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Paz-Ramos MI, Violante-Soria V, Browne T, Cruz SL. Effects of fentanyl and the adulterant levamisole on the rewarding and locomotor effects of methamphetamine in rats. Drug Alcohol Depend 2024; 256:111098. [PMID: 38266573 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.111098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People who use psychostimulant substances can be exposed to unknown adulterants, such as the synthetic opioid fentanyl (FEN) and the anthelmintic cholinergic agent levamisole (LEV). This work explores the rewarding and locomotor effects of methamphetamine (METH) in combination with FEN or LEV. METHODS We used adult male Wistar rats in the conditioned-place preference (CPP) paradigm (conditioning, extinction, and reinstatement phases) and in the open field test to study effective doses of METH, FEN, or LEV, or ineffective doses of METH+FEN or METH+LEV in combination. RESULTS METH and LEV, at 1mg/kg METH each, and 30µg/kg FEN produced CPP. Extinction to METH- or LEV-induced CPP occurred after eight saline injections, but it took 8-26 sessions to extinguish FEN-induced CPP. A challenge dose of 0.5mg/kg METH reinstated CPP. The same occurred with 15µg/kg FEN but not with 0.5 or 1mg/kg LEV. Training animals with ineffective doses of METH (0.01mg/kg) combined with either FEN (0.3µg/kg) or LEV (0.01mg/kg) produced CPP. Sub-effective doses of METH or FEN alone did not induce reinstatement after extinction. However, animals challenged with LEV, METH+FEN, or METH+LEV mixtures did it. Combining FEN (3µg/kg) with 0.1mg/kg METH increased locomotor activity. CONCLUSION Ineffective FEN and LEV doses mixed with METH produce effects larger than would be expected based on the effects of either drug alone. This outcome suggests a supra-additive interaction, which could increase the risk of developing a METH use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thom Browne
- Colombo Plan Secretariat, Drug Advisory Program, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Silvia L Cruz
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Knauss ZT, Hearn CJ, Hendryx NC, Aboalrob FS, Mueller-Figueroa Y, Damron DS, Lewis SJ, Mueller D. Fentanyl-induced reward seeking is sex and dose dependent and is prevented by D-cysteine ethylester. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1241578. [PMID: 37795030 PMCID: PMC10546209 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1241578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Despite their inclination to induce tolerance, addictive states, and respiratory depression, synthetic opioids are among the most effective clinically administered drugs to treat severe acute/chronic pain and induce surgical anesthesia. Current medical interventions for opioid-induced respiratory depression (OIRD), wooden chest syndrome, and opioid use disorder (OUD) show limited efficacy and are marked by low success in the face of highly potent synthetic opioids such as fentanyl. D-Cysteine ethylester (D-CYSee) prevents OIRD and post-treatment withdrawal in male/female rats and mice with minimal effect on analgesic status. However, the potential aversive or rewarding effects of D-CYSee have yet to be fully characterized and its efficacy could be compromised by interactions with opioid-reward pathology. Methods: Using a model of fentanyl-induced conditioned place preference (CPP), this study evaluated 1) the dose and sex dependent effects of fentanyl to induce rewarding states, and 2) the extent to which D-CYSee alters affective state and the acquisition of fentanyl-induced seeking behaviors. Results: Fentanyl reward-related effects were found to be dose and sex dependent. Male rats exhibited a range-bound dose response centered at 5 µg/kg. Female rats exhibited a CPP only at 50 µg/kg. This dose was effective in 25% of females with the remaining 75% showing no significant CPP at any dose. Pretreatment with 100 mg/kg, but not 10 mg/kg, D-CYSee prevented acquisition of fentanyl seeking in males while both doses were effective at preventing acquisition in females. Discussion: These findings suggest that D-CYSee is an effective co-treatment with prescribed opioids to reduce the development of OUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zackery T. Knauss
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Caden J. Hearn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Nathan C. Hendryx
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Fanan S. Aboalrob
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | | | - Derek S. Damron
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Stephen J. Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Allergy, and Immunology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Devin Mueller
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
