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Martin PR, Buchner D, Jochmann MA, Haderlein SB. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction as a novel enrichment approach for compound-specific carbon isotope analysis of chlorinated phenols. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:919-929. [PMID: 38258526 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01981k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) via gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-IRMS) is a potent tool to elucidate the fate of (semi-)volatile organic contaminants in technical and environmental systems. Yet, due to the comparatively low sensitivity of IRMS, an enrichment step prior to analysis often is inevitable. A promising approach for fast as well as economic analyte extraction and preconcentration prior to CSIA is dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) - a well-established technique in concentration analysis of contaminants from aqueous samples. Here, we present and evaluate the first DLLME method for GC-IRMS exemplified by the analysis of chlorinated phenols (4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol) as model compounds. The analytes were simultaneously acetylated with acetic anhydride and extracted from the aqueous phase using a binary solvent mixture of acetone and tetrachloroethylene. With this method, reproducible δ13C values were achieved with errors ≤ 0.6‰ (n = 3) for aqueous concentrations down to 100 μg L-1. With preconcentration factors between 130 and 220, the method outperformed conventional liquid-liquid extraction in terms of sample preparation time and resource consumption with comparable reproducibility. Furthermore, we have demonstrated the suitability of the method (i) for the extraction of the analytes from a spiked river water sample and (ii) to quantify kinetic carbon isotope effect for 2,4,6-trichlorophenol during reduction with zero-valent zinc in a laboratory batch experiment. The presented work shows for the first time the potential of DLLME for analyte enrichment prior to CSIA and paves the way for further developments, such as the extraction of other compounds or scaling up to larger sample volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp R Martin
- Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 94-96, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Daniel Buchner
- Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 94-96, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Maik A Jochmann
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, D-45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Stefan B Haderlein
- Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 94-96, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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2
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Multivariate statistical comparison of analytical procedures for benzene and phenol determination with respect to their environmental impact. Talanta 2014; 130:449-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Bendig P, Lehnert K, Vetter W. Quantification of bromophenols in Islay whiskies. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:2767-2771. [PMID: 24605764 DOI: 10.1021/jf405006e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Two single malt whiskies from the Scottish island Islay, i.e., Laphroiag and Lagavulin, are characterized by an iodine-like flavor associated with marine environments. In this study we investigated if this flavor impression could be due to bromophenols which are character impact compounds of marine fish and shrimps. In this study we developed a method suited for the determination of dibromo- and tribromophenols in whisky. Aliquots were O-acetylated, and quantification was carried out with gas chromatography with electron-capture negative ion mass spectrometry (GC/ECNI-MS). Both Islay whiskies contained more than 400 ng/L bromophenols with 2,6-dibromophenol being the most relevant homologue (>300 ng/L, respectively). These concentrations are at least 1 order of magnitude higher than the taste threshold of 2,6-dibromophenol in water. A third Islay whisky, Bowmore, contained ∼100 ng/L bromophenols while seventeen other whiskies from other regions in Scotland as well as from the USA, Ireland, and Germany contained at least 1 order of magnitude less than the two whiskies with the marine taste. Accordingly, bromophenols may contribute to the marine flavor and taste of Laphroaig and Lagavulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Bendig
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim , Garbenstrasse 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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5
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Magi E, Di Carro M, Liscio C. Passive sampling and stir bar sorptive extraction for the determination of endocrine-disrupting compounds in water by GC-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:1335-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3656-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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6
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Sun L, Liu Y, Chu X, Lin JM. Trace Analysis of Fifteen Androgens in Environmental Waters by LC-ESI-MS-MS Combined with Solid-Phase Disk Extraction Cleanup. Chromatographia 2010. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-010-1542-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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7
