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Wang L, Tang H, Zhu H, Xue Y, Zheng Y. Enhancement of the substrate specificity of D-amino acid oxidase based on tunnel-pocket engineering. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:3557-3569. [PMID: 37650151 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
D-Amino acid oxidase (DAAO) selectively catalyzes the oxidative deamination of D-amino acids, making it one of the most promising routes for synthesizing optically pure L-amino acids, including L-phosphinothricin ( L-PPT), a chiral herbicide with significant market potential. However, the native DAAOs that have been reported have low activity against unnatural acid substrate D-PPT. Herein, we designed and screened a DAAO from Rhodotorula taiwanensis (RtwDAAO), and improved its catalytic potential toward D-PPT through protein engineering. A semirational design approach was employed to create a mutation library based on the tunnel-pocket engineering. After three rounds of iterative saturation mutagenesis, the optimal variant M3rd -SHVG was obtained, exhibiting a >2000-fold increase in relative activity. The kinetic parameters showed that M3rd -SHVG improved the substrate binding affinity and turnover number. This is the optimal parameter reported so far. Further, molecular dynamics simulation revealed that the M3rd -SHVG reshapes the tunnel-pocket and corrects the direction of enzyme-substrate binding, allowing efficiently catalyze unnatural substrates. Our strategy demonstrates that the redesign of tunnel-pockets is effective in improving the activity and kinetic efficiency of DAAO, which provides a valuable reference for enzymatic catalysis. With the M3rd -SHVG as biocatalyst, 500 mM D, L-PPT was completely converted and the yield reached 98%. The results laid the foundation for further industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Heng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hongli Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yaping Xue
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yuguo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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Gomes FV, Grace AA. Beyond Dopamine Receptor Antagonism: New Targets for Schizophrenia Treatment and Prevention. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4467. [PMID: 33922888 PMCID: PMC8123139 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of schizophrenia (SCZ) historically relies on the use of antipsychotic drugs to treat psychosis, with all of the currently available antipsychotics acting through the antagonism of dopamine D2 receptors. Although antipsychotics reduce psychotic symptoms in many patients, they induce numerous undesirable effects and are not effective against negative and cognitive symptoms. These highlight the need to develop new drugs to treat SCZ. An advanced understanding of the circuitry of SCZ has pointed to pathological origins in the excitation/inhibition balance in regions such as the hippocampus, and restoring function in this region, particularly as a means to compensate for parvalbumin (PV) interneuron loss and resultant hippocampal hyperactivity, may be a more efficacious approach to relieve a broad range of SCZ symptoms. Other targets, such as cholinergic receptors and the trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1), have also shown some promise for the treatment of SCZ. Importantly, assessing efficacy of novel compounds must take into consideration treatment history of the patient, as preclinical studies suggest prior antipsychotic treatment may interfere with the efficacy of these novel agents. However, while novel therapeutic targets may be more effective in treating SCZ, a more effective approach would be to prevent the transition to SCZ in susceptible individuals. A focus on stress, which has been shown to be a predisposing factor in risk for SCZ, is a possible avenue that has shown promise in preclinical studies. Therefore, therapeutic approaches based on our current understanding of the circuitry of SCZ and its etiology are likely to enable development of more effective therapeutic interventions for this complex disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe V. Gomes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 01000-000, Brazil;
| | - Anthony A. Grace
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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3
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Moussa S, Chhin D, Pollegioni L, Mauzeroll J. Quantitative measurements of free and immobilized RgDAAO Michaelis-Menten constant using an electrochemical assay reveal the impact of covalent cross-linking on substrate specificity. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:6793-6802. [PMID: 33791826 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03273-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Challenges facing enzyme-based electrochemical sensors include substrate specificity, batch to batch reproducibility, and lack of quantitative metrics related to the effect of enzyme immobilization. We present a quick, simple, and general approach for measuring the effect of immobilization and cross-linking on enzyme activity and substrate specificity. The method can be generalized for electrochemical biosensors using an enzyme that releases hydrogen peroxide during its catalytic cycle. Using as proof of concept RgDAAO-based electrochemical biosensors, we found that the Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) decreases post immobilization, hinting at alterations in the enzyme kinetic properties and thus substrate specificity. We confirm the decrease in Km electrochemically by characterizing the substrate specificity of the immobilized RgDAAO using chronoamperometry. Our results demonstrate that enzyme immobilization affects enzyme substrate specificity and this must be carefully evaluated during biosensor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siba Moussa
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Danny Chhin
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Loredano Pollegioni
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli studi deII'Insubria, via J. H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Janine Mauzeroll
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0B8, Canada.
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4
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Fuentes-Baile M, Pérez-Valenciano E, García-Morales P, de Juan Romero C, Bello-Gil D, Barberá VM, Rodríguez-Lescure Á, Sanz JM, Alenda C, Saceda M. CLytA-DAAO Chimeric Enzyme Bound to Magnetic Nanoparticles. A New Therapeutical Approach for Cancer Patients? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1477. [PMID: 33540681 PMCID: PMC7867295 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) is an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of D-amino acids generating H2O2. The enzymatic chimera formed by DAAO bound to the choline-binding domain of N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase (CLytA) induces cytotoxicity in several pancreatic and colorectal carcinoma and glioblastoma cell models. In the current work, we determined whether the effect of CLytA-DAAO immobilized in magnetic nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, and alginate capsules offered some advantages as compared to the free CLytA-DAAO. Results indicate that the immobilization of CLytA-DAAO in magnetic nanoparticles increases the stability of the enzyme, extending its time of action. Besides, we compared the effect induced by CLytA-DAAO with the direct addition of hydrogen peroxide, demonstrating that the progressive generation of reactive oxygen species by CLytA-DAAO is more effective in inducing cytotoxicity than the direct addition of H2O2. Furthermore, a pilot study has been initiated in biopsies obtained from pancreatic and colorectal carcinoma and glioblastoma patients to evaluate the expression of the main genes involved in resistance to CLytA-DAAO cytotoxicity. Based on our findings, we propose that CLytA-DAAO immobilized in magnetic nanoparticles could be effective in a high percentage of patients and, therefore, be used as an anti-cancer therapy for pancreatic and colorectal carcinoma and glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fuentes-Baile
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO), Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Camí de l’Almazara 11, Elche, 03203 Alicante, Spain; (M.F.-B.); (C.d.J.R.); (V.M.B.)
| | - Elizabeth Pérez-Valenciano
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda, Universidad s/n, Ed. Torregaitán, Elche, 03202 Alicante, Spain; (E.P.-V.); (P.G.-M.); (D.B.-G.)
| | - Pilar García-Morales
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda, Universidad s/n, Ed. Torregaitán, Elche, 03202 Alicante, Spain; (E.P.-V.); (P.G.-M.); (D.B.-G.)
| | - Camino de Juan Romero
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO), Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Camí de l’Almazara 11, Elche, 03203 Alicante, Spain; (M.F.-B.); (C.d.J.R.); (V.M.B.)
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda, Universidad s/n, Ed. Torregaitán, Elche, 03202 Alicante, Spain; (E.P.-V.); (P.G.-M.); (D.B.-G.)
| | - Daniel Bello-Gil
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda, Universidad s/n, Ed. Torregaitán, Elche, 03202 Alicante, Spain; (E.P.-V.); (P.G.-M.); (D.B.-G.)
| | - Víctor M. Barberá
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO), Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Camí de l’Almazara 11, Elche, 03203 Alicante, Spain; (M.F.-B.); (C.d.J.R.); (V.M.B.)
- Unidad de Genética Molecular, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Camí de l’Almazara 11, Elche, 03203 Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Jesús M. Sanz
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), C/Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Cristina Alenda
- Unidad de Investigación, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, C/Maestro Alonso, 10, 03010 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Miguel Saceda
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO), Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Camí de l’Almazara 11, Elche, 03203 Alicante, Spain; (M.F.-B.); (C.d.J.R.); (V.M.B.)
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda, Universidad s/n, Ed. Torregaitán, Elche, 03202 Alicante, Spain; (E.P.-V.); (P.G.-M.); (D.B.-G.)
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5
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Fuentes-Baile M, García-Morales P, Pérez-Valenciano E, Ventero MP, Sanz JM, Romero CDJ, Barberá VM, Alenda C, Saceda M. Cell Death Mechanisms Induced by CLytA-DAAO Chimeric Enzyme in Human Tumor Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228522. [PMID: 33198289 PMCID: PMC7697521 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of the choline binding domain of the amidase N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine (CLytA)-D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) (CLytA-DAAO) and D-Alanine induces cell death in several pancreatic and colorectal carcinoma and glioblastoma cell lines. In glioblastoma cell lines, CLytA-DAAO-induced cell death was inhibited by a pan-caspase inhibitor, suggesting a classical apoptotic cell death. Meanwhile, the cell death induced in pancreatic and colon carcinoma cell lines is some type of programmed necrosis. In this article, we studied the mechanisms that trigger CLytA-DAAO-induced cell death in pancreatic and colorectal carcinoma and glioblastoma cell lines and we acquire a further insight into the necrotic cell death induced in pancreatic and colorectal carcinoma cell lines. We have analyzed the intracellular calcium mobilization, mitochondrial membrane potential, PARP-1 participation and AIF translocation. Although the mitochondrial membrane depolarization plays a crucial role, our results suggest that CLytA-DAAO-induced cell death is context dependent. We have previously detected pancreatic and colorectal carcinoma cell lines (Hs766T and HT-29, respectively) that were resistant to CLytA-DAAO-induced cell death. In this study, we have examined the putative mechanism underlying the resistance in these cell lines, evaluating both detoxification mechanisms and the inflammatory and survival responses. Overall, our results provide a better understanding on the cell death mechanism induced by CLytA-DAAO, a promising therapy against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fuentes-Baile
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO), Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Camí de l’Almazara, 11, 03203 Elche (Alicante), Spain; (M.F.-B.); (C.d.J.R.); (V.M.B.)
| | - Pilar García-Morales
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda. Universidad s/n, Ed. Torregaitán, 03202 Elche (Alicante), Spain; (P.G.-M.); (E.P.-V.)
| | - Elizabeth Pérez-Valenciano
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda. Universidad s/n, Ed. Torregaitán, 03202 Elche (Alicante), Spain; (P.G.-M.); (E.P.-V.)
| | - María P. Ventero
- Unidad de Investigación, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, C/Maestro Alonso, 10, 03010 Alicante, Spain; (M.P.V.); (C.A.)
| | - Jesús M. Sanz
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), C/Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Camino de Juan Romero
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO), Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Camí de l’Almazara, 11, 03203 Elche (Alicante), Spain; (M.F.-B.); (C.d.J.R.); (V.M.B.)
