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Farrar VS, Ramirez AV, Calisi RM. Effects of Parental Experience and Age On Expression of Prolactin, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide and Their Receptors in a Biparental Bird (Columba Livia). Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:30-40. [PMID: 35438167 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As animals gain parental experience, they often show more rapid and efficient parental care responses that likely improve offspring survival and fitness. Changes in circulating hormones that underlie reproductive behaviors, including prolactin, have been found to correlate with parental experience in birds and mammals. Altered responsiveness to prolactin in key behavioral centers of the brain may also underlie the effects of experience on parental behaviors. Further, experience may also affect responsiveness to prolactin stimulatory hormones, such as hypothalamic vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). While experience has been shown to upregulate neural prolactin receptors and responsiveness in rodents, its effects on prolactin receptor gene expression remain unstudied in birds. To address this, we examined gene expression of pituitary prolactin, hypothalamic prolactin receptors in the preoptic area, hypothalamic VIP, and pituitary VIP receptors in both sexes of the biparental rock dove (Columba livia) when birds were not actively nesting. As age and parental experience are often confounded (i.e.,experienced parents tend to be older than their inexperienced counterparts), we measured gene expression in birds of varying combinations of age (0.6-3 years) and prior reproductive experience (0-12 chicks raised). We found that increasing experience with chicks correlated with lower PRLR expression in the preoptic area, and age correlated with lower VIP expression in birds of both sexes. Pituitary PRL and VIPR expression was not associated with parental experience or age. These results suggest there may be persistent effects of experience and age on neural responsiveness to, and regulation of, prolactin in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria S Farrar
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Alison V Ramirez
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Rebecca M Calisi
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
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2
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Kansaku N, Tobari Y, Hiyama G, Wakui S, Minoguchi N, Numata M, Kino K, Zadworny D. Effects of Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide and Forskolin on mRNA Expression of Prolactin and Prolactin Regulatory Element-Binding Protein in the Anterior Pituitary Gland of Chicken Embryo and Laying Hens. J Poult Sci 2016; 53:313-317. [PMID: 32908399 PMCID: PMC7477168 DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0160039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) treatment induced mRNA expression of Prolactin (PRL) in the chicken anterior pituitary gland. VIP responsive element (VRE) of the PRL promoter was identified in the various bird species. However, transcription factor, which binds to VRE, has not yet been identified. Prolactin regulatory element-binding protein (PREB) gene cloned as a candidate transcription factor binds to VRE. Increases of mRNA levels of PRL and PREB during embryogenesis were identified. However, whether VIP affects levels of PRL and PREB mRNA during embryogenesis remains unknown. The effects of VIP and forskolin on mRNA expression of PRL and PREB in the embryonic anterior pituitary gland were assessed. Furthermore, administration of VIP to laying hens was conducted to examine the relationship between VIP and PREB mRNA expression. At day 14 of the embryonic growth stage, VIP treatment did not affect mRNA levels of either PRL or PREB, whereas forskolin treatment induced the increase of these mRNA levels. At day 20, both VIP and forskolin induced an increase of PRL and PREB mRNA levels. The administration of VIP significantly increased mRNA levels of PRL and PREB in the anterior pituitary gland of White Leghorn and Nagoya. These results indicate that the effects of VIP on PRL and PREB mRNA expression levels of VIP receptor may in turn affect PRL and PREB mRNA levels in the chicken anterior pituitary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Kansaku
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-Shi, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Yasuko Tobari
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-Shi, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Gen Hiyama
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-Shi, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Shin Wakui
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-Shi, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Naokazu Minoguchi
