1
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Fedurek P, Asiimwe C, Rice GK, Akankwasa WJ, Reynolds V, Hobaiter C, Kityo R, Muhanguzi G, Zuberbühler K, Crockford C, Cer RZ, Bennett AJ, Rothman JM, Bishop-Lilly KA, Goldberg TL. Selective deforestation and exposure of African wildlife to bat-borne viruses. Commun Biol 2024; 7:470. [PMID: 38649441 PMCID: PMC11035629 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06139-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Proposed mechanisms of zoonotic virus spillover often posit that wildlife transmission and amplification precede human outbreaks. Between 2006 and 2012, the palm Raphia farinifera, a rich source of dietary minerals for wildlife, was nearly extirpated from Budongo Forest, Uganda. Since then, chimpanzees, black-and-white colobus, and red duiker were observed feeding on bat guano, a behavior not previously observed. Here we show that guano consumption may be a response to dietary mineral scarcity and may expose wildlife to bat-borne viruses. Videos from 2017-2019 recorded 839 instances of guano consumption by the aforementioned species. Nutritional analysis of the guano revealed high concentrations of sodium, potassium, magnesium and phosphorus. Metagenomic analyses of the guano identified 27 eukaryotic viruses, including a novel betacoronavirus. Our findings illustrate how "upstream" drivers such as socioeconomics and resource extraction can initiate elaborate chains of causation, ultimately increasing virus spillover risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Fedurek
- Division of Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
- Budongo Conservation Field Station, PO Box 362, Masindi, Uganda
| | | | - Gregory K Rice
- Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Command, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
- Leidos, 1750 Presidents St, Reston, VA, 20190, USA
| | | | - Vernon Reynolds
- Budongo Conservation Field Station, PO Box 362, Masindi, Uganda
- School of Anthropology, University of Oxford, 51/53 Banbury Road, Oxford, OX2 6PE, UK
| | - Catherine Hobaiter
- Budongo Conservation Field Station, PO Box 362, Masindi, Uganda
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews; St Mary's Quad, South Street, St Andrews, KY16 9JP, UK
| | - Robert Kityo
- Department of Zoology, Entomology & Fisheries Sciences, Makerere University, PO Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Klaus Zuberbühler
- Budongo Conservation Field Station, PO Box 362, Masindi, Uganda
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews; St Mary's Quad, South Street, St Andrews, KY16 9JP, UK
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Crockford
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives, 67 Bd Pinel, 69500, Bron, France
| | - Regina Z Cer
- Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Command, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Andrew J Bennett
- Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Command, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
- Leidos, 1750 Presidents St, Reston, VA, 20190, USA
| | - Jessica M Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Kimberly A Bishop-Lilly
- Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Command, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Tony L Goldberg
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1656 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, USA.
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2
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DePasquale AN, Poirier AC, Mah MA, Villalobos Suarez C, Guadamuz A, Cheves Hernandez S, Lopez Navarro R, Hogan JD, Rothman JM, Nevo O, Melin AD. Picking pithy plants: Pith selectivity by wild white-faced capuchin monkeys, Cebus imitator. Am J Primatol 2023:e23549. [PMID: 37690098 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding diet selectivity is a longstanding goal in primate ecology. Deciphering when and why primates consume different resources can provide insights into their nutritional ecology as well as adaptations to food scarcity. Plant pith, the spongy interior of plant stems, is occasionally eaten by primates, but the context is poorly understood. We examine the ecological, mechanical, chemical, and nutritional basis of plant pith selection by a wild, frugivorous-omnivorous primate (Cebus imitator). We test the hypothesis that pith is a fallback food, that is, consumed when fruit is less abundant, and test for differences between plant species from which pith is eaten versus avoided. We collected 3.5 years of capuchin pith consumption data to document dietary species and analyzed "pith patch visits" in relation to fruit availability, visits to fruit patches, and climatic seasonality. We analyzed dietary and non-dietary species for relative pith quantity, mechanical hardness, odor composition, and macronutrient concentrations. Capuchins ate pith from 11 of ~300 plant species common in the dry forest, most commonly Bursera simaruba. We find that pith consumption is not directly related to fruit availability or fruit foraging but occurs most frequently (84% of patch visits) during the months of seasonal transition. Relative to common non-dietary species, dietary pith species have relatively higher pith quantity, have softer outer branches and pith, and contain more terpenoids, a class of bioactive compounds notable for their widespread medicinal properties. Our results suggest that greater pith quantity, lower hardness, and a more complex, terpenoid-rich odor profile contribute to species selectivity; further, as pith is likely to be consistently available throughout the year, the seasonality of pith foraging may point to zoopharmacognosy, as seasonal transitions typically introduce new parasites or pathogens. Our study furthers our understanding of how climatic seasonality impacts primate behavior and sheds new light on food choice by an omnivorous primate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allegra N DePasquale
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alice C Poirier
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Megan A Mah
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jessica M Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, CUNY Hunter College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Omer Nevo
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Amanda D Melin
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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3
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Steiniche T, Wang S, Chester E, Mutegeki R, Rothman JM, Wrangham RW, Chapman CA, Venier M, Wasserman MD. Associations between faecal chemical pollutants and hormones in primates inhabiting Kibale National Park, Uganda. Biol Lett 2023; 19:20230005. [PMID: 37221860 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2023.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
While anthropogenic pollutants are known to be a threat to primates, our understanding of exposure to pollutants in situ and their sub-lethal effects is still limited. We used non-invasive biomonitoring to examine associations between faecal concentrations of 97 chemical pollutants and faecal hormone metabolites of cortisol and oestradiol in four primate species inhabiting Kibale National Park, Uganda (chimpanzees-Pan troglodytes, olive baboons-Papio anubis, red colobus-Piliocolobus tephrosceles and red-tailed monkeys-Cercopithecus ascanius). Across all species (n = 71 samples), results demonstrated positive associations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) (β = 0.143, p = 0.020) and organophosphate esters (β = 0.112, p = 0.003) with cortisol in adult females. Additionally, we observed positive associations of OCPs (β = 0.192, p = 0.013) and brominated flame retardants (β = 0.176, p = 0.004) with cortisol in juveniles. Results suggest that cumulative pesticides and flame retardants are disruptive to endocrine function in these populations, which could have implications for development, metabolism and reproduction. Our study further demonstrates that faeces can be an important, non-invasive matrix for examining pollutant-hormone associations in wild primates and other critical wildlife populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Steiniche
- Department of Anthropology, Indiana University, Bloomington, 47405, Indiana
| | - Shaorui Wang
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Emily Chester
- Department of Anthropology, Indiana University, Bloomington, 47405, Indiana
| | - Richard Mutegeki
- Makerere University Biological Field Station, Kibale National Park, Uganda
| | - Jessica M Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, City University of New York, Hunter College, New York City, 10065, NY, USA
- Conservation Department, Uganda Wildlife Authority, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Richard W Wrangham
- Kibale Chimpanzee Project, and Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, 02138, MA, UK
| | - Colin A Chapman
- Biology Department, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9R 5S5
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 4041, South Africa
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, People's Republic of China
- Wilson Center, Washington, DC, 20004, USA
| | - Marta Venier
- O'Neill School of Environmental and Public Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, 47405, Indiana
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4
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Beeby N, Rothman JM, Baden AL. Nutrient balancing in a fruit-specialist primate, the black-and-white ruffed lemur (Varecia variegata). Am J Primatol 2023; 85:e23484. [PMID: 36891766 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Animals' foraging behavior and dietary choices are, in part, driven by their ultimate function: to meet nutritional demands. However, depending on their degree of dietary specialization and the availability and distribution of food resources in their environment, species may utilize different nutritional strategies. With shifting plant phenology, increasing unpredictability of fruiting, and declining food quality in response to anthropogenic climate change, existing nutritional constraints may become exacerbated. Such changes are especially concerning for Madagascar's endemic fruit specialists given the nutrient-limitation of the island's landscapes. In this study, we examined the nutritional strategy of one such fruit-specialist primate, the black-and-white ruffed lemur (Varecia variegata), over a 12-month period (January to December 2018) in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. We hypothesized that Varecia would balance nonprotein energy (NPE) to protein (AP) at a high ratio similar to other frugivorous primates, and that they would prioritize protein intake given their high degree of frugivory. We found that Varecia balance NPE:AP at a ratio of 11:1, higher than in any other primate studied to date; however, diets shifted such that nutrient balancing varied seasonally (12.6:1 abundant-9.6:1 lean). Varecia meet NRC suggested recommendations of 5-8% of calories from protein, despite having a diet mostly comprising fruits. However, seasonal shifts in NPE intakes result in significant energy shortfalls during fruit-lean seasons. Flowers provide an important source of NPE during these periods, with flower consumption best predicting lipid intake, suggesting this species' ability to shift resource use. Nevertheless, achieving adequate and balanced nutrient intakes may become precarious in the face of increasing unpredictability in plant phenology and other environmental stochasticities resulting from climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Beeby
- Department of Anthropology, The Graduate Center of City University of New York, New York, USA.,The New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, USA
| | - Jessica M Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, The Graduate Center of City University of New York, New York, USA.,The New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, USA.,Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of City University of New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrea L Baden
- Department of Anthropology, The Graduate Center of City University of New York, New York, USA.,The New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, USA.,Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of City University of New York, New York, USA
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5
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Takahashi MQ, Rothman JM, Cords M. The role of non‐natural foods in the nutritional strategies of monkeys in a human‐modified mosaic landscape. Biotropica 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.13164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maressa Q. Takahashi
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology Columbia University New York New York USA
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology New York New York USA
| | - Jessica M. Rothman
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology New York New York USA
- Department of Anthropology Hunter College of the City University of New York New York New York USA
- PhD Program in Anthropology The Graduate Center of the City University of New York New York New York USA
| | - Marina Cords
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology Columbia University New York New York USA
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology New York New York USA
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6
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Izar P, Peternelli-Dos-Santos L, Rothman JM, Raubenheimer D, Presotto A, Gort G, Visalberghi EM, Fragaszy DM. Stone tools improve diet quality in wild monkeys. Curr Biol 2022; 32:4088-4092.e3. [PMID: 35985326 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Tool use is a fundamental feature of human evolution. Stone tools are in the archaeological record from 3.4 Ma, even before Homo,1 and the use of stone tools probably predated the split between hominins and panins.2 Using tools (hereafter, tooling cf Fragaszy and Mangalam3) is hypothesized to have improved hominins' foraging efficiency or access to high-quality foods.4-7 This hypothesis is supported if feeding with tools positively contributes to diet quality in extant non-human primates or if foraging efficiency is increased by tooling. However, the contribution of tooling to non-human primates' foraging success has never been investigated through a direct analysis of nutritional ecology.8,9 We used multi-dimensional nutritional geometry to analyze energy and macronutrients (nonstructural carbohydrates, lipids, and protein) in the diets of wild capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinous) that routinely crack palm nuts with stone hammers.10,11 We show that eating nuts obtained through tooling helps monkeys to achieve more consistent dietary intakes. Tooling increased the net energy gain by 50% and decreased the proportion of fiber ingested by 7%. Tooling also increased the daily non-protein energy intake. By contrast, protein intake remained constant across foraging days, suggesting a pattern of macronutrient regulation called protein prioritization, which is also found in contemporary humans.8,9 In addition, tooling reduced dispersion in the ratio of protein to non-protein energy, suggesting a role in macronutrient balancing. Our findings suggest that tooling prior to tool making could have substantially increased the nutritional security of ancestral hominins, sowing the seeds for cultural development.5,7 VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Izar
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil.