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3
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Gaulden AD, Burson N, Sadik N, Ghosh I, Khan S, Brummelte S, Kallakuri S, Perrine SA. Effects of fentanyl on acute locomotor activity, behavioral sensitization, and contextual reward in female and male rats. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 229:109101. [PMID: 34628096 PMCID: PMC8671359 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although fentanyl has gained widespread prominence, there remains a lack of knowledge on this opioid synthetic agonist, particularly related to sex effects. Therefore, we conducted behavioral tests in female and male rats to measure drug abuse-related responses to fentanyl hypothesizing sex-specific responses. METHODS Using female and male rats, we measured the effects of acute or repeated administration of fentanyl (20 μg/kg) on locomotor activity (LMA) and behavioral sensitization in an open field test. We further measured contextual-reward and associated locomotor activity during training in a conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm using a low (4 μg/kg) or high (16 μg/kg) dose of fentanyl. Vaginal lavage samples were collected from female rats in the CPP study, and the estrous phase was determined based on the cytological characterization. RESULTS Female, but not male, rats showed elevated LMA in response to acute fentanyl and behavioral sensitization to repeated administration of fentanyl. Fentanyl produced significant CPP in both sexes, but it was more potent in males. Finally, our secondary investigation of the estrous cycle on fentanyl-CPP suggests that non-estrus phases, likely reflecting high estradiol, may predict the degree of fentanyl preference in females. CONCLUSIONS Fentanyl was more potent and/or effective to produce LMA and LMA sensitization in females but more potent to produce CPP in males. Furthermore, the role of sex in fentanyl responses varied across endpoints, and sex differences in LMA were not predictive of sex differences in CPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Gaulden
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI.,Translational Neuroscience Program, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Nicole Burson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Nareen Sadik
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI.,Research Services, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI
| | - Ishita Ghosh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Sabrina Khan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Susanne Brummelte
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI.,Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Srinivasu Kallakuri
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI.,Research Services, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI
| | - Shane A. Perrine
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI.,Translational Neuroscience Program, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI.,Research Services, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI
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4
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Monroe SC, Radke AK. Aversion-resistant fentanyl self-administration in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:699-710. [PMID: 33226446 PMCID: PMC7914171 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05722-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Animal models of compulsive drug use that continues despite negative consequences can be used to investigate the neural mechanisms of addiction. However, models of punished or aversion-resistant opioid self-administration are notably lacking. OBJECTIVES We sought to develop an aversion-resistant, oral fentanyl self-administration paradigm. METHODS In Experiment 1, C57BL/6J male and female, adult mice consumed fentanyl (10 μg/mL) in a two-bottle drinking in the dark task and escalating concentrations of quinine were added to the bottles. In Experiment 2, mice were trained to administer oral fentanyl (10 μg/mL) in an operant response task. Quinine was next added to the fentanyl solution in escalating concentrations. In Experiment 3, mice were trained to respond for oral fentanyl or fentanyl adulterated with 500 μM quinine on every session. In Experiment 4, mice were trained to respond for a 1% sucrose solution before introduction of quinine. RESULTS Quinine reduced two-bottle choice consumption in males but not in females. Both sexes demonstrated the ability to detect the selected concentrations of quinine in fentanyl. In the operant chamber, mice responded robustly for oral fentanyl but introduction of quinine at any stage of training was insufficient to reduce responding. In contrast, quinine reduced responding for sucrose at concentrations above 250 μM. CONCLUSIONS Mice will respond for and consume oral fentanyl in both a two-bottle choice and an operant response task. Quinine is detectable in fentanyl but mice will continue to respond for and consume fentanyl with quinine in both paradigms. These data support the use of these models in behavioral studies of compulsive-like opioid use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna K. Radke
