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Petry H, Petry K, Schmidt M, Hunsmann G, Anders F, Lüke W. Isolation and characterization of a retrovirus from the fish genus Xiphophorus. Virology 1992; 188:785-92. [PMID: 1374984 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(92)90533-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A cell line (BsT) established from neoplastic embryonal tissues of the platyfish (Xiphophorus maculatus) released spontaneously retrovirus-like particles. The particles have a buoyant density of 1.16 g/ml, a mean diameter of 100 nm and the morphology of immature retroviruses. The particle-associated proteins p70, p65, and p28 react with an antiserum directed against the major internal feline leukemia virus structural protein p27. The particles are associated with a reverse transcriptase. The purified enzyme has a molecular weight of about 70 kDa and prefers the template primers poly(rA):oligo(dT), poly(dC):oligo(dG), and poly(rC):oligo(dG) in the presence of Mn2+. The enzyme activity is inhibited by antibodies directed against the reverse transcriptase of feline leukemia virus and simian sarcoma virus. The particles contain a ribonucleic acid of about 70 S. In an endogenous reverse transcriptase reaction nucleic acids in the range of 0.2 to 0.4 kb were synthesized. In Northern blots with these nucleic acids as probe, three transcripts of about 8.5, 4.2, and 1.5 kb were detected in BsT cells. Southern blot analysis with the same probe demonstrates related sequences in the DNA of BsT cells and the platyfish and swordtail (Xiphophorus helleri). Hybridization experiments with the LTR-gag region of the feline leukemia virus show homologous sequences in the Xiphophorus genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Petry
- Genetics Institute, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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2
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Arthur LO, Bess JW, Waters DJ, Pyle SW, Kelliher JC, Nara PL, Krohn K, Robey WG, Langlois AJ, Gallo RC. Challenge of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) immunized with human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein gp120. J Virol 1989; 63:5046-53. [PMID: 2555541 PMCID: PMC251165 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.63.12.5046-5053.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, infects humans and chimpanzees. To determine the efficacy of immunization for preventing infection, chimpanzees were immunized with gp120 purified from human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type IIIB (HTLV-IIIB)-infected cell membranes and challenged with the homologous virus, HTLV-IIIB. A challenge stock of HTLV-IIIB was prepared by using unconcentrated HTLV-IIIB produced in H9 cells. The titer of the virus from this stock on human and chimpanzee peripheral blood mononuclear cells and in human lymphoid cell lines was determined; a cell culture infectivity of 10(4) was assigned. All chimpanzees inoculated intravenously with 40 cell culture infectious units or more became infected, as demonstrated by virus isolation and seroconversion. One of two chimpanzees inoculated with 4 cell culture infectious units became infected. Chimpanzees immunized with gp120 formulated in alum developed antibodies which precipitated gp120 and neutralized HTLV-IIIB. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from gp120-vaccinated and HIV-infected animals showed a significantly greater response in proliferation assays with HIV proteins than did peripheral blood mononuclear cells from nonvaccinated and non-HIV-infected chimpanzees. Two of the gp120-alum-immunized chimpanzees were challenged with virus from the HTLV-IIIB stock. One animal received 400 cell culture infectious units, and one received 40 infectious units. Both animals became infected with HIV, indicating that the immune response elicited by immunization with gp120 formulated in alum was not effective in preventing infection with HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- L O Arthur
- Program Resources, Inc., National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research Facility, Maryland 21701
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Pyle SW, Morein B, Bess JW, Akerblom L, Nara PL, Nigida SM, Lerche NW, Robey WG, Fischinger PJ, Arthur LO. Immune response to immunostimulatory complexes (ISCOMs) prepared from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) or the HIV-1 external envelope glycoprotein (gp120). Vaccine 1989; 7:465-73. [PMID: 2554608 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(89)90164-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In mice, immunostimulatory complexes (ISCOMs) prepared from HIV-1 B external envelope glycoprotein (gp120) induced 10-fold higher antibody titres than gp120 emulsified in depot adjuvant, as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Rhesus monkeys immunized with gp120 ISCOMs produced precipitating and virus neutralizing antibody titres equivalent to those seen in HIV-infected chimpanzees and humans. After multiple immunizations with HIV-1 B gp120 ISCOMs, a rhesus monkey developed a neutralizing response to the HIV-1 isolates RF and MN, but not to the CC isolate. Antisera from ISCOM-immunized rhesus monkeys recognized gp120 on the membranes of HIV-1 B-infected H9 cells, indicating the preservation of epitope structure in the ISCOMs matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Pyle