| | | | - Jessica M Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - David Raubenheimer
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Andrea Presotto
- Department of Geography and Geosciences, Salisbury University, Salisbury, MD 21801, USA
| | - Gerrit Gort
- Biometris, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen 6700 AE, the Netherlands
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7
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Windley HR, Starrs D, Stalenberg E, Rothman JM, Ganzhorn JU, Foley WJ. Plant secondary metabolites and primate food choices: A meta-analysis and future directions. Am J Primatol 2022; 84:e23397. [PMID: 35700311 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The role of plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) in shaping the feeding decisions, habitat suitability, and reproductive success of herbivorous mammals has been a major theme in ecology for decades. Although primatologists were among the first to test these ideas, studies of PSMs in the feeding ecology of non-human primates have lagged in recent years, leading to a recent call for primatologists to reconnect with phytochemists to advance our understanding of the primate nutrition. To further this case, we present a formal meta-analysis of diet choice in response to PSMs based on field studies on wild primates. Our analysis of 155 measurements of primate feeding response to PSMs is drawn from 53 studies across 43 primate species which focussed primarily on the effect of three classes of PSMs tannins, phenolics, and alkaloids. We found a small but significant effect of PSMs on the diet choice of wild primates, which was largely driven by the finding that colobine primates showed a moderate aversion to condensed tannins. Conversely, there was no evidence that PSMs had a significant deterrent effect on food choices of non-colobine primates when all were combined into a single group. Furthermore, within the colobine primates, no other PSMs influenced feeding choices and we found no evidence that foregut anatomy significantly affected food choice with respect to PSMs. We suggest that methodological improvements related to experimental approaches and the adoption of new techniques including metabolomics are needed to advance our understanding of primate diet choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R Windley
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.,Wildlife Ecology Laboratory, Department of Wildlife Biology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Danswell Starrs
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Eleanor Stalenberg
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.,Hawkesbury Institute of the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jessica M Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, and New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joerg U Ganzhorn
- Animal Ecology and Conservation, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - William J Foley
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.,Animal Ecology and Conservation, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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8
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Gogarten JF, Jahan M, Calvignac-Spencer S, Chapman CA, Goldberg TL, Leendertz FH, Rothman JM. The cost of living in larger primate groups includes higher fly densities. Ecohealth 2022; 19:290-298. [PMID: 35662389 PMCID: PMC9166189 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-022-01597-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Flies are implicated in carrying and mechanically transmitting many primate pathogens. We investigated how fly associations vary across six monkey species (Cercopithecus ascanius, Cercopithecus mitis, Colobus guereza, Lophocebus albigena, Papio anubis, and Piliocolobus tephrosceles) and whether monkey group size impacts fly densities. Fly densities were generally higher inside groups than outside them, and considering data from these primate species together revealed that larger groups harbored more flies. Within species, this pattern was strongest for colobine monkeys, and we speculate this might be due to their smaller home ranges, suggesting that movement patterns may influence fly-primate associations. Fly associations increase with group sizes and may thus represent a cost to sociality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan F Gogarten
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Organisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.
- Viral Evolution, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.
- Applied Zoology and Nature Conservation, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Mueena Jahan
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Organisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Public Health, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Sébastien Calvignac-Spencer
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Organisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Viral Evolution, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Colin A Chapman
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tony L Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Fabian H Leendertz
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Organisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for One Health, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jessica M Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
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9
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Sharma AK, Davison S, Pafco B, Clayton JB, Rothman JM, McLennan MR, Cibot M, Fuh T, Vodicka R, Robinson CJ, Petrzelkova K, Gomez A. The primate gut mycobiome-bacteriome interface is impacted by environmental and subsistence factors. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2022; 8:12. [PMID: 35301322 PMCID: PMC8930997 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-022-00274-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome of primates is known to be influenced by both host genetic background and subsistence strategy. However, these inferences have been made mainly based on adaptations in bacterial composition - the bacteriome and have commonly overlooked the fungal fraction - the mycobiome. To further understand the factors that shape the gut mycobiome of primates and mycobiome-bacteriome interactions, we sequenced 16 S rRNA and ITS2 markers in fecal samples of four different nonhuman primate species and three human groups under different subsistence patterns (n = 149). The results show that gut mycobiome composition in primates is still largely unknown but highly plastic and weakly structured by primate phylogeny, compared with the bacteriome. We find significant gut mycobiome overlap between captive apes and human populations living under industrialized subsistence contexts; this is in contrast with contemporary hunter-gatherers and agriculturalists, who share more mycobiome traits with diverse wild-ranging nonhuman primates. In addition, mycobiome-bacteriome interactions were specific to each population, revealing that individual, lifestyle and intrinsic ecological factors affect structural correspondence, number, and kind of interactions between gut bacteria and fungi in primates. Our findings indicate a dominant effect of ecological niche, environmental factors, and diet over the phylogenetic background of the host, in shaping gut mycobiome composition and mycobiome-bacteriome interactions in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok K Sharma
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology, Inflammatory Bowel & Immunology Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sam Davison
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Barbora Pafco
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jonathan B Clayton
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA.,Callitrichid Research Center (CRC, Marmoset Colony) at the University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA.,Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.,Primate Microbiome Project, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Jessica M Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY, USA.,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew R McLennan
- Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.,Bulindi Chimpanzee & Community Project, Hoima, Uganda
| | - Marie Cibot
- Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.,Bulindi Chimpanzee & Community Project, Hoima, Uganda.,Anicoon Vétérinaires, Ploemeur, France
| | - Terence Fuh
- WWF Central African Republic, Bayanga, Central African Republic
| | | | | | - Klara Petrzelkova
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andres Gomez
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA. .,Primate Microbiome Project, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA. .,Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
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10
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Friant S, Bonwitt J, Ayambem WA, Ifebueme NM, Alobi AO, Otukpa OM, Bennett AJ, Shea C, Rothman JM, Goldberg TL, Jacka JK. Zootherapy as a potential pathway for zoonotic spillover: a mixed-methods study of the use of animal products in medicinal and cultural practices in Nigeria. One Health Outlook 2022; 4:5. [PMID: 35216623 PMCID: PMC8881094 DOI: 10.1186/s42522-022-00060-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding how and why people interact with animals is important for the prevention and control of zoonoses. To date, studies have primarily focused on the most visible forms of human-animal contact (e.g., hunting and consumption), thereby blinding One Health researchers and practitioners to the broader range of human-animal interactions that can serve as cryptic sources of zoonotic diseases. Zootherapy, the use of animal products for traditional medicine and cultural practices, is widespread and can generate opportunities for human exposure to zoonoses. Existing research examining zootherapies omits details necessary to adequately assess potential zoonotic risks. METHODS We used a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative data from questionnaires, key informant interviews, and field notes to examine the use of zootherapy in nine villages engaged in wildlife hunting, consumption, and trade in Cross River State, Nigeria. We analyzed medicinal and cultural practices involving animals from a zoonotic disease perspective, by including details of animal use that may generate pathways for zoonotic transmission. We also examined the sociodemographic, cultural, and environmental contexts of zootherapeutic practices that can further shape the nature and frequency of human-animal interactions. RESULTS Within our study population, people reported using 44 different animal species for zootherapeutic practices, including taxonomic groups considered to be "high risk" for zoonoses and threatened with extinction. Variation in use of animal parts, preparation norms, and administration practices generated a highly diverse set of zootherapeutic practices (n = 292) and potential zoonotic exposure risks. Use of zootherapy was patterned by demographic and environmental contexts, with zootherapy more commonly practiced by hunting households (OR = 2.47, p < 0.01), and prescriptions that were gender and age specific (e.g., maternal and pediatric care) or highly seasonal (e.g., associated with annual festivals and seasonal illnesses). Specific practices were informed by species availability and theories of healing (i.e., "like cures like" and sympathetic healing and magic) that further shaped the nature of human-animal interactions via zootherapy. CONCLUSIONS Epidemiological investigations of zoonoses and public health interventions that aim to reduce zoonotic exposures should explicitly consider zootherapy as a potential pathway for disease transmission and consider the sociocultural and environmental contexts of their use in health messaging and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagan Friant
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
| | - Jesse Bonwitt
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Wilfred A. Ayambem
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Nzube M. Ifebueme
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Alobi O. Alobi
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Oshama M. Otukpa
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Andrew J. Bennett
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI USA
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Department, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center–Frederick, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD USA
| | - Corrigan Shea
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Jessica M. Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY USA
| | - Tony L. Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Jerry K. Jacka
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
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11