- Correspondence to: Anna K. Radke, PhD, 90 N Patterson Ave, Oxford, OH, USA 45056,
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5
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Zhang M, Xu B, Li N, Liu H, Shi X, Zhang Q, Shi Y, Xu K, Xiao J, Chen D, Zhu H, Sun Y, Zhang T, Zhang R, Fang Q. Synthesis and Biological Characterization of Cyclic Disulfide-Containing Peptide Analogs of the Multifunctional Opioid/Neuropeptide FF Receptor Agonists That Produce Long-Lasting and Nontolerant Antinociception. J Med Chem 2020; 63:15709-15725. [PMID: 33271020 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In a previously described chimeric peptide, we reported that the multifunctional opioid/neuropeptide FF (NPFF) receptor agonist 0 (BN-9) produced antinociception for 1.5 h after supraspinal administration. Herein, four cyclic disulfide analogs containing l- and/or d-type cysteine at positions 2 and 5 were synthesized. The cyclized analogs and their linear counterparts behaved as multifunctional agonists at both opioid and NPFF receptors in vitro and produced potent analgesia without tolerance development. In comparison to 0, cyclized peptide 6 exhibited sevenfold more potent μ-opioid receptor agonistic activity in vitro. Interestingly, the cyclized analog 6 possessed an improved stability in the brain and an increased blood-brain barrier permeability compared to the parent peptide 0 and produced more potent analgesia after supraspinal or subcutaneous administration with improved duration of action of 4 h. In addition, antinociceptive tolerance of analog 6 was greatly reduced after subcutaneous injection compared to fentanyl, as was the rewarding effect, withdrawal reaction, and gastrointestinal inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengna Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Biao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Ning Li
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Xuerui Shi
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Qinqin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Yanbin Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Kangtai Xu
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Dan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Hanwen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Yulong Sun
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710000, PR China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Run Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Quan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, and Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
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6
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Nazarian A, Are D, Tenayuca JM. Acetaminophen modulation of hydrocodone reward in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 99:307-10. [PMID: 21600913 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Abuse of prescription opioid analgesics in non-medical context has been on the rise over the past decade. The most commonly abused analgesic in this drug class consists of a combined formulation of hydrocodone and acetaminophen. The present study was aimed to determine the rewarding effects of hydrocodone, acetaminophen, and their combination using the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. Using a 6-day CPP paradigm, rats were paired with hydrocodone (0.5, 1.0 or 5.0 mg/kg) or acetaminophen (50, 100 or 300 mg/kg) to determine whether the drugs given alone would produce a CPP. Rats conditioned with the highest dose of hydrocodone exhibited place preference, whereas rats conditioned with acetaminophen did not demonstrate place preference. In a second experiment, varying doses of hydrocodone and acetaminophen were combined to determine whether acetaminophen would enhance hydrocodone reward. Acetaminophen (100 mg/kg) enhanced the rewarding effects of hydrocodone (1mg/kg), although the effect was unique to this particular dose combination. Higher or lower doses of acetaminophen combined with hydrocodone did not alter hydrocodone CPP. The present findings suggest that acetaminophen has a limited potential of modulating the rewarding properties of hydrocodone in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arbi Nazarian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E. Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA.
