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Wiezel GA, Rustiguel JK, Morgenstern D, Zoccal KF, Faccioli LH, Nonato MC, Ueberheide B, Arantes EC. Insights into the structure, function and stability of bordonein-L, the first L-amino acid oxidase from Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom. Biochimie 2019; 163:33-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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2
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Rukhlenko OS, Guria GT, Vorobiev AI. On the chemotherapeutic agents localization in tissue by means of snake venoms. Med Hypotheses 2017; 104:89-92. [PMID: 28673600 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency of anti-tumour drug strongly depends on its dose. Higher drug doses and exposure times usually result in better treatment. It is why the implementation of high-dose treatment is always attractive. However, most of the drug delivery techniques meet essential limitations. In isolated regional perfusion a tumour can be exposed to high-dose therapeutic influence but the target organ may be isolated from the rest of circulatory system only for a relatively short period of time. During systemic injection of anti-tumour agents dose limitations are dictated by side toxicity danger. Viperidae venoms are known to cause local stagnation of blood flow and blood-tissue exchange processes in the place of snakebite. In present paper we suggest to use Viperidae snake venoms in addition to anti-tumour drugs for regional anti-cancer therapy. We suppose that Viperidae venoms will assist in drug localization. We state that their usage will help in high-dosage therapy implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksii S Rukhlenko
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Ireland; Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, NASU, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Georgy Th Guria
- National Research Center for Hematology, Moscow, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia.
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3
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Villalta-Romero F, Borro L, Mandic B, Escalante T, Rucavado A, Gutiérrez JM, Neshich G, Tasic L. Discovery of small molecule inhibitors for the snake venom metalloprotease BaP1 using in silico and in vitro tests. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2018-2022. [PMID: 28347665 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Snakebites represent an important public health problem, with a great number of victims with permanent sequelae or fatal outcomes, particularly in rural, agriculturally active areas. The snake venom metalloproteases (SVMPs) are the principal proteins responsible for some clinically-relevant effects, such as local and systemic hemorrhage, dermonecrosis, and myonecrosis. Because of the difficulties in neutralizing them rapidly and locally by antivenoms, the search and design of small molecules as inhibitors of SVMPs are proposed. The Bothrops asper metalloprotease P1 (BaP1) is hereby used as a target protein and by High Throughput Virtual Screening (HTVS) approach, the free access virtual libraries: ZINC, PubChem and ChEMBL, were searched for potent small molecule inhibitors. Results from the aforementioned approaches provided strong evidences on the structural requirements for the efficient BaP1 inhibition such as the presence of the pyrimidine-2,4,6-trione moiety. The two proposed compounds have also shown excellent results in performed in vitro interaction studies against BaP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Villalta-Romero
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Organic Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz Borro
- Institute of Biology, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Boris Mandic
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Organic Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Teresa Escalante
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Alexandra Rucavado
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Jose María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Goran Neshich
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), National Center for Agricultural Informatics, Computational Biology Research Group, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ljubica Tasic
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Organic Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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4
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Teixeira TL, Oliveira Silva VA, da Cunha DB, Polettini FL, Thomaz CD, Pianca AA, Zambom FL, da Silva Leitão Mazzi DP, Reis RM, Mazzi MV. Isolation, characterization and screening of the in vitro cytotoxic activity of a novel L-amino acid oxidase (LAAOcdt) from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom on human cancer cell lines. Toxicon 2016; 119:203-17. [PMID: 27317870 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An L-amino acid oxidase (LAAOcdt) from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom was purified to homogeneity in a two-step procedure using molecular exclusion on Sephadex G-75, followed by Phenyl Sepharose FF chromatography. The molecular mass of the purified enzyme was 113 kDa, as determined by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions. LAAOcdt