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Sepp M, Leiss K, Murat F, Okonechnikov K, Joshi P, Leushkin E, Spänig L, Mbengue N, Schneider C, Schmidt J, Trost N, Schauer M, Khaitovich P, Lisgo S, Palkovits M, Giere P, Kutscher LM, Anders S, Cardoso-Moreira M, Sarropoulos I, Pfister SM, Kaessmann H. Cellular development and evolution of the mammalian cerebellum. Nature 2024; 625:788-796. [PMID: 38029793 PMCID: PMC10808058 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06884-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The expansion of the neocortex, a hallmark of mammalian evolution1,2, was accompanied by an increase in cerebellar neuron numbers3. However, little is known about the evolution of the cellular programmes underlying the development of the cerebellum in mammals. In this study we generated single-nucleus RNA-sequencing data for around 400,000 cells to trace the development of the cerebellum from early neurogenesis to adulthood in human, mouse and the marsupial opossum. We established a consensus classification of the cellular diversity in the developing mammalian cerebellum and validated it by spatial mapping in the fetal human cerebellum. Our cross-species analyses revealed largely conserved developmental dynamics of cell-type generation, except for Purkinje cells, for which we observed an expansion of early-born subtypes in the human lineage. Global transcriptome profiles, conserved cell-state markers and gene-expression trajectories across neuronal differentiation show that cerebellar cell-type-defining programmes have been overall preserved for at least 160 million years. However, we also identified many orthologous genes that gained or lost expression in cerebellar neural cell types in one of the species or evolved new expression trajectories during neuronal differentiation, indicating widespread gene repurposing at the cell-type level. In sum, our study unveils shared and lineage-specific gene-expression programmes governing the development of cerebellar cells and expands our understanding of mammalian brain evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Sepp
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Kevin Leiss
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Florent Murat
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
- INRAE, LPGP, Rennes, France
| | - Konstantin Okonechnikov
- Hopp-Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Piyush Joshi
- Hopp-Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Developmental Origins of Pediatric Cancer Junior Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Evgeny Leushkin
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lisa Spänig
- Hopp-Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Developmental Origins of Pediatric Cancer Junior Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Noe Mbengue
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Céline Schneider
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Schmidt
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nils Trost
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Schauer
- Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Khaitovich
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Steven Lisgo
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Miklós Palkovits
- Human Brain Tissue Bank, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Giere
- Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lena M Kutscher
- Hopp-Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Developmental Origins of Pediatric Cancer Junior Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon Anders
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
- BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Ioannis Sarropoulos
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- Hopp-Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Henrik Kaessmann
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany.
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2
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Liu D, Nanclares C, Simbriger K, Fang K, Lorsung E, Le N, Amorim IS, Chalkiadaki K, Pathak SS, Li J, Gewirtz JC, Jin VX, Kofuji P, Araque A, Orr HT, Gkogkas CG, Cao R. Autistic-like behavior and cerebellar dysfunction in Bmal1 mutant mice ameliorated by mTORC1 inhibition. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:3727-3738. [PMID: 35301425 PMCID: PMC9481983 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01499-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although circadian and sleep disorders are frequently associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), it remains elusive whether clock gene disruption can lead to autistic-like phenotypes in animals. The essential clock gene Bmal1 has been associated with human sociability and its missense mutations are identified in ASD. Here we report that global Bmal1 deletion led to significant social impairments, excessive stereotyped and repetitive behaviors, as well as motor learning disabilities in mice, all of which resemble core behavioral deficits in ASD. Furthermore, aberrant cell density and immature morphology of dendritic spines were identified in the cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) of Bmal1 knockout (KO) mice. Electrophysiological recordings uncovered enhanced excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission and reduced firing rates in the PCs of Bmal1 KO mice. Differential expression of ASD- and ataxia-associated genes (Ntng2, Mfrp, Nr4a2, Thbs1, Atxn1, and Atxn3) and dysregulated pathways of translational control, including hyperactivated mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling, were identified in the cerebellum of Bmal1 KO mice. Interestingly, the antidiabetic drug metformin reversed mTORC1 hyperactivation and alleviated major behavioral and PC deficits in Bmal1 KO mice. Importantly, conditional Bmal1 deletion only in cerebellar PCs was sufficient to recapitulate autistic-like behavioral and cellular changes akin to those identified in Bmal1 KO mice. Together, these results unveil a previously unidentified role for Bmal1 disruption in cerebellar dysfunction and autistic-like behaviors. Our findings provide experimental evidence supporting a putative role for dysregulation of circadian clock gene expression in the pathogenesis of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Carmen Nanclares
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Konstanze Simbriger
- Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Kun Fang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Ethan Lorsung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Nam Le
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Inês Silva Amorim
- Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Kleanthi Chalkiadaki
- Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Salil Saurav Pathak
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Jonathan C Gewirtz
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Victor X Jin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Paulo Kofuji
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Alfonso Araque
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Harry T Orr
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Christos G Gkogkas
- Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK.
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK.
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK.
- Biomedical Research Institute, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, University Campus, 45110, Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Ruifeng Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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3
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Weyrer C, Turecek J, Harrison B, Regehr WG. Introduction of synaptotagmin 7 promotes facilitation at the climbing fiber to Purkinje cell synapse. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109719. [PMID: 34551307 PMCID: PMC9152841 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptotagmin 7 (Syt7) is a high-affinity calcium sensor that is implicated in multiple aspects of synaptic transmission. Here, we study the influence of Syt7 on the climbing fiber (CF) to Purkinje cell (PC) synapse. We find that small facilitation and prominent calcium-dependent recovery from depression at this synapse do not rely on Syt7 and that Syt7 is not normally present in CFs. We expressed Syt7 in CFs to assess the consequences of introducing Syt7 to a synapse that normally lacks Syt7. Syt7 expression does not promote asynchronous release or accelerate recovery from depression. Syt7 decreases the excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) magnitude, consistent with a decrease in the initial probability of release (PR). Syt7 also increases synaptic facilitation to such a large extent that it could not arise solely as an indirect consequence of decreased PR. Thus, the primary consequence of Syt7 expression in CFs, which normally lack Syt7, is to promote synaptic facilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Weyrer
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Josef Turecek
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bailey Harrison
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wade G Regehr
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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4
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Zhang T, Liu T, Hassan BA. Induction of granule and Purkinje cells from primary cultured mouse cerebellar progenitors. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100760. [PMID: 34467229 PMCID: PMC8384916 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The architecturally stereotypical structure of cerebellum is ideal for investigating the generation of neuronal diversity, but in vitro models for assessing early cerebellar progenitor differentiation were lacking. Here, we report a detailed protocol for long-term in vitro generation of Pax6+ granule cells and Calbindin+ Purkinje cells from common Sox2+ embryonic cerebellar progenitors. We describe the procedure for dissecting mouse cerebellar anlage, cell seeding, and tamoxifen-induced labeling of progenitor cells, followed by time-lapse video recording of clonal expansion and neuronal differentiation. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Zhang et al. (2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Institut du Cerveau – Paris Brain Institute – ICM, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tengyuan Liu
- Institut du Cerveau – Paris Brain Institute – ICM, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bassem A. Hassan
- Institut du Cerveau – Paris Brain Institute – ICM, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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5
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Tjaden J, Eickhoff A, Stahlke S, Gehmeyr J, Vorgerd M, Theis V, Matschke V, Theiss C. Expression Pattern of T-Type Ca 2+ Channels in Cerebellar Purkinje Cells after VEGF Treatment. Cells 2021; 10:2277. [PMID: 34571926 PMCID: PMC8470219 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
T-type Ca2+ channels, generating low threshold calcium influx in neurons, play a crucial role in the function of neuronal networks and their plasticity. To further investigate their role in the complex field of research in plasticity of neurons on a molecular level, this study aimed to analyse the impact of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on these channels. VEGF, known as a player in vasculogenesis, also shows potent influence in the central nervous system, where it elicits neuronal growth. To investigate the influence of VEGF on the three T-type Ca2+ channel isoforms, Cav3.1 (encoded by Cacna1g), Cav3.2 (encoded by Cacna1h), and Cav3.3 (encoded by Cacna1i), lasermicrodissection of in vivo-grown Purkinje cells (PCs) was performed, gene expression was analysed via qPCR and compared to in vitro-grown PCs. We investigated the VEGF receptor composition of in vivo- and in vitro-grown PCs and underlined the importance of VEGF receptor 2 for PCs. Furthermore, we performed immunostaining of T-type Ca2+ channels with in vivo- and in vitro-grown PCs and showed the distribution of T-type Ca2+ channel expression during PC development. Overall, our findings provide the first evidence that the mRNA expression of Cav3.1, Cav3.2, and Cav3.3 increases due to VEGF stimulation, which indicates an impact of VEGF on neuronal plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Tjaden
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Anatomy, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (J.T.); (A.E.); (S.S.); (J.G.); (V.T.); (V.M.)
| | - Annika Eickhoff
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Anatomy, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (J.T.); (A.E.); (S.S.); (J.G.); (V.T.); (V.M.)
| | - Sarah Stahlke
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Anatomy, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (J.T.); (A.E.); (S.S.); (J.G.); (V.T.); (V.M.)
| | - Julian Gehmeyr
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Anatomy, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (J.T.); (A.E.); (S.S.); (J.G.); (V.T.); (V.M.)
| | - Matthias Vorgerd
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Center Ruhrgebiet, University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Buerkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany;
| | - Verena Theis
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Anatomy, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (J.T.); (A.E.); (S.S.); (J.G.); (V.T.); (V.M.)
| | - Veronika Matschke
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Anatomy, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (J.T.); (A.E.); (S.S.); (J.G.); (V.T.); (V.M.)
| | - Carsten Theiss
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Anatomy, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (J.T.); (A.E.); (S.S.); (J.G.); (V.T.); (V.M.)