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda. Universidad s/n, Ed. Torregaitán, 03202 Elche (Alicante), Spain; (P.G.-M.); (E.P.-V.)
| | - Víctor M. Barberá
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO), Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Camí de l’Almazara, 11, 03203 Elche (Alicante), Spain; (M.F.-B.); (C.d.J.R.); (V.M.B.)
- Unidad de Genética Molecular, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Camí de l’Almazara, 11, 03203 Elche (Alicante), Spain
| | - Cristina Alenda
- Unidad de Investigación, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, C/Maestro Alonso, 10, 03010 Alicante, Spain; (M.P.V.); (C.A.)
| | - Miguel Saceda
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO), Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Camí de l’Almazara, 11, 03203 Elche (Alicante), Spain; (M.F.-B.); (C.d.J.R.); (V.M.B.)
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda. Universidad s/n, Ed. Torregaitán, 03202 Elche (Alicante), Spain; (P.G.-M.); (E.P.-V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-966658432
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6
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Shimekake Y, Hirato Y, Funabashi R, Okazaki S, Goto M, Furuichi T, Suzuki H, Kera Y, Takahashi S. X-ray structure analysis of a unique D-amino-acid oxidase from the thermophilic fungus Rasamsonia emersonii strain YA. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2020; 76:517-523. [PMID: 33135670 PMCID: PMC7605106 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x20013333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
D-Amino-acid oxidases (DAAOs) catalyze the oxidative deamination of neutral and basic D-amino acids. The DAAO from the thermophilic fungus Rasamsonia emersonii strain YA (ReDAAO) has a high thermal stability and a unique broad substrate specificity that includes the acidic D-amino acid D-Glu as well as various neutral and basic D-amino acids. In this study, ReDAAO was crystallized by the hanging-drop vapor-diffusion method and its crystal structure was determined at a resolution of 2.00 Å. The crystal structure of the enzyme revealed that unlike other DAAOs, ReDAAO forms a homotetramer and contains an intramolecular disulfide bond (Cys230-Cys285), suggesting that this disulfide bond is involved in the higher thermal stability of ReDAAO. Moreover, the structure of the active site and its vicinity in ReDAAO indicates that Arg97, Lys99, Lys114 and Ser231 are candidates for recognizing the side chain of D-Glu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Shimekake
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Yuki Hirato
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Rikako Funabashi
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Sayoko Okazaki
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Masaru Goto
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Takehiro Furuichi
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Suzuki
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kera
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Shouji Takahashi
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
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7
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Deng X, Zhang Y, Chen Z, Kumata K, Van R, Rong J, Shao T, Hatori A, Mori W, Yu Q, Hu K, Fujinaga M, Wey HY, Shao Y, Josephson L, Murtas G, Pollegioni L, Zhang MR, Liang S. Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of 4-hydroxy-6-(3-[ 11C]methoxyphenethyl)pyridazin-3(2H)-one, a 11C-labeled d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) inhibitor for PET imaging. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127326. [PMID: 32631531 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Selective DAAO inhibitors have demonstrated promising therapeutic effects in clinical studies, including clinically alleviating symptoms of schizophrenic patients and ameliorating cognitive function in Alzheimer's patients with early phase. Herein we report the synthesis and preliminary evaluation of a 11C-labeled positron emission tomography ligand based on a DAAO inhibitor, DAO-1903 (8). 11C-Isotopologue of 8 was prepared in high radiochemical yield with high radiochemical purity (>99%) and high molar activity (>37 GBq/µmol). In vitro autoradiography studies indicated that the ligand possessed high in vitro specific binding to DAAO, while in vivo dynamic PET studies demonstrated that [11C]8 failed to cross the blood-brain barrier possibly due to moderate brain efflux mechanism. Further chemical scaffold optimization is necessary to overcome limited brain permeability and improve specific binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Deng
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Yiding Zhang
- Department of Radiopharmaceutics Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Katsushi Kumata
- Department of Radiopharmaceutics Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Richard Van
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, United States
| | - Jian Rong
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Tuo Shao
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Akiko Hatori
- Department of Radiopharmaceutics Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Wakana Mori
- Department of Radiopharmaceutics Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Qingzhen Yu
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Kuan Hu
- Department of Radiopharmaceutics Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujinaga
- Department of Radiopharmaceutics Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Hsiao-Ying Wey
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Yihan Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, United States
| | - Lee Josephson
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Giulia Murtas
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese 21100, Italy
| | - Loredano Pollegioni
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese 21100, Italy
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Department of Radiopharmaceutics Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
| | - Steven Liang
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States.
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8
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Yoneyama T, Sato S, Sykes A, Fradley R, Stafford S, Bechar S, Howley E, Patel T, Tagawa Y, Moriwaki T, Asahi S. Mechanistic Multilayer Quantitative Model for Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics, Target Occupancy and Pharmacodynamics (PK/TO/PD) Relationship of D-Amino Acid Oxidase Inhibitor, TAK-831 in Mice. Pharm Res 2020; 37:164. [PMID: 32901384 PMCID: PMC7478952 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02893-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose TAK-831 is a highly selective and potent inhibitor of D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) currently under clinical development for schizophrenia. In this study, a mechanistic multilayer quantitative model that parsimoniously connects pharmacokinetics (PK), target occupancy (TO) and D-serine concentrations as a pharmacodynamic (PD) readout was established in mice. Methods PK, TO and PD time-profiles were obtained in mice and analyzed by mechanistic binding kinetics model connected with an indirect response model in a step wise fashion. Brain distribution was investigated to elucidate a possible mechanism driving the hysteresis between PK and TO. Results The observed nonlinear PK/TO/PD relationship was well captured by mechanistic modeling framework within a wide dose range of TAK-831 in mice. Remarkably different brain distribution was observed between target and reference regions, suggesting that the target-mediated slow binding kinetics rather than slow penetration through the blood brain barrier caused the observed distinct kinetics between PK and TO. Conclusion A quantitative mechanistic model for concentration- and time-dependent nonlinear PK/TO/PD relationship was established for TAK-831 in mice with accounting for possible rate-determining process. The established mechanistic modeling framework will provide a quantitative means for multilayer biomarker-assisted clinical development in multiple central nervous system indications. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s11095-020-02893-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Yoneyama
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Sho Sato
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Andy Sykes
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Cambridge Ltd, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rosa Fradley
- Pharmacology, Takeda Cambridge Ltd, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Shyam Bechar
- Pharmacology, Takeda Cambridge Ltd, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Toshal Patel
- Pharmacology, Takeda Cambridge Ltd, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yoshihiko Tagawa
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshiya Moriwaki
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Satoru Asahi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
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9
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Radaelli A, Gruetter R, Yoshihara HAI. In vivo detection of d-amino acid oxidase with hyperpolarized d-[1- 13 C]alanine. NMR Biomed 2020; 33:e4303. [PMID: 32325540 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
d-amino acid oxidase (DAO) is a peroxisomal enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of several neutral and basic d-amino acids to their corresponding α-keto acids. In most mammalian species studied, high DAO activity is found in the kidney, liver, brain and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and its main function is to maintain low circulating d-amino acid levels. DAO expression and activity have been associated with acute and chronic kidney diseases and with several pathologies related to N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor hypo/hyper-function; however, its precise role is not completely understood. In the present study we show that DAO activity can be detected in vivo in the rat kidney using hyperpolarized d-[1-13 C]alanine. Following a bolus of hyperpolarized d-alanine, accumulation of pyruvate, lactate and bicarbonate was observed only when DAO activity was not inhibited. The measured lactate-to-d-alanine ratio was comparable to the values measured when the l-enantiomer was injected. Metabolites downstream of DAO were not observed when scanning the liver and brain. The conversion of hyperpolarized d-[1-13 C]alanine to lactate and pyruvate was detected in blood ex vivo, and lactate and bicarbonate were detected on scanning the blood pool in the heart in vivo; however, the bicarbonate-to-d-alanine ratio was significantly lower compared with the kidney. These results demonstrate that the specific metabolism of the two enantiomers of hyperpolarized [1-13 C]alanine in the kidney and in the blood can be distinguished, underscoring the potential of d-[1-13 C]alanine as a probe of d-amino acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Radaelli
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging (LIFMET), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Gruetter
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging (LIFMET), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hikari A I Yoshihara
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging (LIFMET), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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10
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Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been focused as a biological mediator, which modulates signal transduction and protects cells and tissues from oxidative stress. H2S is also expected as a neuroprotectant because it has a neuroprotective activity. Endogenous H2S is mainly generated from L-cysteine. However, it is difficult to use L-cysteine as a neuroprotectant because of its neurotoxicity. In 2013, a novel biogenesis pathway of H2S from D-cysteine has been identified. In this pathway, D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) converts D-cysteine to 3-mercaptopyruvate (3MP), followed by the generation of H2S from 3MP by 3-mercaptopyrvate sulfurtransferase. DAO is especially abundant in cerebellum among various brain regions and mediates efficient generation of H2S from D-cysteine in the cerebellar tissues. In addition, D-cysteine has more potent neuroprotective activity in cerebellar primary neurons than L-cysteine. Cerebella Purkinje cells (PCs) are characterized by the highly-branched dendrites and are important for cerebellar functions. The dendritic shrinkage and degeneration of PCs are frequently observed in patients and model mice of cerebellar ataxias. We revealed that D-cysteine enhanced dendritic development of primary cultured PCs, but L-cysteine impaired the dendritic development. This effect of D-cysteine was inhibited by DAO inhibitors and reproduced by 3MP and a H2S donor, suggesting that this enhancement of dendritic development is caused by the production of H2S from D-cysteine. Taken together, D-cysteine would be available as a neuroprotectant against cerebellar ataxias, which are accompanied with dendritic shrinkage of cerebellar PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Seki
- Department of Chemico-Pharmacological Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University
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11
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Kato Y, Hin N, Maita N, Thomas AG, Kurosawa S, Rojas C, Yorita K, Slusher BS, Fukui K, Tsukamoto T. Structural basis for potent inhibition of d-amino acid oxidase by thiophene carboxylic acids. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 159:23-34. [PMID: 30265959 PMCID: PMC6193832 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A series of thiophene-2-carboxylic acids and thiophene-3-carboxylic acids were identified as a new class of DAO inhibitors. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies revealed that small substituents are well-tolerated on the thiophene ring of both the 2-carboxylic acid and 3-carboxylic acid scaffolds. Crystal structures of human DAO in complex with potent thiophene carboxylic acids revealed that Tyr224 was tightly stacked with the thiophene ring of the inhibitors, resulting in the disappearance of the secondary pocket observed with other DAO inhibitors. Molecular dynamics simulations of the complex revealed that Tyr224 preferred the stacked conformation irrespective of whether Tyr224 was stacked or not in the initial state of the simulations. MM/GBSA indicated a substantial hydrophobic interaction between Tyr244 and the thiophene-based inhibitor. In addition, the active site was tightly closed with an extensive network of hydrogen bonds including those from Tyr224 in the stacked conformation. The introduction of a large branched side chain to the thiophene ring markedly decreased potency. These results are in marked contrast to other DAO inhibitors that can gain potency with a branched side chain extending to the secondary pocket due to Tyr224 repositioning. These insights should be of particular importance in future efforts to optimize DAO inhibitors with novel scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kato
- Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Niyada Hin
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Nobuo Maita
- Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Ajit G Thomas
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Sumire Kurosawa
- Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Camilo Rojas
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Kazuko Yorita
- Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Barbara S Slusher
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Kiyoshi Fukui
- Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Takashi Tsukamoto
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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12
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Lin H, Hu H, Duan W, Liu Y, Tan G, Li Z, Liu Y, Deng B, Song X, Wang W, Wen D, Wang Y, Li C. Intramuscular Delivery of scAAV9-hIGF1 Prolongs Survival in the hSOD1 G93A ALS Mouse Model via Upregulation of D-Amino Acid Oxidase. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:682-695. [PMID: 27995572 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0335-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Self-complementary adeno-associated viral vector 9 (scAAV9) has been confirmed to be an efficient AAV serotype for gene transfer to the central nervous system (CNS). Neurotrophic factors have been considered to be therapeutic targets for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In the present study, we intramuscularly injected scAAV9 encoding human insulin-like growth factor 1 (hIGF1) into an hSOD1G93A ALS mouse model. We observed that scAAV9-hIGF1 significantly reduced the loss of motor neurons of the anterior horn in the lumbar spinal cord and delayed muscle atrophy in ALS mice. Importantly, IGF1 significantly delayed disease onset and prolonged the life span of ALS mice. In addition, scAAV9-hIGF1 protected motor neurons from apoptosis through upregulation of D-amino acid oxidase (DAO), which controls the level of D-serine. Moreover, to further verify these results, we used CRISPR-Cas9 system to target the central nervous system knockdown of IGF1. This experiment supported the continued investigation of neurotrophic factor gene therapies targeting the central nervous system as a potential treatment for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- HuiQian Lin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Shijiazhuang City, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - HaoJie Hu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - WeiSong Duan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Neurology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - YaLing Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Neurology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - GuoJun Tan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Neurology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - ZhongYao Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Neurology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - YaKun Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Neurology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - BinBin Deng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - XueQin Song
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Neurology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wan Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Di Wen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - ChunYan Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Neurology, Shijiazhuang, China.