- Animal Husbandry Research Division, Aichi Agricultural Research Center, Yazako, Nagakute, Aichi-ken, 480-1193, Japan
| | - Masazumi Numata
- Animal Husbandry Research Division, Aichi Agricultural Research Center, Yazako, Nagakute, Aichi-ken, 480-1193, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Kino
- Animal Husbandry Research Division, Aichi Agricultural Research Center, Yazako, Nagakute, Aichi-ken, 480-1193, Japan
| | - David Zadworny
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, P.Q., H9X 3V9, Canada
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Kingsbury MA, Jan N, Klatt JD, Goodson JL. Nesting behavior is associated with VIP expression and VIP-Fos colocalization in a network-wide manner. Horm Behav 2015; 69:68-81. [PMID: 25573700 PMCID: PMC4359656 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Many species, including humans, engage in a series of behaviors that are preparatory to the arrival of offspring. Such "nesting behaviors" are of obvious importance, but relevant neuroendocrine mechanisms remain little studied. We here focus on the potential roles of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in the performance of appetitive and consummatory nesting behaviors in male and female zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). Using combined immunocytochemistry for Fos and in situ hybridization for VIP, we now show that many VIP cell groups show increased transcriptional activity in response to nest building in male and female zebra finches. Particularly strong data come from the preoptic area (medial preoptic area and medial preoptic nucleus), where VIP-Fos co-expression correlates positively with three different measures of nesting behavior, as does the number of VIP-expressing cells. Remarkably, we find that VIP mRNA and/or VIP-Fos co-expression is correlated with nesting behavior in virtually every brain area that we examined, including the medial amygdala (anterior and posterior), medial bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial preoptic area, medial preoptic nucleus, anterior hypothalamus, ventromedial hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray complex (central gray and nucleus intercollicularis), and ventral tegmental area. Near-significant effects are also obtained in the tuberoinfundibular hypothalamus. Although most correlations are positive, negative correlations are observed for the VIP cell group of the anterior hypothalamus, a population that selectively promotes aggression, and also the periaqueductal gray complex. These data demonstrate a network-wide relationship between peptide production and social behavior that is, to our knowledge, unparalleled by other peptidergic modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcy A Kingsbury
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Namratha Jan
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - James D Klatt
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - James L Goodson
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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4
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Chaiyachet OA, Chokchaloemwong D, Prakobsaeng N, Sartsoongnoen N, Kosonsiriluk S, Rozenboim I, El Halawani ME, Porter TE, Chaiseha Y. Neuroendocrine regulation of rearing behavior in the native Thai hen. Acta Histochem 2013; 115:209-18. [PMID: 22795268 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is the avian prolactin releasing factor and changes in the concentrations of plasma prolactin (PRL) are found during the avian reproductive cycle. This study investigated the changes in the VIP/PRL system of native Thai hens rearing their young as compared to hens deprived of rearing their chicks. The number of VIP-immunoreactive (VIP-ir) neurons in the Nucleus inferioris hypothalami (IH) and Nucleus infundibuli hypothalami (IN) of hens rearing chicks (R) were compared with those of non-rearing chicks (NR). Plasma PRL levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The localization and number of VIP-ir neurons were determined by immunohistochemistry. The numbers of VIP-ir neurons in the IH-IN areas were high in the R hens, whereas the number of VIP-ir neurons decreased in the NR hens as compared to their respective R hens. During the rearing period, changes in the VIP-ir neurons within the IH-IN were correlated with plasma PRL levels. The results of the present study indicate for the first time that the VIP/PRL system plays a role in neuroendocrine reorganization to establish maternal behavior in native Thai chickens. The VIP/PRL system functions not only as a well established key regulator of incubation behavior, but is also involved in the regulation of rearing behavior. It is possible that VIP and the decline in the number of VIP-ir neurons and in turn VIPergic activity and the decrease in PRL levels are related to their contribution to rearing behavior of this non-seasonal breeding, equatorial precocial species.
