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Calvert ND, Kirby A, Suchý M, Pallister P, Torrens AA, Burger D, Melkus G, Schieda N, Shuhendler AJ. Direct mapping of kidney function by DCE-MRI urography using a tetrazinanone organic radical contrast agent. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3965. [PMID: 37407664 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39720-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and acute kidney injury (AKI) are ongoing global health burdens. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the gold standard measure of kidney function, with clinical estimates providing a global assessment of kidney health without spatial information of kidney- or region-specific dysfunction. The addition of dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) to the anatomical imaging already performed would yield a 'one-stop-shop' for renal assessment in cases of suspected AKI and CKD. Towards urography by DCE-MRI, we evaluated a class of nitrogen-centered organic radicals known as verdazyls, which are extremely stable even in highly reducing environments. A glucose-modified verdazyl, glucoverdazyl, provided contrast limited to kidney and bladder, affording functional kidney evaluation in mouse models of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and folic acid-induced nephropathy (FAN). Imaging outcomes correlated with histology and hematology assessing kidney dysfunction, and glucoverdazyl clearance rates were found to be a reliable surrogate measure of GFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Calvert
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur Pvt., Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Alexia Kirby
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur Pvt., Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Mojmír Suchý
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur Pvt., Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Peter Pallister
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Aidan A Torrens
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur Pvt., Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Dylan Burger
- Kidney Research Center, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, 501 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Gerd Melkus
- Dept. Medical Imaging, The Ottawa Hospital, 501 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8L6, Canada
- Dept. Radiology, University of Ottawa, 501 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Nicola Schieda
- Dept. Radiology, University of Ottawa, 501 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Adam J Shuhendler
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur Pvt., Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada.
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur Pvt., Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada.
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin St., Ottawa, Ontario, K1Y 4W7, Canada.
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Marquez-Exposito L, Tejedor-Santamaria L, Santos-Sanchez L, Valentijn FA, Cantero-Navarro E, Rayego-Mateos S, Rodrigues-Diez RR, Tejera-Muñoz A, Marchant V, Sanz AB, Ortiz A, Goldschmeding R, Ruiz-Ortega M. Acute Kidney Injury is Aggravated in Aged Mice by the Exacerbation of Proinflammatory Processes. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:662020. [PMID: 34239439 PMCID: PMC8258347 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.662020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is more frequent in elderly patients. Mechanisms contributing to AKI (tubular cell death, inflammatory cell infiltration, impaired mitochondrial function, and prolonged cell-cycle arrest) have been linked to cellular senescence, a process implicated in regeneration failure and progression to fibrosis. However, the molecular and pathological basis of the age-related increase in AKI incidence is not completely understood. To explore these mechanisms, experimental AKI was induced by folic acid (FA) administration in young (3-months-old) and old (1-year-old) mice, and kidneys were evaluated in the early phase of AKI, at 48 h. Tubular damage score, KIM-1 expression, the recruitment of infiltrating immune cells (mainly neutrophils and macrophages) and proinflammatory gene expression were higher in AKI kidneys of old than of young mice. Tubular cell death in FA-AKI involves several pathways, such as regulated necrosis and apoptosis. Ferroptosis and necroptosis cell-death pathways were upregulated in old AKI kidneys. In contrast, caspase-3 activation was only found in young but not in old mice. Moreover, the antiapoptotic factor BCL-xL was significantly overexpressed in old, injured kidneys, suggesting an age-related apoptosis suppression. AKI kidneys displayed evidence of cellular senescence, such as increased levels of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors p16ink4a and p21cip1, and of the DNA damage response marker γH2AX. Furthermore, p21cip1 mRNA expression and nuclear staining for p21cip1 and γH2AX were higher in old than in young FA-AKI mice, as well as the expression of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) components (Il-6, Tgfb1, Ctgf, and Serpine1). Interestingly, some infiltrating immune cells were p21 or γH2AX positive, suggesting that molecular senescence in the immune cells (“immunosenescence”) are involved in the increased severity of AKI in old mice. In contrast, expression of renal protective factors was dramatically downregulated in old AKI mice, including the antiaging factor Klotho and the mitochondrial biogenesis driver PGC-1α. In conclusion, aging resulted in more severe AKI after the exposure to toxic compounds. This increased toxicity may be related to magnification of proinflammatory-related pathways in older mice, including a switch to a proinflammatory cell death (necroptosis) instead of apoptosis, and overactivation of cellular senescence of resident renal cells and infiltrating inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marquez-Exposito