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13
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Choi SR, Moon JY, Roh DH, Yoon SY, Kwon SG, Choi HS, Kang SY, Han HJ, Beitz AJ, Lee JH. Spinal D-Serine Increases PKC-Dependent GluN1 Phosphorylation Contributing to the Sigma-1 Receptor-Induced Development of Mechanical Allodynia in a Mouse Model of Neuropathic Pain. J Pain 2017; 18:415-427. [PMID: 27986591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We have recently shown that spinal sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1R) activation facilitates nociception via an increase in phosphorylation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor GluN1 subunit (pGluN1). The present study was designed to examine whether the Sig-1R-induced facilitative effect on NMDA-induced nociception is mediated by D-serine, and whether D-serine modulates spinal pGluN1 expression and the development of neuropathic pain after chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve. Intrathecal administration of the D-serine degrading enzyme, D-amino acid oxidase attenuated the facilitation of NMDA-induced nociception induced by the Sig-1R agonist, 2-(4-morpholinethyl)1-phenylcyclohexane carboxylate. Exogenous D-serine increased protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent (Ser896) pGluN1 expression and facilitated NMDA-induced nociception, which was attenuated by preteatment with the PKC inhibitor, chelerythrine. In CCI mice, administration of the serine racemase inhibitor, L-serine O-sulfate potassium salt or D-amino acid oxidase on postoperative days 0 to 3 suppressed CCI-induced mechanical allodynia (MA) and pGluN1 expression on day 3 after CCI surgery. Intrathecal administration of D-serine restored MA as well as the GluN1 phosphorylation on day 3 after surgery that was suppressed by the Sig-1R antagonist, N-[2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]-N-methyl-2-(dimethylamino)ethylamine dihydrobromide or the astrocyte inhibitor, fluorocitrate. In contrast, D-serine had no effect on CCI-induced thermal hyperalgesia or GluN1 expression. These results indicate that spinal D-serine: 1) mediates the facilitative effect of Sig-1R on NMDA-induced nociception, 2) modulates PKC-dependent pGluN1 expression, and 3) ultimately contributes to the induction of MA after peripheral nerve injury. PERSPECTIVE This report shows that reducing D-serine suppresses central sensitization and significantly alleviates peripheral nerve injury-induced chronic neuropathic pain and that this process is modulated by spinal Sig-1Rs. This preclinical evidence provides a strong rationale for using D-serine antagonists to treat peripheral nerve injury-induced neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheu-Ran Choi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Moon
- KM Fundamental Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyun Roh
- Department of Maxillofacial Tissue Regeneration and Research Center for Tooth and Periodontal Tissue Regeneration, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Yeon Yoon
- Pain Cognitive Function Research Center, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Gu Kwon
- Department of Maxillofacial Tissue Regeneration and Research Center for Tooth and Periodontal Tissue Regeneration, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon-Seong Choi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Yun Kang
- KM Fundamental Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Jae Han
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Alvin J Beitz
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Jang-Hern Lee
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Dang PT, Le HG, Hoang VT, Tran HTH, Dao CD, Nguyen KT, Le GH, Nguyen QK, Nguyen TV, Vu TA. Immobilization of D-Amino Acid Oxidase (DAAO) Enzyme on Hybrid Mesoporous MCF, SBA-15 and MCM-41 Nanomaterial. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2017; 17:947-953. [PMID: 29671483 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2017.12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid mesoporous materials as carriers for immobilization of D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) were prepared via three steps: (i) hydrothermal synthesis of nanoporous MCF, SBA-15 and MCM-41 powders, (ii) functionalization with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) by post-synthesis grafting; and (iii) activation with glutardialdehyde. The resulting mesostructured solids were characterized by various techniques: XRD, IR, TGA-DTA and N2 adsorption–desorption (BET). The characterization results indicated that these materials still maintained their structure after functionalization. IR data and TGA-DTA analysis demonstrated the existence of amine functional groups on the surface of APTES-functionalized samples. The DAAO immobilized on these materials exhibited higher catalytic activity and stability of enzyme for conversion of cephalosporin C (CPC) as compared to those of the non-functionalized ones. The catalytic activity and stability of enzyme decreased in the order MCF > SBA-15 > MCM-41.
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15
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Schellens JP, Frederiks WM, Van Noorden CJ, Vreeling-Sindelárová H, Marx F, McMillan PJ. The use of unfixed cryostat sections for electron microscopic study of D-amino acid oxidase activity in rat liver. J Histochem Cytochem 2017; 40:1975-9. [PMID: 1360483 DOI: 10.1177/40.12.1360483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Unfixed cryostat sections of rat liver were incubated to demonstrate D-amino acid oxidase activity at the ultrastructural level. Incubation was performed by mounting the sections on a semipermeable membrane which was stretched over a gelled incubation medium containing D-proline as substrate and cerium ions as capture reagent for hydrogen peroxide. After an incubation period of 30 min, ultrastructural morphology was retained to such an extent that the final reaction product could be localized in peroxisomes, whereas the crystalline core remained unstained. Control incubations were performed in the absence of substrate; the lack of final reaction product in peroxisomes indicated the specificity of the reaction. We conclude that the semipermeable membrane technique opens new perspectives for localization of enzyme activities at the ultrastructural level without prior tissue fixation, thus enabling localization of the activity of soluble and/or labile enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Schellens
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Chen L, Chu C, Zhang YH, Zhu C, Kong X, Huang T, Cai YD. Analysis of Gene Expression Profiles in the Human Brain Stem, Cerebellum and Cerebral Cortex. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159395. [PMID: 27434030 PMCID: PMC4951119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human brain is one of the most mysterious tissues in the body. Our knowledge of the human brain is limited due to the complexity of its structure and the microscopic nature of connections between brain regions and other tissues in the body. In this study, we analyzed the gene expression profiles of three brain regions-the brain stem, cerebellum and cerebral cortex-to identify genes that are differentially expressed among these different brain regions in humans and to obtain a list of robust, region-specific, differentially expressed genes by comparing the expression signatures from different individuals. Feature selection methods, specifically minimum redundancy maximum relevance and incremental feature selection, were employed to analyze the gene expression profiles. Sequential minimal optimization, a machine-learning algorithm, was employed to examine the utility of selected genes. We also performed a literature search, and we discuss the experimental evidence for the important physiological functions of several highly ranked genes, including NR2E1, DAO, and LRRC7, and we give our analyses on a gene (TFAP2B) that have not been investigated or experimentally validated. As a whole, the results of our study will improve our ability to predict and understand genes related to brain regionalization and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Chen Chu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yu-Hang Zhang
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Changming Zhu
- College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Xiangyin Kong
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- * E-mail: (YDC); (TH)
| | - Yu-Dong Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- * E-mail: (YDC); (TH)
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17
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Lee JH, Kim YJ, Shin HS, Lee HS, Jin S, Ha UH. Identification of D-amino acid dehydrogenase as an upstream regulator of the autoinduction of a putative acyltransferase in Corynebacterium glutamicum. J Microbiol 2016; 54:432-9. [PMID: 27225460 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-016-6046-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Expression of a putative acyltransferase encoded by NCgl- 0350 of Corynebacterium glutamicum is induced by cell-free culture fluids obtained from stationary-phase growth of both C. glutamicum and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, providing evidence for interspecies communication. Here, we further confirmed that such communication occurs by showing that acyltransferase expression is induced by culture fluid obtained from diverse Gram-negative and -positive bacterial strains, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium sp. strain JC1, and Mycobacterium smegmatis. A homologous acyltransferase encoded by PA5238 of P. aeruginosa was also induced by fluids obtained from P. aeruginosa as well as other bacterial strains, as observed for NCgl0350 of C. glutamicum. Because C. glutamicum is difficult to study using molecular approaches, the homologous gene PA5238 of P. aeruginosa was used to identify PA5309 as an upstream regulator of expression. A homologous D-amino acid dehydrogenase encoded by NCgl- 2909 of C. glutamicum was cloned based on amino acid similarity to PA5309, and its role in the regulation of NCgl0350 expression was confirmed. Moreover, NCgl2909 played positive roles in growth of C. glutamicum. Thus, we identified a D-amino acid dehydrogenase as an upstream regulator of the autoinduction of a putative acyltransferase in C. glutamicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hoon Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Jae Kim
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Sung Shin
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung-Shick Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Shouguang Jin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Un-Hwan Ha
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Hin N, Duvall B, Berry JF, Ferraris DV, Rais R, Alt J, Rojas C, Slusher BS, Tsukamoto T. D-Amino acid oxidase inhibitors based on the 5-hydroxy-1,2,4-triazin-6(1H)-one scaffold. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2088-91. [PMID: 26965861 PMCID: PMC4816084 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of 3-substituted 5-hydroxy-1,2,4-triazin-6(1H)-one derivatives were designed and synthesized as a new class of d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) inhibitors. Some of the newly synthesized derivatives showed potent inhibitory activity against human DAAO with IC50 values in the nanomolar range. Among them, 6-hydroxy-3-phenethyl-1,2,4-triazin-5(2H)-one 6b and 3-((6-fluoronaphthalen-2-yl)methylthio)-6-hydroxy-1,2,4-triazin-5(2H)-one 6m were found to be metabolically stable in mouse liver microsomes. In addition, compound 6b was found to be orally available in mice and able to enhance plasma d-serine levels following its co-administration with d-serine compared to the oral administration of d-serine alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyada Hin