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7
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Pain L, Oberling P, Mainsongeon M, Moulinoux JP, Simonnet G. Delayed aversive effects of high-dose fentanyl. Behav Brain Res 2008; 190:119-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2007] [Revised: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 02/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Vitale MA, Chen D, Kanarek RB. Chronic access to a sucrose solution enhances the development of conditioned place preferences for fentanyl and amphetamine in male Long-Evans rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2003; 74:529-39. [PMID: 12543216 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-3057(02)01034-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of palatable food and fluids alters the behavioral consequences of psychoactive drugs. To further investigate the effects of intake of palatable nutrients on the rewarding properties of these drugs, the effects of chronic intake of a sweet sucrose solution on the development of conditioned place preferences (CPP) to a mu-opioid agonist, fentanyl, and to a stimulant drug, amphetamine, were examined. Male Long-Evans rats consumed laboratory chow and water or chow, water, and a 32% sucrose solution. CPP testing was conducted in a three-chamber apparatus. In Experiment 1 (over four conditioning days), rats received saline, 0.004, or 0.016 mg/kg sc fentanyl citrate before being placed on the nonpreferred side of the apparatus and saline (subcutaneously) before being placed on the preferred side during a separate session on the same day. When given access to all three chambers, rats injected with 0.016 mg/kg fentanyl spent significantly more time on the drug-paired side than rats injected with saline. Furthermore, sucrose-fed rats displayed a significantly greater CPP than chow-fed rats. After conditioning, rats were tested for fentanyl-induced antinociception using the tail-flick test. Using a cumulative dose procedure, fentanyl (0.003, 0.010, 0.030, and 0.100 mg/kg sc) led to dose-dependent increases in tail-flick latencies. Rats fed with sucrose displayed significantly greater responses to fentanyl than those in the chow group. In Experiment 2, rats spent significantly more time on the drug-paired side of the CPP apparatus following injections of 0.33 or 1.0 mg/kg amphetamine than after saline injections. Additionally, following injection of 0.33 mg/kg amphetamine, sucrose-fed rats spent significantly more time on the drug-paired side of the chamber than chow-fed rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Vitale
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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9
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Abstract
This overview has attempted to highlight the brain regions associated with reward, and the pathways and neurotransmitters responsible for communication between these regions. Work conducted in this field has shown that stimulants and opioids, despite interactions with different receptor types and different neurotransmitter reuptake transporters, appear to share a common action on brain reward pathways. Their effects on these pathways (the distinct brain regions making up the mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic system) are predominantly mediated through changes in dopamine neurotransmission, and compounds aimed at selectively modulating these effects may form the basis of drugs to treat addiction. Other transmitters such as GABA, acetylcholine and serotonin inevitably have a role to play in reward, although at present the exact nature of their effects remains unclear. Diverging from manipulating the CNS directly as a management strategy for dependence, it might be possible to exploit the immune system to prevent administered psychostimulants penetrating the brain, but antibody saturation and specificity are problematic.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Deslandes
- Mechanisms of Drug Action Group, Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, UK
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10
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Tzschentke TM. Measuring reward with the conditioned place preference paradigm: a comprehensive review of drug effects, recent progress and new issues. Prog Neurobiol 1998; 56:613-72. [PMID: 9871940 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0082(98)00060-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 917] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review gives an overview of recent findings and developments in research on brain mechanisms of reward and reinforcement from studies using the place preference conditioning paradigm, with emphasis on those studies that have been published within the last decade. Methodological issues of the paradigm (such as design of the conditioning apparatus, biased vs unbiased conditioning, state dependency effects) are discussed. Results from studies using systemic and local (intracranial) drug administration, natural reinforcers, and non-drug treatments and from studies examining the effects of lesions are presented. Papers reporting on conditioned place aversion (CPA) experiments are also included. A special emphasis is put on the issue of tolerance and sensitization to the rewarding properties of drugs. Transmitter systems that have been investigated with respect to their involvement in brain reward mechanisms include dopamine, opioids, acetylcholine, GABA, serotonin, glutamate, substance P, and cholecystokinin, the motivational significance of which has been examined either directly, by using respective agonist or antagonist drugs, or indirectly, by studying the effects of these drugs on the reward induced by other drugs. For a number of these transmitters, detailed studies have been conducted to delineate the receptor subtype(s) responsible for the mediation of the observed drug effects, particularly in the case of dopamine, the opioids, serotonin and glutamate. Brain sites that have been implicated in the mediation of drug-induced place conditioning include the 'traditional' brain reward sites, ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens, but the medial prefrontal cortex, ventral pallidum, amygdala and the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus have also been shown to play important roles in the mediation of place conditioning induced by drugs or natural reinforcers. Thus, although the paradigm has also been criticized because of some inherent methodological problems, it is clear that during the past decade place preference conditioning has become a valuable and firmly established and very widely used tool in behavioural pharmacology and addiction research.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Tzschentke
- Department of Neuropharmacology, University of Tübingen, Germany.