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Ross AC, Bryer MA, Chapman CA, Rothman JM, Nevo O, Valenta K. Why eat flowers? Symphonia globulifera flowers provide a fatty resource for red-tailed monkeys. Folia Primatol (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.1163/14219980-20211003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Flowers are ubiquitous in primate environments, yet their nutritional advantages are underexamined. Symphonia globulifera is a widely distributed tree exploited by a variety of animals in Africa and the Americas. We collected S. globulifera flower samples consumed by red-tailed monkeys (Cercopithecus ascanius) and compared them nutritionally to flower samples from other plant species in Kibale National Park, Uganda. Flowers were assayed for three fiber fractions (NDF, ADF, lignin), fat, crude protein, acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN), ash, and soluble sugars. We estimated available protein, total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC), and metabolizable energy (ME). We calculated the mean and standard deviation for all nutrient categories and applied nutritional geometry to illustrate the balance among the energetic gains from available protein, fat, fiber, and TNC across flower species. Our results suggest that S. globulifera flowers provide an unusually high fat resource (14.82% ± 1.41%) relative to other flowers (1.38% ± 5.79%) and other foods exploited in the same habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail C. Ross
- Department of Anthropology, Rock Valley College, 3301 N. Mulford Road, Rockford, IL 61114, USA
| | - Margaret A.H. Bryer
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California- Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Colin A. Chapman
- Department of Anthropology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
- Wilson Center, Environmental Change and Security Program, Washington, DC 20004, USA
| | - Jessica M. Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Omer Nevo
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Kim Valenta
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Simplicious J. Gessa
- Department of Journalism and Communication Makerere University Kampala Uganda
- Uganda Wildlife Authority Kampala Uganda
| | - Jessica M. Rothman
- Uganda Wildlife Authority Kampala Uganda
- Department of Anthropology Hunter College of the City University of New York New York New York USA
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology New York New York USA
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13
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Raboin DL, Baden AL, Rothman JM. Maternal feeding benefits of allomaternal care in black-and-white colobus (Colobus guereza). Am J Primatol 2021; 83:e23327. [PMID: 34487561 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Caring for infants involves lactation, protection, provisioning, and carrying-all energetically taxing states for primate mothers. Holding and carrying clinging infants often constrains mothers from moving and traveling, potentially reducing their food and energy intake; however, when separated from its mother an infant is at risk of predation. This separation therefore requires that mothers be vigilant, further deterring them from feeding. Allomaternal care (AMC) is hypothesized to allow mothers to safely detach from their infants to feed, permitting them to increase energy intake, which is particularly needed for lactation. We examined the nutritional benefits of AMC in black-and-white colobus monkeys (Colobus guereza) by estimating energy intake by lactating mothers during AMC versus non-AMC. We studied seven mother-infant dyads in three groups of C. guereza during six months in Kibale National Park, Uganda. Immature group members handled infants more often than adults, and females handled infants more often than males. An infant's distance to its mother and its nearest neighbor's age and sex best predicted the occurrence of AMC. Lactating mothers fed more often, fed and rested for longer durations, and consumed more metabolizable energy during AMC compared to when they were caring for their infants. These results demonstrate that AMC in C. guereza provides mothers with feeding opportunities that increase their energy intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique L Raboin
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Human Evolutionary Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Andrea L Baden
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Anthropology, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
- The New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jessica M Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Anthropology, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
- The New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, New York, USA
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14
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Lindshield S, Rothman JM, Ortmann S, Pruetz JD. Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) access a nutritionally balanced, high energy, and abundant food, baobab (Adansonia digitata) fruit, with extractive foraging and reingestion. Am J Primatol 2021; 83:e23307. [PMID: 34293210 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsic to several hypotheses explaining the evolution of foraging behavior complexity, such as proto-tool use, is the assumption that more complex ingestive behaviors are adaptations allowing individuals to access difficult to procure but nutritionally or energetically rewarding foods. However, nutritional approaches to understanding this complexity have been underutilized. The goal of this study was to evaluate potential nutritional determinants of two unusual foraging behaviors, fruit cracking with anvils and seed reingestion, by adult male western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) at Fongoli, Senegal during the baobab (Adansonia digitata) fruit season. We examined these behaviors in relation to nutrient and energy intake, and compared macronutrient and energy concentrations found in baobab fruits to other plant foods. Adult males ingested at least 31 distinct foods from 23 plant species. Baobab fruit comprised the majority of daily energy intake (68 ± 34%, range: 0%-98%). The energetic concentration of baobab fruit varied by phenophase and part ingested, with ripe and semi-ripe fruit ranking high in energy return rate. Males preferred ripe and semi-ripe baobab fruit but unripe fruit intake was higher overall. The seed kernels were high in protein and fat relative to fruit pulp, and these kernels were easier to access during the unripe stage. During the ripe stage, seed kernels were accessible by reingestion, after the seed coat was softened during gut passage. In addition to providing macronutrients and energy, baobab fruit was a relatively abundant food source. We conclude that baobab pulp and seed are high quality foods at Fongoli during the baobab season because they are nutritionally balanced, high in energy, and relatively abundant in the environment. These nutritional and abundance characteristics may explain, in part, why these chimpanzees use anvils and reingestion to access a mechanically challenging food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy Lindshield
- Department of Anthropology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Jessica M Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, USA.,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sylvia Ortmann
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jill D Pruetz
- Department of Anthropology, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
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15
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Uwimbabazi M, Raubenheimer D, Tweheyo M, Basuta GI, Conklin-Brittain NL, Wrangham RW, Rothman JM. Nutritional geometry of female chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Am J Primatol 2021; 83:e23269. [PMID: 34002861 PMCID: PMC8225573 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Primate foraging is influenced by the spatial and temporal distribution of foods, which may facilitate or constrain optimal nutrient intakes. Chimpanzees are frugivorous primates that mainly subsist on ripe fruit that is typically low in available protein (AP) and high in easily digestible carbohydrates. Because chimpanzees prefer ripe fruit and often eat it in large quantities compared with other foods, we hypothesized that protein intake would be tightly regulated while non-protein energy (NPE) would vary with fruit intake. To test this hypothesis, we conducted all-day follows on female chimpanzees, recorded all types of food consumed (i.e., drupes, figs, and non-fruit foods), estimated the nutritional contributions of these foods to daily NPE and AP intake and investigated how the ratio of NPE to AP varied due to changes in the types of foods consumed. Although the proportions of drupes, figs, and non-fruit foods varied in their diets, female chimpanzees maintained a relatively stable intake of AP while intake of NPE varied depending on the daily diet, demonstrating that like other frugivorous primates studied to date, chimpanzees prioritize protein. The mean daily ratio of NPE to AP was 7:1, which is similar to that of other frugivorous primates studied. Our results support the hypothesis that frugivorous animals may generally prioritize AP, while maximizing NPE intake within that constraint, and could shed light on aspects of human dietary evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moreen Uwimbabazi
- Department of Zoology, Entomology and Fisheries Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University
- National Forestry Resources Research Institute, Mukono, Uganda
| | - David Raubenheimer
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mnason Tweheyo
- Department of Forestry, Biodiversity and Tourism, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University
| | - Gilbert I. Basuta
- Department of Zoology, Entomology and Fisheries Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University
| | | | | | - Jessica M. Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York
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16
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Takahashi MQ, Rothman JM, Raubenheimer D, Cords M. Daily protein prioritization and long-term nutrient balancing in a dietary generalist, the blue monkey. Behav Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/araa120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Animals make dietary choices to achieve adequate nutrient intake; however, it is challenging to study such nutritional strategies in wild populations. We explored the nutritional strategy of a generalist social primate, the blue monkey (Cercopithecus mitis). We hypothesized that females balance intake of nutrients, specifically non-protein energy and protein, both on a daily and long-term basis. When balancing was not possible, we expected subjects to prioritize constant protein intake, allowing non-protein energy to vary more. To understand the ecology of nutrient balancing, we examined how habitat use, food availability, diet composition, social dominance rank, and reproductive demand influenced nutrient intake. Over 9 months, we conducted 371 all-day focal follows on 24 subjects in Kakamega Forest, Kenya. Females exhibited short- and long-term nutritional strategies. Daily, they balanced non-protein energy to protein intake but when balancing was impossible, monkeys prioritized protein intake. Longer term, they balanced non-protein energy:protein intake in a 3.8:1 ratio. The ratio related positively to fruit in the diet and negatively to time in near-natural forest, but we found no evidence that it related to food availability, reproductive demand, or dominance rank. Lower-ranked females had broader daily diets, however, which may reflect behavioral feeding strategies to cope with social constraints. Overall, females prioritized daily protein, allowing less variation in protein intake than other aspects such as non-protein energy:protein ratio and non-protein energy intake. The emerging pattern in primates suggests that diverse dietary strategies evolved to allow adherence to a nutrient balance of non-protein energy:protein despite various social and environmental constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maressa Q Takahashi
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jessica M Rothman
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- PhD Program in Anthropology, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Raubenheimer
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Johns Hopkins Drive, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marina Cords
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, USA
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17
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Pontzer H, Brown MH, Wood BM, Raichlen DA, Mabulla AZP, Harris JA, Dunsworth H, Hare B, Walker K, Luke A, Dugas LR, Schoeller D, Plange-Rhule J, Bovet P, Forrester TE, Thompson ME, Shumaker RW, Rothman JM, Vogel E, Sulistyo F, Alavi S, Prasetyo D, Urlacher SS, Ross SR. Evolution of water conservation in humans. Curr Biol 2021; 31:1804-1810.e5. [PMID: 33675699 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