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery Program, Johns Hopkins University, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Bridget Duvall
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery Program, Johns Hopkins University, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - James F Berry
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery Program, Johns Hopkins University, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Dana V Ferraris
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery Program, Johns Hopkins University, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Chemistry, McDaniel College, 2 College Hill, Westminster, MD 21157, USA
| | - Rana Rais
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery Program, Johns Hopkins University, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jesse Alt
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery Program, Johns Hopkins University, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Camilo Rojas
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery Program, Johns Hopkins University, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Barbara S Slusher
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery Program, Johns Hopkins University, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Takashi Tsukamoto
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery Program, Johns Hopkins University, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Han H, Zhu B, Fu X, You S, Wang B, Li Z, Zhao W, Peng R, Yao Q. Overexpression of D-amino acid oxidase from Bradyrhizobium japonicum, enhances resistance to glyphosate in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell Rep 2015; 34:2043-51. [PMID: 26350405 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1850-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The glyphosate resistance in Escherichia coli and Arabidopsis was due to D-amino acid oxidase expression. Transgenic glyphosate-resistant crops have a high percentage in the total area devoted to transgenic crops worldwide. D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) can metabolize glyphosate by oxidative cleavage of the carbon-nitrogen bond on the carboxyl side and yield aminomethyl phosphonic acid and glyoxylate, which are less toxic to plants than glyphosate. To date, reports on the use of DAAO to enhance glyphosate resistance in plants are lacking. In this paper, we report synthesis, and codon usage optimization for plant expression, of the DAAO gene by successive polymerase chain reaction from Bradyrhizobium japonicum. To confirm the glyphosate resistance of the DAAO gene, the recombinant plasmid pYPX251 (GenBank Accession No: AY178046) harboring the wild-type DAAO gene was transformed into DH5α. The positive transformants grew well both on solid and in liquid M9 medium containing 200 mM glyphosate. The optimized DAAO gene was transformed into Arabidopsis and 9 days after application of 10 mM glyphosate, the 4-week-old wild-type plants all died; by contrast, transgenic plants could grow normally. The proline content and peroxidase activity showed that glyphosate could induce proline accumulation and produce reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjuan Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2901 Beidi Rd, Shanghai, 201106, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2901 Beidi Rd, Shanghai, 201106, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2901 Beidi Rd, Shanghai, 201106, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuanghong You
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2901 Beidi Rd, Shanghai, 201106, People's Republic of China
- College of Horticulture Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2901 Beidi Rd, Shanghai, 201106, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenjun Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2901 Beidi Rd, Shanghai, 201106, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2901 Beidi Rd, Shanghai, 201106, People's Republic of China
| | - Rihe Peng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2901 Beidi Rd, Shanghai, 201106, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanhong Yao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2901 Beidi Rd, Shanghai, 201106, People's Republic of China.
- College of Horticulture Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
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Singh KS, Singh SK. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra gene MRA_1916 causes growth defects upon down-regulation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16131. [PMID: 26531045 PMCID: PMC4632087 DOI: 10.1038/srep16131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
D-amino acid oxidases play an important role in converting D-amino acids to their corresponding α-keto acids. MRA_1916 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra (Mtb-Ra) is annotated to be a D-amino acid oxidase (DAO). However, not much information is available about its physiological role during Mtb-Ra growth and survival. The present study was taken-up to understand the role of DAO during different stages of growth and effect of its down-regulation on growth. Recombinant Mtb-Ra strains with DAO and GlcB (malate synthase: MRA_1848) gene knockdown were developed and their growth was studied using Microtiter Alamar Blue Assay (MABA) with glycerol, acetate and glycine as a carbon source. Ethyl bromopyruvate (BrP) was used as an inhibitor of GlcB. MABA study showed inhibition of wild-type (WT) and knockdowns in the presence of BrP (2.5mM). However, growth inhibition of WT was less noticeable at lower concentrations of BrP. Mtb-Ra with DAO knockdown showed poor utilization of glycine in the presence of BrP. The DAO localization study showed its prominent distribution in cytosolic fraction and to some extent in cell wall and membrane fractions. Growth profile of WT under oxygen and nutritional stress showed changes in expression of DAO, GlcB, PckA (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase: MRA_0219) and GlyA1 (serine hydroxymethyltransferase: MRA_1104).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Sachin Singh
- Microbiology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, U.P., India, Pin: 226031
| | - Sudheer Kumar Singh
- Microbiology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, U.P., India, Pin: 226031
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21
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Akita H, Ohshima T, Sakuraba H. [Thermostable NADP(+-)dependent D-amino acid dehydrogenase created by site-directed mutation: characteristics and application]. Seikagaku 2015; 87:582-590. [PMID: 26638626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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22
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Chang YC, Khanal Lamichhane A, Bradley J, Rodgers L, Ngamskulrungroj P, Kwon-Chung KJ. Differences between Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii in the Molecular Mechanisms Governing Utilization of D-Amino Acids as the Sole Nitrogen Source. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131865. [PMID: 26132227 PMCID: PMC4489021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to grow on media containing certain D-amino acids as a sole nitrogen source is widely utilized to differentiate Cryptococcus gattii from C. neoformans. We used the C. neoformans H99 and C. gattii R265 strains to dissect the mechanisms of D-amino acids utilization. We identified three putative D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) genes in both strains and showed that each DAO gene plays different roles in D-amino acid utilization in each strain. Deletion of DAO2 retarded growth of R265 on eleven D-amino acids suggesting its prominent role on D-amino acid assimilation in R265. All three R265 DAO genes contributed to growth on D-Asn and D-Asp. DAO3 was required for growth and detoxification of D-Glu by both R265 and H99. Although growth of H99 on most D-amino acids was poor, deletion of DAO1 or DAO3 further exacerbated it on four D-amino acids. Overexpression of DAO2 or DAO3 enabled H99 to grow robustly on several D-amino acids suggesting that expression levels of the native DAO genes in H99 were insufficient for growth on D-amino acids. Replacing the H99 DAO2 gene with a single copy of the R265 DAO2 gene also enabled its utilization of several D-amino acids. Results of gene and promoter swaps of the DAO2 genes suggested that enzymatic activity of Dao2 in H99 might be lower compared to the R265 strain. A reduction in virulence was only observed when all DAO genes were deleted in R265 but not in H99 indicating a pathobiologically exclusive role of the DAO genes in R265. These results suggest that C. neoformans and C. gattii divergently evolved in D-amino acid utilization influenced by their major ecological niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun C. Chang
- Molecular Microbiology Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ami Khanal Lamichhane
- Molecular Microbiology Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - James Bradley
- Molecular Microbiology Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Laura Rodgers
- Molecular Microbiology Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Popchai Ngamskulrungroj
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kyung J. Kwon-Chung
- Molecular Microbiology Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
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23
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Kobori H, Tanigawa M, Maeda S, Hori H, Yubisui T, Nagata Y. Methemoglobin reduction mediated by D-amino acid dehydrogenase in Propsilocerus akamusi (Tokunaga) larvae. J Insect Physiol 2015; 77:33-38. [PMID: 25896287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A methemoglobin (metHb) reduction system is required for aerobic respiration. In humans, Fe(III)-heme-bearing metHb (the oxidized form of hemoglobin), which cannot bind oxygen, is converted to Fe(II)-heme-bearing oxyhemoglobin (oxyHb, the reduced form), which can bind oxygen, in a system comprising NADH, NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase, and cytochrome b5. However, the mechanism of metHb reduction in organisms that inhabit oxygen-deficient environments is unknown. In the coelomic fluid of the larvae of Propsilocerus akamusi, which inhabit a microaerobic environment, we found that metHb was reduced by D-alanine. We purified an FAD-containing enzyme, D-amino acid dehydrogenase (DAD), and component V hemoglobin from the larvae. Using the purified components and spectrophotometric analyses, we showed a novel function of DAD: DAD-mediation of P. akamusi component V metHb reduction with using D-alanine as an electron donor. P. akamusi larvae possess this D-alanine-DAD metHb reduction system in addition to a previously discovered NADH-NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase system. This is the first report of the presence of DAD in a multicellular organism. The molecular mass of DAD was estimated to be 45 kDa. The optimal pH and temperature of the enzyme were 7.4 and 20 °C, respectively, and the optimal substrate was D-alanine. The enzyme activity was inhibited by benzoate and sulfhydryl-binding reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kobori
- Department of Materials and Applied Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda Ward, Tokyo 101-8308, Japan
| | - Minoru Tanigawa
- Department of Materials and Applied Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda Ward, Tokyo 101-8308, Japan
| | - Shintaro Maeda
- Department of Materials and Applied Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda Ward, Tokyo 101-8308, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hori
- Division of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Toshitsugu Yubisui
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Yoko Nagata
- Department of Materials and Applied Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda Ward, Tokyo 101-8308, Japan.