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5
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Li H, Kuenzel WJ. A possible neural cascade involving the photoneuroendocrine system (PNES) responsible for regulating gonadal development in an avian species, Gallus gallus. Brain Res Bull 2008; 76:586-96. [PMID: 18598849 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurons located in the lateral septal organ (LSO) and medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) have been proposed to be encephalic photoreceptors (EPRs), which sense photoperiodic time and initiate avian gonadal development. Controversy continues regarding the location of EPRs serving the PNES and their signal transduction pathway. Using quantitative real-time RT-PCR we determined activation of key genes following prolonged light periods and sulfamethethazine (compound known to advance light-induced testes development) in 21-day old chicks. Earliest activation occurred in genes of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and type 6 phosphodiesterase beta subunit (PDE-6 beta) in the LSO at 4 and 6h, respectively, after onset of light and sulfamethazine intake. In contrast, no change was detected in the MBH during the first 8h of that treatment. Thereafter, significant increases in gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH-1) and VIP receptor (VIPR) mRNA transcripts were detected in the bed nucleus of the pallial commissure (NCPa). Hours later, activation of all four genes (VIP, PDE-6 beta, GnRH-1, VIPR) were induced solely by photostimulation. Deiodinase 2 and tyrosine hydroxylase in the MBH did not show increased gene expression until 12h of photostimulation. Prolactin mRNA transcripts showed significant increases at 4h due to SMZ intake and at 24, 36 and 48 h due to long-day photoperiodic effects. Data suggest that VIP neurons in the LSO may serve as EPRs and utilize PDE, present in the phototransduction cascade of known photoreceptors. Additionally, VIP released from the LSO may modulate GnRH-1 neurons in the NCPa via VIP receptors by increasing GnRH-1 gene expression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Infective Agents/administration & dosage
- Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/growth & development
- Brain/metabolism
- Chickens/genetics
- Chickens/growth & development
- Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 6/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/radiation effects
- Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/genetics
- Iodide Peroxidase/genetics
- Male
- Photoperiod
- Pituitary Gland, Anterior/drug effects
- Pituitary Gland, Anterior/growth & development
- Pituitary Gland, Anterior/metabolism
- Prolactin/genetics
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sulfamethazine/administration & dosage
- Sulfamethazine/pharmacology
- Testis/growth & development
- Testis/metabolism
- Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/genetics
- Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/genetics
- Vision, Ocular/drug effects
- Vision, Ocular/genetics
- Vision, Ocular/radiation effects
- Iodothyronine Deiodinase Type II
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Li
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States.
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6
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Christensen D, Vleck CM. Prolactin release and response to vasoactive intestinal peptide in an opportunistic breeder, the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2008; 157:91-8. [PMID: 18555065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2008.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2007] [Revised: 04/13/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Zebra finches in arid regions of Australia are opportunistic breeders that time their breeding cycles to coincide with nonseasonal rainfall. Hormonal profiles associated with reproductive behaviors may differ from those observed in seasonal breeders because these birds need to be reproductively competent on short notice. This study measured plasma prolactin (PRL) levels in nonbreeding and breeding zebra finches and in birds with and without prior reproductive experience. We also investigated the change in plasma PRL following injection with vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), the avian PRL-releasing hormone. PRL was lowest in non-paired birds, increased after pair bonds had formed, and was highest in incubating birds. No differences in PRL levels were found between males and females in these biparental care-givers. A single injection of VIP resulted in a rapid increase in plasma PRL in nonbreeding zebra finches, while PRL remained unchanged in incubating birds. When escalating doses of VIP were administered, nonbreeders responded with a maximal response in PRL release, but PRL levels in breeders remained unchanged following even the highest VIP dose. Among nonbreeders, inexperienced birds had significantly lower PRL levels than birds that had successfully reared a clutch, but both groups responded with an equally robust increase in PRL following a VIP challenge. This pattern differs from that observed in most photosensitive species in which only during a breeding cycle do birds secrete significant levels of PRL in response to exogenous VIP. Zebra finches, even when not actively breeding, must maintain competent pituitary lactotrophs that can secrete PRL at maximal rates. This is part of the suite of characters enabling these birds to respond to favorable breeding conditions at any time.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Christensen
- Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, 503 Science II, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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7
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Zawilska JB, Niewiadomski P, Nowak JZ. Characterization of vasoactive intestinal peptide/pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptors in chick cerebral cortex. J Mol Neurosci 2003; 20:153-62. [PMID: 12794309 DOI: 10.1385/jmn:20:2:153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2002] [Accepted: 12/08/2002] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study receptors for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) were characterized in chick cerebral cortex by an in vitro binding technique, using 125I-labeled VIP ([125I]-VIP) as a ligand. The specific binding of [125I]-VIP to chick cerebral cortical membranes was found to be rapid, stable, saturable, reversible, and of high affinity. Saturation analysis resulted in a linear Scatchard plot, suggesting binding to a single class of receptor binding sites with high affinity (Kd = 0.21 nM) and low capacity (Bmax = 19.5 fmol/mg protein). The relative rank order of potency of the tested peptides to inhibit [125I]-VIP binding to chick cerebrum was VIP (chicken) > or = VIP (mammalian) > or = PACAP27 > or = PACAP38 >> VIP6-28 (mammalian) > PHI (porcine) >> neurotensin6-11-chicken VIP7-28 > neurotensin6-11-mammalian VIP7-28 >>> VIP16-28 (chicken; inactive) approximately secretin (inactive). About 60% of [125I]-VIP-binding sites in chick cerebral cortex were sensitive to Gpp(NH)p, a nonhydrolyzable analog of GTP. It has been concluded that the cerebral cortex of chick, in addition to PAC1 receptors, contains a population of VPAC-type receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Binding, Competitive/drug effects
- Binding, Competitive/physiology
- Cell Membrane/drug effects
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cerebral Cortex/drug effects
- Cerebral Cortex/metabolism
- Chickens/metabolism
- Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate/pharmacology
- Iodine Radioisotopes
- Male
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neuropeptides/metabolism
- Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide
- Radioligand Assay
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I
- Receptors, Pituitary Hormone/drug effects
- Receptors, Pituitary Hormone/metabolism
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/drug effects
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/metabolism
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I
- Subcellular Fractions
- Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta B Zawilska
- Department of Biogenic Amines, Polish Academy of Sciences, P-225, 90-950 Lodz, Poland.
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8
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Mathieu M, Tagliafierro G, Angelini C, Vallarino M. Organization of vasoactive intestinal peptide-like immunoreactive system in the brain, olfactory organ and retina of the zebrafish, Danio rerio, during development. Brain Res 2001; 888:235-247. [PMID: 11150480 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(00)03065-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The localization of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-like immunoreactivity was investigated in the brain, olfactory system and retina of the zebrafish, Danio rerio, during development and in juvenile specimens, by using the indirect immunofluorescence and the peroxidase-antiperoxidase methods. In 24 h post fertilization (hpf) embryos, VIP-like immunoreactive cells were present in the olfactory pit, the retina, and several regions of the brain, including the dorsal telencephalon, the diencephalon, the tegmentum of the mesencephalon, the caudal rhombencephalon and the anterior pituitary. In 48 hpf embryos, additional VIP-like immunoreactive cell bodies were found in the ventral telencephalon, whereas in the diencephalon VIP-like immunopositive cells were more concentrated within the ventro-caudal hypothalamus. During the 7 day larval period, a dense plexus of VIP-like immunoreactive fibers first appeared in the olfactory bulbs. In 15-day-old larvae, two new groups of positive cells were observed in the periventricular preoptic nucleus and in the dorsal rhombencephalon. In 1 month/2 months old animals, VIP-like immunoreactive elements were confined to the olfactory organ, the olfactory bulbs, the periventricular preoptic nucleus and the pituitary, pars distalis. At 3 months stage, a large number of cells was observed in the periventricular preoptic nucleus. Western immunoblot analysis confirmed that VIP-like peptides, with molecular weight similar to that of synthetic VIP, are present early during the development of zebrafish. These results show that VIP-like immunoreactive structures appear early during ontogeny both in the olfactory pit, retina and brain. Transient expression of positive cells was found in the retina, telencephalon, diencephalon and brainstem. The location of VIP-like immunoreactivity indicates that, during development, VIP could be involved in several neuromodulatory functions, including the processing of visual and olfactory informations, as well as growth or survival promotion activities. The presence of VIP-like immunopositive cells in the pituitary, pars distalis, suggest that, during development, VIP may influence the secretion of pituitary hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mathieu
