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Fournier CS, McPhee S, Amboko JD, Detwiler KM. Camera Traps Uncover the Behavioral Ecology of an Endemic, Cryptic Monkey Species in the Congo Basin. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1819. [PMID: 37889712 PMCID: PMC10252051 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Guenons are the most diverse clade of African primates, and many species living within the core of the Congo Basin rainforest are still understudied. The recently described guenon species, Cercopithecus lomamiensis, known as lesula, is a cryptic, semi-terrestrial species endemic to the central Congo Basin in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The recent IUCN Red List Assessment recognizes lesula's risk of extinction in the wild as Vulnerable. The objective of our study was to use camera traps to expand knowledge on the behavioral ecology of lesula. We conducted three systematic, terrestrial camera trap (CT) surveys within Lomami National Park and buffer zone (Okulu: 2013; Losekola: 2014; E15: 2015). We accumulated 598 independent events of lesula over 5960 CT days from 92 CTs. Typical of Cercopithecus species, camera trap videos reveal that lesula has a diurnal activity pattern, birth seasonality, a group size of up to 32 individuals, and social organization with female philopatry and male dispersal. Results also suggest that lesula are highly terrestrial, distinguishing them from other Cercopithecus species, which are mostly arboreal. Our study provides new information about the behavioral ecology of this little-studied primate, generating species-specific knowledge of a threatened species for successful conservation planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene S. Fournier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Steven McPhee
- Department of Anthropology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Junior D. Amboko
- Department of Anthropology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Kate M. Detwiler
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
- Department of Anthropology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
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Breeding Seasonality in Female Vervet Monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) Living in an Anthropogenic Landscape. INT J PRIMATOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-022-00313-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Capitanio JP, Sommet N, Del Rosso L. The relationship of maternal rank, 5-HTTLPR genotype, and MAOA-LPR genotype to temperament in infant rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Am J Primatol 2022; 84:e23374. [PMID: 35322905 PMCID: PMC10461592 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Temperament is a construct whose manifestations are quantifiable from an early age, and whose origins have been proposed as "biological." Our goal was to determine whether maternal rank and infant genotype are associated with five measures of temperament in 3- to 4-month old rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), all of whom were born and reared by their mothers in large, outdoor, half-acre cages. Maternal rank was defined as the proportion of animals outranked by each female, and the two genes of interest to us were monoamine oxidase and serotonin transporter, both of which are polymorphic in their promoter regions (MAOA-LPR and 5-HTTLPR, respectively), with one allele of each gene considered a "plasticity" allele, conferring increased sensitivity to environmental events. Our large sample size (n = 2014-3140) enabled us to examine the effects of individual genotypes rather than combining genotypes as is often done. Rank was positively associated with Confident temperament, but only for animals with the 5-repeat allele for MAOA-LPR. Rank had no other effect on temperament. In contrast, genotype had many different effects, with 5-HTTLPR associated with behavioral inhibition, and MAOA-LPR associated with ratings-based measures of temperament. We also examined the joint effect of the two genotypes and found some evidence for a dose-response: animals with the plasticity alleles for both genes were more likely to be behaviorally inhibited. Our results suggest phenotypic differences between animals possessing alleles for MAOA-LPR that show functional equivalence based on in vitro tests, and our data for 5-HTTLPR revealed differences between short/short homozygotes and long/short heterozygotes, strongly suggesting that combining genotypes for statistical analysis should be avoided if possible. Our analysis also provides evidence of sex differences in temperament, and, to our knowledge, the only evidence of differences in temperament based on specific pathogen-free status. We suggest several directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P. Capitanio
- Neuroscience and Behavior Unit, California National Primate Research CenterUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Nicolas Sommet
- LIVES Center, Faculty of Social and Political SciencesUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Laura Del Rosso
- Neuroscience and Behavior Unit, California National Primate Research CenterUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
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Malcangi S, Lam C, Sam A, León C, Ramírez-Estrada J, Bauer CM. Post-natal maternal stress decreases locomotor play behaviors in Octodon degus pups. J ETHOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10164-020-00642-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Amici F, Kulik L, Langos D, Widdig A. Growing into adulthood—a review on sex differences in the development of sociality across macaques. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-018-2623-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Koch F, Ganzhorn JU, Rothman JM, Chapman CA, Fichtel C. Sex and seasonal differences in diet and nutrient intake in Verreaux's sifakas (Propithecus verreauxi). Am J Primatol 2017; 79:1-10. [PMID: 27781287 PMCID: PMC6174962 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Fluctuations in food availability are a major challenge faced by primates living in seasonal climates. Variation in food availability can be especially challenging for females, because of the high energetic costs of reproduction. Therefore, females must adapt the particular demands of the different reproductive stages to the seasonal availability of resources. Madagascar has a highly seasonal climate, where food availability can be extremely variable. We investigated the seasonal changes in diet composition, nutrient and energy intake of female and male sifakas (Propithecus verreauxi) in a dry deciduous forest in western Madagascar. We examined how females adjust their diet to different reproductive stages. Seasonality affected the diet of both sexes; particularly in the dry season (Apr-Oct) with low availability of food items, especially fruits, males and females had a reduced nutrient and energy intake compared to the wet season (Nov-Mar) with higher food and fruit availability. The comparison of the diet between sexes in different reproductive stages showed that during the late stage of lactation (Nov-Jan) females had higher food intake, and as a result they had a higher intake of macronutrients (crude protein, fat and non-structured carbohydrates (TNC)) and energy than males. These differences were not present during the pregnancy of females, with both sexes having similar intake of macronutrients and energy during that stage. The increase in the intake of macronutrients observed for females during late lactation could be related to the higher energetic demands of this stage of reproduction. Thus, the observed pattern in the diet indicates that sifaka females are following a capital breeding strategy, whereby females potentially store enough nutrients to cope with the reproduction costs in periods of low food availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Koch