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24
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Bailey TS, Donor MT, Naughton SP, Pluth MD. A simple bioluminescent method for measuring D-amino acid oxidase activity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:5425-8. [PMID: 25408176 PMCID: PMC4365669 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc08145e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
D-Amino acid oxidase (DAO) plays important roles in regulating D-amino acid neurotransmitters and was recently identified as a key enzyme integral to hydrogen sulfide production from D-Cys. We report here the development of a simple biocompatible, bioluminescent method for measuring DAO activity based on the highly selective condensation of D-Cys with 6-hydroxy-2-cyanobenzothiazole (CBT-OH) to form D-luciferin.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Spencer Bailey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Institute of Molecular Biology , Materials Science Institute , University of Oregon , Eugene , OR 97403 , USA .
| | - Micah T. Donor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Institute of Molecular Biology , Materials Science Institute , University of Oregon , Eugene , OR 97403 , USA .
| | - Sean P. Naughton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Institute of Molecular Biology , Materials Science Institute , University of Oregon , Eugene , OR 97403 , USA .
| | - Michael D. Pluth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Institute of Molecular Biology , Materials Science Institute , University of Oregon , Eugene , OR 97403 , USA .
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25
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Nishiyama H, Watanabe T, Inoue Y. Activation of immobilized enzymes by acoustic wave resonance oscillation. Enzyme Microb Technol 2014; 67:27-31. [PMID: 25442945 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Acoustic wave resonance oscillation has been used successfully in the development of methods to activate immobilized enzyme catalysts. In this study, resonance oscillation effects were demonstrated for enzyme reactions on galactose oxidase (GAD), D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO), and L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO), all of which were immobilized covalently on a ferroelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) device that could generate thickness-extensional resonance oscillations (TERO) of acoustic waves. For galactose oxidation on immobilized GAD in a microreactor, TERO generation immediately increased enzyme activity 2- to 3-fold. Eliminating TERO caused a slight decrease in the activity, with ∼90% of the enhanced activity retained while the reaction proceeded. Contact of the enhanced enzyme with a galactose-free solution caused almost complete reversion of the activity to the original low level before TERO generation, indicating that, not only TERO-induced GAD activation, but also preservation of the increased activity, required a galactose substrate. Similar activity changes with TERO were observed for enzyme reactions on DAAO and LAAO. Kinetic analysis demonstrated that TERO helped strengthen the interactions of the immobilized enzyme with the reactant substrate and promoted formation of an activation complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nishiyama
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka 940-2188, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tomoya Watanabe
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka 940-2188, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Inoue
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka 940-2188, Niigata, Japan.
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26
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Takahashi S, Furukawara M, Omae K, Tadokoro N, Saito Y, Abe K, Kera Y. A Highly Stable D-Amino Acid Oxidase of the Thermophilic Bacterium Rubrobacter xylanophilus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:7219-29. [PMID: 25217016 PMCID: PMC4249180 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02193-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
d-Amino acid oxidase (DAO) is a biotechnologically attractive enzyme that can be used in a variety of applications, but its utility is limited by its relatively poor stability. A search of a bacterial genome database revealed a gene encoding a protein homologous to DAO in the thermophilic bacterium Rubrobacter xylanophilus (RxDAO). The recombinant protein expressed in Escherichia coli was a monomeric protein containing noncovalently bound flavin adenine dinucleotide as a cofactor. This protein exhibited oxidase activity against neutral and basic d-amino acids and was significantly inhibited by a DAO inhibitor, benzoate, but not by any of the tested d-aspartate oxidase (DDO) inhibitors, thus indicating that the protein is DAO. RxDAO exhibited higher activities and affinities toward branched-chain d-amino acids, with the highest specific activity toward d-valine and catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) toward d-leucine. Substrate inhibition was observed in the case of d-tyrosine. The enzyme had an optimum pH range and temperature of pH 7.5 to 10 and 65°C, respectively, and was stable between pH 5.0 and pH 8.0, with a T50 (the temperature at which 50% of the initial enzymatic activity is lost) of 64°C. No loss of enzyme activity was observed after a 1-week incubation period at 30°C. This enzyme was markedly inactivated by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride but not by thiol-modifying reagents and diethyl pyrocarbonate, which are known to inhibit certain DAOs. These results demonstrated that RxDAO is a highly stable DAO and suggested that this enzyme may be valuable for practical applications, such as the determination and quantification of branched-chain d-amino acids, and as a scaffold to generate a novel DAO via protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouji Takahashi
- Department of Environmental Systems Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
| | - Makoto Furukawara
- Department of Environmental Systems Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
| | - Keishi Omae
- Department of Environmental Systems Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
| | - Namiho Tadokoro
- Department of Environmental Systems Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yayoi Saito
- Department of Environmental Systems Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
| | - Katsumasa Abe
- Department of Environmental Systems Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kera
- Department of Environmental Systems Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
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27
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Feng L, Guo J, Li H, Xu S, Ju J, Zhao B. [Characterization of D-amino acid oxidase and its mutants from Arthrobacter protophormiae]. Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao 2014; 54:897-904. [PMID: 25345021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize D-amino acid oxidase from Arthrobacter protophormiae (DSM 20168). METHODS Genes apdaao-1 and apdaao-2 from A. protophormiae (DSM 15035 & 20168) were cloned by PCR; expression vectors were constructed and expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3). The mutant was constructed by site-directed mutagenesis using plasmid pET-ApDAAO-2 as the template. After Ni-NTA column chromatography purification, the protein was characterized. RESULTS Protein ApDAAO-1, ApDAAO-2 and 4 mutants were expressed and purified successfully. The apparent molecular masses of all purified proteins were about 36 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The optimum temperature of ApDAAO-2 and 4 mutants was 30 degrees C similar to ApDAAO-1. ApDAAO-2 and its mutants exhibited much broader optimal pH than ApDAAO-1, and they revealed broad substrate specificity and high specificity to D-Met (100%) except T256K, which showed the substrate preference for D-Phe (108%). For substrates D-Met and D-Phe, the second-order rate constants k(cat)/Km of ApDAAO-2 and 4 mutants were several-fold higher than ApDAAO-1 and pKDAAO, respectively. CONCLUSION Comparing with ApDAAO-1 and pKDAAO, ApDAAO-2 and its mutants had much broader substrate specificity and higher catalytic efficiency, which suggested that they might have much higher commercial value.
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Kröger S, Pieper R, Schwelberger HG, Wang J, Villodre Tudela C, Aschenbach JR, Van Kessel AG, Zentek J. Diets high in heat-treated soybean meal reduce the histamine-induced epithelial response in the colon of weaned piglets and increase epithelial catabolism of histamine. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80612. [PMID: 24260435 PMCID: PMC3833947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the influence of dietary fermentable protein (fCP) and fermentable carbohydrates (fCHO) on the colonic epithelial response to histamine in pigs. Thirty-two weaned piglets were fed 4 diets in a 2 × 2 factorial design with low fCP/low fCHO, low fCP/high fCHO, high fCP/low fCHO and high fCP/high fCHO. After 21-23 days, the pigs were killed and tissue from the proximal colon was stimulated with carbachol, histamine, PGE2 or sodium hydrogen sulphide in Ussing chambers. Changes in short-circuit current and tissue conductance were measured. Diamine oxidase, histamine N-methyltransferase, stem cell growth factor receptor, Fc-epsilon receptor I and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene expression was determined. Activities of diamine oxidase and histamine N-methyltransferase and numbers of colonic mast cells were measured. The change in the short-circuit current in response to histamine was lower (P = 0.002) and tended to be lower for PGE2 (P = 0.053) in high fCP groups compared to low fCP groups, irrespective of fCHO. Additionally, the change in tissue conductance after the application of histamine was lower (P = 0.005) in the high fCP groups. The expression of histamine N-methyltransferase mRNA (P = 0.033) and the activities of diamine oxidase (P = 0.001) and histamine N-methyltransferase (P = 0.006) were higher with high fCP in comparison with low fCP. The expression of mast cell markers, stem cell growth factor receptor (P = 0.005) and Fc-epsilon receptor I (P = 0.049) was higher with high fCP diets compared to diets low in fCP, whereas the mast cell count did not differ between groups. The expression of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator was reduced (P = 0.001) with high fCP diets compared to low fCP diets. The lower epithelial response to histamine and PGE2 and elevated epithelial histamine inactivation suggests an adaptation to high fCP diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Kröger
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Pieper
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hubert G. Schwelberger
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Visceral, Transplantation and Thoracic Surgery, Medical University, Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Carmen Villodre Tudela
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jörg R. Aschenbach
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrew G. Van Kessel
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Jürgen Zentek
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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29
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Raje M, Hin N, Duvall B, Ferraris DV, Berry JF, Thomas AG, Alt J, Rojas C, Slusher BS, Tsukamoto T. Synthesis of kojic acid derivatives as secondary binding site probes of D-amino acid oxidase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:3910-3. [PMID: 23683589 PMCID: PMC3678123 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of kojic acid (5-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl-4H-pyran-4-one) derivatives were synthesized and tested for their ability to inhibit D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO). Various substituents were incorporated into kojic acid at its 2-hydroxymethyl group. These analogs serve as useful molecular probes to explore the secondary binding site, which can be exploited in designing more potent DAAO inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithun Raje
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Niyada Hin
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Bridget Duvall
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Dana V. Ferraris
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - James F. Berry
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ajit G. Thomas
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jesse Alt
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Camilo Rojas
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Barbara S. Slusher
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Takashi Tsukamoto
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Akita H, Suzuki H, Doi K, Ohshima T. Efficient synthesis of D-branched-chain amino acids and their labeled compounds with stable isotopes using D-amino acid dehydrogenase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:1135-43. [PMID: 23661083 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4902-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
