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Ehrenfeld P, Bhoola KD, Matus CE, Figueroa CD. Functional interrelationships between the kallikrein-related peptidases family and the classical kinin system in the human neutrophil. Biol Chem 2019; 399:925-935. [PMID: 29883315 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2017-0338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the human neutrophil, kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) have a significant functional relationship with the classical kinin system as a kinin B1 receptor agonist induces secretion of KLK1, KLK6, KLK10, KLK13 and KLK14 into the medium. Secretion of KLK1, the kinin-forming enzyme, may perpetuate formation of kinin in the inflammatory milieu by hydrolyzing extravasated kininogens present in tissue edema. Secretion of KLKs into the inflammatory milieu, induced by kinins or other proinflammatory mediators, provides the human neutrophil with a wide range of molecular interactions to hydrolyze different cellular and extracellular matrix components, which may be of critical relevance in different mechanisms involving inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Ehrenfeld
- Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Kanti D Bhoola
- Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carola E Matus
- Departament of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Carlos D Figueroa
- Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, 5110712 Valdivia, Chile.,Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios del Sistema Nervioso (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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2
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Kallikrein in the Interstitial Space. Protein Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1201/9781315374307-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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3
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Lizama AJ, Andrade Y, Colivoro P, Sarmiento J, Matus CE, Gonzalez CB, Bhoola KD, Ehrenfeld P, Figueroa CD. Expression and bioregulation of the kallikrein-related peptidases family in the human neutrophil. Innate Immun 2015; 21:575-586. [DOI: 10.1177/1753425914566083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The family of kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) has been identified in a variety of immunolabeled human tissue sections, but no previous study has experimentally confirmed their presence in the human neutrophil. We have investigated the expression and bioregulation of particular KLKs in the human neutrophil and, in addition, examined whether stimulation by a kinin B1receptor (B1R) agonist or fMet-Leu-Phe (fMLP) induces their secretion. Western blot analysis of neutrophil homogenates indicated that the MM of the KLKs ranged from 27 to 50 kDa. RT-PCR showed that blood neutrophils expressed only KLK1, KLK4, KLK10, KLK13, KLK14 and KLK15 mRNAs, whereas the non-differentiated HL-60 cells expressed most of them, with exception of KLK3 and KLK7. Nevertheless, mRNAs for KLK2, KLK5, KLK6 and KLK9 that were previously undetectable appeared after challenging with a mixture of cytokines. Both kinin B1R agonist and fMLP induced secretion of KLK1, KLK6, KLK10, KLK13 and KLK14 into the culture medium in similar amounts, whereas the B1R agonist caused the release of lower amounts of KLK2, KLK4 and KLK5. When secreted, the differing proteolytic activity of KLKs provides the human neutrophil with a multifunctional enzymatic capacity supporting a new dimension for its role in human disorders of diverse etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro J Lizama
- Laboratorio de Patologia Celular, Instituto de Anatomia, Histologia y Patologia, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Yessica Andrade
- Laboratorio de Patologia Celular, Instituto de Anatomia, Histologia y Patologia, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Patricio Colivoro
- Laboratorio de Patologia Celular, Instituto de Anatomia, Histologia y Patologia, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Jose Sarmiento
- Instituto de Fisiologia, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carola E Matus
- Laboratorio de Patologia Celular, Instituto de Anatomia, Histologia y Patologia, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carlos B Gonzalez
- Instituto de Fisiologia, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Kanti D Bhoola
- Laboratorio de Patologia Celular, Instituto de Anatomia, Histologia y Patologia, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Pamela Ehrenfeld
- Laboratorio de Patologia Celular, Instituto de Anatomia, Histologia y Patologia, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carlos D Figueroa
- Laboratorio de Patologia Celular, Instituto de Anatomia, Histologia y Patologia, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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4
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Glandular kallikrein in the innate immune system of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 139:119-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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5