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Sun L, Yong W, Chu X, Lin JM. Simultaneous determination of 15 steroidal oral contraceptives in water using solid-phase disk extraction followed by high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:5416-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2009] [Revised: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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He Y, Lee HK. Enrichment of Nitrophenols in Water by Off- and On-Column Concentration for Capillary Electrophoresis. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079808005854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. He
- a Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore Kent Ridge Crescent , Singapore, 119260, Republic of Singapore
| | - H. K. Lee
- a Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore Kent Ridge Crescent , Singapore, 119260, Republic of Singapore
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Blythe JW, Heitz A, Joll CA, Kagi RI. Determination of trace concentrations of bromophenols in water using purge-and-trap after in situ acetylation. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1102:73-83. [PMID: 16266708 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2005] [Revised: 10/18/2005] [Accepted: 10/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An analytical method that enables detection and quantification of bromophenols (BPs) at taste threshold concentrations (2,6-DBP: 0.5 ng/L) was developed. This method involves conversion of the BPs to their acetates, followed by isolation of the acetates by a modified purge-and-trap procedure, and analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Bromophenyl acetates were synthesized so that each of the two steps in the method could be developed and optimised in isolation to the other. Deuterated BPs (phenol-d5, 2-BP-d4, 4-BP-d2, 2,6-DBP-d3, 2,4-DBP-d3 and 2,4,6-TBP-d2) were synthesized to enable quantification of analytes using the deuterated analogues of analytes as internal standards. This method allowed quantification of BPs at concentrations ranging from the detection limits (3 ng/L for phenol and 0.1-0.5 ng/L for each of the BPs) to 1000 ng/L for each analyte, with repeatabilities of < or =14% (RSD) for concentrations of 1 ng/L and < or =9% (RSD) for concentrations of 10-1000 ng/L, with recoveries ranging from 91 to 97%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin W Blythe
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Centre for Applied Organic Geochemistry, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Australia
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Itoh N, Tao H, Ibusuki T. Optimization of aqueous acetylation for determination of hydroxy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water by stir bar sorptive extraction and thermal desorption–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Carabias-Martínez R, Rodríguez-Gonzalo E, Revilla-Ruiz P. Determination of weakly acidic endocrine-disrupting compounds by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry with post-column base addition. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1056:131-8. [PMID: 15595542 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.06.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive analytical method based on liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) has been developed for the determination of seven endocrine-disrupting compounds: 4-n-nonylphenol (NP), 4-tert-butylphenol (t-BP), bisphenol A (BPA), 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP), 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (TCP), pentachlorophenol (PCP) and 4-tert-butylbenzoic acid (BBA) in water samples. To achieve a good LC separation, acidification of the LC mobile phase was necessary, but this led to MS signal suppression for the less acidic compounds. In order to enhance the sensitivity for these analytes, post-column addition of different bases such as ammonia, trimethylamine, and 1,8-diazabicyclo-(5,4,0)undec-7-en (DBU) was evaluated. The post-column addition of base is proposed here to raise effluent pH, helping in the ionisation process of the compounds with higher pKa values (t-BP, BPA, DCP and NP). The use of DBU, diluted in MeOH, proved to be the most efficient post-column reagent for enhancing the MS signal. The signal-to-noise ratios for t-BP and NP increased by more than 200-fold and 35-fold, respectively, whereas for DCP and BPA an increase of about 10-fold was achieved. This strategy permitted direct determination of the seven compounds at low ppb levels. For application to real water samples, an extraction and preconcentration step using the solid-phase extraction (SPE) technique was carried out. The applicability of three solid-phase materials--Bond Elut C18, and two polymeric sorbents: LiChrolut EN and Oasis HLB--and the optimization of other SPE parameters such as the elution solvent and sample volume used, were studied in order to maximize extraction efficiency. Oasis HLB provided the best results, obtaining--with the proposed SPE procedure--satisfactory percentage recoveries for all compounds (70-110%) with the exception of NP, for which a recovery of 54% was achieved. Application of the whole method, SPE-LC-(ESI)-MS, to natural waters permitted low nanogram-per-liter determination of all seven compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Carabias-Martínez
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza de la Merced s/n, 37008 Salamanca, Spain.