To sustain life, humans and other terrestrial animals must maintain a tight balance of water gain and water loss each day.1-3 However, the evolution of human water balance physiology is poorly understood due to the absence of comparative measures from other hominoids. While humans drink daily to maintain water balance, rainforest-living great apes typically obtain adequate water from their food and can go days or weeks without drinking4-6. Here, we compare isotope-depletion measures of water turnover (L/d) in zoo- and rainforest-sanctuary-housed apes (chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, and orangutans) with 5 diverse human populations, including a hunter-gatherer community in a semi-arid savannah. Across the entire sample, water turnover was strongly related to total energy expenditure (TEE, kcal/d), physical activity, climate (ambient temperature and humidity), and fat free mass. In analyses controlling for those factors, water turnover was 30% to 50% lower in humans than in other apes despite humans' greater sweating capacity. Water turnover in zoo and sanctuary apes was similar to estimated turnover in wild populations, as was the ratio of water intake to dietary energy intake (∼2.8 mL/kcal). However, zoo and sanctuary apes ingested a greater ratio of water to dry matter of food, which might contribute to digestive problems in captivity. Compared to apes, humans appear to target a lower ratio of water/energy intake (∼1.5 mL/kcal). Water stress due to changes in climate, diet, and behavior apparently led to previously unknown water conservation adaptations in hominin physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman Pontzer
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | - Mary H Brown
- Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | - Brian M Wood
- Department of Anthropology, Univ. California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Plank Inst. Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - David A Raichlen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Univ. Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Audax Z P Mabulla
- Department of Archaeology and Heritage Studies, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Jacob A Harris
- Inst. Human Origins, School of Human Evolution & Social Change, Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Holly Dunsworth
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Brian Hare
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Kara Walker
- School of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Amy Luke
- Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Lara R Dugas
- Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Dale Schoeller
- Nutritional Sciences, Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | | | - Pascal Bovet
- Ministry of Health, Republic of Seychelles & Center of Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), Lausanne, Switzerland; Ministry of Health, Victoria, Mahé, Seychelles
| | - Terrence E Forrester
- UWI Solutions for Developing Countries, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica
| | | | - Robert W Shumaker
- Indianapolis Zoo, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA; Department of Anthropology and Center for Integrated Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, USA
| | - Jessica M Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA; New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Erin Vogel
- Department of Anthropology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Department of Ecology and Evolution, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | - Shauhin Alavi
- Department of Ecology of Animal Societies, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Konstanz, Germany; Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany; Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Didik Prasetyo
- Department of Anthropology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Department of Ecology and Evolution, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Biology Faculty, Universitas Nasional, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Samuel S Urlacher
- Department of Anthropology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; Child and Brain Development Program, CIFAR, Toronto, Canada
| | - Stephen R Ross
- Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicago, IL 60614, USA
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18
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Hou R, Chapman CA, Rothman JM, Zhang H, Huang K, Guo S, Li B, Raubenheimer D. The geometry of resource constraint: An empirical study of the golden snub-nosed monkey. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:751-765. [PMID: 33314075 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Apposite conceptualization and measurement of resource variation is critical for understanding many issues in ecology, including ecological niches, persistence and distribution of populations, the structure of communities and population resilience to perturbations. We apply the nutritional geometry framework to conceptualize and quantify the responses of a temperate-living primate, the golden snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus roxellana to variation in resource quality and quantity and in nutrient requirements associated with seasonal environments. We present a geometric model distinguishing qualitative constraint, quantitative constraint and 'pseudo-constraint' whereby nutrient intakes resemble response to qualitative resource constraint but are in fact driven by variation in nutrient requirements. The model is applied to analyse nutrient intakes recorded in 164 full-day observations of monkeys from two populations, one wild and the other captive, across seasons. Additionally, we recorded the diet of a single animal over 32 consecutive days in the wild. Despite considerable differences in available resources, the captive and wild populations showed marked similarities in nutrient intakes, including indistinguishable amounts and ratios of ingested macronutrients during summer and autumn and strong year-round maintenance of protein compared to seasonally variable fat and carbohydrate intakes. These similarities suggest homeostatically regulated nutritional targets and provide reference points to identify factors driving population differences in macronutrient intake in winter and spring. Our framework enabled us to distinguish examples of quantitative, qualitative and 'pseudo-constraint'. We suggest that this approach can increase the resolution at which resource constraint is conceptualized and measured in ecological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Hou
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Anthropology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Colin A Chapman
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Anthropology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.,School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Jessica M Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - He Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kang Huang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Songtao Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Baoguo Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - David Raubenheimer
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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19
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Glasser DB, Goldberg TL, Guma N, Balyesiima G, Agaba H, Gessa SJ, Rothman JM. Opportunities for respiratory disease transmission from people to chimpanzees at an East African tourism site. Am J Primatol 2021; 83:e23228. [PMID: 33400317 PMCID: PMC7883129 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory illnesses, including COVID‐19, present a serious threat to endangered wild chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) populations. In some parts of sub‐Saharan Africa, chimpanzee tracking is a popular tourism activity, offering visitors a chance to view apes in their natural habitats. Chimpanzee tourism is an important source of revenue and thus benefits conservation; however, chimpanzee tracking may also increase the risk of disease transmission from people to chimpanzees directly (e.g., via aerosol transmission) or indirectly (e.g., through the environment or via fomites). This study assessed how tourist behaviors might facilitate respiratory disease transmission at a chimpanzee tracking site in Kibale National Park, Uganda. We observed tourists, guides, and student interns from the time they entered the forest to view the chimpanzees until they left the forest and noted behaviors related to disease transmission. Common behaviors included coughing, sneezing, and urinating, which respectively occurred during 88.1%, 65.4%, and 36.6% of excursions. Per excursion, individuals touched their faces an average of 125.84 ± 34.45 times and touched large tree trunks or branches (which chimpanzees might subsequently touch) an average of 230.14 ± 108.66 times. These results show that many pathways exist by which pathogens might move from humans to chimpanzees in the context of tourism. Guidelines for minimizing the risk of such transmission should consider tourist behavior and the full range of modes by which pathogen transmission might occur between tourists and chimpanzees. Great ape tourism presents risk for reverse zoonotic infection. Future guidelines for great ape tourism should take into consideration the behavioral propensities of individual tourists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcey B Glasser
- Department of Psychology, Animal Behavior and Conservation, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Tony L Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jessica M Rothman
- Uganda Wildlife Authority, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York City, New York, USA.,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York City, New York, USA
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20
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Wang S, Steiniche T, Rothman JM, Wrangham RW, Chapman CA, Mutegeki R, Quirós R, Wasserman MD, Venier M. Feces are Effective Biological Samples for Measuring Pesticides and Flame Retardants in Primates. Environ Sci Technol 2020; 54:12013-12023. [PMID: 32900185 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The habitats of wild primates are increasingly threatened by surrounding anthropogenic pressures, but little is known about primate exposure to frequently used chemicals. We applied a novel method to simultaneously measure 21 legacy pesticides (OCPs), 29 current use pesticides (CUPs), 47 halogenated flame retardants (HFRs), and 19 organophosphate flame retardants in feces from baboons in the U.S.A., howler monkeys in Costa Rica, and baboons, chimpanzees, red-tailed monkeys, and red colobus in Uganda. The most abundant chemicals were α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH), β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), and hexachlorobenzene among OCPs across all sites, chlorpyrifos among CUPs in Costa Rica and Indiana, decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) in Costa Rica and Indiana and 2, 2', 4, 4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) in Uganda as HFRs, and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) as OPFRs across all sites. The detected chemical concentrations were generally higher in red-tailed monkeys and red colobus than in chimpanzees and baboons. Our methods can be used to examine the threat of chemical pollutants to wildlife, which is critical for endangered species where only noninvasive methods can be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaorui Wang
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Tessa Steiniche
- Department of Anthropology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Jessica M Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Richard W Wrangham
- Kibale Chimpanzee Project and Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Colin A Chapman
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20052, United States
- Makerere University Biological Field Station, Kibale National Park, Kibale, Uganda
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 712100, P. R. China
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3629, South Africa
| | - Richard Mutegeki
- Makerere University Biological Field Station, Kibale National Park, Kibale, Uganda
| | - Rodolfo Quirós
- Organization for Tropical Studies, San Vito 60803, Costa Rica
| | - Michael D Wasserman
- Department of Anthropology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Marta Venier
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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21
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Abstract
Abstract
