. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2000; 16:281-92. [PMID: 10819083 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.1999.10647979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Franks
- BioUpdate Foundation, Cambridge, UK
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