D-Branched-chain amino acids (D-BCAAs) such as D-leucine, D-isoleucine, and D-valine are known to be peptide antibiotic intermediates and to exhibit a variety of bioactivities. Consequently, much effort is going into achieving simple stereospecific synthesis of D-BCAAs, especially analogs labeled with stable isotopes. Up to now, however, no effective method has been reported. Here, we report the establishment of an efficient system for enantioselective synthesis of D-BCAAs and production of D-BCAAs labeled with stable isotopes. This system is based on two thermostable enzymes: D-amino acid dehydrogenase, catalyzing NADPH-dependent enantioselective amination of 2-oxo acids to produce the corresponding D-amino acids, and glucose dehydrogenase, catalyzing NADPH regeneration from NADP(+) and D-glucose. After incubation with the enzymes for 2 h at 65°C and pH 10.5, 2-oxo-4-methylvaleric acid was converted to D-leucine with an excellent yield (>99 %) and optical purity (>99 %). Using this system, we produced five different D-BCAAs labeled with stable isotopes: D-[1-(13)C,(15)N]leucine, D-[1-(13)C]leucine, D-[(15)N]leucine, D-[(15)N]isoleucine, and D-[(15)N]valine. The structure of each labeled D-amino acid was confirmed using time-of-flight mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. These analyses confirmed that the developed system was highly useful for production of D-BCAAs labeled with stable isotopes, making this the first reported enzymatic production of D-BCAAs labeled with stable isotopes. Our findings facilitate tracer studies investigating D-BCAAs and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironaga Akita
- Applied Molecular Microbiology and Biomass Chemistry, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
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Yang HC, Liu CM, Liu YL, Chen CW, Chang CC, Fann CSJ, Chiou JJ, Yang UC, Chen CH, Faraone SV, Tsuang MT, Hwu HG. The DAO gene is associated with schizophrenia and interacts with other genes in the Taiwan Han Chinese population. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60099. [PMID: 23555897 PMCID: PMC3610748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a highly heritable disease with a polygenic mode of inheritance. Many studies have contributed to our understanding of the genetic underpinnings of schizophrenia, but little is known about how interactions among genes affect the risk of schizophrenia. This study aimed to assess the associations and interactions among genes that confer vulnerability to schizophrenia and to examine the moderating effect of neuropsychological impairment. METHODS We analyzed 99 SNPs from 10 candidate genes in 1,512 subject samples. The permutation-based single-locus, multi-locus association tests, and a gene-based multifactorial dimension reduction procedure were used to examine genetic associations and interactions to schizophrenia. RESULTS We found that no single SNP was significantly associated with schizophrenia. However, a risk haplotype, namely A-T-C of the SNP triplet rsDAO7-rsDAO8-rsDAO13 of the DAO gene, was strongly associated with schizophrenia. Interaction analyses identified multiple between-gene and within-gene interactions. Between-gene interactions including DAO*DISC1 , DAO*NRG1 and DAO*RASD2 and a within-gene interaction for CACNG2 were found among schizophrenia subjects with severe sustained attention deficits, suggesting a modifying effect of impaired neuropsychological functioning. Other interactions such as the within-gene interaction of DAO and the between-gene interaction of DAO and PTK2B were consistently identified regardless of stratification by neuropsychological dysfunction. Importantly, except for the within-gene interaction of CACNG2, all of the identified risk haplotypes and interactions involved SNPs from DAO. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that DAO, which is involved in the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor regulation, signaling and glutamate metabolism, is the master gene of the genetic associations and interactions underlying schizophrenia. Besides, the interaction between DAO and RASD2 has provided an insight in integrating the glutamate and dopamine hypotheses of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Chou Yang
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Min Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Li Liu
- Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Research, National Health Research Institutes, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Chen
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Cathy S. J. Fann
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Jie Chiou
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ueng-Cheng Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Houh Chen
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Stephen V. Faraone
- Medical Genetics Research Center and Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Ming T. Tsuang
- Harvard Institute of Psychiatric Epidemiology and Genetics, and Departments of Epidemiology and Psychiatry, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Institute of Behavioral Genomics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Hai-Gwo Hwu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychology, College of Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Gisby MF, Mudd EA, Day A. Growth of transplastomic cells expressing D-amino acid oxidase in chloroplasts is tolerant to D-alanine and inhibited by D-valine. Plant Physiol 2012; 160:2219-26. [PMID: 23085840 PMCID: PMC3510142 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.204107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Dual-conditional positive/negative selection markers are versatile genetic tools for manipulating genomes. Plastid genomes are relatively small and conserved DNA molecules that can be manipulated precisely by homologous recombination. High-yield expression of recombinant products and maternal inheritance of plastid-encoded traits make plastids attractive sites for modification. Here, we describe the cloning and expression of a dao gene encoding D-amino acid oxidase from Schizosaccharomyces pombe in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plastids. The results provide genetic evidence for the uptake of D-amino acids into plastids, which contain a target that is inhibited by D-alanine. Importantly, this nonantibiotic-based selection system allows the use of cheap and widely available D-amino acids, which are relatively nontoxic to animals and microbes, to either select against (D-valine) or for (D-alanine) cells containing transgenic plastids. Positive/negative selection with d-amino acids was effective in vitro and against transplastomic seedlings grown in soil. The dual functionality of dao is highly suited to the polyploid plastid compartment, where it can be used to provide tolerance against potential D-alanine-based herbicides, control the timing of recombination events such as marker excision, influence the segregation of transgenic plastid genomes, identify loci affecting dao function in mutant screens, and develop D-valine-based methods to manage the spread of transgenic plastids tagged with dao.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin F. Gisby
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabeth A. Mudd
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Anil Day
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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33
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Strick CA, Li C, Scott L, Harvey B, Hajós M, Steyn SJ, Piotrowski MA, James LC, Downs JT, Rago B, Becker SL, El-Kattan A, Xu Y, Ganong AH, Tingley FD, Ramirez AD, Seymour PA, Guanowsky V, Majchrzak MJ, Fox CB, Schmidt CJ, Duplantier AJ. Modulation of NMDA receptor function by inhibition of D-amino acid oxidase in rodent brain. Neuropharmacology 2011; 61:1001-15. [PMID: 21763704 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Observations that N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) antagonists produce symptoms in humans that are similar to those seen in schizophrenia have led to the current hypothesis that schizophrenia might result from NMDA receptor hypofunction. Inhibition of D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO), the enzyme responsible for degradation of D-serine, should lead to increased levels of this co-agonist at the NMDA receptor, and thereby provide a therapeutic approach to schizophrenia. We have profiled some of the preclinical biochemical, electrophysiological, and behavioral consequences of administering potent and selective inhibitors of DAAO to rodents to begin to test this hypothesis. Inhibition of DAAO activity resulted in a significant dose and time dependent increase in D-serine only in the cerebellum, although a time delay was observed between peak plasma or brain drug concentration and cerebellum D-serine response. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling employing a mechanism-based indirect response model was used to characterize the correlation between free brain drug concentration and D-serine accumulation. DAAO inhibitors had little or no activity in rodent models considered predictive for antipsychotic activity. The inhibitors did, however, affect cortical activity in the Mescaline-Induced Scratching model, produced a modest but significant increase in NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic currents in primary neuronal cultures from rat hippocampus, and resulted in a significant increase in evoked hippocampal theta rhythm, an in vivo electrophysiological model of hippocampal activity. These findings demonstrate that although DAAO inhibition did not cause a measurable increase in D-serine in forebrain, it did affect hippocampal and cortical activity, possibly through augmentation of NMDA receptor-mediated currents.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/metabolism
- Central Nervous System Stimulants/metabolism
- Central Nervous System Stimulants/pharmacology
- Cyclic GMP/analysis
- Cyclic GMP/biosynthesis
- D-Amino-Acid Oxidase/antagonists & inhibitors
- D-Amino-Acid Oxidase/metabolism
- D-Amino-Acid Oxidase/physiology
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Electroencephalography
- Habituation, Psychophysiologic/drug effects
- Habituation, Psychophysiologic/physiology
- Harmaline/metabolism
- Hippocampus/drug effects
- Hippocampus/metabolism
- Male
- Maze Learning/drug effects
- Maze Learning/physiology
- Memory, Short-Term/drug effects
- Memory, Short-Term/physiology
- Mescaline/pharmacology
- Mice
- Miniature Postsynaptic Potentials/drug effects
- Miniature Postsynaptic Potentials/physiology
- Models, Biological
- Models, Chemical
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Motor Activity/physiology
- Pruritus/chemically induced
- Pruritus/prevention & control
- Psychomotor Agitation/drug therapy
- Rats
- Rats, Long-Evans
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/drug effects
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism
- Sensory Gating/drug effects
- Sensory Gating/physiology
- Serine/blood
- Serotonin Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
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Hawkes T, Pline-Srnic W, Dale R, Friend E, Hollinshead T, Howe P, Thompson P, Viner R, Greenland A. D-glufosinate as a male sterility agent for hybrid seed production. Plant Biotechnol J 2011; 9:301-14. [PMID: 20678098 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2010.00549.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A chemical male sterility system based on anther-localized conversion of the inactive D-enantiomer of the herbicide, glufosinate (2-amino-4-(methylphosphinyl)-butanoate) to the phytotoxic L is described. Highly pure D-glufosinate was isolated in >98% enantiomeric excess from the racemate via fermentation with a strain of Escherichia coli expressing the PAT (L-glufosinate N-acetyl transferase) gene and purification of the unreacted D-enantiomer from the broth by ion exchange. A modified (F58K, M213S) form of the D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) (EC 1.4.3.3) from Rhodosporidium toruloides was designed, tested in vitro and found to efficiently oxidize D-glufosinate to its 2-oxo derivative [2-oxo-4-(methylphosphinyl)-butanoic acid]. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants were transformed to express this modified oxidase under control of the TAP1 tapetum-specific promoter. A number of the resultant transgenic lines exhibited complete male sterility that persisted for two or more weeks immediately following foliar treatment with 75 or 200 g/ha of D-glufosinate without exhibiting obvious phytotoxic symptoms or any measurable decline in female fertility. Similarly, plants containing the same construct and, additionally, a PAT gene expressed from a plastocyanin promoter exhibited significantly reduced male fertility and no reduction in female fertility following foliar application of racemic glufosinate. Thus, foliar application of d-glufosinate either purified or as the commercial herbicide, combined with anther expression of a modified DAAO promises to provide a cost-effective conditional chemical male sterility system with the characteristics necessary for practical F₁ hybrid seed production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hawkes
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill Research Centre, Bracknell, Berks, UK.
