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Armakolas A, Alevizopoulos N, Stathaki M, Petraki C, Agrogiannis G, Samiotaki M, Panayotou G, Chatzinikita E, Koutsilieris M. Anti-PEc: Development of a novel monoclonal antibody against prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 2024:10.1038/s41416-024-02713-8. [PMID: 38902531 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-024-02713-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Ec peptide (PEc) that defines the IGF-1Ec isoform, is associated with prostate cancer progression by inducing proliferation, metastases, and tumour repair. On these grounds, an anti-PEc monoclonal antibody (MAb) was developed. Our objective is to examine the effects of this antibody on prostate cancer and its possible side effects. METHODS The effects of the obtained MAb were examined in cancer and non-cancerous cell lines (unmodified and modified either to overexpress or silence PEc) and in tumours in SCID mice injected with unmodified prostate cancer cells. The investigation was obtained with respect to cellular proliferation, migration, invasion, toxicity to tumours, effects on the cell cycle, immune response activation, effects on mesenchymal stem cell mobilisation leading to tumour repair, tissue distribution, and toxicity to mice. RESULTS Anti-PEc MAb treatment led to a significant decrease in cellular proliferation, migration, and invasion compared to the untreated cell lines (p < 0.0005 in every case). Mechanistically, these effects were associated with the downregulation of pERK1/2 and vimentin and the upregulation of E-Cadherin. In vivo, anti-PEc MAb treatment was associated with a significant decrease in tumour size and metastases rate (p < 0.0005 in every case) by reversing the tumours mesenchymal phenotype. It also inhibited host stem cell mobilisation towards the tumour, leading to apoptosis. Anti-PEc MAb assessment in respect to distribution and toxicity, indicated its tumour specificity and lack of toxicity. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that the therapeutic targeting of PEc with the anti-PEc MAb may have considerable clinical benefit for prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Armakolas
- Physiology Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Nektarios Alevizopoulos
- Physiology Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Martha Stathaki
- Surgical Department, Elena Venizelou Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - George Agrogiannis
- Department of Pathology, University of Athens, Medical School, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Martina Samiotaki
- Bioinnovation Institute, Biomedical Science Research Center "Alexander Fleming.", Vari, Greece
| | - George Panayotou
- Bioinnovation Institute, Biomedical Science Research Center "Alexander Fleming.", Vari, Greece
| | - Eirini Chatzinikita
- Physiology Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michael Koutsilieris
- Physiology Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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2
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Yamano H, Horike H, Taguchi Y, Inabu Y, Sugino T, Suzuki N, Etoh T, Shiotsuka Y, Fujino R, Takahashi H. Effect of Ca-octanoate supplementation on concentrations of ghrelin and ghrelin-related hormones in plasma and milk of beef cattle. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16795. [PMID: 37313147 PMCID: PMC10258411 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary calcium (Ca)-octanoate supplementation on concentrations of ghrelin, growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and insulin in plasma and milk of beef cattle during late gestation and early postpartum. Twelve Japanese Black cattle were offered concentrate without (CON, n = 6) or with Ca-octanoate supplementation at 1.5% of dietary dry matter (OCT, n = 6). Blood samples were collected at -60, -30, and -7 d relative to the expected parturition date and daily from d 0 to 3 after parturition. Milk samples were collected daily postpartum. Compared to the CON group, concentrations of acylated ghrelin increased in plasma as parturition approached in the OCT group (P = 0.02). However, concentrations of GH, IGF-1, and insulin in plasma and milk were not affected by treatment groups throughout the study. Additionally, we showed for the first time that bovine colostrum and transition milk contain acylated ghrelin at a significantly higher concentration than plasma (P = 0.01). Interestingly, concentrations of acylated ghrelin in milk were negatively correlated with those in plasma postpartum (r = -0.50, P < 0.01). Feeding Ca-octanoate increased concentrations of total cholesterol (T-cho) in plasma and milk (P < 0.05), tended to increase those of glucose in plasma at postpartum and milk (P < 0.1). We conclude that feeding Ca-octanoate in late gestation and early postpartum may contribute to increased concentrations of glucose and T-cho in plasma and milk without affecting concentrations of ghrelin, GH, IGF-1, and insulin in plasma and milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Yamano
- Kuju Agricultural Research Center, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Oita, 878-0201, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Horike