- Cellular Biology in Renal Diseases Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Renal (REDinREN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucia Tejedor-Santamaria
- Cellular Biology in Renal Diseases Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Renal (REDinREN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Santos-Sanchez
- Cellular Biology in Renal Diseases Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Renal (REDinREN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Floris A Valentijn
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Elena Cantero-Navarro
- Cellular Biology in Renal Diseases Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Renal (REDinREN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Rayego-Mateos
- Cellular Biology in Renal Diseases Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Renal (REDinREN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raul R Rodrigues-Diez
- Cellular Biology in Renal Diseases Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Renal (REDinREN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Tejera-Muñoz
- Cellular Biology in Renal Diseases Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Renal (REDinREN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanessa Marchant
- Cellular Biology in Renal Diseases Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Renal (REDinREN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana B Sanz
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDinREN), Madrid, Spain.,Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDinREN), Madrid, Spain.,Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roel Goldschmeding
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marta Ruiz-Ortega
- Cellular Biology in Renal Diseases Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Renal (REDinREN), Madrid, Spain
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Elfgen A, Santiago-Schübel B, Hupert M, Schemmert S, Schartmann E, Tusche M, Gering I, Zafiu C, Kutzsche J. Oral absorption enhancement of the amyloid-β oligomer eliminating compound RD2 by conjugation with folic acid. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 156:105581. [PMID: 33035662 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) plays a central role in the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with Aβ oligomers representing the most toxic species. The all-d-enantiomeric peptide RD2, which recently successfully completed clinical phase I, specifically eliminates Aβ oligomers in vitro as well as in vivo and improves cognitive deficits in various transgenic AD mouse models even after oral administration. To further enhance the oral absorption of RD2, folic acid has been conjugated to the d-peptide promoting an endocytosis-mediated uptake via a folate receptor located in the intestine. Two different conjugation strategies were selected to obtain prodrugs with folic acid being cleaved after intestinal absorption releasing unmodified RD2 in order to enable RD2's unaltered systemic efficacy. Both conjugates remained stable in simulated gastrointestinal fluids. But only one of them was suitable as prodrug as it was cleaved to RD2 in vitro in human blood plasma and liver microsomes and in vivo in mice after intravenous injection leading to a systemic release of RD2. Furthermore, the conjugate's permeability in vitro and after oral administration in mice was strongly enhanced compared to unconjugated RD2 demonstrating the prodrug's functionality. However, the conjugate seemed to have impaired the mice's wellbeing shortly after oral administration possibly resulting from strain-specific hypersensitivity to folic acid. Nevertheless, we assume that the prodrug is actually non-toxic, especially in lower concentrations as verified by a cell viability test. Furthermore, lower dosages can be applied with unaltered efficacy due to its enhanced oral absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Elfgen
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry 7 (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Beatrix Santiago-Schübel
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics (ZEA-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Michelle Hupert
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics (ZEA-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Sarah Schemmert
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry 7 (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Elena Schartmann
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry 7 (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Markus Tusche
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry 7 (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Ian Gering
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry 7 (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Christian Zafiu
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry 7 (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Janine Kutzsche
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry 7 (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany.