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11
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Bespalov AY, Zvartau EE. Intraaccumbens administration of NMDA receptor antagonist (+/-)-CPP prevents locomotor activation conditioned by morphine and amphetamine in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1996; 55:203-7. [PMID: 8951955 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-3057(96)00065-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In the present experiments the influence of NMDA receptor antagonist (+/-)-CPP on morphine- and amphetamine-conditioned activation of locomotor activity was studied in rats chronically implanted with bilateral cannulas in the nucleus accumbens septi. Animals were conditioned by pairing subcutaneous injections of morphine (3.0 mg/kg), amphetamine (1.5 mg/kg), or saline with a distinctive environment. Following the five drug-environment pairings, rats displayed significant increase in locomotion when exposed to the drug-paired environment. The expression of this conditioned response was completely prevented by the bilateral intraaccumbens pretreatment with (+/-)-CPP (1.0, but not 0.1 or 0.3 microgram/ microliter/side). These findings suggest that the locomotor hyperactivity conditioned by morphine and amphetamine involves the activation of NMDA receptors within the nucleus accumbens.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Bespalov
- Department of Pharmacology, Pavlov Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
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12
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Abstract
Appetitive instrumental discrimination learning procedures provide for CAM (cue and manipulandum) when the reward cue (discriminative stimulus positively correlated with positive reinforcement) is located at the response manipulandum (object that when contacted or manipulated defines the performance of the instrumental response). Evidence reviewed shows that CAM induces excessive and compulsive instrumental responding relative to otherwise comparable non-CAM control procedures. In humans, symptoms of drug abuse are particularly likely when the drug-taking implement (response manipulandum at which instrumental drug-taking is directed) is also predictive of the drug's rewarding effects (reward cue). Evidence that the predictive relationship between a drug-taking implement and drug reward relates to drug abuse is reviewed, and implications for treatment and prevention are considered. CAM is related to neurobiological models of drug abuse that emphasize the role of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA). CAM produces convergence of DA-mediated responding for conditioned reinforcement with DA mediation of psychomotor activation and incentive-motivational processes to yield reflexive cue-directed responding not observed in non-CAM controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tomie
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
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13
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Schechter MD, Calcagnetti DJ. Trends in place preference conditioning with a cross-indexed bibliography; 1957-1991. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1993; 17:21-41. [PMID: 8455815 DOI: 10.1016/s0149-7634(05)80228-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this work is to present a perspective of the conditioned place preference (CPP) test by offering an overview of the empirical research from 1957-1991. The intent is not to extensively analyze the controversies inherent to any behavioral technique but rather to present a survey of research using a descriptive statistics approach to explore topical issues. The objectives of this work are three-fold: (a) to provide an exhaustive bibliography of the CPP literature including articles, journal abstracts, book chapters and critical reviews; (b) to provide a cross-index of identified key words/drugs tested; and (c) to give an overview of selected procedural issues underlying CPP testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Schechter
- Department of Pharmacology, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Rootstown 44272-9989
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14
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Brown EE, Fibiger HC. Differential effects of excitotoxic lesions of the amygdala on cocaine-induced conditioned locomotion and conditioned place preference. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1993; 113:123-30. [PMID: 7862818 DOI: 10.1007/bf02244344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The reinforcing properties of cocaine can readily become associated with salient environmental stimuli that acquire secondary reinforcing properties. This type of classical conditioning is of considerable clinical relevance, as intense drug craving can be evoked by the presentation of stimuli previously associated with the effects of cocaine. Given the large body of evidence that implicates the amygdaloid complex in the learning of stimulus-reward associations, the present experiments examined the effects of quinolinic acid lesions of the amygdala on cocaine-induced conditional locomotion and conditioned place preference (CPP). Destruction of the amygdala did not affect basal or cocaine-induced locomotion, suggesting that the amygdala does not mediate the unconditioned psychomotor stimulant effects of this drug. Preconditioning lesions also failed to affect cocaine-induced conditional locomotion. Specifically, exposure of both lesioned and non-lesioned rats to a cocaine-paired environment produced significant conditional increases in locomotion. This lack of effect was contrasted by a complete blockade of cocaine-induced CPP by the amygdaloid lesions. These data demonstrate that cocaine-induced stimulus-reward conditioning can be differentially affected by lesions of the amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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15