For many animal species, immatures are less efficient foragers than their adult counterparts and must use multiple strategies to fulfill their nutritional needs through effective learning of social and feeding behaviour. To overcome these challenges, young animals are predicted to rely on adult relatives to gain foraging competency, partly because kin are more likely to tolerate the proximity of immatures, upon which socially facilitated learning of food selection and foraging skills depends. While evidence suggests that mothers improve the foraging success of their offspring, little is known about the potential contribution of fathers to the development of feeding skills. Here, we investigate the influence of both mothers and fathers on the foraging behaviour of young olive baboons (Papio anubis) in Laikipia, Kenya. Behavioural data were gathered via focal animal sampling and genetic relatedness was determined by microsatellite genotyping of non-invasively collected faecal DNA samples. We also conducted analyses to assess the nutritional and energetic content of staple foods consumed by the baboons. We found that, compared to when feeding near unrelated adults or alone, immatures were more likely to consume high energy foods when they were near their mothers and preliminary results suggest access to similar effects when near fathers. These data advance well-documented maternal influences on the foraging competence of offspring in a matrilocal society, and additionally suggest the importance (and possible long-term fitness benefits) of associations between offspring and their fathers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C. Lynch
- aDepartment of Biology, University of Turku, Vesilinnantie 5, Natura, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Caley A. Johnson
- bDepartment of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Robert F. Lynch
- aDepartment of Biology, University of Turku, Vesilinnantie 5, Natura, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Jessica M. Rothman
- bDepartment of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Anthony Di Fiore
- cDepartment of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, 2201 Speedway C3200, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ryne A. Palombit
- dDepartment of Anthropology and Center for Human Evolutionary Studies, Rutgers University, 131 George Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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22
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Friant S, Ayambem WA, Alobi AO, Ifebueme NM, Otukpa OM, Ogar DA, Alawa CBI, Goldberg TL, Jacka JK, Rothman JM. Eating Bushmeat Improves Food Security in a Biodiversity and Infectious Disease "Hotspot". Ecohealth 2020; 17:125-138. [PMID: 32020354 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-020-01473-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Hunting and consumption of wild animals, colloquially known as "bushmeat," is associated with health trade-offs. Contact with wildlife increases exposure to wildlife-origin zoonotic diseases yet bushmeat is an important nutritional resource in many rural communities. In this study, we test the hypothesis that bushmeat improves food security in communities that hunt and trade bushmeat regularly. We conducted 478 interviews with men and women in six communities near Cross River National Park in Nigeria. We used interview responses to relate prevalence and diversity of bushmeat consumption to household food security status. Animal-based foods were the most commonly obtained items from the forest, and 48 types of wild vertebrate animals were consumed within the past 30 days. Seventy-five percent of households experienced some degree of food insecurity related to food access. Bushmeat consumption was significantly associated with relatively higher household food security status. Rodents were more important predictors of food security than other animal taxa. Despite increased bushmeat consumption in food-secure households, food-insecure households consumed a higher diversity of bushmeat species. Results show that consumption of bushmeat, especially rodents, is uniquely related to improved food security. Reliance on a wider diversity of species in food-insecure households may in turn affect their nutrition, exposures to reservoirs of zoonotic infections, and impact on wildlife conservation. Our results indicate that food security should be addressed in conservation and public health strategies aimed at reducing human-wildlife contact, and that improved wildlife protection, when combined with alternative animal-based foods, would positively affect food security in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagan Friant
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, 522 Carpenter Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College City University of New York, New York, 10065, USA.
| | - Wilfred A Ayambem
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Alobi O Alobi
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Nzube M Ifebueme
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Oshama M Otukpa
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - David A Ogar
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Clement B I Alawa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Tony L Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jerry K Jacka
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Jessica M Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College City University of New York, New York, 10065, USA
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23
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Venable EM, Machanda Z, Hagberg L, Lucore J, Otali E, Rothman JM, Uwimbabazi M, Wrangham R. Wood and meat as complementary sources of sodium for Kanyawara chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Am J Phys Anthropol 2020; 172:41-47. [PMID: 32091137 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sodium, a vital micronutrient that is often in scarce supply for tropical herbivores, is sometimes found at high concentration in decaying wood. We tested two hypotheses for chimpanzees: first, that wood-eating facilitates acquisition of sodium; second, that wood-eating occurs in response to the low availability of sodium from other dietary sources. MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied the behavior of more than 50 chimpanzees of all age-sex classes in the Kanyawara community of Kibale National Park, Uganda. We quantified the sodium content of dietary items, including wood samples from tree species that chimpanzees consumed or did not consume. To assess variation in sodium intake, we used 7 years of data on time spent feeding on plant foods, 18 months of data on rates of food intake by adult females, and 20 years of data on meat-eating. RESULTS Major dietary sources of sodium were wood, fruits and meat. Chimpanzees consumed wood primarily from decaying trees of Neoboutonia macrocalyx (Euphorbiaceae), which had substantially higher sodium content than all other dietary items tested. Wood-eating was negatively correlated with fruit-eating. Females ate wood more often than males, while males had a greater probability of consuming meat at predation events. DISCUSSION We propose that females ate wood more often than males because females had reduced access to meat, their preferred source of sodium. This hypothesis suggests that the need for sodium is a motivating reason for chimpanzees to consume both meat and wood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Venable
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Zarin Machanda
- Kibale Chimpanzee Project, Fort Portal, Uganda.,Department of Anthropology, Tufts University, Grafton, Massachusetts
| | - Lindsey Hagberg
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Kibale Chimpanzee Project, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - Jordan Lucore
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Kibale Chimpanzee Project, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - Emily Otali
- Kibale Chimpanzee Project, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - Jessica M Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York
| | - Moreen Uwimbabazi
- Kibale Chimpanzee Project, Fort Portal, Uganda.,Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Richard Wrangham
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Kibale Chimpanzee Project, Fort Portal, Uganda
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24
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Friant S, Ayambem WA, Alobi AO, Ifebueme NM, Otukpa OM, Ogar DA, Alawa CBI, Goldberg TL, Jacka JK, Rothman JM. Life on the Rainforest Edge: Food Security in the Agricultural-Forest Frontier of Cross River State, Nigeria. Front Sustain Food Syst 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2019.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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25
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Uwimbabazi M, Rothman JM, Basuta GI, Machanda ZP, Conklin‐Brittain NL, Wrangham RW. INFLUENCE OF FRUIT AVAILABILITY ON MACRONUTRIENT AND ENERGY INTAKE BY FEMALE CHIMPANZEES. Afr J Ecol 2019; 57:454-465. [PMID: 32863473 DOI: 10.1111/aje.12636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Daily energy intake of adult female mammals is influenced by environmental conditions and physiological requirements, including reproduction. We examined the effects of fruit availability on macronutrient and metabolisable energy intake by adult female chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) of the Kanyawara community in Kibale National Park, Uganda from January 2014 through June 2015. Drupe fruits were abundant for four months, whereas the other fourteen months were dominated by fig fruits. The mean daily intake of food (dry matter) and metabolisable energy, did not differ between drupe-months and fig-months. However, foraging costs were higher during fig-months, as indicated by a 20% increase in feeding time. Furthermore, during drupe-months female chimpanzees ingested more water-soluble carbohydrates and lipids, and less available protein and neutral detergent fibre. Although metabolisable energy intake did not differ consistently between drupe-months and fig-months, they consumed more on days when ripe fruit dominated the diet than when leaves and pithy stems dominated the diet. Our data suggest that differences in diet quality between drupes and figs can have important effects on frugivore foraging, and that they influence net energy gain more by their effects on macronutrient composition or foraging cost than by their direct impact on energy intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moreen Uwimbabazi
- Department of Zoology, Entomology and Fisheries Sciences, College of Natural Sciences Makerere University Kampala Uganda
| | - Jessica M. Rothman
- Department of Anthropology Hunter College of the City University of New York New York New York
| | - Gilbert I. Basuta
- Department of Zoology, Entomology and Fisheries Sciences, College of Natural Sciences Makerere University Kampala Uganda
| | | | | | - Richard W. Wrangham
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts
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26
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Koops K, Wrangham RW, Cumberlidge N, Fitzgerald MA, van Leeuwen KL, Rothman JM, Matsuzawa T. Crab-fishing by chimpanzees in the Nimba Mountains, Guinea. J Hum Evol 2019; 133:230-241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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27
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Gomez A, Sharma AK, Mallott EK, Petrzelkova KJ, Jost Robinson CA, Yeoman CJ, Carbonero F, Pafco B, Rothman JM, Ulanov A, Vlckova K, Amato KR, Schnorr SL, Dominy NJ, Modry D, Todd A, Torralba M, Nelson KE, Burns MB, Blekhman R, Remis M, Stumpf RM, Wilson BA, Gaskins HR, Garber PA, White BA, Leigh SR. Plasticity in the Human Gut Microbiome Defies Evolutionary Constraints. mSphere 2019; 4:e00271-19. [PMID: 31366708 PMCID: PMC6669335 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00271-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome of primates, including humans, is reported to closely follow host evolutionary history, with gut microbiome composition being specific to the genetic background of its primate host. However, the comparative models used to date have mainly included a limited set of closely related primates. To further understand the forces that shape the primate gut microbiome, with reference to human populations, we expanded the comparative analysis of variation among gut microbiome compositions and their primate hosts, including 9 different primate species and 4 human groups characterized by a diverse set of subsistence patterns (n = 448 samples). The results show that the taxonomic composition of the human gut microbiome, at the genus level, exhibits increased compositional plasticity. Specifically, we show unexpected similarities between African Old World monkeys that rely on eclectic foraging and human populations engaging in nonindustrial subsistence patterns; these similarities transcend host phylogenetic constraints. Thus, instead of following evolutionary trends that would make their microbiomes more similar to that of conspecifics or more phylogenetically similar apes, gut microbiome composition in humans from nonindustrial populations resembles that of generalist cercopithecine monkeys. We also document that wild cercopithecine monkeys with eclectic diets and humans following nonindustrial subsistence patterns harbor high gut microbiome diversity that is not only higher than that seen in humans engaging in industrialized lifestyles but also higher compared to wild primates that typically consume fiber-rich diets.IMPORTANCE The results of this study indicate a discordance between gut microbiome composition and evolutionary history in primates, calling into question previous notions about host genetic control of the primate gut microbiome. Microbiome similarities between humans consuming nonindustrialized diets and monkeys characterized by subsisting on eclectic, omnivorous diets also raise questions about the ecological and nutritional drivers shaping the human gut microbiome. Moreover, a more detailed understanding of the factors associated with gut microbiome plasticity in primates offers a framework to understand why humans following industrialized lifestyles have deviated from states thought to reflect human evolutionary history. The results also provide perspectives for developing therapeutic dietary manipulations that can reset configurations of the gut microbiome to potentially improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Gomez