- Kuju Agricultural Research Center, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Oita, 878-0201, Japan
| | - Yutaka Taguchi
- Kuju Agricultural Research Center, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Oita, 878-0201, Japan
| | - Yudai Inabu
- Kuju Agricultural Research Center, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Oita, 878-0201, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Sugino
- The Research Center for Animal Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Nonomi Suzuki
- Feed and Livestock Sector, Kanematsu Agritech Co., Ltd., Saitama, 343-0845, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Etoh
- Kuju Agricultural Research Center, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Oita, 878-0201, Japan
| | - Yuji Shiotsuka
- Kuju Agricultural Research Center, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Oita, 878-0201, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Fujino
- Kuju Agricultural Research Center, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Oita, 878-0201, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Takahashi
- Kuju Agricultural Research Center, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Oita, 878-0201, Japan
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3
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Hoeflich A, Galow AM, Brenmoehl J, Hadlich F. Growth and development of the mammary gland in mice-control of the insulin-like growth factor system by hormones and metalloproteases, and putative interference with micro RNAs. Anim Front 2023; 13:77-85. [PMID: 37324202 PMCID: PMC10266761 DOI: 10.1093/af/vfad024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne-Marie Galow
- Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Julia Brenmoehl
- Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Frieder Hadlich
- Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
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4
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Amaro A, Baptista FI, Matafome P. Programming of future generations during breastfeeding: The intricate relation between metabolic and neurodevelopment disorders. Life Sci 2022; 298:120526. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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5
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Human Milk Growth Factors and Their Role in NEC Prevention: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113751. [PMID: 34836007 PMCID: PMC8620589 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence demonstrates human milk's protective effect against necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Human milk derives these properties from biologically active compounds that influence intestinal growth, barrier function, microvascular development, and immunological maturation. Among these protective compounds are growth factors that are secreted into milk with relatively high concentrations during the early postnatal period, when newborns are most susceptible to NEC. This paper reviews the current knowledge on human milk growth factors and their mechanisms of action relevant to NEC prevention. It will also discuss the stability of these growth factors with human milk pasteurization and their potential for use as supplements to infant formulas with the goal of preventing NEC.
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6
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Miliku K, Moraes TJ, Becker AB, Mandhane PJ, Sears MR, Turvey SE, Subbarao P, Azad MB. Breastfeeding in the First Days of Life Is Associated With Lower Blood Pressure at 3 Years of Age. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e019067. [PMID: 34284597 PMCID: PMC8475685 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.019067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Breastfeeding in infancy is associated with lower cardiovascular disease risk in adulthood; however, the amount of breastfeeding required to achieve this benefit is unknown. Methods and Results In the CHILD (Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development) Cohort Study, we analyzed 2382 children with complete data on early life feeding and blood pressure. Infant feeding was documented from hospital records in the first few days of life and reported by mothers throughout infancy. Blood pressure was measured at 3 years of age. Analyses controlled for birth weight, gestational age, socioeconomic status, maternal body mass index, and other potential confounders. We found that nearly all children (2333/2382; 97.9%) were ever breastfed, of whom 98 (4.2%) only briefly received breast milk during their birth hospitalization (“early limited breastfeeding”). At 3 years of age, blood pressure was higher in children who were never breastfed (mean systolic/diastolic 103/60 mm Hg) compared with those who were ever breastfed (99/58 mm Hg), including those who received only early limited breastfeeding (99/57 mm Hg). These differences in systolic blood pressure persisted in adjusted models (ever breastfed: −3.47 mm Hg, 95% CI, −6.14 to −0.80; early limited breastfeeding: −4.24 mm Hg, 95% CI, −7.45 to −1.04). Among breastfed children, there was no significant dose‐response association according to the duration or exclusivity of breastfeeding. Associations were not mediated by child body mass index. Conclusions Although the benefits of sustained and exclusive breastfeeding are indisputable, this study indicates any breastfeeding, regardless of duration or exclusivity, is associated with lower blood pressure at 3 years of age. Further research examining the bioactive components of early breast milk, underlying mechanisms, and long‐term associations is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kozeta Miliku