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6
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Tang Y, An L, Yuan Y, Pei Q, Wang Q, Liu JK. Modulation of the dynamics of cerebellar Purkinje cells through the interaction of excitatory and inhibitory feedforward pathways. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008670. [PMID: 33566820 PMCID: PMC7909957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of cerebellar neuronal networks is controlled by the underlying building blocks of neurons and synapses between them. For which, the computation of Purkinje cells (PCs), the only output cells of the cerebellar cortex, is implemented through various types of neural pathways interactively routing excitation and inhibition converged to PCs. Such tuning of excitation and inhibition, coming from the gating of specific pathways as well as short-term plasticity (STP) of the synapses, plays a dominant role in controlling the PC dynamics in terms of firing rate and spike timing. PCs receive cascade feedforward inputs from two major neural pathways: the first one is the feedforward excitatory pathway from granule cells (GCs) to PCs; the second one is the feedforward inhibition pathway from GCs, via molecular layer interneurons (MLIs), to PCs. The GC-PC pathway, together with short-term dynamics of excitatory synapses, has been a focus over past decades, whereas recent experimental evidence shows that MLIs also greatly contribute to controlling PC activity. Therefore, it is expected that the diversity of excitation gated by STP of GC-PC synapses, modulated by strong inhibition from MLI-PC synapses, can promote the computation performed by PCs. However, it remains unclear how these two neural pathways are interacted to modulate PC dynamics. Here using a computational model of PC network installed with these two neural pathways, we addressed this question to investigate the change of PC firing dynamics at the level of single cell and network. We show that the nonlinear characteristics of excitatory STP dynamics can significantly modulate PC spiking dynamics mediated by inhibition. The changes in PC firing rate, firing phase, and temporal spike pattern, are strongly modulated by these two factors in different ways. MLIs mainly contribute to variable delays in the postsynaptic action potentials of PCs while modulated by excitation STP. Notably, the diversity of synchronization and pause response in the PC network is governed not only by the balance of excitation and inhibition, but also by the synaptic STP, depending on input burst patterns. Especially, the pause response shown in the PC network can only emerge with the interaction of both pathways. Together with other recent findings, our results show that the interaction of feedforward pathways of excitation and inhibition, incorporated with synaptic short-term dynamics, can dramatically regulate the PC activities that consequently change the network dynamics of the cerebellar circuit. It is well known that the dynamics of neuronal networks are controlled by various types of neural pathways that are interactively routing excitation and inhibition converged to postsynaptic neurons. In addition, gating of a specific neural pathway is enhanced by short-term plasticity of the synapses between neurons. However, it remains unclear how a combination of these factors, the strengths of excitation and inhibition, and their short-term dynamics respectively, contributes to the dynamics of single cells and neuronal networks. Using a network model of cerebellar Purkinje cells embedded with the feedforward excitatory pathway from granule cells and feedforward inhibition pathway of molecular layer interneurons. We show that the dynamics of firing rate, firing phase, and temporal spike pattern are notably yet differently modulated by these two pathways. At the single cell level, excitatory short-term plasticity nonlinearly modulates the input-output relationship of firing activity. At the network level, the diversity of synchronization and pause response is governed not only by the balance of excitation and inhibition, but also by synaptic short-term dynamics. Only when both neural pathways are incorporated, there is a strong pause response shown in the network. Our results, together with recent in vivo experimental observations in the cerebellum, show that the interaction of feedforward pathways of excitation and inhibition, together with synaptic short-term dynamics, can dramatically change the network dynamics of Purkinje cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhong Tang
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lingling An
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, China
- * E-mail: (LA); (JKL)
| | - Ye Yuan
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, China
| | - Qingqi Pei
- School of Telecommunication Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China
| | - Quan Wang
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jian K. Liu
- Centre for Systems Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (LA); (JKL)
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7
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Corain L, Grisan E, Graïc JM, Carvajal-Schiaffino R, Cozzi B, Peruffo A. Multi-aspect testing and ranking inference to quantify dimorphism in the cytoarchitecture of cerebellum of male, female and intersex individuals: a model applied to bovine brains. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:2669-2688. [PMID: 32989472 PMCID: PMC7674367 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02147-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The dimorphism among male, female and freemartin intersex bovines, focusing on the vermal lobules VIII and IX, was analyzed using a novel data analytics approach to quantify morphometric differences in the cytoarchitecture of digitalized sections of the cerebellum. This methodology consists of multivariate and multi-aspect testing for cytoarchitecture-ranking, based on neuronal cell complexity among populations defined by factors, such as sex, age or pathology. In this context, we computed a set of shape descriptors of the neural cell morphology, categorized them into three domains named size, regularity and density, respectively. The output and results of our methodology are multivariate in nature, allowing an in-depth analysis of the cytoarchitectonic organization and morphology of cells. Interestingly, the Purkinje neurons and the underlying granule cells revealed the same morphological pattern: female possessed larger, denser and more irregular neurons than males. In the Freemartin, Purkinje neurons showed an intermediate setting between males and females, while the granule cells were the largest, most regular and dense. This methodology could be a powerful instrument to carry out morphometric analysis providing robust bases for objective tissue screening, especially in the field of neurodegenerative pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Corain
- Department of Management and Engineering, University of Padova, 36100, Vicenza, VI, Italy
| | - E Grisan
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, 35131, Padua, PD, Italy
- School of Engineering, London South Bank University, London, SE1 0AA, UK
| | - J-M Graïc
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - R Carvajal-Schiaffino
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - B Cozzi
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - A Peruffo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
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8
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Argent L, Winter F, Prickett I, Carrasquero-Ordaz M, Olsen AL, Kramer H, Lancaster E, Becker EBE. Caspr2 interacts with type 1 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor in the developing cerebellum and regulates Purkinje cell morphology. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:12716-12726. [PMID: 32675284 PMCID: PMC7476715 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Contactin-associated protein-like 2 (Caspr2) is a neurexin-like protein that has been associated with numerous neurological conditions. However, the specific functional roles that Caspr2 plays in the central nervous system and their underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Here, we report on a functional role for Caspr2 in the developing cerebellum. Using a combination of confocal microscopy, biochemical analyses, and behavioral testing, we show that loss of Caspr2 in the Cntnap2-/- knockout mouse results in impaired Purkinje cell dendritic development, altered intracellular signaling, and motor coordination deficits. We also find that Caspr2 is highly enriched at synaptic specializations in the cerebellum. Using a proteomics approach, we identify type 1 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R1) as a specific synaptic interaction partner of the Caspr2 extracellular domain in the molecular layer of the developing cerebellum. The interaction of the Caspr2 extracellular domain with IP3R1 inhibits IP3R1-mediated changes in cellular morphology. Together, our work defines a mechanism by which Caspr2 controls the development and function of the cerebellum and advances our understanding of how Caspr2 dysfunction might lead to specific brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Argent
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Friederike Winter
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Imogen Prickett
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Abby L Olsen
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Holger Kramer
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Lancaster
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Esther B E Becker
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Terry TT, Cheng T, Mahjoub M, Zong H. Mosaic Analysis with Double Markers reveals IGF1R function in granule cell progenitors during cerebellar development. Dev Biol 2020; 465:130-143. [PMID: 32697974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During cerebellar development, granule cell progenitors (GCPs) proliferate exponentially for a fixed period, promoted by paracrine mitogenic factor Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) secreted from Purkinje cells (PCs). Dysregulation of Shh signaling leads to uncontrolled GCP proliferation and medulloblastoma. Serendipitously our previous work discovered insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) as another key driver for medulloblastoma, which led to the current investigation into the role of IGF1 in GCPs during normal development. While the IGF1R conditional knockout model revealed GCP defects in anterior cerebellum, the posterior cerebellum was mostly intact, likely owing to incomplete excision of floxed alleles. To circumvent this hurdle, we enlisted a mouse genetic system called Mosaic Analysis of Double Markers (MADM), which sporadically generates homozygous null cells unequivocally labeled with GFP and their wildtype sibling cells labeled with RFP, enabling phenotypic analysis at single-cell resolution. Using MADM, we found that loss of IGF1R resulted in a 10-fold reduction of GCs in both anterior and posterior cerebellum; and that hindered S phase entry and increased cell cycle exit collectively led to this phenotype. Genetic interaction studies showed that IGF1 signaling prevents GCP cell cycle exit at least partially through suppressing the level of p27kip1, a negative regulator of cell cycle. Finally, we found that IGF1 is produced by PCs in a temporally regulated fashion: it is highly expressed early in development when GCPs proliferate exponentially, then gradually decline as GCPs commit to cell cycle exit. Taken together, our studies reveal IGF1 as a paracrine factor that positively regulates GCP cell cycle in cooperation with Shh, through dampening the level of p27 to prevent precocious cell cycle exit. Our work not only showcases the power of phenotypic analysis by the MADM system but also provides an excellent example of multi-factorial regulation of robust developmental programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany T Terry
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Tao Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Moe Mahjoub
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hui Zong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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10
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Sugrue A, Vaidya VR, Livia C, Padmanabhan D, Abudan A, Isath A, Witt T, DeSimone CV, Stalboerger P, Kapa S, Asirvatham SJ, McLeod CJ. Feasibility of selective cardiac ventricular electroporation. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229214. [PMID: 32084220 PMCID: PMC7034868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The application of brief high voltage electrical pulses to tissue can lead to an irreversible or reversible electroporation effect in a cell-specific manner. In the management of ventricular arrhythmias, the ability to target different tissue types, specifically cardiac conduction tissue (His-Purkinje System) vs. cardiac myocardium would be advantageous. We hypothesize that pulsed electric fields (PEFs) can be applied safely to the beating heart through a catheter-based approach, and we tested whether the superficial Purkinje cells can be targeted with PEFs without injury to underlying myocardial tissue. Methods In an acute (n = 5) and chronic canine model (n = 6), detailed electroanatomical mapping of the left ventricle identified electrical signals from myocardial and overlying Purkinje tissue. Electroporation was effected via percutaneous catheter-based Intracardiac bipolar current delivery in the anesthetized animal. Repeat Intracardiac electrical mapping of the heart was performed at acute and chronic time points; followed by histological analysis to assess effects. Results PEF demonstrated an acute dose-dependent functional effect on Purkinje, with titration of pulse duration and/or voltage associated with successful acute Purkinje damage. Electrical conduction in the insulated bundle of His (n = 2) and anterior fascicle bundle (n = 2), was not affected. At 30 days repeat cardiac mapping demonstrated resilient, normal electrical conduction throughout the targeted area with no significant change in myocardial amplitude (pre 5.9 ± 1.8 mV, 30 days 5.4 ± 1.2 mV, p = 0.92). Histopathological analysis confirmed acute Purkinje fiber targeting, with chronic studies showing normal Purkinje fibers, with minimal subendocardial myocardial fibrosis. Conclusion PEF provides a novel, safe method for non-thermal acute modulation of the Purkinje fibers without significant injury to the underlying myocardium. Future optimization of this energy delivery is required to optimize conditions so that selective electroporation can be utilized in humans the treatment of cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Sugrue
- Division of Heart Rhythm Services, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Vaibhav R. Vaidya
- Division of Heart Rhythm Services, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Christopher Livia
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Deepak Padmanabhan
- Division of Heart Rhythm Services, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Anas Abudan
- Division of Heart Rhythm Services, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Ameesh Isath
- Division of Heart Rhythm Services, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Tyra Witt
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Christopher V. DeSimone
- Division of Heart Rhythm Services, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Paul Stalboerger
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Suraj Kapa
- Division of Heart Rhythm Services, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Samuel J. Asirvatham
- Division of Heart Rhythm Services, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. McLeod
- Division of Heart Rhythm Services, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Straub I, Witter L, Eshra A, Hoidis M, Byczkowicz N, Maas S, Delvendahl I, Dorgans K, Savier E, Bechmann I, Krueger M, Isope P, Hallermann S. Gradients in the mammalian cerebellar cortex enable Fourier-like transformation and improve storing capacity. eLife 2020; 9:e51771. [PMID: 32022688 PMCID: PMC7002074 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar granule cells (GCs) make up the majority of all neurons in the vertebrate brain, but heterogeneities among GCs and potential functional consequences are poorly understood. Here, we identified unexpected gradients in the biophysical properties of GCs in mice. GCs closer to the white matter (inner-zone GCs) had higher firing thresholds and could sustain firing with larger current inputs than GCs closer to the Purkinje cell layer (outer-zone GCs). Dynamic Clamp experiments showed that inner- and outer-zone GCs preferentially respond to high- and low-frequency mossy fiber inputs, respectively, enabling dispersion of the mossy fiber input into its frequency components as performed by a Fourier transformation. Furthermore, inner-zone GCs have faster axonal conduction velocity and elicit faster synaptic potentials in Purkinje cells. Neuronal network modeling revealed that these gradients improve spike-timing precision of Purkinje cells and decrease the number of GCs required to learn spike-sequences. Thus, our study uncovers biophysical gradients in the cerebellar cortex enabling a Fourier-like transformation of mossy fiber inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Straub