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ashok Kumar Sharma
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Elizabeth K Mallott
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Klara J Petrzelkova
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Liberec Zoo, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | | | - Carl J Yeoman
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Franck Carbonero
- Department of Nutrition & Exercise Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Barbora Pafco
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jessica M Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of CUNY and New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, New York, USA
| | - Alexander Ulanov
- Metabolomics Center, Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Klara Vlckova
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Katherine R Amato
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Stephanie L Schnorr
- Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
- Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Nathaniel J Dominy
- Department of Anthropology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - David Modry
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute for Technology (CEITEC), University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Angelique Todd
- World Wildlife Fund, Dzanga-Sangha Protected Areas, Bayanga, Central African Republic
| | | | | | - Michael B Burns
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ran Blekhman
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Melissa Remis
- Department of Anthropology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Rebecca M Stumpf
- Carl Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Brenda A Wilson
- Carl Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - H Rex Gaskins
- Carl Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Paul A Garber
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Bryan A White
- Carl Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Steven R Leigh
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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28
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Takahashi MQ, Rothman JM, Raubenheimer D, Cords M. Dietary generalists and nutritional specialists: Feeding strategies of adult female blue monkeys (
Cercopithecus mitis
) in the Kakamega Forest, Kenya. Am J Primatol 2019; 81:e23016. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maressa Q. Takahashi
- Department of Ecology Evolution, and Environmental Biology Columbia University New York New York
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology New York New York
| | - Jessica M. Rothman
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology New York New York
- Department of Anthropology Hunter College of the City University of New York New York New York
| | - David Raubenheimer
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Marina Cords
- Department of Ecology Evolution, and Environmental Biology Columbia University New York New York
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology New York New York
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29
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Kumpan LT, Rothman JM, Chapman CA, Teichroeb JA. Playing it safe? Solitary vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) choose high-quality foods more than those in competition. Am J Primatol 2019; 81:e23002. [PMID: 31192490 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An important goal in foraging ecology is to determine how biotic and abiotic variables impact the foraging decisions of wild animals and how they move throughout their multidimensional landscape. However, the interaction of food quality and feeding competition on foraging decisions is largely unknown. Here we examine the importance of food quality in a patch on the foraging decisions of wild vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) at Lake Nabugabo, Uganda using a multidestination platform array. The overall nutritional composition of the vervet diet was assessed and found to be low in sodium and lipids, thus we conducted a series of experimental manipulations in which the array was varied in salt and oil content. Although vervets prioritized platforms containing key nutrients (i.e., sodium and lipids) overall, we found that solitary vervets prioritized nutrient-dense platforms more strongly than competing vervets. This finding was opposite to those in a similar experiment that manipulated food site quantity, suggesting that large, salient rewards may be worth competing over but slight differences in nutritional density may be only chosen when there are no potentially negative social consequences (i.e., aggression received). We also found that vervets chose platforms baited with oil-only, and oil combined with salt, but not salt-only, suggesting that energy was an important factor in food choice. Our findings demonstrate that when wild vervets detect differences in feeding patches that reflect nutritional composition, they factor these differences into their navigational and foraging decisions. In addition, our findings suggest that these nutritional differences may be considered alongside social variables, ultimately leading to the complex strategies we observed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tamara Kumpan
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica M Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, The New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York
| | - Colin A Chapman
- Department of Anthropology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julie A Teichroeb
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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30
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Koirala RK, Ji W, Paudel P, Coogan SCP, Rothman JM, Raubenheimer D. The effects of age, sex and season on the macronutrient composition of the diet of the domestic Asian elephant. Journal of Applied Animal Research 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2018.1552589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar Koirala
- Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Institute of Forestry, Tribhuvan University, Pokhara, Nepal
| | - Weihong Ji
- Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Sean C. P. Coogan
- Department of Renewable Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- The Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jessica M. Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Raubenheimer
- The Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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31
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Hon N, Behie AM, Rothman JM, Ryan KG. Nutritional composition of the diet of the northern yellow-cheeked crested gibbon (Nomascus annamensis) in northeastern Cambodia. Primates 2018; 59:339-346. [PMID: 29691702 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-018-0663-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study measured the nutritional composition of foods consumed by the northern yellow-cheeked crested gibbon (Nomascus annamensis) in northeastern Cambodia. One group of N. annamensis was studied, and focal animal sampling was used to observe their feeding behavior. The study was conducted for 4 months (January-April 2015) in the dry season and 69 foods were collected for nutritional analyses. N. annamensis fed on 37 plant species, but only seven species made up more than 80% of feeding time. N. annamensis spent the majority of their time feeding on fruit (60.36%), followed by young leaves (22.60%), flowers (13.74%), and mature leaves (3.30%). Fruit had the highest concentrations of total non-structural carbohydrates, while young leaves had the highest concentration of crude protein compared to other food items. All food items had similar concentrations of lipids, except young leaves, which had lower levels than fruit and flowers. All plant parts consumed by N. annamensis had similar amounts of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and acid detergent lignin. Thirty-two percent of all food items contained condensed tannins, and they had a similar level of it. All foods also had similar energy contents. This study adds to our knowledge of the feeding ecology of N. annamensis by providing baseline data on the make-up of the foods they eat and may contribute to captive feeding programs, ultimately assisting the conservation of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naven Hon
- Conservation International Greater Mekong, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. .,School of Biological Science, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Alison M Behie
- School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Jessica M Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, USA.,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ken G Ryan
- School of Biological Science, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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Cancelliere EC, Chapman CA, Twinomugisha D, Rothman JM. The nutritional value of feeding on crops: Diets of vervet monkeys in a humanized landscape. Afr J Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma C. Cancelliere
- Department of Anthropology Graduate Center of the City University of New York New York NY USA
- New York Consortium for Evolutionary Primatology New York NY USA
| | - Colin A. Chapman
- McGill School of Environment and Department of Anthropology McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada
- Wildlife Conservation Society Bronx NY USA
- Makerere University Biological Field Station Fort Portal Uganda
| | | | - Jessica M. Rothman
- Department of Anthropology Graduate Center of the City University of New York New York NY USA
- New York Consortium for Evolutionary Primatology New York NY USA
- Makerere University Biological Field Station Fort Portal Uganda
- Department of Anthropology Hunter College of the City University of New York, and New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology New York NY USA
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33
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Bennett AJ, Sibley SD, Lauck M, Weny G, Hyeroba D, Tumukunde A, Friedrich TC, O'Connor DH, Johnson CA, Rothman JM, Goldberg TL. Naturally Circulating Hepatitis A Virus in Olive Baboons, Uganda. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 22:1308-10. [PMID: 27315373 PMCID: PMC4918173 DOI: 10.3201/eid2207.151837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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34