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Del Rosso A, Distler O, Milia AF, Emanueli C, Ibba-Manneschi L, Guiducci S, Conforti ML, Generini S, Pignone A, Gay S, Madeddu P, Matucci-Cerinic M. Increased circulating levels of tissue kallikrein in systemic sclerosis correlate with microvascular involvement. Ann Rheum Dis 2005; 64:382-7. [PMID: 15708892 PMCID: PMC1755411 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2004.023382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In systemic sclerosis (SSc) the lack of an angiogenic response to hypoxia may be due to inappropriate synthesis of angiogenic and angiostatic factors. Tissue kallikrein (t-kallikrein), regulating the kallikrein-kinin system and acting on the microcirculation, is a potent angiogenic agent, and kallistatin is its natural inhibitor. OBJECTIVE To evaluate, in patients with SSc, t-kallikrein and kallistatin levels and their correlation with clinical features and measures of microvascular involvement. PATIENTS AND METHODS Serum levels of t-kallikrein and kallistatin (ELISA) and t-kallikrein skin expression (immunohistochemistry) were studied in patients with SSc, and evaluated for subset (dSSc or lSSc), clinical and immunological features, and microvascular involvement (ulcers, telangiectasias, nailfold videocapillaroscopy). RESULTS Circulating levels of t-kallikrein were higher in SSc than in controls (p<0.001). T-kallikrein did not differ between lSSc and dSSc, although it was higher in lSSc than in controls (p<0.001).T-kallikrein levels were higher in patients with early and active capillaroscopic pattern than in those with late pattern (p = 0.019 and 0.023). Patients with giant capillaries and capillary microhaemorrhages had higher t-kallikrein concentrations than patients with architectural derangement (p = 0.04). No differences in kallistatin levels were detected between patients with SSc and controls, or between lSSc and dSSc. In early SSc skin, the presence of t-kallikrein was found in endothelial and in perivascular inflammatory cells, while no staining in skin of advanced SSc was detected. CONCLUSION T-kallikrein levels are increased in patients with SSc, particularly in lSSc, and are associated with early and active capillaroscopic patterns. T-kallikrein may play a part in SSc microvascular changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Del Rosso
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence, Viale G Pieraccini, 18-50139 Florence, Italy
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6
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McLean PG, Perretti M, Ahluwalia A. Kinin B1receptors as novel anti-inflammatory targets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.4.2.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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7
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Stuardo M, Gonzalez CB, Nualart F, Boric M, Corthorn J, Bhoola KD, Figueroa CD. Stimulated human neutrophils form biologically active kinin peptides from high and low molecular weight kininogens. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 75:631-40. [PMID: 14742641 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1103546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human neutrophils play a pivotal role in acute inflammation. However, their capacity to generate bioactive kinin peptides has not been established as yet. We have examined the ability of neutrophil enzymes to release biologically active kinins in vitro from purified human H- and L-kininogens. Neutrophils isolated from human blood were stimulated with f-Met-Leu-Phe, thrombin, or human immunoglobulin G adsorbed to silica particles. Supernatants were incubated with iodinated kininogens, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analyzed aliquots taken after a range of incubation times. A time-course analysis demonstrated that supernatants from stimulated neutrophils caused a rapid hydrolysis of both substrates, resulting in an accumulation of fragments ranging from 20 to less than 10 kDa. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) revealed that all supernatants were able to generate kinins in vitro. High-performance liquid chromatography of the generated peptides indicated that they had a retention time similar to that of bradykinin and Met-Lys-bradykinin, clearly recognized as kinin peptides when the corresponding fractions were tested by RIA. The kinin-immunoreactive fractions produced lowering of blood pressure and a dramatic increase in venular permeability. Biological activity of the neutrophil-generated kinins was completely abolished by the B2 receptor antagonist HOE140, indicating that over the time-course of the experiments, only kinin B2 agonists appeared to have been generated and that cellular actions of these were mediated by kinin B2 receptors. Together, our results demonstrate that human neutrophil proteases can release kinins from both plasma kininogens, suggesting that these peptides may participate actively during acute inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Stuardo
- Institutos de Histología/Patología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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8
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Trevisani M, Amadesi S, Schmidlin F, Poblete MT, Bardella E, Maggiore B, Harrison S, Figueroa CD, Tognetto M, Navarra G, Turini A, Bunnett NW, Geppetti P, De Giorgio R. Bradykinin B2 receptors mediate contraction in the normal and inflamed human gallbladder in vitro. Gastroenterology 2003; 125:126-35. [PMID: 12851878 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5085(03)00694-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The components of the kinin system, including kinongens, kininogenases, and B(2) and B(1) receptors, are expressed and activated during inflammation. Here, we investigated the expression of the kinin B(2) receptor messenger RNA, kininogen and kallikrein immunoreactivity, and the ability of kinins to contract control and inflamed gallbladders in vitro. METHODS Human gallbladders, obtained from patients undergoing cholecystectomy either for acute cholecystitis secondary to gallstone disease or during