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Medical FacultyLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Laurens Witter
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Medical FacultyLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR)VU UniversityAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Abdelmoneim Eshra
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Medical FacultyLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Miriam Hoidis
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Medical FacultyLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Niklas Byczkowicz
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Medical FacultyLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Sebastian Maas
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Medical FacultyLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Igor Delvendahl
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Medical FacultyLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Kevin Dorgans
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et IntégrativesCNRS, Université de StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
| | - Elise Savier
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et IntégrativesCNRS, Université de StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
| | - Ingo Bechmann
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical FacultyLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Martin Krueger
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical FacultyLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Philippe Isope
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et IntégrativesCNRS, Université de StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
| | - Stefan Hallermann
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Medical FacultyLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
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12
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Klejbor I, Mahmood S, Melka N, Ebertowska A, Morys J, Stachowiak EK, Stachowiak MK, Patel MS. Phenylbutyrate administration reduces changes in the cerebellar Purkinje cells population in PDC‑deficient mice. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2020; 80:305-321. [PMID: 32990288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In humans, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) deficiency impairs brain energy metabolism by reducing the availability of the functional acetyl‑CoA pool. This "hypometabolic defect" results in congenital lactic acidosis and abnormalities of brain morphology and function, ranging from mild ataxia to profound psychomotor retardation. Our previous study showed reduction in total cell number and dendritic arbors in the cerebellar Purkinje cells in systemic PDC‑deficient mice. Phenylbutyrate has been shown to increase PDC activity in cultured fibroblasts from PDC‑deficient patients. Hence, we investigated the effects of postnatal (days 2‑35) phenylbutyrate administration on the cerebellar Purkinje cell population in PDC‑deficient female mice. Histological analyses of different regions of cerebellar cortex from the brain‑specific PDC‑deficient saline‑injected mice revealed statistically significant reduction in the Purkinje cell density and increased cell size of the individual Purkinje cell soma compared to control PDC‑normal, saline‑injected group. Administration of phenylbutyrate to control mice did not cause significant changes in the Purkinje cell density and cell size in the studied regions. In contrast, administration of phenylbutyrate variably lessened the ill effects of PDC deficiency on Purkinje cell populations in different areas of the cerebellum. Our results lend further support for the possible use of phenylbutyrate as a potential treatment for PDC deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Klejbor
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- Department of Clinical Anatomy, Pomeranian University in Slupsk, Poland
| | - Saleh Mahmood
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Natalia Melka
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Adriana Ebertowska
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Janusz Morys
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ewa K Stachowiak
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Michal K Stachowiak
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Mulchand S Patel
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA;
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13
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Abstract
While mixed primary cerebellar cultures prepared from embryonic tissue have proven valuable for dissecting structure-function relationships in cerebellar Purkinje neurons (PNs), this technique is technically challenging and often yields few cells. Recently, mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) have been successfully differentiated into PNs, although the published methods are very challenging as well. The focus of this study was to simplify the differentiation of mESCs into PNs. Using a recently described neural differentiation media, we generate monolayers of neural progenitor cells from mESCs and differentiate them into PN precursors using specific extrinsic factors. These PN precursors are then differentiated into mature PNs by co-culturing them with granule neuron (GN) precursors also derived from neural progenitors using different extrinsic factors. The morphology of mESC-derived PNs is indistinguishable from PNs grown in primary culture in terms of gross morphology, spine length, and spine density. Furthermore, mESC-derived PNs express Calbindin D28K, IP3R1, IRBIT, PLCβ4, PSD93, and myosin IIB-B2, all of which are either PN-specific or highly expressed in PNs. Moreover, we show that mESC-derived PNs form synapses with GN-like cells as in primary culture, express proteins driven by the PN-specific promoter Pcp2/L7, and exhibit the defect in spine ER inheritance seen in PNs isolated from dilute-lethal (myosin Va-null) mice when expressing a Pcp2/L7-driven miRNA directed against myosin Va. Finally, we define a novel extracellular matrix formulation that reproducibly yields monolayer cultures conducive for high-resolution imaging. Our improved method for differentiating mESCs into PNs should facilitate the dissection of molecular mechanisms and disease phenotypes in PNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Alexander
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John A Hammer
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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14
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Tsutsui K. Kobayashi award: Discovery of cerebellar and pineal neurosteroids and their biological actions on the growth and survival of Purkinje cells during development (review). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2019; 284:113051. [PMID: 30339808 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The brain has traditionally been considered to be a target site of peripheral steroid hormones. On the other hand, extensive studies over the past thirty years have demonstrated that the brain is a site of biosynthesis of several steroids. Such steroids synthesized de novo from cholesterol in the brain are called neurosteroids. To investigate the biosynthesis and biological actions of neurosteroids in the brain, data on the regio- and temporal-specific synthesis of neurosteroids are needed. In the mid 1990s, the Purkinje cell, an important cerebellar neuron, was discovered as a major cell producing neurosteroids in the brain of vertebrates. It was the first demonstration of de novo neuronal biosynthesis of neurosteroids in the brain. Subsequently, neuronal biosynthesis of neurosteroids and biological actions of neurosteroids have become clear by the follow-up studies using the Purkinje cell as an excellent cellular model. Progesterone and estradiol, which are known as sex steroid hormones, are actively synthesized de novo from cholesterol in the Purkinje cell during development, when cerebellar neuronal circuit formation occurs. Importantly, progesterone and estradiol synthesized in the Purkinje cell promote dendritic growth, spinogenesis and synaptogenesis via their cognate nuclear receptors in the Purkinje cell. Neurotrophic factors may mediate these neurosteroid actions. Futhermore, allopregnanolone (3α,5α-tetrahydroprogesterone), a progesterone metabolite, is also synthesized in the cerebellum and acts on the survival of Purkinje cells. On the other hand, at the beginning of 2010s, the pineal gland, an endocrine organ located close to the cerebellum, was discovered as an important site of the biosynthesis of neurosteroids. Allopregnanolone, a major pineal neurosteroid, acts on the Purkinje cell for the survival of Purkinje cells by suppressing the expression of caspase-3, a crucial mediator of apoptosis. I as a recipient of Kobayashi Award from the Japan Society for Comparative Endocrinology in 2016 summarize the discovery of cerebellar and pineal neurosteroids and their biological actions on the growth and survival of Purkinje cells during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyoshi Tsutsui
- Laboratory of Integrative Brain Sciences, Department of Biology, Waseda University, and Center for Medical Life Science of Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan.
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15
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Saegusa S, Fukaya M, Kakegawa W, Tanaka M, Katsumata O, Sugawara T, Hara Y, Itakura M, Okubo T, Sato T, Yuzaki M, Sakagami H. Mice lacking EFA6C/Psd2, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Arf6, exhibit lower Purkinje cell synaptic density but normal cerebellar motor functions. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216960. [PMID: 31095630 PMCID: PMC6522047 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ADP ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6) is a small GTPase that regulates various neuronal events including formation of the axon, dendrites and dendritic spines, and synaptic plasticity through actin cytoskeleton remodeling and endosomal trafficking. EFA6C, also known as Psd2, is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Arf6 that is preferentially expressed in the cerebellar cortex of adult mice, particularly in Purkinje cells. However, the roles of EFA6C in cerebellar development and functions remain unknown. In this study, we generated global EFA6C knockout (KO) mice using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and investigated their cerebellar phenotypes by histological and behavioral analyses. Histological analyses revealed that EFA6C KO mice exhibited normal gross anatomy of the cerebellar cortex, in terms of the thickness and cellularity of each layer, morphology of Purkinje cells, and distribution patterns of parallel fibers, climbing fibers, and inhibitory synapses. Electron microscopic observation of the cerebellar molecular layer revealed that the density of asymmetric synapses of Purkinje cells was significantly lower in EFA6C KO mice compared with wild-type control mice. However, behavioral analyses using accelerating rotarod and horizontal optokinetic response tests failed to detect any differences in motor coordination, learning or adaptation between the control and EFA6C KO mice. These results suggest that EFA6C plays ancillary roles in cerebellar development and motor functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Saegusa
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masahiro Fukaya
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Wataru Kakegawa
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manabu Tanaka
- Bio-imaging Center, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Osamu Katsumata
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takeyuki Sugawara
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Hara
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Makoto Itakura
- Department of Biochemistry, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tadashi Okubo
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshiya Sato
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Michisuke Yuzaki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sakagami
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
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16
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Jia F, Zhu X, Lv P, Hu L, Liu Q, Jin S, Xu F. Rapid and Sparse Labeling of Neurons Based on the Mutant Virus-Like Particle of Semliki Forest Virus. Neurosci Bull 2019; 35:378-388. [PMID: 30888608 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-019-00362-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sparse labeling of neurons contributes to uncovering their morphology, and rapid expression of a fluorescent protein reduces the experiment range. To achieve the goal of rapid and sparse labeling of neurons in vivo, we established a rapid method for depicting the fine structure of neurons at 24 h post-infection based on a mutant virus-like particle of Semliki Forest virus. Approximately 0.014 fluorescent focus-forming units of the mutant virus-like particle transferred enhanced green fluorescent protein into neurons in vivo, and its affinity for neurons in vivo was stronger than for neurons in vitro and BHK21 (baby hamster kidney) cells. Collectively, the mutant virus-like particle provides a robust and convenient way to reveal the fine structure of neurons and is expected to be a helper virus for combining with other tools to determine their connectivity. Our work adds a new tool to the approaches for rapid and sparse labeling of neurons in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- Brain Research Center, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Xutao Zhu
- Brain Research Center, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Pei Lv
- Brain Research Center, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Liang Hu
- Brain Research Center, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Brain Research Center, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Sen Jin
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fuqiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- Brain Research Center, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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17
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Brown AM, Arancillo M, Lin T, Catt DR, Zhou J, Lackey EP, Stay TL, Zuo Z, White JJ, Sillitoe RV. Molecular layer interneurons shape the spike activity of cerebellar Purkinje cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1742. [PMID: 30742002 PMCID: PMC6370775 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38264-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Purkinje cells receive synaptic input from several classes of interneurons. Here, we address the roles of inhibitory molecular layer interneurons in establishing Purkinje cell function in vivo. Using conditional genetics approaches in mice, we compare how the lack of stellate cell versus basket cell GABAergic neurotransmission sculpts the firing properties of Purkinje cells. We take advantage of an inducible Ascl1CreER allele to spatially and temporally target the deletion of the vesicular GABA transporter, Vgat, in developing neurons. Selective depletion of basket cell GABAergic neurotransmission increases the frequency of Purkinje cell simple spike firing and decreases the frequency of complex spike firing in adult behaving mice. In contrast, lack of stellate cell communication increases the regularity of Purkinje cell simple spike firing while increasing the frequency of complex spike firing. Our data uncover complementary roles for molecular layer interneurons in shaping the rate and pattern of Purkinje cell activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Brown
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Marife Arancillo
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Daniel R Catt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Joy Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Lackey
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Trace L Stay
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Zhongyuan Zuo
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Joshua J White
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA.