- Department of Medicine McMaster University Hamilton Canada.,Department of Pediatrics and Child Health University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada.,Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre (MILC) Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
| | - Theo J Moraes
- Departments of Pediatrics Hospital for Sick Children University of Toronto Toronto Canada
| | - Allan B Becker
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
| | | | | | - Stuart E Turvey
- Department of Pediatrics University of British Columbia Vancouver Canada
| | - Padmaja Subbarao
- Departments of Pediatrics Hospital for Sick Children University of Toronto Toronto Canada
| | - Meghan B Azad
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada.,Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre (MILC) Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
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7
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Jia LL, Brough L, Weber JL. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Yeast-Based Supplementation as a Galactagogue in Breastfeeding Women? A Review of Evidence from Animal and Human Studies. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030727. [PMID: 33668808 PMCID: PMC7996189 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Perceived insufficient milk production (PIM) adversely affects breastfeeding duration. Women sometimes use galactagogues with the intent to increase breast milk production and support lactation. Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast-based supplement (SCYS) is an inactive form of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast (SCY) either obtained from the fermentation process or grown on molasses. Anecdotal evidence suggests SCYS is a galactagogue. SCYS is promoted on the internet as a galactagogue in various forms and doses. Dietary supplementation with SCYS during gestation and lactation significantly increases milk yield in ruminants. No human study has evaluated efficacy of SCYS as a galactagogue. SCYS is rich in B vitamins, beta-glucan, mannan oligosaccharides and bioavailable chromium; these may impact breast milk production or composition, thus may alleviate PIM. The safety of taking SCYS during lactation is not well studied. Studies have reported contamination of SCYS with ochratoxin A (OTA) as well as minor side effects from SCYS. Studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy of SCYS on breast milk production and composition and to assess the safety of taking SCYS during lactation in humans.
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8
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Edwards CA, Takahashi N, Corish JA, Ferguson-Smith AC. The origins of genomic imprinting in mammals. Reprod Fertil Dev 2020; 31:1203-1218. [PMID: 30615843 DOI: 10.1071/rd18176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic imprinting is a process that causes genes to be expressed according to their parental origin. Imprinting appears to have evolved gradually in two of the three mammalian subclasses, with no imprinted genes yet identified in prototheria and only six found to be imprinted in marsupials to date. By interrogating the genomes of eutherian suborders, we determine that imprinting evolved at the majority of eutherian specific genes before the eutherian radiation. Theories considering the evolution of imprinting often relate to resource allocation and recently consider maternal-offspring interactions more generally, which, in marsupials, places a greater emphasis on lactation. In eutherians, the imprint memory is retained at least in part by zinc finger protein 57 (ZFP57), a Kruppel associated box (KRAB) zinc finger protein that binds specifically to methylated imprinting control regions. Some imprints are less dependent on ZFP57invivo and it may be no coincidence that these are the imprints that are found in marsupials. Because marsupials lack ZFP57, this suggests another more ancestral protein evolved to regulate imprints in non-eutherian subclasses, and contributes to imprinting control in eutherians. Hence, understanding the mechanisms acting at imprinting control regions across mammals has the potential to provide valuable insights into our understanding of the origins and evolution of genomic imprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Edwards
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Nozomi Takahashi
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Jennifer A Corish
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Anne C Ferguson-Smith
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
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9