- Dipartimento di Biologia Sperimentale, DIBISAA, Università di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 5, 16132, Genova, Italy
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9
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Mathieu M, Trabucchi M, Vallarino M, Pinelli C, Rastogi RK. Distribution of vasoactive intestinal peptide-like immunoreactivity in the brain and pituitary of the frog (Rana esculenta) during development. Brain Res 1999; 851:105-15. [PMID: 10642833 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(99)02130-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The localization of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-like immunoreactive (ir) elements was investigated in the brain of the anuran amphibian, Rana esculenta, during development. Using an antiserum raised against the porcine VIP, ir cell bodies and fibers were observed in the forebrain of tadpoles a few days after hatching. During early premetamorphosis, ir perikarya were distributed in the ventral infundibular nucleus of the hypothalamus and in the posterocentral nucleus of the thalamus. Labeled fibers were detected in the olfactory bulbs and in the hypothalamus. In these larvae, furthermore, several VIP-ir cells were found in the pars distalis of the pituitary and there were ir fibers in the pars nervosa. In tadpoles at stages VIII-IX, a new group of VIP-labeled neurons was observed in the dorsal part of the infundibular nucleus. In other brain regions, the distribution of the immunoreactivity was similar to that described in the earliest stages, i.e., IV-VII. During mid-premetamorphosis, stages X-XII of development, an additional set of ir perikarya appeared in the ventrolateral area of the thalamus. During late premetamorphosis, stages XIII-XVIII, the organization of VIP-like immunoreactivity was more complex and its distribution more widespread. Two new groups of ir cell bodies appeared, one in the preoptic nucleus and another in the anteroventral area of the thalamus, and for the first time, VIP immunoreactivity was observed in the median eminence. This distribution pattern persisted through to the prometamorphic, four-limb stage. Strikingly, no VIP-ir elements were observed anywhere in the mid- and hindbrain. The present results indicate that a VIP-like ir peptide may be involved in the processing of olfactory information or may act as a neurohormone, hypophysiotropic factor, and neuromodulator in the brain of R. esculenta during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mathieu
- Dipartimento di Biologia Sperimentale, Università di Genova, Italy
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10
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Maney DL, Schoech SJ, Sharp PJ, Wingfield JC. Effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide on plasma prolactin in passerines. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1999; 113:323-30. [PMID: 10068494 DOI: 10.1006/gcen.1998.7220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a potent releaser of prolactin (PRL) in domestic fowl, turkey, and ring doves. However, few comparative studies have investigated this in wild species. We tested the effects of intravenously administered chicken VIP on plasma PRL concentrations in four passerine species: the white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii), the dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis), the Florida scrub-jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens), and the western scrub-jay (A. californica). In the white-crowned sparrow, junco, and Florida scrub-jay, which were tested during the breeding season, VIP induced a rapid increase in plasma PRL. Serial plasma samples taken after VIP injection in the white-crowned sparrow show a 10-fold increase in PRL within 2 min of treatment, followed by a gradual decline. Effects of VIP, as compared to saline, remained significant for at least 20 min after treatment. Western scrub-jays did not respond to intravenous VIP with a significant rise in PRL secretion, possibly because they were tested after termination of the breeding season. This study indicates that VIP control of PRL release may be widespread among avian species, and that seasonal changes in plasma PRL may be mediated in part at the level of the pituitary. In addition, analysis of the control data revealed no increase in plasma PRL as a result of injection or restraint, suggesting that unlike in mammals, PRL is not released during acute stress in passerines.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Maney
- Department of Zoology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98105, USA
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11