elective gastro-entero-pancreatic surgery (controls), were processed for reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis, kallikrein and kininogen immunohistochemistry, binding studies, and in vitro contractility studies. RESULTS Tissue expression of B(2) receptor messenger RNA and specific binding of [(3)H]-bradykinin increased significantly in acute cholecystitis compared to controls. Kallikrein immunoreactivity was detected in the epithelium and infiltrating leukocytes, whereas kininogen immunoreactivity in the lumen of blood vessels and interstitial space. Bradykinin contracted isolated strips of control and acute cholecystitis gallbladders. In acute cholecystitis tissue, efficacy of bradykinin was higher than that of control gallbladders and similar to that of cholecystokinin. The contraction induced by bradykinin was significantly attenuated by B(2) receptor antagonism but not by cyclooxygenase inhibition and B(1), muscarinic, or tachykinin receptor antagonism. CONCLUSIONS All the components of the kinin system are expressed in the human gallbladder. Bradykinin is a powerful spasmogen via B(2) receptor activation in the normal and, especially, in the inflamed human gallbladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Trevisani
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Medicine, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara, Italy
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9
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Dulinski R, Suder P, Guevara-Lora I, Rapała-Kozik M, Potempa J, Silberring J, Imamura T, Travis J, Kozik A. Attenuated kinin release from human neutrophil elastase-pretreated kininogens by tissue and plasma kallikreins. Biol Chem 2003; 384:929-37. [PMID: 12887060 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2003.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Components of kinin-forming systems operating at inflammatory sites are likely to interact with elastase that is released by recruited neutrophils and may, at least temporarily, constitute the major proteolytic activity present at these sites. The aim of this work was to determine the effect of kininogen degradation by human neutrophil elastase (HNE) on kinin generation by tissue and plasma kallikreins. We show that the digestion of both low molecular mass (LK) and high molecular mass (HK) forms of human kininogen by HNE renders them essentially unsusceptible to processing by human urinary kallikrein (tissue-type) and also significantly quenches the kinin release from HK by plasma kallikrein. Studies with synthetic model heptadecapeptide substrates, ISLMKRPPGFSPFRSSR and SLMKRPPGFSPFRSSRI, confirmed the inability of tissue kallikrein to process peptides at either termini of the internal kinin sequence, while plasma kallikrein was shown to release the kinin C-terminus relatively easily. The HNE-generated fragments of kininogens were separated by HPLC and the fractions containing internal kinin sequences were identified by a kinin-specific immunoenzymatic test after trypsin digestion. These fractions were analyzed by electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry. In this way, multiple peptides containing the kinin sequence flanked by only a few amino acid residues at each terminus were identified in elastase digests of both LK and HK. These results suggest that elastase may be involved in quenching the kinin-release cascade at the late stages of the inflammatory reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Dulinski
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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10
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Scuri M, Botvinnikova Y, Lauredo IT, Abraham WM. Recombinant alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor blocks antigen- and mediator-induced airway responses in sheep. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2002; 93:1900-6. [PMID: 12433933 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00400.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha(1)-proteinase inhibitor (alpha(1)-PI) is a natural serine protease inhibitor. Although mainly thought to protect the airways from neutrophil elastase, alpha(1)-PI may also regulate the development of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), as indicated by our previous findings of an inverse relationship between lung alpha(1)-PI activity and the severity of antigen-induced AHR. Because allergic stimulation of the airways causes release of elastase, tissue kallikrein, and reactive oxygen species (ROS), all of which can reduce alpha(1)-PI activity and contribute to AHR, we hypothesized that administration of exogenous alpha(1)-PI should protect against pathophysiological airway responses caused by these agents. In untreated allergic sheep, airway challenge with elastase, xanthine/xanthine oxidase (which generates ROS), high-molecular-weight kininogen, the substrate for tissue kallikrein, and antigen resulted in bronchoconstriction. ROS and antigen also induced AHR to inhaled carbachol. Treatment with 10 mg of recombinant alpha(1)-PI (ralpha(1)-PI) blocked the bronchoconstriction caused by elastase, high-molecular-weight kininogen, and ROS, and the AHR induced by ROS and antigen. One milligram of ralpha(1)-PI was ineffective. These are the first in vivo data demonstrating the effects of ralpha(1)-PI. Our results are consistent with and extend findings obtained with human plasma-derived alpha(1)-PI and suggest that alpha(1)-PI may be important in the regulation of airway responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Scuri
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Miami at Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, Florida 33140, USA.