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Kim SY, Yi DY. Components of human breast milk: from macronutrient to microbiome and microRNA. Clin Exp Pediatr 2020; 63:301-309. [PMID: 32252145 PMCID: PMC7402982 DOI: 10.3345/cep.2020.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human breast milk (HBM) is essential for the infant's growth and development right after birth and is an irreplaceable source of nutrition for early human survival. Various infant formulas have many similarities to HBM in many components, but there is no perfect substitute for HBM. Recently, various breast milk components and their roles have been studied according to the development of various analysis techniques. As is already well known, HBM contains about 87%-88% water, and 124- g/L solid components as macronutrients, including about 7% (60-70 g/L) carbohydrates, 1% (8-10 g/L) protein, and 3.8% (35-40 g/L) fat. The composition may vary depending on the environmental factors, including maternal diet. Colostrum is low in fat but high in protein and relatively rich in immuneprotective components. Although HBM contains enough vitamins to ensure normal growth of the infant, vitamins D and K may be insufficient, and the infant may require their supplementation. Growth factors in HBM also serve as various bioactive proteins and peptides on the intestinal tract, vasculature, nervous system, and endocrine system. In the past, HBM of a healthy mother was thought to be sterile. However, several subsequent studies have confirmed the presence of rich and diverse microbial communities in HBM. Some studies suggested that the genera Staphylococcus and Streptococcus may be universally predominant in HBM, but the origin of microbiota still remains controversial. Lastly, milk is the one of most abundant body fluid of microRNAs, which are known to play a role in various functions, such as immunoprotection and developmental programming, through delivering from HBM and absorption by intestinal epithelial cells. In conclusion, HBM is the most important source of nutrition for infants and includes microbiomes and miRNAs for growth, development, and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yeong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Yong Yi
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
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10
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Grunewald M, Hellmuth C, Kirchberg FF, Mearin ML, Auricchio R, Castillejo G, Korponay-Szabo IR, Polanco I, Roca M, Vriezinga SL, Werkstetter K, Koletzko B, Demmelmair H. Variation and Interdependencies of Human Milk Macronutrients, Fatty Acids, Adiponectin, Insulin, and IGF-II in the European PreventCD Cohort. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2034. [PMID: 31480373 PMCID: PMC6770528 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk composition is variable. The identification of influencing factors and interdependencies of components may help to understand the physiology of lactation. In this study, we analyzed linear trends in human milk composition over time, the variation across different European countries and the influence of maternal celiac disease. Within a multicenter European study exploring potential prevention of celiac disease in a high-risk population (PreventCD), 569 human milk samples were donated by women from five European countries between 16 and 163 days postpartum. Some 202 mothers provided two samples at different time points. Protein, carbohydrates, fat and fatty acids, insulin, adiponectin, and insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) were analyzed. Milk protein and n-6 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased during the first three months of lactation. Fatty acid composition was significantly influenced by the country of residence. IGF-II and adiponectin concentrations correlated with protein content (r = 0.24 and r = 0.35), and IGF-II also correlated with fat content (r = 0.36), suggesting a possible regulatory role of IGF in milk macronutrient synthesis. Regarding the impact of celiac disease, only the level in palmitic acid was influenced by this disease, suggesting that breastfeeding by celiac disease mothers should not be discouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grunewald
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Hellmuth
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Franca F Kirchberg
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Maria Luisa Mearin
- Department of Paediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Renata Auricchio
- Department of Medical Translational Sciences and European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases, University Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gemma Castillejo
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, URV, IIPV, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | | | - Isabel Polanco
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, La Paz University Hospital, 28033 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Roca
- U. Enfermedad Celiaca e Inmunopatología Digestiva, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Sabine L Vriezinga
- Department of Paediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Katharina Werkstetter
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Berthold Koletzko
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, 80337 Munich, Germany.
| | - Hans Demmelmair
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, 80337 Munich, Germany.