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12
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Basheer C, Lee HK. Analysis of endocrine disrupting alkylphenols, chlorophenols and bisphenol-A using hollow fiber-protected liquid-phase microextraction coupled with injection port-derivatization gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1057:163-9. [PMID: 15584235 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to determine alkylphenols (APs), chlorophenols (CPs) and bisphenol-A (BPA) in aqueous samples. APs, CPs and BPA are highly polar compounds and need to be derivatized before analysis by GC-MS. In this work, they were derivatized in the GC injection port with bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA). The analytes were extracted directly from 5 ml of sample solution using 5 microl of organic solvent though a porous polypropylene hollow fiber. The hollow fiber, filled with an immiscible organic solvent (ca. 5 microl), was immersed in the sample solution which was stirred during the 30-min extraction. An aliquot (2 microl) of the extract and 2 microl of BSTFA were then consecutively injected into the GC injection port. Extraction parameters such as extraction time, pH of sample, concentration of salt added, and stirring rate were optimised. The proposed LPME provided a good average enrichment factor of up to 162-fold, reproducibility ranging from 5.9 to 13.9% (n = 4), and good linearity (r2 = 0.995) for spiked water samples. The limits of detection (LODs) ranged between 0.005 and 0.015 microgl(-1) (S/N = 3) using GC-MS with selective ion monitoring and limits of quantification were in the range of 0.012-0.026 microg l(-1). A comparative study was performed between LPME, headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE). The results obtained suggested that hollow fiber LPME was a rapid, simple and efficient technique for APs, CPs and BPA, and provided a good alternative to SPME and LLE. Finally, the proposed method was applied to monitor Singapore coastal water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanbasha Basheer
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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Martínez-Uruñuela A, González-Sáiz JM, Pizarro C. Optimisation of the derivatisation reaction and subsequent headspace solid-phase microextraction method for the direct determination of chlorophenols in red wine. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1048:141-51. [PMID: 15481251 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An acetylation reaction for the derivatisation of the three chlorophenols involved in cork taint was optimised using a Doehlert design for direct application in wine samples. In this first step, the optimum reaction pH, by adding different amounts of KHCO3, and the required quantity of derivatisation reagent were fixed. Then a series of parameters relevant for the headspace solid-phase microextraction process, such as desorption conditions, salt addition and agitation sample were evaluated. A simultaneous study of the type of fibre and extraction temperature was performed at five levels and based on the results obtained the rest of factors (sample volume and exposition time) that could potentially affect the extraction yields were optimised by a central composite design. According to the validation of the method, we propose here, to our knowledge, the first application of solid-phase microextraction for the direct analysis of chlorophenols in red wine samples.
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15
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Reitzel LA, Ledin A. Determination of phenols in landfill leachate-contaminated groundwaters by solid-phase extraction. J Chromatogr A 2002; 972:175-82. [PMID: 12416875 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01098-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A solid-phase extraction method for phenols in landfill leachates was developed and optimized in order to solve the expected and observed problems associated with an anaerobic matrix containing high concentrations of salts and organic matter. Isolute ENV+ cartridges exhibited the best retention of phenols of the four sorbents examined, and was the only cartridge which a 1 L leachate sample could pass through. With the other cartridges, clogging made this impossible. The final method, which included 27 different phenols, gave detection limits of <0.1 microg/L (drinking water concentration limit for pesticides) for most phenols (25), and for 12 phenols <0.01 microg/L. Recovery rates (determined for four concentrations in the range 1-25 microg/L, two replicates of each) were in the range 79-104% (SD 1-12%), except for phenol (26+/-1.3%) and 2-methoxyphenol (62+/-4.2%). Up to 12 different phenols could be identified in leachates from three Danish landfills, ranging in concentration from 0.01 to 29 microg/L, which is at the lower end of the concentration range usually found for phenols in landfill leachates (sub-microg/L to mg/L).