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11
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Scuri M, Abraham WM, Botvinnikova Y, Forteza R. Hyaluronic acid blocks porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE)-induced bronchoconstriction in sheep. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164:1855-9. [PMID: 11734436 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.164.10.2011115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that inhaled porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) causes bronchoconstriction in sheep via a bradykinin-mediated mechanism. Hyaluronic acid (HA), in vitro, binds and inactivates airway tissue kallikrein (TK), the enzyme responsible for kinin generation. Therefore, we hypothesized that in vivo, HA should prevent PPE-induced bronchoconstriction by binding and inactivating TK. To test this, we measured pulmonary resistance (RL) in allergic sheep before and after inhalation of PPE alone (500 microg) and after pretreatment with either inhaled HA at 70 kD, designated low molecular weight (LMW)-HA or 200 kD, designated high molecular weight (HMW)-HA at different concentrations. Inhaled PPE increased RL 147 +/- 8% over baseline values and this effect was associated with a 111 +/- 28% increase in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) TK activity. HA blocked the PPE-induced bronchoconstriction and the increase in BALF TK activity in a dose- dependent and molecular weight-dependent fashion. HA alone had no effect on RL. Instillation of PPE in the lung increased kinin concentrations in BALF, a result consistent with the PPE-induced increase in BALF TK activity. Our findings show that HA blocks PPE-induced bronchoconstriction in a dose-dependent and molecular weight-dependent fashion by a mechanism that may, in part, be related to inhibition of TK activity and the formation of kinins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Scuri
- Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care Medicine, University of Miami at Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, Florida 33140, USA.
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12
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Mahabeer R, Naidoo S, Raidoo DM. Detection of tissue kallikrein and kinin B1 and B2 receptor mRNAs in human brain by in situ RT-PCR. Metab Brain Dis 2000; 15:325-35. [PMID: 11383557 DOI: 10.1023/a:1011131510491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Tissue kallikrein (TK) and kinin receptors have been immuno-localized in various areas of the human nervous system, suggesting that the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) may be functionally active in the brain. The aim of this study was to determine the cellular expression of TK and kinin B1 and B2 receptor mRNAs in specific regions of the human brain by in situ reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Autopsy samples of the brain, spinal cord, kidney and salivary gland were embedded in paraffin. Sections (5 microm), adhered onto silane coated glass slides, were treated with Proteinase K and DNase, followed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction with specific KKS primers and digoxigenin-dUTP. Detection of the digoxigenin-label demonstrated localization of TK, B1 and B2 mRNAs in the cytoplasm of some neuronal cell bodies in the hypothalamus, thalamus, frontal cortex and spinal cord. TK mRNA was also observed in the ependymal cells lining the cerebral ventricles and epithelial cells of the choroid plexus. In the choroid plexus, only B1 gene expression was observed in some choroidal epithelial cells while no B2 labeling was detected. The identification of mRNAs to TK, B1 and B2 kinin receptors in human nervous tissue supports previous evidence for the presence of the KKS in the brain and confirms localized protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mahabeer
- Department of Pharmacology, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of Natal Congella, South Africa
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13
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Blais C, Marceau F, Rouleau JL, Adam A. The kallikrein-kininogen-kinin system: lessons from the quantification of endogenous kinins. Peptides 2000; 21:1903-40. [PMID: 11150653 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(00)00348-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present review is to describe the place of endogenous kinins, mainly bradykinin (BK) and des-Arg(9)-BK in the kallikrein-kininogen-kinin system, to review and compare the different analytical methods reported for the assessment of endogenous kinins, to explain the difficulties and the pitfalls for their quantifications in biologic samples and finally to see how the results obtained by these methods could complement and extend the pharmacological evidence of their pathophysiological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Blais