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA.
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA.
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18
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Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been focused as a biological mediator, which modulates signal transduction and protects cells and tissues from oxidative stress. H2S is also expected as a neuroprotectant because it has a neuroprotective activity. Endogenous H2S is mainly generated from L-cysteine. However, it is difficult to use L-cysteine as a neuroprotectant because of its neurotoxicity. In 2013, a novel biogenesis pathway of H2S from D-cysteine has been identified. In this pathway, D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) converts D-cysteine to 3-mercaptopyruvate (3MP), followed by the generation of H2S from 3MP by 3-mercaptopyrvate sulfurtransferase. DAO is especially abundant in cerebellum among various brain regions and mediates efficient generation of H2S from D-cysteine in the cerebellar tissues. In addition, D-cysteine has more potent neuroprotective activity in cerebellar primary neurons than L-cysteine. Cerebella Purkinje cells (PCs) are characterized by the highly-branched dendrites and are important for cerebellar functions. The dendritic shrinkage and degeneration of PCs are frequently observed in patients and model mice of cerebellar ataxias. We revealed that D-cysteine enhanced dendritic development of primary cultured PCs, but L-cysteine impaired the dendritic development. This effect of D-cysteine was inhibited by DAO inhibitors and reproduced by 3MP and a H2S donor, suggesting that this enhancement of dendritic development is caused by the production of H2S from D-cysteine. Taken together, D-cysteine would be available as a neuroprotectant against cerebellar ataxias, which are accompanied with dendritic shrinkage of cerebellar PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Seki
- Department of Chemico-Pharmacological Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University
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19
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Krisztin-Péva B, Mihály A, Tóth Z. Differential expression of the c-fos protein and synaptophysin in zebrin II positive and zebrin II negative cerebellar cortical areas in 4-aminopyridine seizures. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2019; 79:238-250. [PMID: 31587016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined temporal activation patterns of rat cerebellar cortical neurons in 4-aminopyridine induced seizures, using c-fos protein as a marker of neuronal activity. C-fos-containing cells were counted in each cerebellar cortical layer, and cell count was compared between zebrin II positive and zebrin II negative bands of the lobules of the vermis and cerebellar hemispheres. We found significant activation of granule cells and interneurons of the molecular layer in zebrin II positive bands. The Purkinje cells, in contrast, exhibited non-significant, scattered c-fos immunoreactivity across all bands. Fluctuation of synaptophysin expression in the mossy fibre rosettes of the granular layer was determined via light microscopic immunohistochemistry. We detected a transient, significant decrease in synaptophysin staining density following 4-aminopyridine seizures, which may indicate short-term synaptic depression. We also identified different timing of increased c-fos expression in the neurons of the cerebellar cortex in different cortical zones. In particular, the activation pattern of the interneurons of the molecular layer reflected the climbing fibre distribution, reflecting the zonal olivo-cortico-nuclear organization. Seizure-induced activation of the granule cells corresponded with the zebrin II positive zones. This observation raises the possibility that zebrin II positive compartments may be more susceptible to cerebellar convulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beáta Krisztin-Péva
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary,
| | - András Mihály
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Tóth
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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20
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Perkins EM, Clarkson YL, Suminaite D, Lyndon AR, Tanaka K, Rothstein JD, Skehel PA, Wyllie DJA, Jackson M. Loss of cerebellar glutamate transporters EAAT4 and GLAST differentially affects the spontaneous firing pattern and survival of Purkinje cells. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 27:2614-2627. [PMID: 29741614 PMCID: PMC6049029 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) has been implicated in a number of human diseases including spinocerebellar ataxias, Alzhiemer's disease and motor neuron disease. EAAT4 and GLAST/EAAT1 are the two predominant EAATs responsible for maintaining low extracellular glutamate levels and preventing neurotoxicity in the cerebellum, the brain region essential for motor control. Here using genetically modified mice we identify new critical roles for EAAT4 and GLAST/EAAT1 as modulators of Purkinje cell (PC) spontaneous firing patterns. We show high EAAT4 levels, by limiting mGluR1 signalling, are essential in constraining inherently heterogeneous firing of zebrin-positive PCs. Moreover mGluR1 antagonists were found to restore regular spontaneous PC activity and motor behaviour in EAAT4 knockout mice. In contrast, GLAST/EAAT1 expression is required to sustain normal spontaneous simple spike activity in low EAAT4 expressing (zebrin-negative) PCs by restricting NMDA receptor activation. Blockade of NMDA receptor activity restores spontaneous activity in zebrin-negative PCs of GLAST knockout mice and furthermore alleviates motor deficits. In addition both transporters have differential effects on PC survival, with zebrin-negative PCs more vulnerable to loss of GLAST/EAAT1 and zebrin-positive PCs more vulnerable to loss of EAAT4. These findings reveal that glutamate transporter dysfunction through elevated extracellular glutamate and the aberrant activation of extrasynaptic receptors can disrupt cerebellar output by altering spontaneous PC firing. This expands our understanding of disease mechanisms in cerebellar ataxias and establishes EAATs as targets for restoring homeostasis in a variety of neurological diseases where altered cerebellar output is now thought to play a key role in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Perkins
- The Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Yvonne L Clarkson
- The Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Daumante Suminaite
- The Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alastair R Lyndon
- School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, John Muir Building, Riccarton, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kohichi Tanaka
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jeffrey D Rothstein
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paul A Skehel
- The Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David J A Wyllie
- The Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Mandy Jackson
- The Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, UK
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21
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Abstract
The establishment of a reliable model for the study of Purkinje cells in vitro is of particular importance, given their central role in cerebellar function and pathology. Recent advances in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology offer the opportunity to generate multiple neuronal subtypes for study in vitro. However, to date, only a handful of studies have generated Purkinje cells from human pluripotent stem cells, with most of these protocols proving challenging to reproduce. Here, we describe a simplified method for the reproducible generation of Purkinje cells from human iPSCs. After 21 days of treatment with factors selected to mimic the self-inductive properties of the isthmic organiser-insulin, fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), and the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)-receptor blocker SB431542-hiPSCs could be induced to form En1-positive cerebellar progenitors at efficiencies of up to 90%. By day 35 of differentiation, subpopulations of cells representative of the two cerebellar germinal zones, the rhombic lip (Atoh1-positive) and ventricular zone (Ptf1a-positive), could be identified, with the latter giving rise to cells positive for Purkinje cell progenitor-specific markers, including Lhx5, Kirrel2, Olig2 and Skor2. Further maturation was observed following dissociation and co-culture of these cerebellar progenitors with mouse cerebellar cells, with 10% of human cells staining positive for the Purkinje cell marker calbindin by day 70 of differentiation. This protocol, which incorporates modifications designed to enhance cell survival and maturation and improve the ease of handling, should serve to make existing models more accessible, in order to enable future advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Watson
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Maggie M K Wong
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jane Vowles
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sally A Cowley
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Esther B E Becker
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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22
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Junker M, Endres D, Sun ZP, Dicke PW, Giese M, Thier P. Learning from the past: A reverberation of past errors in the cerebellar climbing fiber signal. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2004344. [PMID: 30067764 PMCID: PMC6089447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2004344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum allows us to rapidly adjust motor behavior to the needs of the situation. It is commonly assumed that cerebellum-based motor learning is guided by the difference between the desired and the actual behavior, i.e., by error information. Not only immediate but also future behavior will benefit from an error because it induces lasting changes of parallel fiber synapses on Purkinje cells (PCs), whose output mediates the behavioral adjustments. Olivary climbing fibers, likewise connecting with PCs, are thought to transport information on instant errors needed for the synaptic modification yet not to contribute to error memory. Here, we report work on monkeys tested in a saccadic learning paradigm that challenges this concept. We demonstrate not only a clear complex spikes (CS) signature of the error at the time of its occurrence but also a reverberation of this signature much later, before a new manifestation of the behavior, suitable to improve it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Junker
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dominik Endres
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Section on Computational Sensomotorics, Department of Cognitive Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Zong Peng Sun
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter W. Dicke
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Giese
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Section on Computational Sensomotorics, Department of Cognitive Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Thier
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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23
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Dobson KL, Smith ZH, Bellamy TC. Distribution of vesicle pools in cerebellar parallel fibre terminals after depression of ectopic transmission. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200937. [PMID: 30024947 PMCID: PMC6053221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
At parallel fibre terminals in the cerebellar cortex, glutamate released outside of the active zone can activate AMPA receptors on juxtaposed Bergmann glial cell processes. This process is termed “ectopic” release, and allows for directed transmission to astroglial cells that is functionally independent of synaptic transmission to postsynaptic Purkinje neurons. The location of ectopic sites in presynaptic terminals is uncertain. Functional evidence suggests that stimulation of parallel fibres at 1 Hz exhausts ectopic transmission due to a failure to rapidly recycle vesicles to the ectopic pool, and so would predict a loss of vesicles in the near vicinity of extrasynaptic glial processes. In this study we used this stimulation protocol to investigate whether the distribution of vesicles within the presynaptic terminal is altered after suppression of ectopic release. Stimulation at 1 Hz had only a minor impact on the distribution of vesicles in presynaptic terminals when analysed with electron microscopy. Vesicle number and terminal size were unaffected by 1 Hz stimulation, but the relative abundance of vesicles in close proximity to the active zone was marginally reduced. In contrast, the fraction of vesicles facing glial membranes was unchanged after suppression of ectopic transmission. 1 Hz stimulation also resulted in a small but statistically-significant increase in the distance between glial membrane and presynaptic terminal, suggesting withdrawal of glial membranes from synapses is detectable in ultrastructural anatomy within minutes. These results raise doubts about the location of ectopic release sites, but indicate that neuron-glial association varies on a dynamic time scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine L. Dobson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Zoe H. Smith
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tomas C. Bellamy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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24
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Ransdell JL, Nerbonne JM. Voltage-gated sodium currents in cerebellar Purkinje neurons: functional and molecular diversity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3495-3505. [PMID: 29982847 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2868-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Purkinje neurons, the sole output of the cerebellar cortex, deliver GABA-mediated inhibition to the deep cerebellar nuclei. To subserve this critical function, Purkinje neurons fire repetitively, and at high frequencies, features that have been linked to the unique properties of the voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels expressed. In addition to the rapidly activating and inactivating, or transient, component of the Nav current (INaT) present in many types of central and peripheral neurons, Purkinje neurons, also expresses persistent (INaP) and resurgent (INaR) Nav currents. Considerable progress has been made in detailing the biophysical properties and identifying the molecular determinants of these discrete Nav current components, as well as defining their roles in the regulation of Purkinje neuron excitability. Here, we review this important work and highlight the remaining questions about the molecular mechanisms controlling the expression and the functioning of Nav currents in Purkinje neurons. We also discuss the impact of the dynamic regulation of Nav currents on the functioning of individual Purkinje neurons and cerebellar circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Ransdell
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8086, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jeanne M Nerbonne
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8086, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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25
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zur Nedden S, Eith R, Schwarzer C, Zanetti L, Seitter H, Fresser F, Koschak A, Cameron AJ, Parker PJ, Baier G, Baier-Bitterlich G. Protein kinase N1 critically regulates cerebellar development and long-term function. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:2076-2088. [PMID: 29494346 PMCID: PMC5919825 DOI: 10.1172/jci96165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that synapse dysfunctions are a major determinant of several neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. Here we identify protein kinase N1 (PKN1) as a novel key player in fine-tuning the balance between axonal outgrowth and presynaptic differentiation in the parallel fiber-forming (PF-forming) cerebellar granule cells (Cgcs). Postnatal Pkn1-/- animals showed a defective PF-Purkinje cell (PF-PC) synapse formation. In vitro, Pkn1-/- Cgcs exhibited deregulated axonal outgrowth, elevated AKT phosphorylation, and higher levels of neuronal differentiation-2 (NeuroD2), a transcription factor preventing presynaptic maturation. Concomitantly, Pkn1-/- Cgcs had a reduced density of presynaptic sites. By inhibiting AKT with MK-2206 and siRNA-mediated knockdown, we found that AKT hyperactivation is responsible for the elongated axons, higher NeuroD2 levels, and reduced density of presynaptic specifications in Pkn1-/- Cgcs. In line with our in vitro data, Pkn1-/- mice showed AKT hyperactivation, elevated NeuroD2 levels, and reduced expression of PF-PC synaptic markers during stages of PF maturation in vivo. The long-term effect of Pkn1 knockout was further seen in cerebellar atrophy and mild ataxia. In summary, our results demonstrate that PKN1 functions as a developmentally active gatekeeper of AKT activity, thereby fine-tuning axonal outgrowth and presynaptic differentiation of Cgcs and subsequently the correct PF-PC synapse formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christoph Schwarzer