showed amino acid homology to other L-amino acid oxidases isolated from different snake venoms. The comparative analysis of the internal peptide sequences of the NNPGILEYPVKPSEEGK fragments by LC-MS/MS spectrometry revealed 100% identity with C. durissus cumanensis LAAO. The purified protein catalyzed the oxidative deamination of L-amino acids, and the most specific substrates were L-Tyr and L-Phe. The enzyme presented optimum activity at pH 7.4 and at 44 °C. LAAOcdt also showed hemolytic activity (0.6-20 μg/μL) and induced both the formation plasma clots (5-100 μg/μL) and platelet aggregation (2.5 × 10(-3), 5.0 × 10(-3) and 10 × 10(-3) μg/mL), as well as bactericidal activity (2.5-10 μg/μL) against Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, LAAOcdt exhibited cytotoxicity in distinct cancer cell lines, which presented a heterogeneous response profile. The mean IC50 value was 10.5 μg/mL. Glioma and pancreatic carcinoma cells were the most sensitive cell lines; they showed mean IC50 values of 7.2 μg/mL and 7.4 μg/mL, respectively. The exposure of the drug-sensitive cells to LAAOcdt for 24 h upregulated activated p-H2AX and efficiently decreased P42/P44 (ERK) activation in glioma cells (HCB151), which suggested an anti-proliferative effect. In addition, increased p21 expression was observed in SiHa cells, which showed a resistant phenotype. On the other hand, the flow cytometry and immunoblotting analyses showed that the enzyme did not induce cancer cell apoptosis. These results suggest that another cell death mechanism might contribute to the LAAOcdt-induced cytotoxicity. Taken together, this work may help to elucidate the function and structure of LAAOcdt by providing the basis for further investigations on its efficacy in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuila Leveghim Teixeira
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences Hermínio Ometto University Center, UNIARARAS, Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, CEP 13607-339, Araras, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Daniel Batista da Cunha
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences Hermínio Ometto University Center, UNIARARAS, Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, CEP 13607-339, Araras, SP, Brazil.
| | - Flávia Lino Polettini
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences Hermínio Ometto University Center, UNIARARAS, Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, CEP 13607-339, Araras, SP, Brazil.
| | - Camila Daniele Thomaz
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences Hermínio Ometto University Center, UNIARARAS, Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, CEP 13607-339, Araras, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ariana Aparecida Pianca
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences Hermínio Ometto University Center, UNIARARAS, Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, CEP 13607-339, Araras, SP, Brazil.
| | - Fabiana Letícia Zambom
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences Hermínio Ometto University Center, UNIARARAS, Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, CEP 13607-339, Araras, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Rui Manuel Reis
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, SP, Brazil; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.
| | - Maurício Ventura Mazzi
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences Hermínio Ometto University Center, UNIARARAS, Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, CEP 13607-339, Araras, SP, Brazil.
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5
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de Souza LL, Stransky S, Guerra-Duarte C, Flor-Sá A, Schneider FS, Kalapothakis E, Chávez-Olórtegui C. Determination of Toxic Activities inBothropsspp. Snake Venoms Using Animal-Free Approaches: Correlation BetweenIn VitroVersusIn VivoAssays. Toxicol Sci 2015; 147:458-65. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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6
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Izidoro LFM, Sobrinho JC, Mendes MM, Costa TR, Grabner AN, Rodrigues VM, da Silva SL, Zanchi FB, Zuliani JP, Fernandes CFC, Calderon LA, Stábeli RG, Soares AM. Snake venom L-amino acid oxidases: trends in pharmacology and biochemistry. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:196754. [PMID: 24738050 PMCID: PMC3971498 DOI: 10.1155/2014/196754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
L-amino acid oxidases are enzymes found in several organisms, including venoms of snakes, where they contribute to the toxicity of ophidian envenomation. Their toxicity is primarily due to enzymatic activity, but other mechanisms have been proposed recently which require further investigation. L-amino acid oxidases exert biological and pharmacological effects, including actions on platelet aggregation and the induction of apoptosis, hemorrhage, and cytotoxicity. These proteins present a high biotechnological potential for the development of antimicrobial, antitumor, and antiprotozoan agents. This review provides an overview of the biochemical properties and pharmacological effects of snake venom L-amino acid oxidases, their structure/activity relationship, and supposed mechanisms of action described so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Fernando M. Izidoro