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université de Montréal, 2900, Boul. Edouard-Montpetit, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centreville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
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14
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Abstract
The kallikrein-kinin system is a mediator of inflammation in humans. In order to elucidate the range of expression of human tissue kallikrein and its substrates, high and low molecular weight kininogen, in inflammatory cells in vitro, we examined their biosynthesis in the HL-60 cell line by RT-PCR and Southern blot analyses. Prominent expression of tissue kallikrein mRNA occurred in untreated promyelocytic cultures as well as in HL-60 cells that were induced to differentiate toward neutrophilic, monocytic, and macrophagic cells. Under the same inducing conditions, kininogen biosynthesis was undetectable at each differentiation state of HL-60 cultures. These results indicate that the myelomonocytic lineage of human leukocytes is a source of tissue kallikrein, which may be secreted as part of the inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Podlich
- Institute for Biochemistry, Darmstadt University of Technology, Germany
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15
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Abstract
Human tissue prokallikrein, a zymogen of the kallikrein-kinin system, circulates in plasma bound to neutrophils. Because plasma kininogens contribute to the assembly of kinin-generating components on blood cells, these proteins were assessed for their ability to complex the kallikrein precursor. Using ligand blot and direct binding assays, biotinylated prokallikrein was found to bind only to high-molecular-weight kininogen and not to the low-molecular-weight form. The interaction was specific, reversible, and saturable yielding an estimated dissociation constant K(D)=690 nM and a 1:1 stoichiometry. Specific kininogen binding of tissue prokallikrein also occurred at physiological plasma protein concentrations. These results provide the first evidence for a novel function of high-molecular-weight kininogen as a binding protein for tissue prokallikrein that could serve to localize the kallikrein precursor on the neutrophil surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Raab
- Institute for Biochemistry, Darmstadt University of Technology, Petersenstr. 22, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
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16
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Forteza R, Lauredo I, Abraham WM, Conner GE. Bronchial tissue kallikrein activity is regulated by hyaluronic acid binding. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999; 21:666-74. [PMID: 10572063 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.21.6.3651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue kallikrein (TK) is secreted by serous cells of tracheobronchial submucosal glands and plays a role in allergic airway responses. To better understand the regulation of TK, we used primary cultures of submucosal gland cells that release TK upon stimulation. Media from cultures stimulated with chymase (10(-7) M) showed increased TK activity (0.50 +/- 0.22 mU/ml mean +/- standard error) in comparison with the control group (0.08 +/- 0.02 mU/ml). The increased TK activity was significantly correlated with increases in the levels of the serous cell marker, secretory leukoprotease inhibitor. Anion exchange chromatography of the conditioned culture media showed that TK activity eluted as a broad peak between 1.6 and 1.8 M NaCl, unlike the reported elution (0.3 to 0.6 M NaCl) of kallikreins from other tissues, suggesting that secreted bronchial TK was bound to a negatively charged molecule. Hyaluronidase digestion increased TK activity in both pre- and post-chymase-stimulated culture media, whereas no such change was seen after samples were digested with heparinase or chondroitinase ABC. Further, after hyaluronidase digestion of media, TK eluted from an anion exchange column between 0.3 and 0.6 M NaCl. Enzymatic detection of TK after nondenaturing gel electrophoresis showed that hyaluronidase digestion also reduced the electrophoretic heterogeneity of TK to a single band, whereas adding back hyaluronic acid (HA) to hyaluronidase-digested samples restored the original heterogeneity. Finally, TK activity bound to HA-Sepharose and could be eluted with HA. These studies show that primary cultures of ovine submucosal gland cells secrete TK in a regulated fashion, and that secreted TK binds to HA. This binding reduces TK enzymatic activity; therefore, factors that affect HA turnover could modify the TK activity in the airway lumen. These events could be important in the regulation of kinin-mediated airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Forteza
- Division of Pulmonary Disease, University of Miami at Mt. Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, Miami, Florida.