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Koch F, Ganzhorn JU, Rothman JM, Chapman CA, Fichtel C. Sex and seasonal differences in diet and nutrient intake in Verreaux's sifakas (Propithecus verreauxi). Am J Primatol 2017; 79:1-10. [PMID: 27781287 PMCID: PMC6174962 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Fluctuations in food availability are a major challenge faced by primates living in seasonal climates. Variation in food availability can be especially challenging for females, because of the high energetic costs of reproduction. Therefore, females must adapt the particular demands of the different reproductive stages to the seasonal availability of resources. Madagascar has a highly seasonal climate, where food availability can be extremely variable. We investigated the seasonal changes in diet composition, nutrient and energy intake of female and male sifakas (Propithecus verreauxi) in a dry deciduous forest in western Madagascar. We examined how females adjust their diet to different reproductive stages. Seasonality affected the diet of both sexes; particularly in the dry season (Apr-Oct) with low availability of food items, especially fruits, males and females had a reduced nutrient and energy intake compared to the wet season (Nov-Mar) with higher food and fruit availability. The comparison of the diet between sexes in different reproductive stages showed that during the late stage of lactation (Nov-Jan) females had higher food intake, and as a result they had a higher intake of macronutrients (crude protein, fat and non-structured carbohydrates (TNC)) and energy than males. These differences were not present during the pregnancy of females, with both sexes having similar intake of macronutrients and energy during that stage. The increase in the intake of macronutrients observed for females during late lactation could be related to the higher energetic demands of this stage of reproduction. Thus, the observed pattern in the diet indicates that sifaka females are following a capital breeding strategy, whereby females potentially store enough nutrients to cope with the reproduction costs in periods of low food availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Koch
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology UnitGerman Primate CenterGöttingenGermany
| | - Joerg U. Ganzhorn
- Department of Animal Ecology and ConservationUniversity of HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Jessica M. Rothman
- Department of AnthropologyHunter College of the City University of New YorkNew York
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary PrimatologyNew York
| | - Colin A. Chapman
- Department of Anthropology, McGill School of EnvironmentMcGill UniversityMontrealQuébecCanada
| | - Claudia Fichtel
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology UnitGerman Primate CenterGöttingenGermany
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35
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Irwin MT, Raharison JL, Chapman CA, Junge RE, Rothman JM. Minerals in the foods and diet of diademed sifakas: Are they nutritional challenges? Am J Primatol 2017; 79:1-14. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell T. Irwin
- Department of Anthropology; Northern Illinois University; DeKalb Illinois
- SADABE Madagascar; Antananarivo Madagascar
| | - Jean-Luc Raharison
- SADABE Madagascar; Antananarivo Madagascar
- Department of Animal Biology; University of Antananarivo; Antananarivo Madagascar
| | - Colin A. Chapman
- Department of Anthropology and McGill School of Environment; McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
- Wildlife Conservation Society; 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx; New York New York
| | - Randall E. Junge
- Department of Animal Health; Columbus Zoo and Aquarium; Columbus Ohio
| | - Jessica M. Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College; City University of New York; New York New York
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP); New York New York
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36
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Rothman JM, Johnson CA. Primate Nutrition and Foodways. Food Research 2017. [DOI: 10.2307/j.ctvw04dmx.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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37
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Busia L, Schaffner CM, Rothman JM, Aureli F. Do Fruit Nutrients Affect Subgrouping Patterns in Wild Spider Monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi)? INT J PRIMATOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-016-9935-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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38
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Vogel ER, Alavi SE, Utami-Atmoko SS, van Noordwijk MA, Bransford TD, Erb WM, Zulfa A, Sulistyo F, Farida WR, Rothman JM. Nutritional ecology of wild Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) in a peat swamp habitat: Effects of age, sex, and season. Am J Primatol 2016; 79:1-20. [PMID: 27889926 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The spatial and temporal variation in food abundance has strong effects on wildlife feeding and nutrition. This variation is exemplified by the peatland forests of Central Kalimantan, which are characterized by unpredictable fruiting fluctuations, relatively low levels of fruit availability, and low fruit periods (<3% of trees fruiting) that can last nearly a year. Challenged by these environments, large, arboreal frugivores like orangutans must periodically rely on non-preferred, lower-quality foods to meet their nutritional needs. We examined variation in nutrient intake among age-sex classes and seasons over a 7-year period at the Tuanan Orangutan Research Station in Central Kalimantan. We conducted 2,316 full-day focal follows on 62 habituated orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii). We found differences in total energy and macronutrient intake across age-sex classes, controlling for metabolic body mass. Intake of both total energy and macronutrients varied with fruit availability, and preference of dietary items increased with their nutritional quality. Foraging-related variables, such as day journey length, travel time, and feeding time, also varied among age-sex classes and with fruit availability. Our results add to the growing body of literature suggesting that great variation in foraging strategies exists among species, populations, and age-sex classes and in response to periods of resource scarcity. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS The spatial and temporal variation in food abundance has strong effects on wildlife feeding and nutrition. Here we present the first long term study of the effects of variation in fruit availability and age/sex class on nutritional ecology of wild Bornean orangutans. We examined variation in nutrient intake of wild orangutans in living in a peat swamp habitat over a 7-year period at the Tuanan Orangutan Research Station in Central Kalimantan. We conducted 2,316 full-day focal follows on 62 habituated orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii). We found differences in total energy and macronutrient intake across age-sex classes, controlling for metabolic body mass. Intake of both total energy and macronutrients varied with fruit availability, and preference of dietary items increased with their nutritional quality. Foraging-related variables, such as day journey length, travel time, and feeding time, also varied among age-sex classes and with fruit availability. Our results add to the growing body of literature suggesting that great variation in foraging strategies exists among species, populations, and age-sex classes and in response to periods of resource scarcity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin R Vogel
- Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.,The Center for Human Evolutionary Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.,Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolution, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Shauhin E Alavi
- Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.,The Center for Human Evolutionary Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | | | | | - Timothy D Bransford
- Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.,The Center for Human Evolutionary Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Wendy M Erb
- Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.,The Center for Human Evolutionary Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Astri Zulfa
- Falkutas Biologi, Universitas Nasional Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Wartika Rosa Farida
- Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong-Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Jessica M Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York
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Setchell JM, Fernandez-Duque E, Higham JP, Rothman JM, Shülke O. Editorial: Changes and Clarifications to the Policies of the International Journal of Primatology to Promote Transparency and Open Communication. INT J PRIMATOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-016-9925-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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40
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Aristizabal JF, Rothman JM, García-Fería LM, Serio-Silva JC. Contrasting time-based and weight-based estimates of protein and energy intake of black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra). Am J Primatol 2016; 79:1-8. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John F. Aristizabal
- Posgrado, Instituto de Ecología AC; Xalapa; Veracruz México
- Red de Biología y Conservación de Vertebrados; Instituto de Ecología AC, Xalapa; Veracruz México
| | - Jessica M. Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York; New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology; New York New York
| | - Luis M. García-Fería
- Red de Biología y Conservación de Vertebrados; Instituto de Ecología AC, Xalapa; Veracruz México
| | - Juan Carlos Serio-Silva
- Red de Biología y Conservación de Vertebrados; Instituto de Ecología AC, Xalapa; Veracruz México
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41
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Goldberg TL, Angedakin S, Basuta GMI, Brown M, Butynski TM, Chapman CA, Chapman L, Gunter S, Kato I, Krief JM, Krief S, Lambert JE, Langergraber KE, Mitani JC, Muller MN, Nelson SV, Omeja P, Otali E, Potts KB, Ross EA, Rothman JM, Rowney C, Sande E, Struhsaker TT, Twinomugisha D, Watts DP, Weny G, Wrangham RW. Remembering Jerry Lwanga: A Perspective from His Colleagues. INT J PRIMATOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-015-9888-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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42
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Dröscher I, Rothman JM, Ganzhorn JU, Kappeler PM. Nutritional consequences of folivory in a small-bodied lemur (Lepilemur leucopus): Effects of season and reproduction on nutrient balancing. Am J Phys Anthropol 2016; 160:197-207. [PMID: 26865348 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Small-bodied folivores are rare because processing leaves often requires extensive gut adaptations and lengthy retention times for fiber fermentation. However, the <1 kg nocturnal white-footed sportive lemurs (Lepilemur leucopus) persist on a leaf-based diet. We investigated how extrinsic (i.e., seasonality in temperature and food availability) and intrinsic factors (i.e., reproductive state) influence nutrient intake and explored how nutrient and energy needs are met in this species. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted full night focal follows across all seasons and analyzed nutrients in all items eaten by adults of both sexes to investigate nutrient intake and nutritional priorities in L. leucopus. We estimated digestible protein content, as this is a biologically more meaningful measure than crude protein. RESULTS Protein intake was constant across seasons, while non-protein energy and dry matter intake increased from the hot wet to the cold dry season. Males and females did not differ in their nutrient or apparent energy intake irrespective of female reproductive state. DISCUSSION We conclude that these animals prioritize protein over non-protein energy intake as dietary protein is in limited supply, and that thermoregulation poses higher energetic costs than reproduction in this species. While protein intake did not differ across female reproductive states, the relative protein content of the diet was highest during the lactation period, indicating that the balance of non-protein to protein intake may be more important than absolute intake. Dry matter intake was high compared to other folivorous primates, indicating that L. leucopus follows an intake rather than an efficiency strategy to meet its energy requirements. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:197-207, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Dröscher
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jessica M Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY.,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY
| | - Jörg U Ganzhorn
- Department of Animal Ecology and Conservation, University of Hamburg, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter M Kappeler
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Sociobiology/Anthropology, University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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43