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Brown EE, Fibiger HC. Cocaine-induced conditioned locomotion: absence of associated increases in dopamine release. Neuroscience 1992; 48:621-9. [PMID: 1603333 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(92)90406-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The potent reinforcing effects of cocaine can readily become associated with salient environmental stimuli that acquire secondary reinforcing properties. This phenomenon is of considerable significance as intense craving can be evoked by stimuli previously associated with the effects of cocaine. It has been proposed that the reinforcing properties of these conditional stimuli are due to their ability to elicit neural events that are similar to those produced by the drug itself. Given the large body of evidence that implicates the mesolimbic dopaminergic projection in the unconditioned behavioural properties of cocaine, the present study used in vivo microdialysis to determine whether stimuli paired with cocaine elicit increases in interstitial dopamine in the nucleus accumbens that are similar to the unconditioned effects of this drug. When administered acutely, cocaine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) produced a potent unconditioned increase in interstitial dopamine concentrations (300% of basal values) in the nucleus accumbens. The results from two separate experiments indicate that the administration of cocaine (10 mg/kg for seven days) in association with a specific environment produced significant locomotion in that environment. Compared to subjects that received saline in both settings, rats that received cocaine in their home cage (pseudoconditioned group) did not exhibit increased locomotion on the test day. Although repeated pairing of cocaine with a specific environment produced conditioned locomotion, there was no concomitant conditional increase in dopamine release. Specifically, the modest increase in dopamine (10-15% above basal values) observed after exposure to the conditional environment was equal in the conditioned and pseudoconditioned groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Sala M, Braida D, Calcaterra P, Leone MP, Gori E. Dose-dependent conditioned place preference produced by etonitazene and morphine. Eur J Pharmacol 1992; 217:37-41. [PMID: 1356799 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(92)90508-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm was used to study the reinforcing properties of etonitazene in comparison with those of morphine. Increasing doses of etonitazene (2.5-15 micrograms/kg i.p.) and morphine (1-80 mg/kg i.p.) induced a dose-dependent CPP. High doses of etonitazene (25-40 micrograms/kg) did not elicit CPP. In addition, these reinforcing properties were related to behavioral modifications such as analgesia, assessed with the tail-flick method, and increased catalepsy, evaluated by a scoring system. It is concluded that neither the strong behavioral effects induced by etonitazene nor tolerance to such effects account for the results. These findings are discussed with regard to the possibility that etonitazene could interfere with associative learning motivated by reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sala
- Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
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Abstract
The place conditioning paradigm has proven successful in identifying the neural mechanisms of drug reinforcement. Two classes of drugs, opiates and psychomotor stimulants, have received the most study, and in each case an important role for DA neurons of the mesolimbic system has been established. Moreover, both receptor subtypes, D1 and D2, appear to be involved. Despite this progress, the substrates of drug reward are not completely understood. First, a role for DA has not been established for all stimulants: DA receptor blockade failed to affect conditioned place preferences produced by the stimulants methylphenidate, nomifensine, or bupropion. Second, preliminary evidence suggests that intact serotonergic transmission is important in morphine place conditioning, but a similar consistent finding has not been observed with amphetamine place conditioning. Further study may reveal an interesting dissociation of serotonin's role in the rewarding effects of psychomotor stimulants and opiates. Finally, the role of the opiate receptor subtype kappa is not known; also, the significance of the several anatomical sites that support opiate place conditioning remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Hoffman
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec
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