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Lubout CMA, Goorden SMI, van den Hurk K, Jaeger B, Jager NGL, van Koningsbruggen S, Chegary M, van Karnebeek CDM. Successful Treatment of Hereditary Folate Malabsorption With Intramuscular Folinic Acid. Pediatr Neurol 2020; 102:62-66. [PMID: 31371121 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary folate malabsorption is a multisystem disease owing to biallelic variants in the gene encoding the proton-coupled folate transporter. Hereditary folate malabsorption is treated with folinic acid, aimed to restore blood and cerebrospinal fluid folate levels. Little is known as to whether oral or intramuscular supplementation of folinic acid is most effective. METHODS Here we describe a one-year-old boy with hereditary folate malabsorption presenting with the typical features including failure to thrive, aphthous stomatitis, macrocytic anemia along with severe developmental impairment and epilepsy, as well as a magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showing bilateral occipital, cortical calcifications characteristic of hereditary folate malabsorption. We compared the effect of treatment with oral folinic acid versus intramuscular folinic acid supplementation by measuring plasma and cerebrospinal fluid folate levels. RESULTS Compared with oral administration, intramuscular treatment resulted in higher folate levels in blood and, most importantly, normalization of folate levels in cerebrospinal fluid. Clinically, nearly all systemic and neurological symptoms resolved. CONCLUSION Normal cerebrospinal fluid folate levels can be achieved in individuals with hereditary folate malabsorption with intramuscular (but not with oral) administration of folinic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte M A Lubout
- Department of Pediatric Metabolic Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Gastro-Enterology & Metabolism Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susanna M I Goorden
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory of Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karin van den Hurk
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, OLVG Lab BV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bregje Jaeger
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nynke G L Jager
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Malika Chegary
- Department of Pediatrics, OLVG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Clara D M van Karnebeek
- Department of Pediatric Metabolic Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Gastro-Enterology & Metabolism Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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5
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Devnath GP, Kumaran S, Rajiv R, Shaha KK, Nagaraj A. Fatal Folic Acid Toxicity in Humans. J Forensic Sci 2017; 62:1668-1670. [PMID: 28261784 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Folic acid is B-9 vitamin. Folic acid is prescribed commonly for pregnant women to prevent neural tube defects in the fetus, patients under chemotherapy, pernicious anemia and to reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease. Acute or chronic ingestion of a large dose of folic acid generally manifests as neurological complications, which are reversible. In this present case, a 23-year-old pregnant woman committed suicide by consuming folic acid tablets and succumbed to death within 36 h. Postmortem toxicological analysis detected folic acid in viscera. Death following acute consumption of folic acid is rare and has been not reported in the literature, to the best of our knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Pradeep Devnath
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, 605006, India
| | - Senthil Kumaran
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, 605006, India
| | - R Rajiv
- Scientific Officer, Regional Forensic Science Laboratory (Villupuram), 605602, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kusa Kumar Shaha
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, 605006, India
| | - Ashok Nagaraj
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, 605006, India
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Burgos-Silva M, Semedo-Kuriki P, Donizetti-Oliveira C, Costa PB, Cenedeze MA, Hiyane MI, Pacheco-Silva A, Câmara NOS. Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells Reduce Acute and Chronic Kidney Damage in Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142183. [PMID: 26565621 PMCID: PMC4643882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute and chronic kidney injuries (AKI and CKI) constitute syndromes responsible for a large part of renal failures, and are today still associated with high mortality rates. Given the lack of more effective therapies, there has been intense focus on the use stem cells for organ protective and regenerative effects. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have shown great potential in the treatment of various diseases of immune character, although there is still debate on its mechanism of action. Thus, for a greater understanding of the role of MSCs, we evaluated the effect of adipose tissue-derived stem cells (AdSCs) in an experimental model of nephrotoxicity induced by folic acid (FA) in FVB mice. AdSC-treated animals displayed kidney functional improvement 24h after therapy, represented by reduced serum urea after FA. These data correlated with cell cycle regulation and immune response modulation via reduced chemokine expression and reduced neutrophil infiltrate. Long-term analyses, 4 weeks after FA, indicated that AdSC treatment reduced kidney fibrosis and chronic inflammation. These were demonstrated by reduced interstitial collagen deposition and tissue chemokine and cytokine expression. Thus, we concluded that AdSC treatment played a protective role in the framework of nephrotoxic injury via modulation of inflammation and cell cycle regulation, resulting in reduced kidney damage and functional improvement, inhibiting organ fibrosis and providing long-term immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Burgos-Silva
- Nephrology Division, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Immunology-Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Meire Ioshie Hiyane
- Department of Immunology-Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alvaro Pacheco-Silva
- Nephrology Division, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara
- Nephrology Division, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Immunology-Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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7