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lucia Zanetti
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hartwig Seitter
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Friedrich Fresser
- Department for Pharmacology and Genetics, Division of Translational Cell Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexandra Koschak
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Angus J.M. Cameron
- Kinase Biology Laboratory, John Vane Science Centre, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Parker
- Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Cancer Studies, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gottfried Baier
- Department for Pharmacology and Genetics, Division of Translational Cell Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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26
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Wang S, Chen X, Wu W, Chen Z, Du H, Wang X, Fu YV, Hu L, Chen J. Rapid, label-free identification of cerebellar structures using multiphoton microscopy. J Biophotonics 2017; 10:1617-1626. [PMID: 28464515 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201600297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum is the prominent laminar structure of the mammalian brain that has been implicated in various psychiatric and neurological diseases. Although clinical brain imaging techniques have provided precise anatomic images of cerebellar structures, a definitive diagnosis still requires adequate resolution to identify individual layers in cerebellar cortex, the extent of tumor, even requires the histological tissue examination during surgical procedures. In this study, multiphoton microscopy (MPM), based on second harmonic generation (SHG) and two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF), was perform on the rat cerebellar structures and pathology with the combination of image analysis methods. Results show that MPM can reveal the cerebellar vermis, hemispheres, medulla, and ventricle, as well as axon bundles, Purkinje cells, capillaries, and the pia mater of the cerebellum. Together with custom-developed image processing algorithms, MPM could further differentiate between the gray and white matter, as well as evaluate the Purkinje cell layer, identify the cerebellar tumor boundary, and distinguish between the tumor core and peritumor regions. Our results establish a direct visualization and rapid assessment approach for the cerebellar structures, as well as suggest the feasibility of in vivo multiphoton microendoscopes and fiberscopes as clinical tools for neuropathological diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wang
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, P. R. China
| | - Xiuqiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China
| | - Weilin Wu
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, P. R. China
| | - Zhida Chen
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, P. R. China
| | - Huiping Du
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, P. R. China
| | - Xingfu Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350004, P. R. China
| | - Yu Vincent Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China
| | - Liwen Hu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350004, P. R. China
| | - Jianxin Chen
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, P. R. China
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27
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Wang S, Chen X, Wu W, Chen Z, Du H, Wang X, Fu YV, Hu L, Chen J. Rapid, label-free identification of cerebellar structures using multiphoton microscopy. J Biophotonics 2017; 10:1617-1626. [PMID: 28464515 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.v10.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum is the prominent laminar structure of the mammalian brain that has been implicated in various psychiatric and neurological diseases. Although clinical brain imaging techniques have provided precise anatomic images of cerebellar structures, a definitive diagnosis still requires adequate resolution to identify individual layers in cerebellar cortex, the extent of tumor, even requires the histological tissue examination during surgical procedures. In this study, multiphoton microscopy (MPM), based on second harmonic generation (SHG) and two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF), was perform on the rat cerebellar structures and pathology with the combination of image analysis methods. Results show that MPM can reveal the cerebellar vermis, hemispheres, medulla, and ventricle, as well as axon bundles, Purkinje cells, capillaries, and the pia mater of the cerebellum. Together with custom-developed image processing algorithms, MPM could further differentiate between the gray and white matter, as well as evaluate the Purkinje cell layer, identify the cerebellar tumor boundary, and distinguish between the tumor core and peritumor regions. Our results establish a direct visualization and rapid assessment approach for the cerebellar structures, as well as suggest the feasibility of in vivo multiphoton microendoscopes and fiberscopes as clinical tools for neuropathological diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wang
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, P. R. China
| | - Xiuqiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China
| | - Weilin Wu
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, P. R. China
| | - Zhida Chen
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, P. R. China
| | - Huiping Du
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, P. R. China
| | - Xingfu Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350004, P. R. China
| | - Yu Vincent Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China
| | - Liwen Hu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350004, P. R. China
| | - Jianxin Chen
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, P. R. China
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28
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Nuryyev RL, Uhlendorf TL, Tierney W, Zatikyan S, Kopyov O, Kopyov A, Ochoa J, Trigt WV, Malone CS, Cohen RW. Transplantation of Human Neural Progenitor Cells Reveals Structural and Functional Improvements in the Spastic Han-Wistar Rat Model of Ataxia. Cell Transplant 2017; 26:1811-1821. [PMID: 29338380 PMCID: PMC5784519 DOI: 10.1177/0963689717723637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of regenerative medicine to treat nervous system disorders like ataxia has been proposed to either replace or support degenerating neurons. In this study, we assessed the ability of human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) to repair and restore the function of dying neurons within the spastic Han-Wistar rat (sHW), a model of ataxia. The sHW rat suffers from neurodegeneration of specific neurons, including cerebellar Purkinje cells and hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cells leading to the observed symptoms of forelimb tremor, hind-leg rigidity, gait abnormality, motor incoordination, and a shortened life span. To alleviate the symptoms of neurodegeneration and to replace or augment dying neurons, neuronal human progenitor cells were implanted into the sHW rats. At 30 d of age, male sHW mutant rats underwent subcutaneous implantation of an Alzet osmotic pump that infused cyclosporine (15 mg/kg/d) used to suppress the rat's immune system. At 40 d, sHW rats received bilateral injections (500,000 cells in 5 µL media) of live hNPCs, dead hNPCs, live human embryonic kidney cells, or growth media either into the cerebellar cortex or into the hippocampus. To monitor results, motor activity scores (open-field testing) and weights of the animals were recorded weekly. The sHW rats that received hNPC transplantation into the cerebellum, at 60 d of age, displayed significantly higher motor activity scores and sustained greater weights and longevities than control-treated sHW rats or any hippocampal treatment group. In addition, cerebellar histology revealed that the transplanted hNPCs displayed signs of migration and signs of neuronal development in the degenerated Purkinje cell layer. This study revealed that implanted human progenitor cells reduced the ataxic symptoms in the sHW rat, identifying a future clinical use of these progenitor cells against ataxia and associated neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruslan L. Nuryyev
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, CA, USA
| | - Toni L. Uhlendorf
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, CA, USA
| | - Wesley Tierney
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, CA, USA
| | - Suren Zatikyan
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Cindy S. Malone
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, CA, USA
| | - Randy W. Cohen
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, CA, USA
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Gutierrez-Castellanos N, Da Silva-Matos CM, Zhou K, Canto CB, Renner MC, Koene LMC, Ozyildirim O, Sprengel R, Kessels HW, De Zeeuw CI. Motor Learning Requires Purkinje Cell Synaptic Potentiation through Activation of AMPA-Receptor Subunit GluA3. Neuron 2017; 93:409-424. [PMID: 28103481 PMCID: PMC5263704 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that cerebellar long-term potentiation (LTP) is necessary for procedural learning. However, little is known about its underlying molecular mechanisms. Whereas AMPA receptor (AMPAR) subunit rules for synaptic plasticity have been extensively studied in relation to declarative learning, it is unclear whether these rules apply to cerebellum-dependent motor learning. Here we show that LTP at the parallel-fiber-to-Purkinje-cell synapse and adaptation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex depend not on GluA1- but on GluA3-containing AMPARs. In contrast to the classic form of LTP implicated in declarative memory formation, this form of LTP does not require GluA1-AMPAR trafficking but rather requires changes in open-channel probability of GluA3-AMPARs mediated by cAMP signaling and activation of the protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac). We conclude that vestibulo-cerebellar motor learning is the first form of memory acquisition shown to depend on GluA3-dependent synaptic potentiation by increasing single-channel conductance. Cerebellar learning depends on expression of GluA3, but not GluA1, in Purkinje cells GluA3 is required to induce LTP, but not LTD, at PF-PC synapses GluA3-dependent potentiation involves a cAMP-driven change in channel conductance GluA3-mediated LTP and learning are induced via cAMP-mediated Epac activation
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Gutierrez-Castellanos
- Synaptic Plasticity and Behavior Group, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cerebellar Coordination and Cognition Group, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, 3015 GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Carla M Da Silva-Matos
- Synaptic Plasticity and Behavior Group, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cerebellar Coordination and Cognition Group, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kuikui Zhou
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, 3015 GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cathrin B Canto
- Cerebellar Coordination and Cognition Group, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maria C Renner
- Synaptic Plasticity and Behavior Group, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Linda M C Koene
- Synaptic Plasticity and Behavior Group, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ozgecan Ozyildirim
- Cerebellar Coordination and Cognition Group, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rolf Sprengel
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Helmut W Kessels
- Synaptic Plasticity and Behavior Group, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Cerebellar Coordination and Cognition Group, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, 3015 GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Pundt LL, Jörn EA, Conrad JA, Low WC. Organization and Histochemical Phenotype of Human Fetal Cerebellar Cells following Transplantation into the Cerebellum of Nude Mice. Cell Transplant 2017; 6:479-89. [PMID: 9331499 DOI: 10.1177/096368979700600507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous rodent studies have demonstrated the capacity of cerebellar transplants to organize into trilaminar cell layers typically observed in the normal cerebellum. In Purkinje Cell (PC)-deficient animals, PCs will migrate into the host and form synaptic connections. Recently, fetal cerebellar grafts transplanted into the Purkinje cell degeneration (pcd) mutant mouse were shown to result in an improvement of motor behaviors. These studies indicate the potential therapeutic use of neural transplantation in patients with cerebellar degeneration. In the present study, human fetal cerebellar tissue (8.5 wk postconception) was dissociated and transplanted into the normal cerebellum of nude mice. Six months following transplantation, histological analysis revealed donor cells in recipient mice. Immunostaining for the 28 kDa calcium-binding protein (calbindin) revealed the presence of donor PCs that were organized in discrete cellular layers within the transplant neuropil. In most cases the dendritic processes were oriented in a planar fashion perpendicular to the transplant cell layer. Human neurofilament immunostaining revealed bundles of donor fibers within the core of the transplant and/or at the periphery. These bundles were found to be calbindin positive (PC fibers). Three animals provided evidence of donor PC axon growth ventrally into host white matter, and in one case, this ventral migration reached the deep cerebellar nuclei. Most notable was the development of a pronounced folia-like organization by the implanted cell suspensions. Glial processes within the grafts were aligned perpendicular to the long axis of the transplant folia. These results demonstrate the capacity of human fetal cerebellar cell suspension to reorganize into cell layers typical of the normal cerebellum following transplantation into the rodent cerebellum, and develop an organotypic folia-like organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Pundt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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Vikhareva EA, Zamoyski VL, Grigoriev VV. Modification of Calcium-Activated Chloride Currents in Cerebellar Purkinje Neurons. Bull Exp Biol Med 2017; 162:709-713. [PMID: 28429218 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-017-3694-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The whole-cell voltage clamp technique was employed to record the total ionic currents in rat cerebellar Purkinje neurons. When intrapipette solution contained 120 mM KCl, replacement of the standard external physiological saline with Na-free solution resulted in appearance of inward tail current after the end of the depolarizing pulse. When intrapipette potassium ions were replaced for cesium ones, the tail currents were observed even in the presence of normal Na+ concentration (140 mM) in the external solution. Tail currents were not observed when external solution contained no Cl- and/or Ca2+ ions. Niflumic acid (25-100 μM) blocked these currents by 80-100%. Complete replacement of external Na+ for Tris ions pronouncedly augmented the amplitude and duration of the tail currents. These findings suggest that the tail transients in rat cerebellar Purkinje neurons are calcium-activated chloride currents whose amplitude and kinetics depend on ionic composition of the extracellular and intracellular solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Vikhareva
- Laboratory of Neuroreception, Institute of Physiologically Active Substances, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow, Region, Russia
| | - V L Zamoyski
- Laboratory of Neuroreception, Institute of Physiologically Active Substances, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow, Region, Russia.