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11
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Meyer Z, Höflich C, Wirthgen E, Olm S, Hammon HM, Hoeflich A. Analysis of the IGF-system in milk from farm animals - Occurrence, regulation, and biomarker potential. Growth Horm IGF Res 2017; 35:1-7. [PMID: 28544872 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
IGFs and IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) are abundantly present in milk and in dairy products. Compared to the IGFs, the IGFBP have received less attention in milk, although truncated IGFBPs and IGFBP-glycosylation have been described in milk. Thereby, complex control of local IGF-effects can be assumed on the levels of IGFBPs, proteases, and protease inhibitors. The present review collects the current knowledge both on presence and regulation of IGFs and IGFBPs in milk particularly from dairy animal species. As a rule higher levels of IGF-I, IGF-II, and IGFBPs are measured around parturition if compared to later time-points of lactation. In all farm animal species included in this review, it is found that the relative abundancies of IGFBPs in milk and serum are similar, with IGFBP-3 and -2 characterized by higher concentrations if compared to IGFBP-4 or -5. The concentrations of IGFs and IGFBPs in milk or dairy products can be altered by hormones, dairy processing, or fermentation. Because milk can be used for non-invasive biomarker research, quality management, and health monitoring, we discuss novel directions of IGF-analysis and potential on-site biomarker research in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zianka Meyer
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | | | - Elisa Wirthgen
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany; Ligandis GbR, Gülzow-Prüzen, Germany
| | - Sven Olm
- MQD M-V mbH, Institut für Analytik und Hygiene, Güstrow, Germany
| | - Harald M Hammon
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner", Leibniz-Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Hoeflich
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany.
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12
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Lomanowska AM, Melo AI. Deconstructing the function of maternal stimulation in offspring development: Insights from the artificial rearing model in rats. Horm Behav 2016; 77:224-36. [PMID: 26112882 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue on "Parental Care". Maternal behavior has an important function in stimulating adequate growth and development of the young. Several approaches have been used in primates and rodents to deconstruct and examine the influence of specific components of maternal stimulation on offspring development. These approaches include observational studies of typical mother-infant interactions and studies of the effects of intermittent or complete deprivation of maternal contact. In this review, we focus on one unique approach using rats that enables the complete control of maternal variables by means of rearing rat pups artificially without contact with the mother or litter, while maintaining stable nutrition, temperature and exposure to stressful stimuli. This artificial rearing model permits the removal and controlled replacement of relevant maternal and litter stimuli and has contributed valuable insights regarding the influence of these stimuli on various developmental outcomes. It also enables the analysis of factors implicated in social isolation itself and their long-term influence. We provide an overview of the effects of artificial rearing on behavior, physiology, and neurobiology, including the influence of replacing maternal tactile stimulation and littermate contact on these outcomes. We then discuss the relevance of these effects in terms of the maternal role in regulating different aspects of offspring development and implications for human research. We emphasize that artificial rearing of rats does not lead to a global insult of nervous system development, making this paradigm useful in investigating specific developmental effects associated with maternal stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Lomanowska
- School of Psychology, Laval University, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, Quebec City, QC G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Angel I Melo
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, CINVESTAV-Laboratorio Tlaxcala, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Apdo Postal 62. C.P. Tlaxcala, Tlax. C.P. 90000, México.
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13
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Abstract
This article provides an overview of the composition of human milk, its variation, and its clinical relevance. The composition of human milk is the biological norm for infant nutrition. Human milk also contains many hundreds to thousands of distinct bioactive molecules that protect against infection and inflammation and contribute to immune maturation, organ development, and healthy microbial colonization. Some of these molecules (eg, lactoferrin) are being investigated as novel therapeutic agents. Human milk changes in composition from colostrum to late lactation, within feeds, by gestational age, diurnally, and between mothers. Feeding infants with expressed human milk is increasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Ballard
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Human Milk and Lactation & Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., MLC 7009, Cincinnati, OH 45229.
| | - Ardythe L. Morrow
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Human Milk and Lactation, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., MLC 7009, Cincinnati, OH 45229.