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology UnitGerman Primate CenterGöttingenGermany
| | - Joerg U. Ganzhorn
- Department of Animal Ecology and ConservationUniversity of HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Jessica M. Rothman
- Department of AnthropologyHunter College of the City University of New YorkNew York
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary PrimatologyNew York
| | - Colin A. Chapman
- Department of Anthropology, McGill School of EnvironmentMcGill UniversityMontrealQuébecCanada
| | - Claudia Fichtel
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology UnitGerman Primate CenterGöttingenGermany
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Burgess ML, Schmitt D, Zeininger A, McFarlin SC, Zihlman AL, Polk JD, Ruff CB. Ontogenetic scaling of fore limb and hind limb joint posture and limb bone cross-sectional geometry in vervets and baboons. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2016; 161:72-83. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Loring Burgess
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore MD
| | - Daniel Schmitt
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology; Duke University; Durham NC
| | - Angel Zeininger
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology; Duke University; Durham NC
| | - Shannon C. McFarlin
- Department of Anthropology; Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, the George Washington University; Washington DC
| | | | - John D. Polk
- Department of Anthropology; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana IL
| | - Christopher B. Ruff
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore MD
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Volampeno MSN, Masters JC, Downs CT. Life history traits, maternal behavior and infant development of blue-eyed black lemurs (Eulemur flavifrons). Am J Primatol 2011; 73:474-84. [PMID: 21254191 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
An understanding of recruitment is important for estimating population growth and viability, and their implications for conservation. We present the first results regarding the life history, maternal behavior and infant development of the critically endangered blue-eyed black lemur (Eulemur flavifrons) of Madagascar. The species breeds seasonally, with births occurring at the end of the dry season, between late August and October. Over two successive birth seasons in 2006 and 2007, we observed a total of 13 lactating females and 22 infants from six groups. We inferred age at first reproduction as 3 years, and calculated the birth rate as 1.0 infant per female per year with a mean inter-birth interval of 358 ± 24.81 days (319-410 days). Infants spent the first 3 weeks of life constantly with their mothers; locomotor independence and ingestion of solid food began at week 10, and the infants were weaned by week 25. After week 28, infants spent less than 20% of their time in contact with their mothers. Over the study period infant mortality was 22.7%, with predation and sickness observed as causes. Our results suggest that overall recruitment is relatively slow, which has implications for the species' survival, particularly given their restricted and threatened habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sylviane N Volampeno
- School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
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Distribution of dorsal carriage among simians. Primates 2009; 50:153-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s10329-009-0134-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 01/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lewis KP, Barton RA. Amygdala size and hypothalamus size predict social play frequency in nonhuman primates: a comparative analysis using independent contrasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 120:31-7. [PMID: 16551162 DOI: 10.1037/0735-7036.120.1.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The amygdala and hypothalamus become sexually differentiated by gonadal hormones giving rise to sexually differentiated behaviors, which include play behavior. Phylogenetic comparative analyses test for relationships between social play and brain structure volumes. Relative volume of the amygdala and hypothalamus correlated with social play, but not nonsocial play, even after controlling for the size of other brain structures. The authors propose that behaviors such as social assessment, recognizing and responding to facial expression, and social response appropriateness, which are mediated by the amygdala, are developed through social play. Additionally, the hypothalamus may regulate the motivation to engage in play through positive reinforcement of pleasurable activity. Thus, the instinctive socio-emotive aspects of play in primates appear to be those regulated by the amygdala and hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerrie P Lewis
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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Morphometric analysis of growth and development in wild-collected vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops), with implications for growth patterns in Old World monkeys, apes and humans. J Zool (1987) 2006. [DOI: 10.1017/s0952836903003522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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12
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The development of behavioural sex differences in infant rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Primates 2000; 41:63-77. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02557462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/1999] [Accepted: 09/13/1999] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Shimada MK, Shotake T. Genetic variation of blood proteins within and between local populations of grivet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops aethiops) in central Ethiopia. Primates 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02381880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Nakamichi M. Proximity relationships within a birth cohort of immature Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) in a free-ranging group during the first four years of life. Am J Primatol 1996; 40:315-325. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2345(1996)40:4<315::aid-ajp2>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/1995] [Accepted: 06/11/1996] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Schino G, D'Amato FR, De Angelis N, Mari N, Troisi A. Development of mother‐infant relationships in Japanese macaques(Macaca fuscata). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1080/11250009309355828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Nakamichi M. Sex differences in social development during the first 4 years in a free-ranging group of Japanese monkeys, Macaca fuscata. Anim Behav 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-3472(89)80106-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Development of co-feeding relationships in immature free-ranging Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata fuscata). Primates 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02381136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Johnson RL, Southwick CH. Ecological constraints on the development of infant independence in rhesus. Am J Primatol 1987; 13:103-118. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.1350130202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/1986] [Revised: 04/14/1987] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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