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16
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Campíns-Falcó P, Herráez-Hernández R, Goeritz M, Monzie I. COMPARATIVE STUDY OF C 18- AND STYRENE-DIVINYLBENZENE-BASED SORBENTS FOR THE ENRICHMENT OF PHENOLS FROM WATER. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2001. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100103448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Campíns-Falcó
- a Universidad de Valencia , Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Doctor Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - R. Herráez-Hernández
- a Universidad de Valencia , Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Doctor Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - M. Goeritz
- a Universidad de Valencia , Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Doctor Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - I. Monzie
- a Universidad de Valencia , Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Doctor Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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Alberici RM, Sparrapan R, Jardim WF, Eberlin MN. Selective trace level analysis of phenolic compounds in water by flow injection analysis--membrane introduction mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2001; 35:2084-2088. [PMID: 11393991 DOI: 10.1021/es001814i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Flow injection analysis coupled with membrane introduction mass spectrometry (FIA-MIMS) with on-line derivatization is shown to allow fast, accurate, nearly interference-free, and sensitive (low microgram/L) quantitation of phenolic compounds in water. On-line FIA derivatization of the phenolic compounds is performed by acetic anhydride acetylation in a K2CO3-buffered alkaline medium. The phenol acetates so formed efficiently permeate a silicone membrane and are directly transferred to the mass spectrometer, in which they are analyzed with selectivity and high sensitivity via selected ion monitoring. FIA-MIMS analysis was performed for aqueous solutions of phenol, 2-methylphenol, 4-chlorophenol, 4-chloro-3-methylphenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, and detection limits in the 0.5-20 micrograms/L (ppb) range were observed for an analytical frequency of six samples/h. FIA-MIMS for phenolic compound analysis is considerably less time-consuming and labor intensive than most chromatographic methods based on liquid-liquid extraction and preconcentration procedures and is therefore applicable for on-line and in-situ monitoring of phenols in wastewaters and in the environment. FIA-MIMS employing acetic anhydride derivatization is also virtually free of interferences since it combines chemical, membrane, and enhanced MS selectivity; hence quantitation of phenolic compounds can be performed in the presence of congeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Alberici
- Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, CP 6154, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Chapter 6 Phenols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-7192(01)80009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
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Wissiack R, Rosenberg E, Grasserbauer M. Comparison of different sorbent materials for on-line solid-phase extraction with liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry of phenols. J Chromatogr A 2000; 896:159-70. [PMID: 11093651 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00730-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
On-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) was interfaced to liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-APCI-MS) for the determination of US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) phenols. The system, allowing fully automated operation, was used to evaluate different SPE cartridge materials and dimensions. Six different SPE materials (C18 HD, Polymer Labs PLRP-s, Hamilton PRP-1, Hysphere GP, Hysphere SH and Waters Oasis) were tested. Criteria for their comparison were first the recovery for the different phenols and its reproducibility, but also chromatographically relevant items like peakshape in the on-line elution mode. High recoveries and good relative standard deviations were obtained particularly for the newer, strongly retaining SPE materials that have become commercially available recently (the Hysphere materials and Waters Oasis) compared to the well known silica-based and weaker polymeric adsorbents like PLRP-s and PRP-1. These advantages are, however, traded in for good chromatographic peakshape, since the stronger adsorbents give rise to notable peak broadening in on-line elution. This is particularly true when using APCI-MS detection which on the one hand offers excellent selectivity and sensitivity, but imposes additional restrictions on the mobile phase composition in order not to suppress the response significantly. The influence of these parameters on the on-line-SPE-HPLC-MS determination of EPA phenols is discussed and present limitations are pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wissiack
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Austria
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Abstract
Sample preparation for phenol analysis using solid-phase extraction (SPE) is reviewed. The scope of the review has been restricted to the literature dealing with the analysis of phenols as the main objective. The use, advantages and disadvantages of silica sorbents, polymeric, functionalized, carbon-based and mixed available sorbents, when applied to the separation and preconcentration of phenols, as well as the available experimental devices, are discussed. Other aspects such as phenol derivatisation prior to SPE, solid-phase microextraction, matrix effects and the storage of phenols in SPE cartridges, have been also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Bolz U, Körner W, Hagenmaier H. Development and validation of a GC/MS method for determination of phenolic xenoestrogens in aquatic samples. CHEMOSPHERE 2000; 40:929-935. [PMID: 10739028 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(99)00335-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive GC/MS method for the quantitative determination of the estrogenic phenolic compounds 4-nonylphenol, 4-t-octylphenol, bisphenol A, 3-t-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, 2-t-butyl-4-methylphenol, 4-hydroxybiphenyl, 2-hydroxybiphenyl, 4-chloro-3-methylphenol, and 4-chloro-2-methylphenol in aquatic samples was developed. The method for assessing their occurrence in sewage, surface and drinking waters consists of solid phase extraction (SPE) using a polystyrene copolymer phase. After methylation of the extract HRGC/LRMS analysis was possible without any clean up, even in raw sewage samples. Limits of detection and determination were between <0.01 and 0.05 ng/l and 0.01 and 0.05 ng/l, respectively. Recoveries were above 70% with exception of 3-t-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Bolz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Germany