| | - V V Grigoriev
- Laboratory of Neuroreception, Institute of Physiologically Active Substances, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow, Region, Russia
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Yu Y, Dong J, Wang Y, Wang Y, Min H, Shan Z, Teng W, Chen J. Maternal marginal iodine deficiency limits dendritic growth of cerebellar purkinje cells in rat offspring by NF-κB signaling and MAP1B. Environ Toxicol 2017; 32:1241-1251. [PMID: 27444543 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Iodine deficiency (ID) during early pregnancy had an adverse effect on children's psychomotor and motor function. It is worth noting that maternal marginal ID tends to be a common public health problem. Whether marginal ID potentially had adverse effects on the development of cerebellum and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, our aim was to study the effects of marginal ID on the dendritic growth in filial cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) and the underlying mechanism. In the present study, we established Wistar rat models by feeding dam rats with a diet deficient in iodine and deionized water supplemented with potassium iodide. We examined the total dendritic length using immunofluorescence, and Western blot analysis was conducted to investigate the activity of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling and microtubule-associated protein 1B (MAP1B). Our results showed that marginal ID reduced the total dendritic length of cerebellar PCs, slightly down-regulated the activity of NF-κB signaling and decreased MAP1B in cerebellar PCs on postnatal day (PN) 7, PN14, and PN21. Our study may support the hypothesis that decreased T4 induced by marginal ID limits PCs dendritic growth, which may involve in the disturbance of NF-κB signaling and MAP1B on the cerebellum. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 1241-1251, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Dong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Min
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongyan Shan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiping Teng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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Delbaere J, Vancamp P, Van Herck SLJ, Bourgeois NMA, Green MJ, Wingate RJT, Darras VM. MCT8 deficiency in Purkinje cells disrupts embryonic chicken cerebellar development. J Endocrinol 2017; 232:259-272. [PMID: 27879339 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Inactivating mutations in the human SLC16A2 gene encoding the thyroid hormone transporter monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) result in the Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome accompanied by severe locomotor deficits. The underlying mechanisms of the associated cerebellar maldevelopment were studied using the chicken as a model. Electroporation of an MCT8-RNAi vector into the cerebellar anlage of a 3-day-old embryo allowed knockdown of MCT8 in Purkinje cell precursors. This resulted in the downregulation of the thyroid hormone-responsive gene RORα and the Purkinje cell-specific differentiation marker LHX1/5 at day 6. MCT8 knockdown also results in a smaller and less complex dendritic tree at day 18 suggesting a pivotal role of MCT8 for cell-autonomous Purkinje cell maturation. Early administration of the thyroid hormone analogue 3,5,3'-triiodothyroacetic acid partially rescued early Purkinje cell differentiation. MCT8-deficient Purkinje cells also induced non-autonomous effects as they led to a reduced granule cell precursor proliferation, a thinner external germinal layer and a loss of PAX6 expression. By contrast, at day 18, the external germinal layer thickness was increased, with an increase in presence of Axonin-1-positive post-mitotic granule cells in the initial stage of radial migration. The concomitant accumulation of presumptive migrating granule cells in the molecular layer, suggests that inward radial migration to the internal granular layer is stalled. In conclusion, early MCT8 deficiency in Purkinje cells results in both cell-autonomous and non-autonomous effects on cerebellar development and indicates that MCT8 expression is essential from very early stages of development, providing a novel insight into the ontogenesis of the Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joke Delbaere
- Laboratory of Comparative EndocrinologyDepartment of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Vancamp
- Laboratory of Comparative EndocrinologyDepartment of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stijn L J Van Herck
- Laboratory of Comparative EndocrinologyDepartment of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nele M A Bourgeois
- Laboratory of Comparative EndocrinologyDepartment of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mary J Green
- Medical Research Council Centre for Developmental NeurobiologyKing's College London, London, UK
| | - Richard J T Wingate
- Medical Research Council Centre for Developmental NeurobiologyKing's College London, London, UK
| | - Veerle M Darras
- Laboratory of Comparative EndocrinologyDepartment of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Pascual R, Santander O, Cuevas I, Valencia M. Prenatal glucocorticoid administration persistently increased the immunohistochemical expression of type-1 metabotropic glutamate receptor and Purkinje cell dendritic growth in the cerebellar cortex of the rat. Rom J Morphol Embryol 2017; 58:67-72. [PMID: 28523300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have indicated that abnormal prenatal changes in the circulating glucocorticoids (GCs), induced by either maternal stress or exogenous GC administration, significantly alter the development of Purkinje cells (PCs). Among the suggested mechanisms that could mediate this GC-dependent PC susceptibility are changes in the expression of type-1 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1). In the current study, we analyzed whether a single course of prenatally administered betamethasone phosphate (BET) in pregnant rats increased the immunohistochemical expression of mGluR1 in PCs and decreased PC dendritic growth. The data obtained showed that in utero BET exposure resulted in a significant immunohistochemical overexpression of mGluR1 and a significant reduction in Purkinje cell dendritic outgrowth during postnatal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Pascual
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Escuela de Kinesiologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, Chile;
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Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) possess self-organizing abilities in 3D culture. This property has been demonstrated in recent studies, including the generation of various neuroectodermal and endodermal tissues. For example, PSCs are able to differentiate into specific type of neural tissues, such as the neocortex and the optic cup, in response to local positional information brought about by signals during embryogenesis. In contrast, the generation of cerebellar tissue from PSCs requires a secondary induction by a signaling center, called the isthmic organizer, which first appears in the cell aggregate in 3D culture. Such developmental complexity of cerebellum has hampered establishment of effective differentiation culture system from PSCs, thus far.We recently reported that cerebellar neurons are generated from human PSCs (hPSCs). In this chapter, we describe an efficient protocol for differentiation of 3D cerebellar neuroepithelium from hPSCs. We also describe the protocols for further differentiation into specific neurons in the cerebellar cortex, such as Purkinje cells and the granule cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Muguruma
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.