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14
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Stringer JM, Suzuki S, Pask AJ, Shaw G, Renfree MB. Selected imprinting of INS in the marsupial. Epigenetics Chromatin 2012; 5:14. [PMID: 22929229 PMCID: PMC3502105 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8935-5-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND In marsupials, growth and development of the young occur postnatally, regulated by milk that changes in composition throughout the long lactation. To initiate lactation in mammals, there is an absolute requirement for insulin (INS), a gene known to be imprinted in the placenta. We therefore examined whether INS is imprinted in the mammary gland of the marsupial tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) and compared its expression with that of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2). RESULTS INS was expressed in the mammary gland and significantly increased, while IGF2 decreased, during established milk production. Insulin and IGF2 were both detected in the mammary gland macrophage cells during early lactation and in the alveolar cells later in lactation. Surprisingly, INS, which was thought only to be imprinted in the therian yolk sac, was imprinted and paternally expressed in the liver of the developing young, monoallelically expressed in the tammar mammary gland and biallelic in the stomach and intestine. The INS transcription start site used in the liver and mammary gland was differentially methylated. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to identify tissue-specific INS imprinting outside the yolk sac. These data suggest that there may be an advantage of selective monoallelic expression in the mammary gland and that this may influence the growth of the postnatal young. These results are not consistent with the parental conflict hypothesis, but instead provide support for the maternal-infant co-adaptation hypothesis. Thus, imprinting in the mammary gland maybe as critical for postnatal growth and development in mammals as genomic imprinting in the placenta is prenatally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Stringer
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Kangaroo Genomics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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Comparison of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) proteins of Chianina and Holstein cattle breed milk samples through proteomics methods. Nutrients 2009; 1:302-15. [PMID: 22253986 PMCID: PMC3257596 DOI: 10.3390/nu1020302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of proteins involved in milk production is important to understand the biology of lactation. Many studies have advanced the understanding of mammary function and milk secretion, but the critical molecular mechanisms implicated in milk fat secretion is still incomplete. Milk fat globules are secreted from the apical surface of the mammary cells, surrounded by a thin membrane bilayer, the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM), formed by proteins which have been suggested to be cholesterolemia-lowering factors, inhibitors of cancer cell growth, vitamin binders, bactericidal, suppressors of multiple sclerosis. Using a proteomic approach, we compared MFGM from milk samples of individuals belonging to two different cattle breeds, Chianina and Holstein, representative of selection for milk and meat traits, respectively. We were able to isolate some of the major MFGM proteins in the examined samples and to identify differences between the protein fractions of the two breeds. We detected differences in the amount of proteins linked to mammary gland development and lipid droplets formation, as well as host defence mechanisms. We have shown that proteomics is a suitable, unbiased method for the study of milk fractions proteins and a powerful tool in nutritional genomics.