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Gomez A, Rothman JM, Petrzelkova K, Yeoman CJ, Vlckova K, Umaña JD, Carr M, Modry D, Todd A, Torralba M, Nelson KE, Stumpf RM, Wilson BA, Blekhman R, White BA, Leigh SR. Temporal variation selects for diet-microbe co-metabolic traits in the gut of Gorilla spp. ISME J 2016; 10:514-26. [PMID: 26315972 PMCID: PMC4737941 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2015.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although the critical role that our gastrointestinal microbes play in host physiology is now well established, we know little about the factors that influenced the evolution of primate gut microbiomes. To further understand current gut microbiome configurations and diet-microbe co-metabolic fingerprints in primates, from an evolutionary perspective, we characterized fecal bacterial communities and metabolomic profiles in 228 fecal samples of lowland and mountain gorillas (G. g. gorilla and G. b. beringei, respectively), our closest evolutionary relatives after chimpanzees. Our results demonstrate that the gut microbiomes and metabolomes of these two species exhibit significantly different patterns. This is supported by increased abundance of metabolites and bacterial taxa associated with fiber metabolism in mountain gorillas, and enrichment of markers associated with simple sugar, lipid and sterol turnover in the lowland species. However, longitudinal sampling shows that both species' microbiomes and metabolomes converge when hosts face similar dietary constraints, associated with low fruit availability in their habitats. By showing differences and convergence of diet-microbe co-metabolic fingerprints in two geographically isolated primate species, under specific dietary stimuli, we suggest that dietary constraints triggered during their adaptive radiation were potential factors behind the species-specific microbiome patterns observed in primates today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Gomez
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Jessica M Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of CUNY, New York, NY, USA
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, NY, USA
| | - Klara Petrzelkova
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Liberec Zoo, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Carl J Yeoman
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Klara Vlckova
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Juan D Umaña
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Monica Carr
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - David Modry
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
- CEITEC, Central European Institute for Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Angelique Todd
- World Wildlife Fund, Dzanga-Sangha Protected Areas, Bayanga, Central African Republic
| | | | | | - Rebecca M Stumpf
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Brenda A Wilson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Ran Blekhman
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St Paul, MN, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Bryan A White
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Steven R Leigh
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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44
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Chapman CA, Twinomugisha D, Teichroeb JA, Valenta K, Sengupta R, Sarkar D, Rothman JM. How Do Primates Survive Among Humans? Mechanisms Employed by Vervet Monkeys at Lake Nabugabo, Uganda. Ethnoprimatology 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-30469-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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45
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Righini N, Garber PA, Rothman JM. The effects of plant nutritional chemistry on food selection of Mexican black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra): The role of lipids. Am J Primatol 2015; 79:1-15. [PMID: 26713884 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the nutritional basis of food selection is fundamental to evaluate dietary patterns and foraging strategies in primates. This research describes the phytochemical composition of the foods consumed by two groups of Mexican black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra) during a 15-month field study, and examines how plant nutritional chemistry affected food choice. Based on indices of selectivity that reflected seasonal changes in the amount of different phenophases of the most consumed plant species and their availability in the environment, we found that, in general, howlers did not preferentially select food items based on their concentrations of protein, sugar, energy, or their protein-to-fiber ratio. During only one season of the year, the nortes (October-January), there was evidence for selectivity. During this period, selectivity indices correlated positively with the lipid content of foods ingested. However, a strategy of selecting fruits high in lipids (21-41% dry matter) coincided with the consumption of a leaf-based diet (based on estimates of the dry weight of food ingested), suggesting that during this season howlers interchanged lipids with sugars to obtain energy and possibly to balance the higher protein intake obtained by the increased leaf consumption. Overall, these data did not support the prediction that food choice in this howler population was strongly correlated with particular nutrients, and suggest that balancing a suite of nutrients by consuming plants that vary widely in their composition may be an important strategy for howler monkeys. Am. J. Primatol. 79:e22524, 2017. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Righini
- Red de Manejo Biorracional de Plagas y Vectores, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico.,Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Paul A Garber
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Jessica M Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York.,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna E. Lambert
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309;
| | - Jessica M. Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10065;
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY
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47
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Johnson CA, Raubenheimer D, Chapman CA, Tombak KJ, Reid AJ, Rothman JM. Macronutrient balancing affects patch departure by guerezas (
Colobus guereza
). Am J Primatol 2015; 79:1-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caley A. Johnson
- Department of AnthropologyThe Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York City, New York
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP)American Museum of Natural History, New York City, New York
| | - David Raubenheimer
- Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science and School of Biological SciencesThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Colin A. Chapman
- Department of Anthropology & McGill School of EnvironmentMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- Wildlife Conservation SocietyBronxNew York
| | - Kaia J. Tombak
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyPrinceton UniversityPrincetonNew Jersey
| | - Andrea J. Reid
- Department of BiologyCarleton University, OttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Jessica M. Rothman
- Department of AnthropologyThe Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York City, New York
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP)American Museum of Natural History, New York City, New York
- Department of AnthropologyHunter College of the City University of New York, New York City, New York
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48
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Blumenthal SA, Rothman JM, Chritz KL, Cerling TE. Stable isotopic variation in tropical forest plants for applications in primatology. Am J Primatol 2015; 78:1041-54. [PMID: 26444915 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Stable isotope analysis is a promising tool for investigating primate ecology although nuanced ecological applications remain challenging, in part due to the complex nature of isotopic variability in plant-animal systems. The aim of this study is to investigate sources of carbon and nitrogen isotopic variation at the base of primate food webs that reflect aspects of primate ecology. The majority of primates inhabit tropical forest ecosystems, which are dominated by C3 vegetation. We used stable isotope ratios in plants from Kibale National Park, Uganda, a well-studied closed-canopy tropical forest, to investigate sources of isotopic variation among C3 plants related to canopy stratification, leaf age, and plant part. Unpredictably, our results demonstrate that vertical stratification within the canopy does not explain carbon or nitrogen isotopic variation in leaves. Leaf age can be a significant source of isotopic variation, although the direction and magnitude of this difference is not consistent across tree species. Some plant parts are clearly differentiated in carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition, particularly leaves compared to non-photosynthetic parts such as reproductive parts and woody stem parts. Overall, variation in the isotopic composition of floral communities, plant species, and plant parts demonstrates that stable isotope studies must include analysis of local plant species and parts consumed by the primates under study from within the study area. Am. J. Primatol. 78:1041-1054, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Blumenthal
- Department of Anthropology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York. .,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, New York. .,Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
| | - Jessica M Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York.,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, New York.,Department of Anthropology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York
| | - Kendra L Chritz
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Thure E Cerling
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Aryal A, Coogan SCP, Ji W, Rothman JM, Raubenheimer D. Foods, macronutrients and fibre in the diet of blue sheep (Psuedois nayaur) in the Annapurna Conservation Area of Nepal. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:4006-17. [PMID: 26445655 PMCID: PMC4588638 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Food resources are often critical regulating factors affecting individual fitness and population densities. In the Himalayan Mountains, Bharal “blue sheep” (Pseudois nayaur) are the main food resource for the endangered snow leopard (Panthera uncia), as well as being preyed upon by other predators. Blue sheep, however, may face a number of challenges including food resource competition with other wild and domestic ungulates, and hunting pressure. Here, we characterized the diet of blue sheep in the Annapurna Conservation Area (ACA) of Nepal and conducted proximate nutritional analysis on a limited number of plants identified as foods. Furthermore, we investigated the macronutrient and fiber balance of these plants using nutritional geometry which is a state‐space approach to modeling multidimensional and interactive nutritional aspects of foraging. A total of 19 plant species/genera were identified in blue sheep pellets using microhistological analysis. On average, across seasons and regions of the study area, the two most frequently occurring plants in pellets were graminoids: Kobressia sp. and Carex spp. The macronutrient balance of Kobresia sp. was relatively high in carbohydrate and low in protein, while other plants in the diet were generally higher in protein and lipid content. Analysis of fiber balance showed that the two most consumed plants of blue sheep (i.e., Kobresia spp. and Carex spp.) contained the highest concentration of hemicellulose, which is likely digestible by blue sheep. The hemicellulose and lignin balance of plants ranged relatively widely, yet their cellulose contents showed less variation. Foraging by blue sheep may therefore be a balance between consuming highly digestible high‐carbohydrate plants and plants less‐digestible but higher in protein and/or lipid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achyut Aryal
- Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences Massey University Auckland New Zealand
| | - Sean C P Coogan
- The Charles Perkins Centre, and School of Biological Sciences University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales 2006 Australia
| | - Weihong Ji
- Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences Massey University Auckland New Zealand
| | - Jessica M Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College City University of New York New York City New York
| | - David Raubenheimer
- Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences Massey University Auckland New Zealand ; The Charles Perkins Centre Faculty of Veterinary Science, and School of Biological Sciences University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales 2006 Australia
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Bryer MAH, Chapman CA, Raubenheimer D, Lambert JE, Rothman JM. Macronutrient and Energy Contributions of Insects to the Diet of a Frugivorous Monkey (Cercopithecus ascanius). INT J PRIMATOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-015-9857-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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