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Daldrup-Link HE, Golovko D, Ruffell B, Denardo DG, Castaneda R, Ansari C, Rao J, Tikhomirov GA, Wendland MF, Corot C, Coussens LM. MRI of tumor-associated macrophages with clinically applicable iron oxide nanoparticles. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:5695-704. [PMID: 21791632 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-3420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The presence of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) in breast cancer correlates strongly with poor outcome. The purpose of this study was to develop a clinically applicable, noninvasive diagnostic assay for selective targeting and visualization of TAMs in breast cancer, based on magnetic resonanceI and clinically applicable iron oxide nanoparticles. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN F4/80-negative mammary carcinoma cells and F4/80-positive TAMs were incubated with iron oxide nanoparticles and were compared with respect to magnetic resonance signal changes and iron uptake. MMTV-PyMT transgenic mice harboring mammary carcinomas underwent nanoparticle-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) up to 1 hour and 24 hours after injection. The tumor enhancement on MRIs was correlated with the presence and location of TAMs and nanoparticles by confocal microscopy. RESULTS In vitro studies revealed that iron oxide nanoparticles are preferentially phagocytosed by TAMs but not by malignant tumor cells. In vivo, all tumors showed an initial contrast agent perfusion on immediate postcontrast MRIs with gradual transendothelial leakage into the tumor interstitium. Twenty-four hours after injection, all tumors showed a persistent signal decline on MRIs. TAM depletion via αCSF1 monoclonal antibodies led to significant inhibition of tumor nanoparticle enhancement. Detection of iron using 3,3'-diaminobenzidine-enhanced Prussian Blue staining, combined with immunodetection of CD68, localized iron oxide nanoparticles to TAMs, showing that the signal effects on delayed MRIs were largely due to TAM-mediated uptake of contrast agent. CONCLUSION These data indicate that tumor enhancement with clinically applicable iron oxide nanoparticles may serve as a new biomarker for long-term prognosis, related treatment decisions, and the evaluation of new immune-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike E Daldrup-Link
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
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Yokoyama T, Kamijo-Ikemori A, Sugaya T, Hoshino S, Yasuda T, Kimura K. Urinary excretion of liver type fatty acid binding protein accurately reflects the degree of tubulointerstitial damage. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 174:2096-106. [PMID: 19435794 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the relationship between liver-type fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP), a biomarker of chronic kidney disease, in the kidney and the degree of tubulointerstitial damage, folic acid (FA)-induced nephropathy was studied in a mouse model system. As renal L-FABP is not expressed in wild-type mice, human L-FABP (hL-FABP) transgenic mice were used in this study. hL-FABP is expressed in the renal proximal tubules of the transgenic mice that were injected intraperitoneally with FA in NaHCO3 (the FA group) or only NaHCO3 (the control group) and oral saline solution daily during the experimental period. The FA group developed severe tubulointerstitial damage with the infiltration of macrophages and the deposition of type I collagen on days 3 and 7 and recovered to the control level on day 14. The gene and protein expression levels of hL-FABP in the kidney were significantly enhanced on days 3 and 7. Urinary hL-FABP in the FA group was elevated on days 3 and 7 and decreased to the control level on day 14. The protein expression levels of hL-FABP in both the kidney and urine significantly correlated with the degree of tubulointerstitial damage, the infiltration of macrophages, and the deposition of type I collagen. In conclusion, renal expression and urinary excretion of hL-FABP significantly reflected the severity of tubulointerstitial damage in FA-induced nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yokoyama
- Prof. of Medicine, Nephrology and Hypertension, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-Ku, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan
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Fang TC, Alison MR, Cook HT, Jeffery R, Wright NA, Poulsom R. Proliferation of bone marrow-derived cells contributes to regeneration after folic acid-induced acute tubular injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16:1723-32. [PMID: 15814835 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2004121089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of tissue from recipients of bone marrow transplantation or organ allograft suggest that bone marrow-derived cells (BMDC) may differentiate into a variety of nonhematologic tissues, including renal tubular epithelium. The aims of this study were to examine whether BMDC contribute to recovery after acute renal injury and to assess the effects of cytokine mobilization on regeneration. Female mice (6 wk old) were lethally irradiated and transplanted with male bone marrow (BM) cells and later assigned into control, folic acid-treatment, and folic acid-treatment with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), and control with G-CSF. Tritiated thymidine was given 1 h before death. Kidney sections were stained for a tubular epithelial marker, Y chromosome (in situ hybridization), periodic acid-Schiff staining, and subjected to autoradiography. Renal tubular epithelial cells in S-phase were scored as female (indigenous) or male (BM-derived). This is the first report to show that BMDC can respond by engrafting the renal tubules and undergo DNA synthesis after acute renal injury. BMDC contributed to the renal tubular epithelial cell population, although most (90%) renal tubular regeneration came from female indigenous cells. Some evidence was found for cell fusion between indigenous renal tubular cells and BMDC, but this was infrequent and the significance and consequences of cell fusion in the kidney are unresolved. G-CSF treatment nearly doubled the frequency of thymidine-labeled BM-derived tubular cells and might facilitate the recovery of renal tubular epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te-Chao Fang
- Histopathology Unit, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK
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