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Smolenski G, Haines S, Kwan FYS, Bond J, Farr V, Davis SR, Stelwagen K, Wheeler TT. Characterisation of Host Defence Proteins in Milk Using a Proteomic Approach. J Proteome Res 2006; 6:207-15. [PMID: 17203965 DOI: 10.1021/pr0603405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Besides providing nutrition to the newborn, milk also protects the neonate and the mammary gland against infection. As well as the six major proteins, bovine milk contains minor proteins, not all of which have been characterized. In this study, we have subjected bovine skim milk, whey, and milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) fractions to both direct liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) followed by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) of individual protein spots to better characterize the repertoire of minor milk proteins, particularly those involved with host defense. Milk from peak lactation as well as during the period of colostrum formation and during mastitis were analyzed to gain a more complete sampling of the milk proteome. In total, 2903 peptides were detected by LC-MS and 2770 protein spots by 2-DE. From these, 95 distinct gene products were identified, comprising 53 identified through direct LC-MS/MS and 57 through 2-DE-MS. The latter were derived from a total of 363 spots analyzed with 181 being successfully identified. At least 15 proteins were identified that are involved in host defense. These results demonstrate that the proteome of milk is more complex than has previously been reported and a significant fraction of minor milk proteins are involved in protection against infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant Smolenski
- Dairy Science and Technology Section, AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, East Street, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Biologic substances present in human colostrums demonstrate the evolution of this essential nutrient for growth and development: Insulin-like growth factor-I and prolactin. Nutr Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2004.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ermis B, Altinkaynak K, Yildirim A, Ozkan B. Influence of smoking on serum and milk of mothers, and their infants' serum insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 levels. HORMONE RESEARCH 2004; 62:288-92. [PMID: 15542930 DOI: 10.1159/000081974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2004] [Accepted: 09/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the serum and milk in active-smoking and nonsmoking mothers, and their infants' insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) levels. DESIGN AND SETTING A cohort study conducted at a tertiary medical center. SUBJECTS Forty-four mothers (age range: 21-34 years) and their newborns (7 days old) were enrolled in the study. Mothers were interviewed and classified according to their smoking status into one of two groups: the active-smoking mothers (n = 21) and the nonsmoking mothers (n = 23). RESULTS There was no difference noted in either IGF-I, IGFBP-3 or IGF-I/IGFBP-3 ratios in serum and milk of mothers, and their infants' serum samples according to maternal smoking. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that maternal smoking (5-10 cigarettes/day) did not influence the maternal and infant serum levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 as well as the breast milk levels of these peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahri Ermis
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Zonguldak Karaelmas University, Kozlu, Zonguldak, Turkey.
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Bernard-Pierrot I, Delbé J, Heroult M, Rosty C, Soulié P, Barritault D, Milhiet PE, Courty J. Heparin affin regulatory peptide in milk: its involvement in mammary gland homeostasis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 314:277-82. [PMID: 14715276 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.12.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
HARP (heparin affin regulatory peptide) is a heparin binding growth factor implicated in cellular growth and differentiation. Previously, HARP had been localized in the human mammary, in both alveolar epithelial and myoepithelial cells although HARP mRNAs were only expressed by myoepithelial cells [J. Histochem. Cytochem. 45 (1997) 1]. In the present study, we demonstrate that HARP is secreted in human mature milk with concentrations ranging from 17.68+/-6.4ng/ml in mature milk to 59.9+/-11.22ng/ml in colostrum. In vitro, HARP was found to be mitogenic on human mammary epithelial and myoepithelial cell lines and correlated with the expression of its high affinity receptor tyrosine kinase ALK (anaplastic lymphoma kinase). In vivo, ALK is expressed in both mammary epithelial and myoepithelial cells, suggesting that HARP could act in vivo as a paracrine and autocrine growth factor in the regulation of the mammary gland development and its homeostatic maintenance during pregnancy and lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Bernard-Pierrot
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur la Croissance Cellulaire, la Réparation et la Régénération Tissulaires FRE CNRS No. 2412, Université Paris Val de Marne Avenue du Général de Gaulle, Créteil, France
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Monks J, Neville MC. Vesicular transport of soluble substances into mouse milk. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2002; 501:257-63. [PMID: 11787689 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1371-1_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing a novel protocol to study transport of substances into mouse milk in situ, we have shown that many "fluid-phase" markers are taken up by mammary epithelial cells and deposited in milk. Since the tight junctions are closed and impermeable even to small molecules, extra-alveolar substances (those not synthesized by the alveolar cells) must be transported into the milk by the epithelial cells themselves. The markers we have used include dextran, lucifer yellow dye, horseradish peroxidase, and albumin. Using these markers and immunostaining for endogenous proteins, we have visualized transcytotic vesicles involved in transporting these markers to milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Monks