- Faculdade de Ciências Integradas do Pontal e Departamento de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Juliana C. Sobrinho
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Mirian M. Mendes
- Faculdade de Ciências Integradas do Pontal e Departamento de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Tássia R. Costa
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Amy N. Grabner
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Veridiana M. Rodrigues
- Faculdade de Ciências Integradas do Pontal e Departamento de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Saulo L. da Silva
- Departamento de Química, Biotecnologia e Engenharia de Bioprocessos, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei (UFSJ), Campus Altoparaopeba, Ouro Branco, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernando B. Zanchi
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Juliana P. Zuliani
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Carla F. C. Fernandes
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Leonardo A. Calderon
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo G. Stábeli
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Andreimar M. Soares
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
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7
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Naumann GB, Silva LF, Silva L, Faria G, Richardson M, Evangelista K, Kohlhoff M, Gontijo CM, Navdaev A, de Rezende FF, Eble JA, Sanchez EF. Cytotoxicity and inhibition of platelet aggregation caused by an l-amino acid oxidase from Bothrops leucurus venom. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1810:683-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 03/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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8
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Rajesh RV, Layer PG, Boopathy R. High aryl acylamidase activity associated with cobra venom acetylcholinesterase: Biological significance. Biochimie 2009; 91:1450-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2009.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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Ande SR, Fussi H, Knauer H, Murkovic M, Ghisla S, Fröhlich KU, Macheroux P. Induction of apoptosis in yeast byL-amino acid oxidase from the Malayan pit viperCalloselasma rhodostoma. Yeast 2008; 25:349-57. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.1592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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10
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Stábeli RG, Sant'Ana CD, Ribeiro PH, Costa TR, Ticli FK, Pires MG, Nomizo A, Albuquerque S, Malta-Neto NR, Marins M, Sampaio SV, Soares AM. Cytotoxic l-amino acid oxidase from Bothrops moojeni: Biochemical and functional characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 2007; 41:132-40. [PMID: 17320169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2007.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2006] [Revised: 01/15/2007] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An L-amino acid oxidase isolated from Bothrops moojeni snake venom (BmooLAAO-I) was purified to a high degree using sequential CM-Sepharose ion-exchange and phenyl-Sepharose chromatography. When analyzed by mass spectrometry, the purified BmooLAAO-I presented a molecular weight of 64,889 and 130,779 under denaturing and nondenaturing conditions, respectively. BmooLAAO-I is a homodimeric acidic glycoprotein with a pI approximately 4.7, and the N-terminal sequence shows close structural similarity to other snake venom LAAOs. This enzyme was inactivated by freezing or low pH, and secondary structural analysis by circular dichroism revealed 48% alpha-helix, 20% beta-sheet, 12% beta-turn, and 20% random coil structures. BmooLAAO-I exhibited bactericidal, antitumoral, trypanocidal, edematogenic, and platelet-aggregating activities. All of these effects were inhibited by catalase, suggesting that these biological effects are mediated by the production of H(2)O(2). BmooLAAO-I induced typical apoptotic DNA fragmentation in HL-60 cells, which was also inhibited by catalase. These results point to the potential use of BmooLAAO-I as a therapeutic agent for treatment of diseases in which induction of H(2)O(2) production can be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo G Stábeli
- Laboratório de Bioquímica do Instituto de Pesquisas em Patologias Tropicais (IPEPATRO), Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
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11