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Vleck CM, Patrick DJ. Effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide on prolactin secretion in three species of passerine birds. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1999; 113:146-54. [PMID: 9882553 DOI: 10.1006/gcen.1998.7191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous work on domesticated species has indicated that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is an important prolactin-releasing factor in these birds, but no comparative work in passerine birds has been reported. This study showed that iv injections of VIP (50-100 microg/kg body mass) result in a dramatic, but transitory, rise in plasma prolactin in Mexican jays (Aphelocoma ultramarina). Significant increases in prolactin were also observed following VIP injection in blue jays (Cyanocitta cristata) and zebra finches (Poephilla guttata). At the dosage we used, maximum levels of prolactin attained were slightly lower (Mexican jays) or very similar (blue jay and zebra finch) to the maximum prolactin levels observed in other, breeding birds of the same species. In zebra finches that initially had low prolactin, VIP injection resulted in a greater than 10-fold increase in prolactin within 10 min, but those individuals that already had elevated prolactin showed no further increase in response to VIP. Slow-release pellets of VIP implanted subcutaneously in Mexican jays and releasing 10 or 15 microg VIP/day (two or three pellets) produced a significant increase in plasma prolactin (78 and 92% rise, respectively) compared to birds with placebo pellets or with with one pellet releasing only 5 microg/day.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Vleck
- Department of Zoology and Genetics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
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12
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Buntin JD. Neural and Hormonal Control of Parental Behavior in Birds. ADVANCES IN THE STUDY OF BEHAVIOR 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3454(08)60333-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Saldanha CJ, Silver R. Intraventricular prolactin inhibits hypothalamic vasoactive-intestinal polypeptide-expression in doves. J Neuroendocrinol 1995; 7:881-7. [PMID: 8748126 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.1995.tb00730.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
While the role of prolactin in promoting the development of the crop-sac in members of the pigeon family (Columbiformes) is well established, its action in the central nervous system is less well understood. In the present study, prolactin was administered intracerebroventricularily (i.c.v.) in ring doves, and central expression of vasoactive-intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), and the display of sexual behavior was investigated. Ovine-prolactin (1 microgram in 2 microliters o-prl) was injected daily for six days through chronically implanted cannula either prior to a 2-h period of courtship, or late in incubation. Control subjects were given vehicle injections and were otherwise identical to experimental animals. Prolactin administered prior to courtship resulted in a reduction of sexual behavior, and in a decrease in testicular weight but had no detectable effect on the number of neurons expressing VIP or GnRH. In contrast, i.c.v. prolactin during incubation resulted in a reduced number of infundibular VIP-positive neurons and decreased crop weight. We conclude that during incubation prolactin regulates its own synthesis and/or release by modulating VIP expression in infundibular neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Saldanha
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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Esposito V, De Girolamo P, Gargiulo G. Extrahypothalamic distribution of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-like immunoreactivity in the chicken brain, Gallus domesticus. Neuropeptides 1994; 27:225-34. [PMID: 7808595 DOI: 10.1016/0143-4179(94)90003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of VIP-immunoreactive neurons and fibers was detected in the extrahypothalamic areas of chicken brain by immunohistochemistry and light microscopy VIP-ir perikarya were found in the hippocampus and in the area parahippocampalis; in the area ventralis of Tsai, in the n. interpeduncularis, in the substantia nigra, in the substantia grisea centralis, in the locus coeruleus, in the n. subcoeruleus ventralis and in the n. pontis lateralis. VIP-ir fibers were seen in the lobus parolfactorius and throughout the brainstem mainly arranged in lateral and midsagittal position. This finding was discussed in relation to other studies performed on chicken and/or other avian brain. The distributional pattern of VIP-ergic system in the chicken brain suggests a possible involvement of VIP or VIP-like peptide in several neuroregulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Esposito
- Department of Structures, Functions and Biological Technologies, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
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15
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Abstract
Daylength is an important environmental cue used by temperate zone avian species to time the onset of seasonal reproductive activity. Photic cues are detected by extra-retinal, extra-pineal central nervous system elements, and are rapidly transduced to an efferent signal. In this paper, we describe the brain locus of putative encephalic photoreceptors in birds, and explore the pathway of information transfer from photic input to the reproductive axis. To this end, we examine how photoreceptors might communicate with the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, and how brain peptides vary seasonally. Recent studies indicate that brain photoreceptors lie in the lateral septum and in the tuberal hypothalamus, and co-express proteins characteristic of retinal photoreceptors, as well as vasoactive-intestinal polypeptide (VIP). At the light microscopic level, photoreceptor cells appear to communicate with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons, and vice versa. Expression of VIP-like immunoreactivity is highest in photorefractory animals while GnRH-like immunoreactivity is highest in photosensitive birds. Expression of these CNS peptides is correlated with changes in plasma prolactin and luteinizing hormone (LH), suggesting a mechanism mediating seasonal cyclicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Saldanha