- Program Resources, Inc., National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research Facility, MD 21701
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Barrett N, Mitterer A, Mundt W, Eibl J, Eibl M, Gallo RC, Moss B, Dorner F. Large-scale production and purification of a vaccinia recombinant-derived HIV-1 gp160 and analysis of its immunogenicity. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1989; 5:159-71. [PMID: 2713166 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1989.5.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope gene was expressed in large-scale microcarrier cultures of Vero cells using a system involving coinfection with two recombinant vaccinia viruses. One recombinant contained the bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase gene under control of a vaccinia virus promoter. The second contained the HIV-1 gp160 gene flanked by T7 promoter and termination sequences. The protein was expressed on the surface of infected cells, and it was shown to have a molecular weight of 160 kD and to react with gp41 and gp120 specific monoclonal antibodies. After purification by successive affinity and ion-exchange chromatography, the protein was demonstrated to be present in a particulate form with a diameter in the range of 15-30 nm. When injected into goats a high-titer gp160 specific antibody response was elicited and group-specific neutralizing activity could be demonstrated in vitro. The immunogenicity of the protein was also studied in conjunction with a number of adjuvant formulations, and the highest potency in mice was obtained using a preparation with 0.2% Al(OH)3 and 0.25% deoxycholate.
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Dewar RL, Natarajan V, Vasudevachari MB, Salzman NP. Synthesis and processing of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope proteins encoded by a recombinant human adenovirus. J Virol 1989; 63:129-36. [PMID: 2535720 PMCID: PMC247665 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.63.1.129-136.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A recombinant adenovirus was constructed by inserting the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope gene downstream from the early region 3 (E3) promoter of adenovirus type 5 (Ad5), replacing the coding sequences of E3. The recombinant virus replicated as efficiently as the parent virus in all cell lines tested. Human cells infected with the recombinant virus synthesized the HIV-1 envelope precursor gp160, which was efficiently processed to the envelope glycoproteins gp120 and gp41. A human T-lymphoblast line (Molt-4) infected with the recombinant virus expressed HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins on the cell surface, leading to syncytium formation. The envelope gene was expressed from the E3 promoter at early times after infection and at late times from the major late promoter. When cotton rats were infected with the recombinant virus, antibodies against the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins could be expressed in an immunoreactive form by the recombinant adenovirus, further illustrating the usefulness of adenoviruses as expression vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Dewar
- Division of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, D.C. 20007
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Altaner C, Altanerova V, Ban J, Janik V, Volejnicek V, Frajs Z, Cerny L. Cell-derived vaccine against bovine leukaemia virus infection. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE B. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. SERIES B 1988; 35:736-46. [PMID: 2851239 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1988.tb00553.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Arthur LO, Pyle SW, Nara PL, Bess JW, Gonda MA, Kelliher JC, Gilden RV, Robey WG, Bolognesi DP, Gallo RC. Serological responses in chimpanzees inoculated with human immunodeficiency virus glycoprotein (gp120) subunit vaccine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987; 84:8583-7. [PMID: 3479807 PMCID: PMC299589 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.23.8583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The major envelope glycoprotein of a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been purified and was utilized as a prototype vaccine in chimpanzees. The 120,000-dalton glycoprotein (gp120) was purified from membranes of human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-IIIB-infected cells and the final preparation contained low levels to no detectable HTLV-IIIB core antigen (p24) and low levels of endotoxin. Chimpanzees inoculated with gp120 responded by developing antibodies that precipitated radiolabeled gp120 and neutralized in vitro infection of HTLV-IIIB. Antibodies to HTLV-IIIB p24 were not detected in the gp120-immunized chimpanzees. Peripheral blood leukocytes from the vaccinated animals were examined for T4+ and T8+ cells, and no decrease in the T4/T8 ratio was found, indicating that immunization with a ligand (gp120) that binds to T4 has no detectable adverse effect on the population of T4+ cells. The only current animal model that can be reproducibly infected with HIV is the chimpanzee. Immunization of chimpanzees with HIV proteins will provide an experimental system for testing the effectiveness of prototype vaccines for preventing HIV infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- L O Arthur