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35
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Watanabe M, Yoshikawa M, Takeyama K, Hashimoto A, Kobayashi H, Suzuki T. Subchronic administration of ketamine decreases the mRNA expression of serine racemase in rat brain. Tokai J Exp Clin Med 2010; 35:137-143. [PMID: 21319044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The behavioral impairment produced by ketamine represents a pharmacological model for some aspects of schizophrenia such as positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms. Despite the multiple properties of ketamine, the main mechanism for its psychomimetic and anesthetic effect involves NMDA receptor system. Present study examined whether subchronic administration of ketamine at the subanesthetic doses (50 mg/kg) induces changes of behavior analogous to those observed in schizophrenia and the gene expressions of the enzymes for D-serine, an endogenous co-agonist for the NMDA-glycine site, in rat brain. Administration of ketamine daily for 14 consecutive days increased stereotyped behavior, ataxia and locomotion. The levels of serine racemase mRNAs in forebrain areas significantly decreased after subchronic administration of ketamine. In contrast, subchronic ketamine administration produced a significant increase in the mRNA expression of D-amino acid oxidase in the midbrain. These findings suggest that there is a relationship between the gene expression of the D-serine-related enzymes and the blockade of the NMDA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Watanabe
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
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36
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Kato S, Kito Y, Hemmi H, Yoshimura T. Simultaneous determination of D-amino acids by the coupling method of D-amino acid oxidase with high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 879:3190-5. [PMID: 21185791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An enzymatic assay system of D-amino acids was established using the D-amino acid oxidase of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. In this method, the enzyme converts the D-amino acids to the corresponding α-keto acids, which are then reacted with 1,2-diamino-4,5-methylenedioxybenzene (DMB) in an organic solvent. The resultant fluorescent compounds are separated and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Use of an organic solvent following the α-keto acid modification with DMB prevents the non-enzymatic deamination of L-amino acids, which are generally present at much higher concentrations than D-amino acids in biological samples. With this method, D-Glu, D-Asn, D-Gln, D-Ala, D-Val, D-Leu, D-Phe, and D-Ile can be quantified in the order of micromolar, and other D-amino acids except D-Asp can be assayed within a sensitivity range of 50-100 μM. The established enzymatic method was used to analyze the d-amino acid contents in human urine. The concentration of D-Ser obtained using this enzymatic method (223 μM) was in good agreement with that obtained using the conventional HPLC method (198 μM). The enzymatic method also demonstrated that the human urine contained 5.45 μM of d-Ala and 0.91 μM of D-Asn. Both D-amino acids were difficult to be identified using the conventional method, because the large signals from L-amino acids masked those from d-amino acids. The enzymatic method that we have developed can circumvent this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Kato
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
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37
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Liang XH, Zhao ZA, Deng WB, Tian Z, Lei W, Xu X, Zhang XH, Su RW, Yang ZM. Estrogen regulates amiloride-binding protein 1 through CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-beta in mouse uterus during embryo implantation and decidualization. Endocrinology 2010; 151:5007-16. [PMID: 20668027 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Embryo implantation is an intricate interaction between receptive uterus and active blastocyst. The mechanism underlying embryo implantation is still unknown. Although histamine and putrescine are important for embryo implantation and decidualization, excess amount of histamine and putrescine is harmful. Amiloride binding protein 1 (Abp1) is a membrane-associated amine oxidase and mainly metabolizes histamine and putrescine. In this study, we first showed that Abp1 is strongly expressed in the decidua on d 5-8 of pregnancy. Abp1 expression is not detected during pseudopregnancy and under delayed implantation but is detected after estrogen activation. Because Abp1 is mainly localized in the decidua and also strongly expressed during in vitro decidualization, Abp1 might play a role during mouse decidualization. The regulation of estrogen on Abp1 is mediated by transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-β. Abp1 expression is also regulated by cAMP, bone morphogenetic protein 2, and ERK1/2. Abp1 may be essential for mouse embryo implantation and decidualization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Huan Liang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Cell Biology and Tumor Cell Engineering, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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38
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Wong KS, Fong WP, Tsang PWK. A single Phe54Tyr substitution improves the catalytic activity and thermostability of Trigonopsis variabilis D-amino acid oxidase. N Biotechnol 2009; 27:78-84. [PMID: 19909828 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Revised: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The industrial importance of Trigonopsis variabilisd-amino acid oxidase (TvDAAO) is represented by its biocatalytic oxidative deamination of cephalosporin C (CPC) to yield glutaryl-7-aminocephalosporanic acid (GL-7-ACA). The process has been incorporated into a two-step bioconversion to produce 7-aminocephalosporanic acid, the crucial synthetic nucleus for several semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotics. A homology model of TvDAAO indicated that residue F54 is in a close proximity to the in silico docked CPC. Substitution of this F54 to Tyr (F54Y) resulted in 6-fold improvement in k(cat,app) and approximately 2.5-fold increase in K(i) of GL-7-ACA. Heat treatment (55 degrees C, 60 min) did not decrease the activity of F54Y. It is suggested that the Tyr substitution might initiate hydrogen bond formation with the amino group of CPC and facilitate deamination. Faster substrate turnover, reduced GL-7-ACA inhibition and improved thermostability of the F54Y substitution render it a useful candidate in industrial production of semi-synthetic cephems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin-Sing Wong
- Department of Biochemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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39
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Habl G, Zink M, Petroianu G, Bauer M, Schneider-Axmann T, von Wilmsdorff M, Falkai P, Henn FA, Schmitt A. Increased D-amino acid oxidase expression in the bilateral hippocampal CA4 of schizophrenic patients: a post-mortem study. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2009; 116:1657-65. [PMID: 19823762 PMCID: PMC2776935 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-009-0312-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
An important risk gene in schizophrenia is d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO). To establish if expression of DAAO is altered in cortical, hippocampal or thalamic regions of schizophrenia patients, we measured gene expression of DAAO in a post-mortem study of elderly patients with schizophrenia and non-affected controls in both hemispheres differentiating between gray and white matter. We compared cerebral post-mortem samples (granular frontal cortex BA9, middle frontal cortex BA46, superior temporal cortex BA22, entorhinal cortex BA28, sensoric cortex BA1–3, hippocampus (CA4), mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus) from 10 schizophrenia patients to 13 normal subjects investigating gene expression of DAAO in the gray and white matter of both hemispheres of the above-mentioned brain regions by in situ-hybridization. We found increased expression of DAAO-mRNA in the hippocampal CA4 of schizophrenic patients. Compared to the control group, both hemispheres of the hippocampus of schizophrenic patients showed an increased expression of 46% (right, P = 0.013) and 54% (left, P = 0.019), respectively. None of the other regions examined showed statistically significant differences in DAAO expression. This post-mortem study demonstrated increased gene expression of DAAO in the left and right hippocampus of schizophrenia patients. This increased expression could be responsible for a decrease in local d-serine levels leading to a NMDA-receptor hypofunction that is hypothesized to play a major role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. However, our study group was small and results should be verified using larger samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Habl
- Central Institute of Mental Health, P.O. Box 12 21 20, 68072 Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mathias Zink
- Central Institute of Mental Health, P.O. Box 12 21 20, 68072 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Georg Petroianu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, GL 495E, Miami, FL 33199 USA
| | - Manfred Bauer
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 26, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Schneider-Axmann
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Von-Siebold Str. 5, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Martina von Wilmsdorff
- Department of Psychiatry Rheinische Kliniken, University of Duesseldorf, Bergische Landstr. 2, 40629 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Von-Siebold Str. 5, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Fritz A. Henn
- Central Institute of Mental Health, P.O. Box 12 21 20, 68072 Mannheim, Germany
- Present Address: Life Sciences, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Bldg. 490, Upton, NY 11973-5000 USA
| | - Andrea Schmitt
- Central Institute of Mental Health, P.O. Box 12 21 20, 68072 Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Von-Siebold Str. 5, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
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Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can surely be considered as multifunctional biofactors within the cell. They are known to participate in regular cell functions, for example, as signal mediators, but overproduction under oxidative stress conditions leads to deleterious cellular effects, cell death and diverse pathological conditions. Peroxisomal function has long been linked to oxygen metabolism due to the high concentration of H(2)O(2)-generating oxidases in peroxisomes and their set of antioxidant enzymes, especially catalase. Still, mitochondria have been very much placed in the centre of ROS metabolism and oxidative stress. This review discusses novel findings concerning the relationship between ROS and peroxisomes, as they revealed to be a key player in the dynamic spin of ROS metabolism and oxidative injury. An overview of ROS generating enzymes as well as their antioxidant counterparts will be given, exemplifying the precise fine-tuning between the opposing systems. Various conditions in which the balance between generation and scavenging of ROS in peroxisomes is perturbed, for example, exogenous manipulation, ageing and peroxisomal disorders, are addressed. Furthermore, peroxisome-derived oxidative stress and its effect on mitochondria (and vice versa) are discussed, highlighting the close interrelationship of both organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina A Bonekamp
- Centre for Cell Biology and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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41
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Romano D, Molla G, Pollegioni L, Marinelli F. Optimization of human D-amino acid oxidase expression in Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2009; 68:72-8. [PMID: 19497370 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2009.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Revised: 05/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human D-amino acid oxidase (hDAAO) is a flavoprotein that plays a key role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. So far, the biochemical characterization of this enzyme has been hampered by the difficulty of expressing it in a common heterologous host such as Escherichia coli. Increasing amounts of recombinant hDAAO are indeed required for the investigation of its structure-function relationships and for the screening of new inhibitors to be used in the treatment of schizophrenia. A recombinant hDAAO has been over-expressed in BL21(DE3)Star E. coli cells. By alternating screenings of medium components at flask level and investigating physiological parameters in 2L controlled batch fermentations, an improved, robust and scalable microbial process was set up giving almost a 40- and 4-fold improvement in volumetric productivity and specific activity, respectively. Under these conditions approximately 770 U/L culture hDAAO with a specific activity of approximately 0.4 U/mg protein and a specific productivity of 24.9 U/g biomass were produced. Optimization of medium ingredients, of the time and the amount of inducer's addition, pH control at the moment of induction and harvest, low mechanical shear stress regime during recombinant protein production, represent the factors concurring to achieve the reported expression level. Notably, this expression level is higher than any previously described production of hDAAOs. A yield of 100 mg of pure hDAAO/L culture thus became available in comparison to the 1-10 mg/L previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Romano
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze Molecolari, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
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42
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Abstract
We have investigated the interaction of d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) with single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT) by spectroscopic ellipsometry. Dynamic adsorption experiments were performed at different experimental conditions. In addition, the activity of the enzyme adsorbed at different conditions was studied. Our results indicate that DAAO can be adsorbed to CNT at different pH values and concentrations by a combination of hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. Considering that the highest enzymatic activity was obtained by adsorbing the protein at pH 5.7 and 0.1 mg x mL(-1), our results indicate that DAAO can adopt multiple orientations on the surface, which are ultimately responsible for significant differences in catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria F. Mora
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | | | - Carlos D. Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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Dietrich DR, Heussner AH, O'Brien E, Gramatté T, Runkel M, Rumpf S, Day BW. Propiverine-induced accumulation of nuclear and cytosolic protein in F344 rat kidneys: isolation and identification of the accumulating protein. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 233:411-9. [PMID: 18929589 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Revised: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Male and female F344 rats but not B6C3F1 mice exposed for 104 weeks to propiverine hydrochloride (1-methylpiperid-4-yl 2,2-diphenyl-2-(1-propoxy)acetate hydrochloride), used for treatment of patients with neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO) and overactive bladder (OAB), presented with an accumulation of proteins in the cytosol and nuclei of renal proximal tubule epithelial cells, yet despite this, no increased renal tumor incidence was observed. In order to provide an improved interpretation of these findings and a better basis for human health risk assessment, male and female F344 rats were exposed for 16 weeks to 1000 ppm propiverine in the diet, the accumulating protein was isolated from the kidneys via cytosolic and nuclear preparations or laser-capture microdissection and analyzed using molecular weight determination and mass spectrometry. The accumulating protein was found to be d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO), an enzyme involved in amino and fatty acid metabolism. Subsequent reanalysis of kidney homogenate and nuclear samples as well as tissue sections using western blot and DAAO-immunohistochemistry, confirmed the presence and localization of DAAO in propiverine-treated male and female F344 rats. The accumulation of DAAO only in rats, and the limited similarity of rat DAAO with other species, including humans, suggests a rat-specific mechanism underlying the drug-induced renal DAAO accumulation with little relevance for patients chronically treated with propiverine.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Dietrich
- Environmental Toxicology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
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Burnet PWJ, Eastwood SL, Bristow GC, Godlewska BR, Sikka P, Walker M, Harrison PJ. D-amino acid oxidase activity and expression are increased in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2008; 13:658-60. [PMID: 18560437 PMCID: PMC2629619 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2008.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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45
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Abstract
D-Methionine was converted to L-methionine in a reaction system where four enzymes were used. D-amino acid oxidase (D-AAO) from Arthrobacter protophormiae was used for the complete conversion of D-methionine to 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutyric acid. Catalase was added to prevent 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutyric acid decarboxylation. In the second reaction step, L-phenylalanine dehydrogenase (L-PheDH) from Rhodococcus sp. was used to convert 2- oxo-4-methylthiobutyric acid to L-methionine, and formate dehydrogenase (FDH) from Candida boidinii was added for NADH regeneration. Enzyme kinetics of all enzymes was analyzed in detail. Mathematical models for separate reactions steps, as well as for the complete system were developed and validated in the batch reactor experiments. Complete conversion of D-methionine to L-methionine was achieved. Considering that both enzymes act on different substrates, such a system could be easily employed for the synthesis of other amino acids from D-isomer, as well as from the racemate of a certain amino acid (DL-amino acid).