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Nicholson J, Mirtschin P, Madaras F, Venning M, Kokkinn M. Digestive properties of the venom of the Australian Coastal Taipan, Oxyuranus scutellatus (Peters, 1867). Toxicon 2006; 48:422-8. [PMID: 16899265 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2006] [Revised: 06/07/2006] [Accepted: 06/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The digestive properties of Australian elapid snake venoms have not been studied to any great extent. To address this, the in vitro digestive properties of Oxyuranus scutellatus (Australian Coastal Taipan) venom were investigated in a simulation of the in vivo conditions using the parameters reported for the stomach of snakes and representative prey for this species. The amount of soluble protein released was measured over time using a bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay. Dismembered mouse hindlegs were injected intramuscularly with 0.1 ml O. scutellatus venom (concentration 10 mg/ml) and maintained in a micro-anaerobic, acidic environment (pH approximately 1.2-1.7) at 25 degrees C. The bathing liquid was sampled every 24 h for 7 days, and assayed for soluble protein. Statistical analysis revealed that O. scutellatus venom increased the rate at which proteins were released when compared to a negative control suggesting the potential importance of envenomation in the digestion of whole prey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Nicholson
- University of South Australia, Frome Road, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
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12
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Ande SR, Kommoju PR, Draxl S, Murkovic M, Macheroux P, Ghisla S, Ferrando-May E. Mechanisms of cell death induction by L-amino acid oxidase, a major component of ophidian venom. Apoptosis 2006; 11:1439-51. [PMID: 16770529 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-006-7959-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) from the Malayan pit viper induces both necrosis and apoptosis in Jurkat cells. Cell death by necrosis is attributed to H2O2 produced by oxidation of alpha-amino acids. In the presence of catalase that effectively scavenges H2O2, a switch to apoptosis is observed. The major factors contributing to apoptosis are proposed to be: (i) generation of toxic intermediates from fetal calf serum (ii) binding and internalization of LAAO. The latter process appears to be mediated by the glycan moiety of the enzyme as desialylation reduces cytotoxicity. D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO), which catalyzes the same reaction as LAAO but lacks glycosylation, triggers necrosis as a consequence of H2O2 production but not apoptosis in the presence of catalase. Thus induction of cell death by LAAO appears to involve both the generation of H2O2 and the molecular interaction of the glycan moiety of the enzyme with structures at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudharsana Rao Ande
- Biochemistry Research Group, University of Konstanz, D-78464 Konstanz, Germany
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13
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Stábeli RG, Marcussi S, Carlos GB, Pietro RCLR, Selistre-de-Araújo HS, Giglio JR, Oliveira EB, Soares AM. Platelet aggregation and antibacterial effects of an l-amino acid oxidase purified from Bothrops alternatus snake venom. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:2881-6. [PMID: 15142548 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2003] [Revised: 03/09/2004] [Accepted: 03/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The isolation and biochemical/enzymatic characterization of an L-amino acid oxidase, Balt-LAAO-I, from Bothrops alternatus snake venom, is described. Balt-LAAO-I is an acidic glycoprotein, pI approximately 5.37, homodimeric, Mr approximately 123,000, whose N-terminal sequence is ADVRNPLE EFRETDYEVL. It displays a high specificity toward hydrophobic and basic amino acids, while deglycosylation does not alter its enzymatic activity. Balt-LAAO-I induces platelet aggregation and shows bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, this enzyme is slightly hemorrhagic and induces edema in the mouse paw. Balt-LAAO-I is a multifunctional enzyme with promising relevant biotechnological and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo G Stábeli
- Laboratório de Bioquímica do Instituto de Pesquisas em Patologias Tropicais, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
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14
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Macheroux P, Seth O, Bollschweiler C, Schwarz M, Kurfürst M, Au LC, Ghisla S. L-Amino-acid oxidase from the Malayan pit viperCalloselasma rhodostoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.02042.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Abstract
L-amino acid oxidases are widely found in snake venoms and are thought to contribute to the toxicity upon envenomation. The mechanism of these toxic effects and whether they result from the enzymatic activity are still uncertain although many papers describing the biological and pharmacological effects of L-amino acid oxidases have appeared recently, which provide more information about their action on platelets, induction of apoptosis, haemorrhagic effects, and cytotoxicity. This review summarizes the physiochemical properties, structural characteristics and various biological functions of snake venom L-amino acid oxidases (SV-LAAOs). In addition, the putative mechanisms of SV-LAAO-induced platelet aggregation and apoptosis of cells are discussed in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Du
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Berne, Freiestrasse 1, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland
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16