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Huda F, Fan Y, Suzuki M, Konno A, Matsuzaki Y, Takahashi N, Chan JKY, Hirai H. Fusion of Human Fetal Mesenchymal Stem Cells with "Degenerating" Cerebellar Neurons in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1 Model Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164202. [PMID: 27802273 PMCID: PMC5089746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) migrate to damaged tissues, where they participate in tissue repair. Human fetal MSCs (hfMSCs), compared with adult MSCs, have higher proliferation rates, a greater differentiation capacity and longer telomeres with reduced senescence. Therefore, transplantation of quality controlled hfMSCs is a promising therapeutic intervention. Previous studies have shown that intravenous or intracortical injections of MSCs result in the emergence of binucleated cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) containing an MSC-derived marker protein in mice, thus suggesting a fusion event. However, transdifferentiation of MSCs into PCs or transfer of a marker protein from an MSC to a PC cannot be ruled out. In this study, we unequivocally demonstrated the fusion of hfMSCs with murine PCs through a tetracycline-regulated (Tet-off) system with or without a Cre-dependent genetic inversion switch (flip-excision; FLEx). In the FLEx-Tet system, we performed intra-cerebellar injection of viral vectors expressing tetracycline transactivator (tTA) and Cre recombinase into either non-symptomatic (4-week-old) or clearly symptomatic (6–8-month-old) spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) mice. Then, the mice received an injection of 50,000 genetically engineered hfMSCs that expressed GFP only in the presence of Cre recombinase and tTA. We observed a significant emergence of GFP-expressing PCs and interneurons in symptomatic, but not non-symptomatic, SCA1 mice 2 weeks after the MSC injection. These results, together with the results obtained using age-matched wild-type mice, led us to conclude that hfMSCs have the potential to preferentially fuse with degenerating PCs and interneurons but not with healthy neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fathul Huda
- Department of Neurophysiology & Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371–8511, Japan
- Physiology Division, Department of Anatomy Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, 40161, Indonesia
| | - Yiping Fan
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899, Singapore
- Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, 119228, Singapore
| | - Mamiko Suzuki
- Department of Neurophysiology & Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371–8511, Japan
| | - Ayumu Konno
- Department of Neurophysiology & Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371–8511, Japan
| | - Yasunori Matsuzaki
- Department of Neurophysiology & Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371–8511, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Takahashi
- Department of Neurophysiology & Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371–8511, Japan
| | - Jerry K. Y. Chan
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899, Singapore
- Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, 119228, Singapore
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 169857, Singapore
| | - Hirokazu Hirai
- Department of Neurophysiology & Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371–8511, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Romero D, Camara O, Sachse F, Sebastian R. Analysis of Microstructure of the Cardiac Conduction System Based on Three-Dimensional Confocal Microscopy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164093. [PMID: 27716829 PMCID: PMC5055359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The specialised conducting tissues present in the ventricles are responsible for the fast distribution of the electrical impulse from the atrio-ventricular node to regions in the subendocardial myocardium. Characterisation of anatomical features of the specialised conducting tissues in the ventricles is highly challenging, in particular its most distal section, which is connected to the working myocardium via Purkinje-myocardial junctions. The goal of this work is to characterise the architecture of the distal section of the Purkinje network by differentiating Purkinje cells from surrounding tissue, performing a segmentation of Purkinje fibres at cellular scale, and mathematically describing its morphology and interconnections. Purkinje cells from rabbit hearts were visualised by confocal microscopy using wheat germ agglutinin labelling. A total of 16 3D stacks including labeled Purkinje cells were collected, and semi-automatically segmented. State-of-the-art graph metrics were applied to estimate regional and global features of the Purkinje network complexity. Two types of cell types, tubular and star-like, were characterised from 3D segmentations. The analysis of 3D imaging data confirms the previously suggested presence of two types of Purkinje-myocardium connections, a 2D interconnection sheet and a funnel one, in which the narrow side of a Purkinje fibre connect progressively to muscle fibres. The complex network analysis of interconnected Purkinje cells showed no small-world connectivity or assortativity properties. These results might help building more realistic computational PK systems at high resolution levels including different cell configurations and shapes. Better knowledge on the organisation of the network might help in understanding the effects that several treatments such as radio-frequency ablation might have when the PK system is disrupted locally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Romero
- Grupo de Investigacion e Innovacion Biomedica, Instituto Tecnologico Metropolitano, Medellin, Colombia
- Physense, Dept. of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar Camara
- Physense, Dept. of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Frank Sachse
- Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute and Bioengineering Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Rafael Sebastian
- CoMMLab, Dept. of Computer Sciences, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Matsuno H, Kudoh M, Watakabe A, Yamamori T, Shigemoto R, Nagao S. Distribution and Structure of Synapses on Medial Vestibular Nuclear Neurons Targeted by Cerebellar Flocculus Purkinje Cells and Vestibular Nerve in Mice: Light and Electron Microscopy Studies. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164037. [PMID: 27711146 PMCID: PMC5053601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptations of vestibulo-ocular and optokinetic response eye movements have been studied as an experimental model of cerebellum-dependent motor learning. Several previous physiological and pharmacological studies have consistently suggested that the cerebellar flocculus (FL) Purkinje cells (P-cells) and the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) neurons targeted by FL (FL-targeted MVN neurons) may respectively maintain the memory traces of short- and long-term adaptation. To study the basic structures of the FL-MVN synapses by light microscopy (LM) and electron microscopy (EM), we injected green florescence protein (GFP)-expressing lentivirus into FL to anterogradely label the FL P-cell axons in C57BL/6J mice. The FL P-cell axonal boutons were distributed in the magnocellular MVN and in the border region of parvocellular MVN and prepositus hypoglossi (PrH). In the magnocellular MVN, the FL-P cell axons mainly terminated on somata and proximal dendrites. On the other hand, in the parvocellular MVN/PrH, the FL P-cell axonal synaptic boutons mainly terminated on the relatively small-diameter (< 1 μm) distal dendrites of MVN neurons, forming symmetrical synapses. The majority of such parvocellular MVN/PrH neurons were determined to be glutamatergic by immunocytochemistry and in-situ hybridization of GFP expressing transgenic mice. To further examine the spatial relationship between the synapses of FL P-cells and those of vestibular nerve on the neurons of the parvocellular MVN/PrH, we added injections of biotinylated dextran amine into the semicircular canal and anterogradely labeled vestibular nerve axons in some mice. The MVN dendrites receiving the FL P-cell axonal synaptic boutons often closely apposed vestibular nerve synaptic boutons in both LM and EM studies. Such a partial overlap of synaptic boutons of FL P-cell axons with those of vestibular nerve axons in the distal dendrites of MVN neurons suggests that inhibitory synapses of FL P-cells may influence the function of neighboring excitatory synapses of vestibular nerve in the parvocellular MVN/PrH neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Matsuno
- Laboratory for Motor Learning Control, Riken Brain Science Institute, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- * E-mail: (HM); (SN)
| | - Moeko Kudoh
- Laboratory for Motor Learning Control, Riken Brain Science Institute, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Akiya Watakabe
- Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Yamamori
- Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Shigemoto
- Division of Cerebral Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Soichi Nagao
- Laboratory for Motor Learning Control, Riken Brain Science Institute, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- * E-mail: (HM); (SN)
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Paltsyn AA, Komissarova SV. Binuclear Purkinje neurons. Patol Fiziol Eksp Ter 2016; 60:107-113. [PMID: 29244931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Until the end of the XX century binuclear neurons of Purkinje in rodents and the humans were a subject of casual finds. However already then it was noticed that such cells are in old and sick mammals more often. It is therefore assumed that the appearance of the second nucleus has a regenerative value - compensation age-related or pathogenic loss of Purkinje cells. In 2003, in research on stem cell transplantation was made the first observations related to the mechanism of the appearance of the second nucleus in Purkinje neurons. The transgender studies in humans and in transgenic experiments on mice have shown that bone marrow derived donor cells can fuse with Purkinje neurons of the recipient, thus transfer to neuron its nucleus. It is very important that the binuclear neurons can appear in old and sick people and rodents without transplantation. But in that case neither the donor cell, nor the mechanism of origin of the second nucleus remain not clear. Relevance of clarification of this question increases of the fact that literature of the last years proves: emergence of the second nucleus is a form of physiological and reparative regeneration of neurons of Purkinje.
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Zhou FC, Resendiz M, Lo CL, Chen Y. Cell-Wide DNA De-Methylation and Re-Methylation of Purkinje Neurons in the Developing Cerebellum. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162063. [PMID: 27583369 PMCID: PMC5008790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Global DNA de-methylation is thought to occur only during pre-implantation and gametogenesis in mammals. Scalable, cell-wide de-methylation has not been demonstrated beyond totipotent stages. Here, we observed a large scale de-methylation and subsequent re-methylation (CDR) (including 5-methylcytosine (5mC) and 5-hydroxylmethylcytosine (5hmC)) in post-mitotic cerebellar Purkinje cells (PC) through the course of normal development. Through single cell immuno-identification and cell-specific quantitative methylation assays, we demonstrate that the CDR event is an intrinsically scheduled program, occurring in nearly every PC. Meanwhile, cerebellar granule cells and basket interneurons adopt their own DNA methylation program, independent of PCs. DNA de-methylation was further demonstrated at the gene level, on genes pertinent to PC development. The PC, being one of the largest neurons in the brain, may showcase an amplified epigenetic cycle which may mediate stage transformation including cell cycle arrest, vast axonal-dendritic growth, and synaptogenesis at the onset of neuronal specificity. This discovery is a key step toward better understanding the breadth and role of DNA methylation and de-methylation during neural ontology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng C. Zhou
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202, United States of America
- Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Marisol Resendiz
- Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202, United States of America
| | - Chiao-Ling Lo
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202, United States of America
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202, United States of America
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Abstract
Purkinje neurons play an important role in cerebellar computation since their axons are the only projection from the cerebellar cortex to deeper cerebellar structures. They have complex internal dynamics, which allow them to fire spontaneously, display bistability, and also to be involved in network phenomena such as high frequency oscillations and travelling waves. Purkinje cells exhibit type II excitability, which can be revealed by a discontinuity in their f-I curves. We show that this excitability mechanism allows Purkinje cells to be efficiently inhibited by noise of a particular variance, a phenomenon known as inverse stochastic resonance (ISR). While ISR has been described in theoretical models of single neurons, here we provide the first experimental evidence for this effect. We find that an adaptive exponential integrate-and-fire model fitted to the basic Purkinje cell characteristics using a modified dynamic IV method displays ISR and bistability between the resting state and a repetitive activity limit cycle. ISR allows the Purkinje cell to operate in different functional regimes: the all-or-none toggle or the linear filter mode, depending on the variance of the synaptic input. We propose that synaptic noise allows Purkinje cells to quickly switch between these functional regimes. Using mutual information analysis, we demonstrate that ISR can lead to a locally optimal information transfer between the input and output spike train of the Purkinje cell. These results provide the first experimental evidence for ISR and suggest a functional role for ISR in cerebellar information processing. How neurons generate output spikes in response to various combinations of inputs is a central issue in contemporary neuroscience. Due to their large dendritic tree and complex intrinsic properties, cerebellar Purkinje cells are an important model system to study this input-output transformation. Here we examine how noise can change the parameters of this transformation. In experiments we found that spike generation in Purkinje cells can be efficiently inhibited by noise of a particular amplitude. This effect is called inverse stochastic resonance (ISR) and has previously been described only in theoretical models of neurons. We explain the mechanism underlying ISR using a simple model matching the properties of experimentally characterized Purkinje cells. We found that ISR is present in Purkinje cells when the mean input current is near threshold for spike generation. ISR can be explained by the co-existence of resting and spiking solutions of the simple model. Changes of the input noise variance change the lifetime of these resting and spiking states, suggesting a mechanism for a tunable filter with long time constants implemented by a Purkinje cell population in the cerebellum. Finally, ISR leads to locally optimal information transfer from the input to the output of a Purkinje cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly Buchin
- Group for Neural Theory, Laboratoire des Neurosciences Cognitives, École Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
- Institute of Physics, Nanotechnology and Telecommunications, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Center for Cognition and Decision Making, Department of Psychology, NRU Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
- * E-mail:
| | - Sarah Rieubland
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Häusser
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Boris S. Gutkin
- Group for Neural Theory, Laboratoire des Neurosciences Cognitives, École Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
- Center for Cognition and Decision Making, Department of Psychology, NRU Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Arnd Roth
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Lejeune E, Javili A, Weickenmeier J, Kuhl E, Linder C. Tri-layer wrinkling as a mechanism for anchoring center initiation in the developing cerebellum. Soft Matter 2016; 12:5613-5620. [PMID: 27252048 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm00526h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