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17
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Kemme M, Podlich D, Raidoo DM, Snyman C, Naidoo S, Bhoola KD. Identification of immunoreactive tissue prokallikrein on the surface membrane of human neutrophils. Biol Chem 1999; 380:1321-8. [PMID: 10614825 DOI: 10.1515/bc.1999.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Putative binding sites for prokallikrein, the endogenous zymogen of the vasoactive and pro-inflammatory tissue kallikrein-kinin system, were recently demonstrated on human neutrophils. However, the occurrence and distribution of neutrophil-bound prokallikrein itself have so far not been examined. In this study, a specific anti-peptide antibody directed against the propart of the zymogen was used to localize the kallikrein precursor by confocal laser-scanning microscopy on unstimulated human blood neutrophils. Our results describe, for the first time, the presence of tissue prokallikrein on the membrane of circulating neutrophils. Immunoreactive prokallikrein was associated into punctate clusters occupying the external surface of the neutrophil membrane and, after addition of exogenous zymogen, immunolabeling was enhanced four-fold. In contrast, only moderate immunoreactivity to prokallikrein was observed intracellularly. These results suggest that resting neutrophils provide a circulating platform for tissue prokallikrein whose surface density may be upregulated as part of the inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kemme
- Institute for Biochemistry, Darmstadt University of Technology, Germany
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18
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Naidoo Y, Snyman C, Raidoo DM, Bhoola KD, Kemme M, Müller-Esterl W. Cellular visualization of tissue prokallikrein in human neutrophils and myelocytes. Br J Haematol 1999; 105:599-612. [PMID: 10354119 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.1999.01391.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The vasoactive peptides bradykinin and kallidin (lysyl-bradykinin) have been implicated in diapedesis, a cellular process by which neutrophils migrate through endothelial cell gap junctions. The kinin peptides are released from their precursor moiety, kininogen, by the specific action of endoproteinases, the kallikreins. Kininogens have been demonstrated on the surface of neutrophils, and the presence of a competent processing enzyme such as tissue prokallikrein in neutrophils has been postulated, but firm evidence for this is still lacking. We have raised antibodies to a synthetic peptide that is a sequence copy of the activation segment of human TK and demonstrated that the anti-peptide antibodies specifically recognized the zymogen but not the active form of kallikrein. Using these anti-peptide antibodies, we showed by Western blotting, immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy that the tissue prokallikrein antigen was localized in neutrophils and their precursor cells, the myelocytes. We further demonstrated by in situ hybridization the presence of tissue kallikrein mRNA in the mature neutrophils and myelocytes. Our findings lend credence to the hypothesis that upon release and activation, neutrophil-borne TK acts on cell-associated kininogens to trigger the release of kinins, which may open endothelial gates for neutrophil diapedesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Naidoo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Natal, Congella, Durban, South Africa
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Margolius HS. Tissue kallikreins structure, regulation, and participation in mammalian physiology and disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 1999; 16:337-49. [PMID: 9926284 DOI: 10.1007/bf02737655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H S Margolius
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA.
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Xiong W, Wang J, Chao L, Chao J. Tissue-specific expression and promoter analyses of the human tissue kallikrein gene in transgenic mice. Biochem J 1997; 325 ( Pt 1):111-6. [PMID: 9224635 PMCID: PMC1218534 DOI: 10.1042/bj3250111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The expression of the tissue kallikrein gene is tissue-specific and exhibits a complex pattern of transcriptional and post-translational regulation. Information concerning the mechanism of its tissue-specific expression has been limited owing to the lack of suitable cell lines for the expression study. We approached this problem by introducing human tissue kallikrein gene constructs into mouse embryos, creating transgenic lines carrying its coding sequence with varying lengths of the promoter region. One construct (PHK) contained 801 bp in the 5'-flanking region and two deletion constructs contained either 302 bp (D300) or 202 bp (D200) of the promoter region. The expression of human tissue kallikrein in these transgenic mice was monitored by Northern blot, reverse transcriptase-PCR followed by Southern blot, and radioimmunoassay. In all three lines, human tissue kallikrein was expressed predominantly in the pancreas and at lower levels in other tissues, including salivary gland, kidney and spleen. This pattern was similar to that of tissue kallikrein expression in human tissues. The D300 line has higher levels of transgene expression than the D200 and PHK lines. The results indicate that the 202 bp segment immediately upstream of the translation starting site is sufficient to direct a tissue-specific expression pattern of the human tissue kallikrein gene, and that regulatory elements might exist between -801 and -202.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Margolius HS. Theodore Cooper Memorial Lecture. Kallikreins and kinins. Some unanswered questions about system characteristics and roles in human disease. Hypertension 1995; 26:221-9. [PMID: 7635529 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.26.2.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Kinins can affect many aspects of cellular function, but their roles in human homeostatic mechanisms and disease are just beginning to be understood. In this brief review, some of the interesting new observations about kallikrein-kinin system characteristics, roles in cell behavior, and aberrancy in diseases of relevance to readers interested in hypertension will be discussed. Along the way, questions raised by these observations will be posed. They show that we still have much to learn about the contributions of kinins to human cardiovascular diseases but now have in addition both a strong rationale for asking them and the tools to make them operational.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Margolius
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, 29425-2251, USA
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