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Geyer A, Fitzpatrick TB, Pawelek PD, Kitzing K, Vrielink A, Ghisla S, Macheroux P. Structure and characterization of the glycan moiety of L-amino-acid oxidase from the Malayan pit viper Calloselasma rhodostoma. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:4044-53. [PMID: 11453999 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.02321.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ophidian L-amino-acid oxidase (L-amino-acid oxygen:oxidoreductase, deaminating, EC 1.4.3.2) is found in the venom of many poisonous snakes (crotalids, elapids and viperids). This FAD-dependent glycoprotein has been studied from several snake species (e.g. Crotalus adamanteus, Crotalus atrox and Calloselasma rhodostoma) in detail with regard to the biochemical and enzymatic properties. The nature of glycosylation, however, as well as the chemical structure(s) of the attached oligosaccharide(s) are unknown. In view of the putative involvement of the glycan moiety in the biological effects of ophidian L-amino-acid oxidase, notably the apoptotic activity of the enzyme, structural knowledge is needed to evaluate its exact function. In this study we report on the glycosylation of L-amino-acid oxidase from the venom of the Malayan pit viper (Calloselasma rhodostoma). Its glycosylation is remarkably homogeneous with the major oligosaccharide accounting for approximately 90% of the total sugar content. Based on detailed analysis of the isolated oligosaccharide by 2D NMR spectroscopies and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry the glycan is identified as a bis-sialylated, biantennary, core-fucosylated dodecasaccharide. The biological significance of this finding is discussed in light of the biological activities of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Geyer
- Section of Natural Sciences, Universität Konstanz, Germany
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17
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In vitro utilization of mucin, lung polymers, plant cell walls and insect cuticle by Aspergillus fumigatus, Metarhizium anisopliae and Haematonectria haematococca. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1017/s0953756299001525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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18
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Nucaro E, Jodra M, Russell E, Anderson L, Dennison P, Dufton M. Conversion of tyrosine to phenolic derivatives by Taiwan cobra venom. Toxicon 1998; 36:1173-87. [PMID: 9690784 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(98)00006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We have examined the ability of Taiwan cobra (Naja naja atra) venom to transform in vitro the amino acid tyrosine to phenolic oxidation products via 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate. This amino acid can be released from neuropeptide substrates by oligopeptidases present in the venom. Using a variety of analytical techniques to probe a complicated series of reactions, we confirm that the L-amino acid oxidase present in the venom initially releases the keto form of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid and hydrogen peroxide after reacting with the tyrosine. Thereafter, there is evidence that a tautomerase in the venom promotes a partial conversion of the keto-form 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid into an enol form. The enol is oxidised primarily to 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 4-hydroxyphenol (hydroquinone). The keto form is oxidised through to 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid by the hydrogen peroxide co-released by the L-amino acid oxidase. The venom promotes both these spontaneous oxidation routes and also generates traces of other phenolics, some of which are as yet unidentified. We propose that reactions between the precursors of the major oxidation products may be responsible for generating unusual short-lived phenolics, possibly giving rise to special bioactivities that are relevant to venom action.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Nucaro
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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Duhaiman AS, Alhomida AS, Rabbani N, Kamal MA, al-Jafari AA. Purification and characterization of acetylcholinesterase from desert cobra (Walterinnesia aegyptia) venom. Biochimie 1996; 78:46-50. [PMID: 8725010 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9084(96)81328-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) has been identified and purified from the venom of desert cobra (W aegyptia) to apparent homogeneity using a TSK G 3000 SW gel filtration column and a Mono Q anion-exchange column. AChE was purified to homogeneity as established by sodium dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The specific activity of AChE was 357 IU/mg with acetylthiocholine iodide as substrate. The denatured W aegyptia venom AChE displayed a molecular mass of 67000 +/- 3000 Da suggesting it was a single polypeptide. Isoelectric focusing of AChE revealed that the enzyme exists in different isoforms, with isoelectric points ranging between pH 7.4-7.9. The kinetic parameters (Km and Vmax) and IC50 of AChE inhibition by procaine, tetracaine and physostigmine were investigated in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Duhaiman