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NARITA M, OGAWA N, HAMADA F. Fluorescence Molecular Sensing for Endocrine-disrupting Chemicals and Their Analogues Based on Dansyl or Anthranilate Modified .BETA.- and .GAMMA.-Cyclodextrins. ANAL SCI 2000. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.16.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki NARITA
- Department of Materials-process Engineering and Applied Chemistry for Environments, Faculty of Engineering and Resource Science, Akita University
| | - Nobuaki OGAWA
- Department of Materials-process Engineering and Applied Chemistry for Environments, Faculty of Engineering and Resource Science, Akita University
| | - Fumio HAMADA
- Department of Materials-process Engineering and Applied Chemistry for Environments, Faculty of Engineering and Resource Science, Akita University
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NARITA M, OGAWA N, HAMADA F. Fluorescent Molecular Recognition for Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Their Analogs by Fluorescent Hetero-Modified Cyclodextrins. ANAL SCI 2000. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.16.701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki NARITA
- Department of Materials-process Engineering and Applied Chemistry for Environments, Faculty of Engineering and Resource Science, Akita University
| | - Nobuaki OGAWA
- Department of Materials-process Engineering and Applied Chemistry for Environments, Faculty of Engineering and Resource Science, Akita University
| | - Fumio HAMADA
- Department of Materials-process Engineering and Applied Chemistry for Environments, Faculty of Engineering and Resource Science, Akita University
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Duczmal Ł, Sobczyński A. Photocatalytic water purification: Destruction of resorcinol by irradiated titania. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02475803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Baltussen E, David F, Sandra P, Janssen HG, Cramers C. Automated sorptive extraction-thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis: Determination of phenols in water samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-667x(1999)11:6<471::aid-mcs9>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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26
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Toribio L, del Nozal MJ, Bernal JL, Jiménez JJ, Serna ML. Packed-column supercritical fluid chromatography coupled with solid-phase extraction for the determination of organic microcontaminants in water. J Chromatogr A 1998; 823:163-70. [PMID: 9818402 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00300-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A multiresidue method for the analysis of 35 common contaminants (including pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phenols) in lough and river waters from Castilla y León Spanish region, by using supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) with five silica packed columns, is described. In order to decrease the detection limits, a preconcentration step by coupling solid-phase extraction to the SFC system was used. The different variables affecting the extraction procedure were studied and optimized, selecting the Isolute Env+ as the best sorbent. The detection limits achieved ranged from 0.4 to 2.6 micrograms l-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Toribio
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, Spain
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Wang Y, Kee Lee H. Determination of chlorobenzenes in water by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1998; 803:219-25. [PMID: 9604332 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)01252-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A method is described which permits the trace analysis of 10 chlorobenzenes in aqueous samples. Chlorobenzenes were extracted from water samples by solid-phase extraction with a C18 cartridge and analysis was carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the selected-ion monitoring mode. The recovery and precision of the method were evaluated by extraction of spiked reagent-grade water at concentration levels of 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 micrograms/l. This method was applied to the determination of chlorobenzenes in tap, ground and river water. By preparing 200 ml of environmental water samples, the detection limits of the compounds studied were in the range of 0.010-0.042 microgram/l.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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28
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Rodríguez I, Mejuto MC, Bollaín MH, Cela R. Evaluation of two solid-phase extraction procedures for the preconcentration of chlorophenols in drinking water. J Chromatogr A 1997; 786:285-92. [PMID: 9408989 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00579-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Two off-line concentration procedures for the determination of sixteen chlorophenols in drinking water were developed. One involves acetylation of the samples and their subsequent preconcentration over graphitized carbon black cartridges. In the other, chlorophenols are derivatized following preconcentration over cross-linked styrene-divinylbenzene. The two proposed procedures are compared in terms of chlorophenol recoveries, throughput and breakthrough volume of the cartridges. The acetylated derivatives of chlorophenols are determined highly selectively at the concentration levels established by international legislation using gas chromatography in combination with microwave induced plasma atomic emission spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Castillo M, Domingues R, Alpendurada M, Barceló D. Persistence of selected pesticides and their phenolic transformation products in natural waters using off-line liquid solid extraction followed by liquid chromatographic techniques. Anal Chim Acta 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(97)00353-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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31
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Louter AJH, Jones PA, Jorritsma JD, Vreuls JJ, Brinkman UAT. Automated derivatization for on-line solid-phase extraction-gas chromatography; phenolic compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240200704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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32
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Automatic preconcentration of chlorophenols and gas chromatographic determination with electron capture detection. Chromatographia 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02292980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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