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Findrik
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Savska c. 16, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Nahalka J, Dib I, Nidetzky B. Encapsulation of Trigonopsis variabilis D-amino acid oxidase and fast comparison of the operational stabilities of free and immobilized preparations of the enzyme. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 99:251-60. [PMID: 17680679 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A one-step procedure of immobilizing soluble and aggregated preparations of D-amino acid oxidase from Trigonopsis variabilis (TvDAO) is reported where carrier-free enzyme was entrapped in semipermeable microcapsules produced from the polycation poly(methylene-co-guanidine) in combination with CaCl2 and the polyanions alginate and cellulose sulfate. The yield of immobilization, expressed as the fraction of original activity present in microcapsules, was approximately 52 +/- 5%. The effectiveness of the entrapped oxidase for O2-dependent conversion of D-methionine at 25 degrees C was 85 +/- 10% of the free enzyme preparation. Because continuous spectrophotometric assays are generally not well compatible with insoluble enzymes, we employed a dynamic method for the rapid in situ estimation of activity and relatedly, stability of free and encapsulated oxidases using on-line measurements of the concentration of dissolved O2. Integral and differential modes of data acquisition were utilized to examine cases of fast and slow inactivation of the enzyme, respectively. With a half-life of 60 h, encapsulated TvDAO was approximately 720-fold more stable than the free enzyme under conditions of bubble aeration at 25 degrees C. The soluble oxidase was stabilized by added FAD only at temperatures of 35 degrees C or greater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Nahalka
- Research Centre Applied Biocatalysis, Petersgasse 14, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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47
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Shinkai T, De Luca V, Hwang R, Müller DJ, Lanktree M, Zai G, Shaikh S, Wong G, Sicard T, Potapova N, Trakalo J, King N, Matsumoto C, Hori H, Wong AHC, Ohmori O, Macciardi F, Nakamura J, Kennedy JL. Association analyses of the DAOA/G30 and D-amino-acid oxidase genes in schizophrenia: further evidence for a role in schizophrenia. Neuromolecular Med 2007; 9:169-77. [PMID: 17627036 DOI: 10.1007/bf02685890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2006] [Revised: 10/17/2006] [Accepted: 10/25/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A number of linkage studies have previously implicated the region of chromosome 13q34 in schizophrenia. Chumakov and colleagues (2002) identified a gene complex called G72 (now termed D-amino acid oxidase activator: DAOA)/G30 in this region and performed association analyses of the DAOA/G30 as well as the D-amino-acid oxidase (DAAO) gene with schizophrenia. DAAO oxidizes D-serine, a potent activator of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) type glutamate receptor in the human brain whereas the DAOA protein is considered an activator of DAAO. The interaction of these two genes has thus been implicated in the NMDA receptor regulation pathway in schizophrenia. To date, several studies have shown a relatively consistent positive association between schizophrenia and DAOA/G30, but not with DAAO. The aim of our study was to further evaluate the contributions of these genes to the susceptibility to schizophrenia using two different sample sets. Our sample consisted of 168 matched case-control pairs as well as a family-based sample (n=113) for transmission disequilibrium test. Significant associations between the DAOA/G30 M-7 and M-18 polymorphisms and schizophrenia were observed in our case-control sample whereas no associations were observed for DAAO markers. We also observed significant or suggestive transmission disequilibrium for DAOA/G30 M-7, M-23, and M-24 to probands with schizophrenia in our family-based sample. Subsequent analysis of haplotypes made up of four DAOA/G30 markers, one marker selected from each of two linkage disequilibrium blocks that were observed in our sample as well as both ends (M-7 and M-25), were also associated with schizophrenia. Our data provide further evidence that the DAOA/G30 locus may play a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Although no direct link to genetic polymorphism in these genes and NMDA receptor function has been revealed, the present findings support previous reports implicating DAOA/G30 as susceptibility genes for schizophrenia. Further research is warranted to determine the functional variation underlying these findings and to relate this to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Shinkai
- Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada, and Wakato Hospital, Kitakyushu, Japan.
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Verrall L, Walker M, Rawlings N, Benzel I, Kew JNC, Harrison PJ, Burnet PWJ. d-Amino acid oxidase and serine racemase in human brain: normal distribution and altered expression in schizophrenia. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 26:1657-69. [PMID: 17880399 PMCID: PMC2121142 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05769.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor co-agonist d-serine is synthesized by serine racemase and degraded by D-amino acid oxidase. Both D-serine and its metabolizing enzymes are implicated in N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor hypofunction thought to occur in schizophrenia. We studied D-amino acid oxidase and serine racemase immunohistochemically in several brain regions and compared their immunoreactivity and their mRNA levels in the cerebellum and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. D-Amino acid oxidase immunoreactivity was abundant in glia, especially Bergmann glia, of the cerebellum, whereas in prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and substantia nigra, it was predominantly neuronal. Serine racemase was principally glial in all regions examined and demonstrated prominent white matter staining. In schizophrenia, D-amino acid oxidase mRNA was increased in the cerebellum, and as a trend for protein. Serine racemase was increased in schizophrenia in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex but not in cerebellum, while serine racemase mRNA was unchanged in both regions. Administration of haloperidol to rats did not significantly affect serine racemase or D-amino acid oxidase levels. These findings establish the major cell types wherein serine racemase and D-amino acid oxidase are expressed in human brain and provide some support for aberrant D-serine metabolism in schizophrenia. However, they raise further questions as to the roles of D-amino acid oxidase and serine racemase in both physiological and pathophysiological processes in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Verrall
- Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Warneford Lane, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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49
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Zhao W, Konno R, Zhou XJ, Yin M, Wang YX. Inhibition of D-amino-Acid oxidase activity induces pain relief in mice. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2007; 28:581-91. [PMID: 17874293 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-007-9200-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2007] [Accepted: 08/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
(1). We investigated the effects of inhibiting D: -amino-acid oxidase (DAO) activity on nociceptive responses through the use of mutant ddY/DAO(-) mice, which lack DAO activity, and through the application of a selective inhibitor of DAO, sodium benzoate, in the tail flick test, hot-plate test, formalin test, and acetic acid-induced writhing test. (2). Compared with normal ddY/DAO+ mice, ddY/DAO(- )mice showed significantly prolonged tail withdrawal latency in the tail flick test and licking/jumping latency in the hot-plate test, as well as significantly reduced duration of licking/biting in the late phase of the formalin test and the number of abdominal writhing in the acetic acid-induced writhing test. (3). In addition, we investigated the effects of sodium benzoate in Kunming mice having normal DAO activity. (4). Intravenous administration of sodium benzoate (400 mg/kg) significantly inhibited pain responses of the late phase of the formalin test and abdominal writhing responses in the acetic acid-induced writhing test, with no effects on the early phase flinch responses in the formalin test, nociceptive responses in the tail flick test, or hot-plate test. (5). These results suggest that DAO acts as a pro-nociceptive factor in pain, particularly chronic pain, transmission and modulation, and may be a target for pain treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
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50
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Vedha-Peters K, Gunawardana M, Rozzell JD, Novick SJ. Creation of a broad-range and highly stereoselective D-amino acid dehydrogenase for the one-step synthesis of D-amino acids. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 128:10923-9. [PMID: 16910688 PMCID: PMC2533268 DOI: 10.1021/ja0603960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Using both rational and random mutagenesis, we have created the first known broad substrate range, nicotinamide cofactor dependent, and highly stereoselective d-amino acid dehydrogenase. This new enzyme is capable of producing d-amino acids via the reductive amination of the corresponding 2-keto acid with ammonia. This biocatalyst was the result of three rounds of mutagenesis and screening performed on the enzyme meso-diaminopimelate d-dehydrogenase. The first round targeted the active site of the wild-type enzyme and produced mutants that were no longer strictly dependent on the native substrate. The second and third rounds produced mutants that had an increased substrate range including straight- and branched-aliphatic amino acids and aromatic amino acids. The very high selectivity toward the d-enantiomer (95 to >99% ee) was shown to be preserved even after the addition of the five mutations found in the three rounds of mutagenesis and screening. This new enzyme could complement and improve upon current methods for d-amino acid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Vedha-Peters
- BioCatalytics, Inc., 129 North Hill Avenue, Suite 103, Pasadena, California 91106, USA
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