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
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16
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Esposito V, De Girolamo P, Gargiulo G. Immunoreactivity to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in the hypothalamus of the domestic fowl, Gallus domesticus. Neuropeptides 1993; 25:83-90. [PMID: 8413861 DOI: 10.1016/0143-4179(93)90086-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of VIP-immunoreactive neurons and fibers was detected in the hypothalamus of the chick by immunohistochemistry and light microscopy. A large amount of VIP cellular bodies was localized in the anterior and medial area of the hypothalamus with the highest density of cells in supraoptic, magnocellular preoptic, suprachiasmatic and paraventricular nuclei. Only few VIP-immunoreactive neurons were observed in the caudal section of infundibuli nucleus. A considerable concentration of VIP-positive fibers was also detected in the external layer of the anterior and posterior median eminence. Their presence might have origin both from the neurons of the infundibuli nucleus and from the cells of the paraventricular nucleus. Few VIP-immunoreactive fibers were revealed in the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis. These results tend to suggest that VIP may play more than one role in the hypothalamic regions, particularly in the preoptico-hypothalamic area. The presence of this peptide in the median eminence supports even more the hypothesis that it may be released into the portal circulation and transported to the pars distalis of the pituitary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Esposito
- Department of Structures, Functions and Biological Technologies, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
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17
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Mauro LJ, Youngren OM, Proudman JA, Phillips RE, el Halawani ME. Effects of reproductive status, ovariectomy, and photoperiod on vasoactive intestinal peptide in the female turkey hypothalamus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1992; 87:481-93. [PMID: 1426951 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(92)90056-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) appears to be a physiologically relevant prolactin (PRL)-releasing factor during the avian reproductive cycle, yet little is known of the factors involved in modulating the hypothalamic concentrations of this neuropeptide. A heterologous chicken VIP radioimmunoassay was developed to examine the effects of reproductive status, ovariectomy, and photoperiod on hypothalamic VIP immunoreactivity in the female turkey. VIP concentrations were highest in the median eminence/infundibular nuclear complex (ME/INF) relative to other subregions of the hypothalamus and changed only in this region during the reproductive cycle. Quiescent, nonphotostimulated hens subjected to stimulatory photoperiod exhibited a 1.6-fold increase in VIP in the ME/INF (quiescent 59.9 +/- 6.0 vs photostimulated 95.8 +/- 7.1 pg/microgram protein). An additional 2-fold increase in ME/INF VIP concentrations was observed in laying hens (183.0 +/- 28.5 pg/microgram protein). Coincident increases in plasma PRL were also observed. In contrast, during incubation and the photorefractory stage, a dissociation between hypothalamic VIP and plasma PRL occurred. No changes were observed in VIP in incubating hens, yet a 6-fold increase in PRL was noted, compared to layers. In addition, ME/INF VIP concentrations exhibited no change during the photorefractory stage, whereas a 28-fold decrease in plasma PRL occurred. VIP concentrations in the ME/INF of laying hens were unaffected by ovariectomy, whereas exposure to short photoperiod reduced VIP by 44%. The inhibitory effects of short photoperiod could not be reversed by administration of exogenous steroids, while steroid treatment reduced VIP concentrations by 45% in the ovariectomized hens. These results provide additional correlative evidence for a modulatory role of VIP in PRL secretion and suggest that the expression of this neuropeptide in the INF may serve as a neural link between photoperiodic mechanisms and PRL release during the avian reproductive cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Mauro
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
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18