During cerebellar development, anchoring centers form at the base of each fissure and remain fixed in place while the rest of the cerebellum grows outward. Cerebellar foliation has been extensively studied; yet, the mechanisms that control anchoring center initiation and position remain insufficiently understood. Here we show that a tri-layer model can predict surface wrinkling as a potential mechanism to explain anchoring center initiation and position. Motivated by the cerebellar microstructure, we model the developing cerebellum as a tri-layer system with an external molecular layer and an internal granular layer of similar stiffness and a significantly softer intermediate Purkinje cell layer. Including a weak intermediate layer proves key to predicting surface morphogenesis, even at low stiffness contrasts between the top and bottom layers. The proposed tri-layer model provides insight into the hierarchical formation of anchoring centers and establishes an essential missing link between gene expression and evolution of shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Lejeune
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Martí J, Santa-Cruz MC, Hervás JP, Bayer SA, Villegas S. Cerebellar cortex development in the weaver condition presents regional and age-dependent abnormalities without differences in Purkinje cells neurogenesis. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2016; 76:53-65. [PMID: 27102918 DOI: 10.21307/ane-2017-005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ataxias are neurological disorders associated with the degeneration of Purkinje cells (PCs). Homozygous weaver mice (wv/wv) have been proposed as a model for hereditary cerebellar ataxia because they present motor abnormalities and PC loss. To ascertain the physiopathology of the weaver condition, the development of the cerebellar cortex lobes was examined at postnatal day (P): P8, P20 and P90. Three approaches were used: 1) quantitative determination of several cerebellar features; 2) qualitative evaluation of the developmental changes occurring in the cortical lobes; and 3) autoradiographic analyses of PC generation and placement. Our results revealed a reduction in the size of the wv/wv cerebellum as a whole, confirming previous results. However, as distinguished from these reports, we observed that quantified parameters contribute differently to the abnormal growth of the wv/wv cerebellar lobes. Qualitative analysis showed anomalies in wv/wv cerebellar cytoarchitecture, depending on the age and lobe analyzed. Such abnormalities included the presence of the external granular layer after P20 and, at P90, ectopic cells located in the molecular layer following several placement patterns. Finally, we obtained autoradiographic evidence that wild-type and wv/wv PCs presented similar neurogenetic timetables, as reported. However, the innovative character of this current work lies in the fact that the neurogenetic gradients of wv/wv PCs were not modified from P8 to P90. A tendency for the accumulation of late-formed PCs in the anterior and posterior lobes was found, whereas early-generated PCs were concentrated in the central and inferior lobes. These data suggested that wv/wv PCs may migrate properly to their final destinations. The extrapolation of our results to patients affected with cerebellar ataxias suggests that all cerebellar cortex lobes are affected with several age-dependent alterations in cytoarchitectonics. We also propose that PC loss may be regionally variable and not related to their neurogenetic timetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Martí
- Departament de Biologia Cel.lular, de Fisiologia i d'Immunologia, Unidad de Citologia i d'Histologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain;
| | - María C Santa-Cruz
- Departament de Biologia Cel.lular, de Fisiologia i d'Immunologia, Unidad de Citologia i d'Histologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain;
| | - José P Hervás
- Departament de Biologia Cel.lular, de Fisiologia i d'Immunologia, Unidad de Citologia i d'Histologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Sandra Villegas
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Redmann V, Lamb CA, Hwang S, Orchard RC, Kim S, Razi M, Milam A, Park S, Yokoyama CC, Kambal A, Kreamalmeyer D, Bosch MK, Xiao M, Green K, Kim J, Pruett-Miller SM, Ornitz DM, Allen PM, Beatty WL, Schmidt RE, DiAntonio A, Tooze SA, Virgin HW. Clec16a is Critical for Autolysosome Function and Purkinje Cell Survival. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23326. [PMID: 26987296 PMCID: PMC4796910 DOI: 10.1038/srep23326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CLEC16A is in a locus genetically linked to autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis, but the function of this gene in the nervous system is unknown. Here we show that two mouse strains carrying independent Clec16a mutations developed neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor impairments and loss of Purkinje cells. Neurons from Clec16a-mutant mice exhibited increased expression of the autophagy substrate p62, accumulation of abnormal intra-axonal membranous structures bearing the autophagy protein LC3, and abnormal Golgi morphology. Multiple aspects of endocytosis, lysosome and Golgi function were normal in Clec16a-deficient murine embryonic fibroblasts and HeLa cells. However, these cells displayed abnormal bulk autophagy despite unimpaired autophagosome formation. Cultured Clec16a-deficient cells exhibited a striking accumulation of LC3 and LAMP-1 positive autolysosomes containing undigested cytoplasmic contents. Therefore Clec16a, an autophagy protein that is critical for autolysosome function and clearance, is required for Purkinje cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Redmann
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christopher A. Lamb
- The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratory, London, WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Seungmin Hwang
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Robert C. Orchard
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sungsu Kim
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Minoo Razi
- The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratory, London, WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Ashley Milam
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sunmin Park
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christine C. Yokoyama
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Amal Kambal
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Darren Kreamalmeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marie K. Bosch
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Maolei Xiao
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Karen Green
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jungsu Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Shondra M. Pruett-Miller
- Genome Engineering and iPSC Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David M. Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Paul M. Allen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Wandy L. Beatty
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robert E. Schmidt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Aaron DiAntonio
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sharon A. Tooze
- The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratory, London, WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Herbert W. Virgin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Kiyonaga-Endou K, Oshima M, Sugimoto K, Thomas M, Taketani S, Araki M. Localization of Neurensin1 in cerebellar Purkinje cells of the developing chick and its possible function in dendrite formation. Brain Res 2016; 1635:113-20. [PMID: 26826586 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Neurensin1 (Nrsn1) gene, highly specific to neurons, has been considered to play a role in neurite growth during neuronal development and regeneration in mice. Intense expression of Nrsn1 was found particularly in projecting neurons like retinal ganglion cells and spinal motor neurons, suggesting that Neurensin1 is needed for active neurite growth. In the present study we cloned chick Nrsn1 gene and produced an antibody against cNrsn1 to examine Nrsn1 localization in the chick brain, since the chick is a suitable animal model for the study of developmental neurobiology. We found that there are neurons intensely stained for Nrsn1 antibody localized in the optic tectum, the cerebellum and the brain stem. These neurons are large in size and considered to be projecting neurons. In the cerebellum, Purkinje cells are the only one type of neurons stained for Nrsn1. During Purkinje cell development the arborized dendrites and axons become intensely stained at stages E17-18. A siRNA gene knock down was applied to the cultured embryonic cerebellar tissues and the result showed that Nrsn1 has an important role in dendrite formation of Purkinje cells. These findings suggest that Neurensin1 is also involved in neural development in the chick brain and that the embryonic chick brain is a good model to disclose the molecular and physiological functions of Nrsn1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Kiyonaga-Endou
- Developmental Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Nara Women's University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Manabu Oshima
- Developmental Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Nara Women's University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Kazuya Sugimoto
- Developmental Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Nara Women's University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Mervyn Thomas
- Ulverscroft Eye Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Shigeru Taketani
- Department of Biotechnology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Masasuke Araki
- Developmental Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Nara Women's University, Nara 630-8506, Japan.
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Zimatkin SM, Karniushko OA. [THE SYNAPTOGENESIS IN THE DEVELOPING CEREBELLUM OF THE RAT]. Morfologiia 2016; 150:34-39. [PMID: 30136825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study — qualitative and quantitative evaluation of synaptogenesis in the developing cerebellum of the rat (postnatal Days 2–45) using immunohistochemical detection of synaptophysin (SYP) as the the marker. The expression of SYP was demonstrated in postmitotic neurons of the external granular layer and migrating precursors of granular neurons of the cerebellum. During the whole period studied, an increase in the width of the zone of synaptogenesis in the molecular layer took place together with the decrease of SYPimmunoreactivity. The reduction in the number of SYP-immunopositive synapses was noted around Purkinje cell perikarya from Day 7 till Day 15. In the internal granular layer, SYP-immunopositive dots were observed that increased in size from Day 2 to Day 45 due to the formation of cerebellar glomeruli. In the cerebellar interposed nucleus, the number and sizes of axosomatic synapses around neuronal perikarya were found to increase during the whole period examined. In the neuropil, the uneven aggregates of SYP-immunopositive axodendritic synapses were observed.
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Korzhevskii DE, Grigorev IP, Kirik OV, Alekseeva OS. [NEUROGLOBIN DISTRIBUTION IN THE RAT CEREBELLAR PURKINJE CELLS]. Zh Evol Biokhim Fiziol 2015; 51:459-461. [PMID: 26983282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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48
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Gilerovich EG, Fedorova EA, Grigorev IP, Korzhevskii DE. [MORPHOLOGICAL BASES OF REORGANIZATION OF THE RAT CEREBELLAR CORTEX IN SENESCENCE]. Zh Evol Biokhim Fiziol 2015; 51:370-376. [PMID: 26856077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A histological and immunohistochemical study of the cerebellar cortex of senescent Wistar rats (36-month-old) was performed in comparison to young rats (36-month-old).The cerebellar cortex of senescent animals typically showed degeneration of the Purkinje cells accompanied by immunochemically determined loss of the calcium-binding protein calbindin. These results suggest that presence of calbindin in the Purkinje cells is a criterion of functional activity of these neurons. The Purkinje cells degeneration is accompanied by lesion of the synaptophysin-containing basket cell networks, which is an indication of impaired function of inhibitory (GABAergic) axo-axonal synapses. During senescence significant rear-rangement is observed in the glomeruli of the granular layer of the cerebellum, which are the structures where primary afferent animals disintegrate suggesting of alteration in the transmission of information from the cerebrum to the cerebellum.
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49
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Kita Y, Tanaka K, Murakami F. Specific labeling of climbing fibers shows early synaptic interactions with immature Purkinje cells in the prenatal cerebellum. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 75:927-34. [PMID: 25529108 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
During development, growing axons must locate target cells to form synapses. This is not easy, since target cells are also growing and even actively migrating. In some brain regions, such axons have been reported to wait for the timing when target cells become mature, without invading their target region. However, in the cerebellum climbing fibers (CFs), major afferent axons, arrive near their target neurons, Purkinje cells, when the neurons are still actively migrating. We, therefore, examined whether synaptic contacts are established at such early stages. To specifically label CFs, we introduced by in utero electroporation a mixture of genes encoding for Ptf1a-enhancer-driven Cre recombinase and Cre-dependent fluorescent protein into the mouse hindbrain at embryonic day (E) 10.5 and observed them during development. The earliest stages at which labeled CFs were observed in the cerebellar primordium were E15.5-E16.5. These fibers were fasciculated in the dorsal region and entered the cerebellar primordium. Some fibers defasciculated and reached the caudal region. At E17.5 and E18.5, fasciculated fibers were also found in the mantle region, and some grew toward the surface of the primordium to penetrate a mass of Purkinje cells. Interestingly, as early as E16.5, labeled fibers were found to run in close apposition to Purkinje cell dendrites and to express a presynaptic marker. These observations suggest that CFs form synapses with Purkinje cells as soon as the fibers enter the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Kita
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuto Tanaka
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Fujio Murakami
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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50
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Sokoloff G, Plumeau AM, Mukherjee D, Blumberg MS. Twitch-related and rhythmic activation of the developing cerebellar cortex. J Neurophysiol 2015; 114:1746-56. [PMID: 26156383 PMCID: PMC4571769 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00284.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum is a critical sensorimotor structure that exhibits protracted postnatal development in mammals. Many aspects of cerebellar circuit development are activity dependent, but little is known about the nature and sources of the activity. Based on previous findings in 6-day-old rats, we proposed that myoclonic twitches, the spontaneous movements that occur exclusively during active sleep (AS), provide generalized as well as topographically precise activity to the developing cerebellum. Taking advantage of known stages of cerebellar cortical development, we examined the relationship between Purkinje cell activity (including complex and simple spikes), nuchal and hindlimb EMG activity, and behavioral state in unanesthetized 4-, 8-, and 12-day-old rats. AS-dependent increases in complex and simple spike activity peaked at 8 days of age, with 60% of units exhibiting significantly more activity during AS than wakefulness. Also, at all three ages, approximately one-third of complex and simple spikes significantly increased their activity within 100 ms of twitches in one of the two muscles from which we recorded. Finally, we observed rhythmicity of complex and simple spikes that was especially prominent at 8 days of age and was greatly diminished by 12 days of age, likely due to developmental changes in climbing fiber and mossy fiber innervation patterns. All together, these results indicate that the neurophysiological activity of the developing cerebellum can be used to make inferences about changes in its microcircuitry. They also support the hypothesis that sleep-related twitches are a prominent source of discrete climbing and mossy fiber activity that could contribute to the activity-dependent development of this critical sensorimotor structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Sokoloff
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; DeLTA Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa;
| | - Alan M Plumeau
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and
| | - Didhiti Mukherjee
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; DeLTA Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Mark S Blumberg
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; DeLTA Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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