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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AlJafari AA, Kamal MA, Duhaiman AS, Alhomida AS. Acetylcholinesterase from desert cobra (Walterinnesia aegyptia) venom: optimization and kinetics study. Mol Cell Biochem 1995; 151:21-6. [PMID: 8584009 DOI: 10.1007/bf01076891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was investigated in Walterinnesia aegyptia venom and characterized with respect to its kinetic properties. It was found that 4.0 micrograms of crude venom protein and an incubation time of 4.0 min were suitable conditions for linearity of AChE activity at 25 degrees C. The optimum strength of the sodium phosphate buffer was 0.05 M, and the optimum pH was 7.75. The optimum temperature was 30 degrees C. The activation energy and the heat of activation were observed to be 6510 and 5922 cal/mole. The AChE was specific for acetylthiocholine but it did not hydrolyse butyrylthiocholine. The optimum substrate concentration was 3.0 mM but at higher substrate concentrations, the AChE activity declined. The ASCh concentration ranges for different orders of the reactions were determined and kinetic parameters (Km, Vmax, Kcat, and Ksp) were established at each order of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A AlJafari
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Matuszek MA, Hodgson WC, King RG, Sutherland SK. Some enzymic activities of two Australian ant venoms: a jumper ant Myrmecia pilosula and a bulldog ant Myrmecia pyriformis. Toxicon 1994; 32:1543-9. [PMID: 7725323 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(94)90313-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Venoms from two related Australian ants, a jumper ant (Myrmecia pilosula) and a bulldog ant (Myrmecia pyriformis), were quantitatively analysed for the following enzymic activities: phospholipase A2, phospholipase B, phospholipase C, hyaluronidase, esterase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and phosphodiesterase. Both venoms contained phospholipase A2, phospholipase B, hyaluronidase, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase activities. Myrmecia pyriformis venom had significantly greater phospholipase B, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase activities than Myrmecia pilosula venom. No detectable quantities of phospholipase C, esterase or phosphodiesterase activities were found in either venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Matuszek
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Kreienkamp HJ, Weise C, Raba R, Aaviksaar A, Hucho F. Anionic subsites of the catalytic center of acetylcholinesterase from Torpedo and from cobra venom. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:6117-21. [PMID: 2068091 PMCID: PMC52033 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.14.6117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A peptide of acetylcholinesterase (AcChoEase; acetylcholine acetylhydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7) from the venom of the cobra Naja naja oxiana labeled by the affinity reagent N,N-dimethyl-2-phenylaziridinium (DPA) has been identified. The sequence is Gly-Ala-Glu-Met-Trp-Asn-Pro-Asn. In AcChoEase from Torpedo californica, a homologous peptide was labeled and isolated. Its sequence is Ser-Gly-Ser-Glu-Met-Trp-Asn-Pro-Asn, representing positions 79 through 87. In both cases labeling can be prevented by 0.1 mM edrophonium, indicating that the respective peptides form part of the anionic subsite of the catalytic center. The modified residue was tryptophan (Trp-84 in Torpedo AcChoEase) in both enzymes. In contrast to AcChoEase from Torpedo, the enzyme from cobra venom does not contain a peripheral anionic binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Kreienkamp
- Institut für Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany
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Tan NH, Arunmozhiarasi A, Ponnudurai G. A comparative study of the biological properties of Dendroaspis (mamba) snake venoms. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. C, COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 1991; 99:463-6. [PMID: 1685421 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(91)90272-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
1. The biological properties of twelve samples of venoms from all four species of Dendroaspis (mamba) were investigated. 2. Dendroaspis venoms generally exhibited very low levels of protease, phosphodiesterase and alkaline phosphomonoesterase; low to moderately low level of 5'-nucleotidase and very high hyaluronidase activities, but were devoid of L-amino acid oxidase, phospholipase A, acetylcholinesterase and arginine ester hydrolase activities. The unusual feature in venom enzyme content can be used to distinguish Dendroaspis venoms from other snake venoms. 3. All Dendroaspis venoms did not exhibit hemorrhagic or procoagulant activity. Some Dendroaspis venoms, however, exhibited strong anticoagulant activity. The intravenous median lethal dose of the venoms ranged from 0.5 microgram/g mouse to 4.2 micrograms/g mouse. 4. Venom biological activities are not very useful for the differentiation of the Dendroaspis species. The four Dendroaspis venoms, however, can be differentiated by their venom SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur
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Tan NH, Tan CS. Partial purification of acetylcholinesterase from the venom of the shore pit viper (Trimeresurus purpureomaculatus). Toxicon 1988; 26:505-8. [PMID: 3188057 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(88)90190-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Trimeresurus purpureomaculatus venom acetylcholinesterase has been partially purified by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration chromatography and DEAE Sephacel ion exchange chromatography. The enzyme has a mol. wt of 58,600. It was strongly inhibited by physostigmine salicylate and edrophonium chloride and exhibited substrate inhibition at high substrate concentration. The content of acetylcholinesterase in Trimeresurus purpureomaculatus venom was estimated to be much less than 0.3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Tan NH, Tan CS. A comparative study of cobra (Naja) venom enzymes. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1988; 90:745-50. [PMID: 2854766 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(88)90329-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
1. The L-amino acid oxidase, hyaluronidase, alkaline phosphomonoesterase, protease, phosphodiesterase, acetylcholinesterase, phospholipase A and 5'-nucleotidase activities of 47 samples of venoms from all the six species of cobra (Naja), including five subspecies of Naja naja, were examined. 2. The results demonstrated interspecific differences in the venom contents of phospholipase A, acetylcholinesterase, hyaluronidase and phosphodiesterase. These differences in venom enzyme contents can be used for the differentiation of species of the genus Naja. 3. Thus, our results revealed a correlation between the enzyme composition of venom and the taxonomic status of the snake at the species level for the genus Naja.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Primor N, Teitelbaum Z, Zlotkin E. Penetrability of orally toxic protein from cobra venom through the gut of a blowfly. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1980; 627:71-81. [PMID: 7353052 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(80)90124-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The oral toxicity of a radioiodinated toxic polypeptide isolated from a cobra snake venom as assayed by Sarcophaga falculata blowflies coupled with assays on competitive displacement have indicated that: (a) During 3--4 h 8% of the orally active toxin is able to pass through the digestive system of the fly; (b) the orally active toxin after passing the gut binds to body tissues. The strong affinity of the toxin to tissue membranes explains its absence in the insect's hemolymph following oral applications as well as injection. The removal of traces of phospholipase A, which is extremely toxic, by injection of the orally active toxin has significantly lowered its injection toxicity without affecting its oral toxicity, thus indicating the absence of any interaction with phospholipases in oral toxicity. This conclusion was supported by additional experimentation.
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Raba R, Aaviksaar A, Raba M, Siigur J. Cobra venom acetylcholinesterase. Purification and molecular properties. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1979; 96:151-8. [PMID: 456362 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1979.tb13024.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase from cobra (Naja naja oxiana) venom has been purified by affinity chromatography to an homogeneous state, as ascertained by sodium dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and sedimentation analysis. The specific activity of the preparation was 5000 IU/mg with acetylcholine as substrate. Unlike acetylcholinesterases from insoluble cell structures, the native molecule of the cobra venom enzyme consists of a single polypeptide chain of molecular weight 67,000 +/- 2000. At high enzyme concentrations (greater than 0.2 mg/ml, greater than 1 microM) and ionic strength 0.1 M, it reversibly tends to form higher-molecular-weight 7.1-S aggregates. Despite the apparent structural simplicity of the venom acetylcholinesterase, the disc electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing experiments revealed that the enzyme exists in a number of forms with a common molecular weight but with different isoelectric points. Neuraminidase treatment did not reduce the number of the forms.
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Labib RS, Halim HY, Farag NW. Fractionation of Cerastes cerastes and Cerastes vipera snake venoms by gel filtration and identification of some enzymatic and biological activities. Toxicon 1979; 17:337-45. [PMID: 227146 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(79)90261-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Bhattacharya S, Gaitonde BB. Partial purification of cholinesterase from the venom of the saw scaled viper (Echis carinatus). Toxicon 1979; 17:429-31. [PMID: 494327 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(79)90273-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Schaeffer RC, Pattabhiraman TR, Carlson RW, Russell FE, Weil MH. Cardiovascular failure produced by a peptide from the venom of the southern Pacific rattlesnake, Crotalus viridis helleri. Toxicon 1979; 17:447-53. [PMID: 42172 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(79)90278-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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