- Department of Physiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262, USA
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Fant ME, Weisoly D. Insulin and insulin-like growth factors in human development: implications for the perinatal period. Semin Perinatol 2001; 25:426-35. [PMID: 11778913 DOI: 10.1053/sper.2001.29036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The physiologic and cellular mechanisms regulating fetal growth cannot be adequately described by regulatory mechanisms important postnatally. This review summarizes recent advances in clinical medicine, cell and molecular biology, and physiology showing the central and essential roles of insulin and the insulin-like growth factor family of peptides in regulating fetal growth. Moreover, the importance of insulin-like growth factors in tissue-specific growth regulation during critical periods of development suggest that these mechanisms may also be relevant to the pathogenesis of tissue injury in the preterm infant, and may offer therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing morbidity associated with prematurity. Illustrations of how the insulin-like growth factor axis may represent potential therapeutic targets for specific clinical problems facing the newborn are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Fant
- Deportment of Pediatrics, University of Texas, Houston Medical School, 77030, USA
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Robinson RM, Akers RM, Forsten KE. IGF-I stimulation of extracellular acidification is not linked to cell proliferation for autocrine cells. Endocrine 2001; 15:205-11. [PMID: 11720248 DOI: 10.1385/endo:15:2:205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) increases extracellular acidification rate (ECAR), a measure correlated with proliferation for nonautocrine cells. To evaluate the effect of autocrine IGF-I secretion on cell responsiveness, a cell line that secretes IGF-I was tested. SV40-lGF-I cells also registered concentration-dependent increases in ECAR; however, unlike the parental cell line, signal attenuation upon repeat challenges was not evident. Furthermore, SV40-IGF-I cells did not proliferate in response to IGF-I. We investigated if lack of proliferation was due to differences in the protocols of the assays ([3H]thymidine incorporation and microphysiometry). We identified three key differences in the protocols: surface substrate, cell density, and fluid residence time. We found no increase in [3H]thymidine incorporation for cells on either tissue-culture plastic or polycarbonate transwells. Control levels of [3H]thymidine incorporation were cell-density-dependent, but IGF-I did not increase proliferation at any density studied. Finally, we investigated IGF-I stimulation for cells under microphysiometer flow conditions and found no proliferative response to IGF-I. We found that the cells do respond to IGF-I with increased amino acid uptake. These data suggest that IGF-I signaling is operational in the SV40-IGF-I cells, but the transduction pathway for IGF-I-induced proliferation is compromised, despite the fact that these cells respond to fetal bovine serum with increased growth. Ongoing studies are focused on identifying which elements in the signaling cascade are altered by autocrine secretion of IGF-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Robinson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA
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Rosfjord EC, Dickson RB. Growth factors, apoptosis, and survival of mammary epithelial cells. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 1999; 4:229-37. [PMID: 10426402 DOI: 10.1023/a:1018789527533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (apoptosis) occurs regularly during normal growth and development of the mammary gland. One of the most dramatic examples of apoptosis is evident during the remodeling of the breast that accompanies postlactational involution. Transgenic mouse models have demonstrated that overexpression of polypeptides such as transforming growth factor alpha (TGFalpha) and insulin like growth factor I (IGF-I) can block this remodeling, suggesting that these growth factors may be acting as survival factors for the mammary epithelium. In contrast, transgenic mice that overexpress the growth inhibitor transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) show increased apoptosis in the mammary epithelium throughout mammary development, suggestive of a mechanism working to counterbalance the survival factors. Experiments with mammary epithelial cell lines cultured in vitro have confirmed that these growth factors can indeed regulate apoptosis and survival in mammary epithelial cells; EGF, IGF-I, and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) act as survival factors for mammary epithelial cells, while TGF-beta induces their death. In breast cancer, cytotoxic drugs and hormone ablation increase the expression of TGF-beta, which may function to induce cell death by either paracrine or autocrine mechanisms. Lastly, although it has very limited expression in the breast, TNFalpha has been shown to be effective in the rapid, direct induction of cell death in breast cancer cell lines. Together, these studies describe a complex dynamic pattern of cell death-inducing and survival factors that promote the development of the mature mammary gland and that rapidly remodel the tissue after lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Rosfjord
- Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007-2197, USA
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