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Cloues R, Ramos C, Silver R. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactivity during reproduction in doves: influence of experience and number of offspring. Horm Behav 1990; 24:215-31. [PMID: 2194925 DOI: 10.1016/0018-506x(90)90006-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To assess the possibility that vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) plays a role in naturally occurring changes in prolactin secretion in ring doves, we used immunohistochemical techniques to measure VIP-like immunoreactivity in the brain as a function of stage of the reproductive cycle. Differences between parental and nonparental birds in VIP profiles were detected in the ventral portion of the infundibular region. More specifically, there is an increase in cell size and staining intensity in the ventral infundibulum of breeding birds compared to simultaneously processed tissue taken from control animals. In both sexes, an increase in size of VIP-like immunoreactive cells is detectable during courtship and early incubation, anticipating the increase in plasma prolactin levels. VIP cell size remains elevated from about Incubation Day 14 to Brooding Day 14, and a steady decrease is observed during the remaining posthatching period, as squab begin to feed independently. Compared to parents rearing one squab, those with two young have a prolonged interval of increased infundibular VIP immunoreactivity. Furthermore, doves with no previous experience of a breeding cycle exhibit prolonged VIP-like immunoreactivity compared to experienced parents, paralleling previously described differences between these groups in parental behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cloues
- Barnard College of Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
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el Halawani ME, Silsby JL, Mauro LJ. Vasoactive intestinal peptide is a hypothalamic prolactin-releasing neuropeptide in the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). Gen Comp Endocrinol 1990; 78:66-73. [PMID: 2158920 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(90)90048-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) functions as a hypothalamic prolactin (PRL)-releasing peptide in the turkey was tested by determining the effects of hypothalamic VIP immunoneutralization and pituitary VIP receptor blockade on hypothalamic extract (HE)-induced PRL secretion from dispersed anterior pituitaries. Incubation of cells with porcine VIP (pVIP; 0.5 or 10 nM) significantly stimulated PRL secretion. This effect was inhibited in a dose-related manner by 1-hr preincubation of pVIP with a VIP antisera (A/S; 1:500-1:50,000). Likewise, HE (0.3 equivalent)-stimulated PRL secretion was inhibited by preincubation with VIP A/S (P less than 0.0001). A 96-98% reduction in PRL secretion was obtained from cells cultured with HE, that was previously incubated with 1/500 dilution of antiserum. Pretreatment of pituitary cells for 15 min with [4Cl-D-Phe6,Leu17] VIP, a VIP receptor antagonist (10(-5) M), significantly depressed the PRL response to 0.5 nM VIP (9.9 +/- 0.5 micrograms/500,000 cells vs 4.9 +/- 0.1 micrograms/500,000 cells; 22.4 +/- 0.9 micrograms/500,000 cells vs 14.7 +/- 0.4 micrograms/500,000 cells) or 0.3 eq HE (8.8 +/- 0.6 micrograms/500,000 cells vs 5.2 +/- 0.2 micrograms/500,000 cells; 15.3 +/- 0.3 micrograms/500,000 cells vs 8.2 +/- 0.2 micrograms/500,000 cells). These results suggest that hypothalamic stimulation of PRL secretion appears to be mediated by receptors specific for VIP and that VIP is an endogenous hypothalamic PRL-releasing peptide in the turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E el Halawani
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
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Kelley KM, Nishioka RS, Bern HA. Novel effect of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and peptide histidine isoleucine: inhibition of in vitro secretion of prolactin in the tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1988; 72:97-106. [PMID: 3181742 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(88)90184-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI) on the in vitro secretion of two prolactins (PRL) from the rostral pars distalis (RPD) and of growth hormone (GH) from the proximal pars distalis (PPD) of the pituitary of the tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) were studied. RPDs were incubated for 20 hr in hypoosmotic (280-300 mOsm) or hyperosmotic (340-350 mOsm) Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate medium with added peptide concentrations of 0 (control), 0.3, 3.0, 30, and 300 nM; similarly, PPDs were incubated with the same peptide concentrations in isoosmotic (325 mOsm) medium supplemented with cortisol. PRL and GH in the tissue and secreted into the medium were measured by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by soft laser densitometry of the protein band(s). Neither VIP nor PHI has a detectable effect on the secretion of GH. Secretion of the two PRLs is significantly inhibited by VIP and PHI in both hyperosmotic and hypoosmotic medium. In hyperosmotic medium, 300 nM VIP inhibits secretion of both PRLs by 47%, whereas in hypoosmotic medium, 300 nM VIP inhibits their secretion by 27%. PHI inhibits their secretion by ca. 65% in hyperosmotic medium and by 40% in hypoosmotic medium. There is preliminary immunocytochemical evidence for some VIP-like immunoreactivity (IR), but no conclusive indication of PHI-like IR, in the hypothalamo-hypophysial area. The inhibitory actions of VIP and PHI on PRL secretion in tilapia are in contrast to the known stimulatory actions of VIP and PHI on PRL secretion in tetrapods.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Kelley
- Department of Zoology, University of California, Berkeley 94720
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