- Program Resources, Inc., National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research Facility, MD 21701
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Nakamura H, Hayami M, Ohta Y, Ishikawa K, Tsujimoto H, Kiyokawa T, Yoshida M, Sasagawa A, Honjo S. Protection of cynomolgus monkeys against infection by human T-cell leukemia virus type-I by immunization with viral env gene products produced in Escherichia coli. Int J Cancer 1987; 40:403-7. [PMID: 2887518 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910400320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Protection against human T-cell leukemia virus type-I (HTLV-I) infection in cynomolgus monkeys, achieved by immunizing the animals with env gene products of HTLV-I produced in Escherichia coli, was evaluated. Four monkeys that had been immunized with the env product produced antibody against HTLV-I gp68 and gp46, and their sera were found to cause strong inhibition of syncytium formation of a cat fibroblast cell line induced by HTLV-I. Immunized and non-immunized monkeys were challenged with live MT-2 cells, a high HTLV-I-producer cell line. After challenge, all the control non-immunized monkeys were infected with HTLV-I, as judged by the frequent detection of HTLV-I-antigens in cultures of their peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), whereas no antigens were recovered from PBMC of immunized monkeys. These results indicate that humoral immunity against HTLV-I-envelope protein elicited by immunization with the polypeptides synthesized in bacteria protected the monkeys against primary infection with HTLV-I.
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Robey WG, Arthur LO, Matthews TJ, Langlois A, Copeland TD, Lerche NW, Oroszlan S, Bolognesi DP, Gilden RV, Fischinger PJ. Prospect for prevention of human immunodeficiency virus infection: purified 120-kDa envelope glycoprotein induces neutralizing antibody. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1986; 83:7023-7. [PMID: 3018753 PMCID: PMC386644 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.83.18.7023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study initiates an effort to develop a safe vaccine against the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) that is caused by infection with a retrovirus designated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) [formerly human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III)]. Other retrovirus models have shown that purified external glycoprotein subunits are immunogenic. The external envelope glycoprotein of HIV (gp120) has a molecular size of 120 kDa, is responsible for virus infectivity, and induces strong antibody response in humans. Purified HIV virus preparations contain relatively little gp120 so HIV-infected cells were used as the antigen source. The gp120 was localized on cell membranes and was solubilized with low levels of nonionic detergent. The glycoprotein was further purified by immunoaffinity chromatography over a resin prepared from IgGs isolated from patients. Homogeneity was achieved following extensive dialysis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The gp120 isolated from infected cells was shown to be structurally identical by peptide maps to virion gp120 and the amino-terminal amino acid sequence confirmed that the molecule was specified by the HIV genome. Goat, horse, and rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) immune sera to gp120 precipitated the homologous antigen and neutralized the in vitro infectivity of HIV. The induction of neutralizing antibody indicates that a gp120 subunit vaccine against HIV is theoretically possible.
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Pedersen NC, Johnson L, Birch D, Theilen GH. Possible immunoenhancement of persistent viremia by feline leukemia virus envelope glycoprotein vaccines in challenge-exposure situations where whole inactivated virus vaccines were protective. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1986; 11:123-48. [PMID: 3008409 PMCID: PMC7125533 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(86)90093-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Kittens immunized with purified native FeLV-gp70 or -gp85 envelope proteins developed ELISA, but not virus neutralizing, antibodies in their serum to both whole FeLV and FeLV-gp70. Kittens vaccinated with envelope proteins and infected with feline sarcoma virus (FeSV) developed smaller tumors than nonvaccinates, but a greater incidence of persistent retroviremia. Similarly, FeLV-gp70 and -gp85 vaccinated kittens were more apt to become persistently retroviremic following virulent FeLV challenge exposure than nonvaccinates. Kittens vaccinated with inactivated whole FeLV developed smaller tumors after FeSV inoculation and had a lower incidence of persistent retroviremia than nonvaccinates. The protective effect of inactivated whole FeLV vaccine against persistent retroviremia was also seen with FeLV challenge-exposed cats. Protection afforded by inactivated whole FeLV vaccine was not associated with virus neutralizing antibodies, although ELISA antibodies to both whole FeLV and FeLV-gp70 were induced by vaccination.
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Fischinger PJ. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome: the causative agent and the evolving perspective. Curr Probl Cancer 1985; 9:1-39. [PMID: 2983936 DOI: 10.1016/s0147-0272(85)80030-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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