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Zhang Y, Lin L, Yang J, Lv Q, Wang M, Wang F, Huang X, Hua L, Wang X, Chen H, Wilson BA, Wu B, Peng Z. Two Bordetella bronchiseptica attenuated vaccine candidates confer protection against lethal challenge with B. Bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida toxin in mouse models. Vaccine 2022; 40:3771-3780. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Peng Z, Liu J, Liang W, Wang F, Wang L, Wang X, Hua L, Chen H, Wilson BA, Wang J, Wu B. Development of an Online Tool for Pasteurella multocida Genotyping and Genotypes of Pasteurella multocida From Different Hosts. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:771157. [PMID: 34977209 PMCID: PMC8718711 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.771157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida is a versatile zoonotic pathogen. Multiple systems have been applied to type P. multocida from different diseases in different hosts. Recently, we found that assigning P. multocida strains by combining their capsular, lipopolysaccharide, and MLST genotypes (marked as capsular: lipopolysaccharide: MLST genotype) could help address the biological characteristics of P. multocida circulation in different hosts. However, there is still lack of a rapid and efficient tool to diagnose P. multocida according to this system. Here, we developed an intelligent genotyping platform PmGT for P. multocida strains according to their whole genome sequences using the web 2.0 technologies. By using PmGT, we determined capsular genotypes, LPS genotypes, and MLST genotypes as well as the main virulence factor genes (VFGs) of P. multocida isolates from different host species based on their whole genome sequences published on NCBI. The results revealed a closer association between the genotypes and pasteurellosis rather than between genotypes and host species. With the advent of high-quality, inexpensive DNA sequencing, PmGT represents a more efficient tool for P. multocida diagnosis in both epidemiological studies and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junyang Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xueying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Brenda A Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Jia Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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3
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Haywood EE, Handy NB, Lopez JW, Ho M, Wilson BA. Insertion-trigger residues differentially modulate endosomal escape by cytotoxic necrotizing factor toxins. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101347. [PMID: 34715130 PMCID: PMC8592880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular specificity, potency, and modular nature of bacterial protein toxins enable their application for targeted cytosolic delivery of therapeutic cargo. Efficient endosomal escape is a critical step in the design of bacterial toxin-inspired drug delivery (BTIDD) vehicles to avoid lysosomal degradation and promote optimal cargo delivery. The cytotoxic necrotizing factor (CNF) family of modular toxins represents a useful model for investigating cargo-delivery mechanisms due to the availability of many homologs with high sequence identity, their flexibility in swapping domains, and their differential activity profiles. Previously, we found that CNFy is more sensitive to endosomal acidification inhibitors than CNF1 and CNF2. Here, we report that CNF3 is even less sensitive than CNF1/2. We identified two amino acid residues within the putative translocation domain (E374 and E412 in CNFy, Q373 and S411 in CNF3) that differentiate between these two toxins. Swapping these corresponding residues in each toxin changed the sensitivity to endosomal acidification and efficiency of cargo-delivery to be more similar to the other toxin. Results suggested that trafficking to the more acidic late endosome is required for cargo delivery by CNFy but not CNF3. This model was supported by results from toxin treatment of cells in the presence of NH4Cl, which blocks endosomal acidification, and of small-molecule inhibitors EGA, which blocks trafficking to late endosomes, and ABMA, which blocks endosomal escape and trafficking to the lysosomal degradative pathway. These findings suggest that it is possible to fine-tune endosomal escape and cytosolic cargo delivery efficiency in designing BTIDD platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth E Haywood
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Nicholas B Handy
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - James W Lopez
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Mengfei Ho
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Brenda A Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
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4
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Ho M, Moon D, Pires-Alves M, Thornton PD, McFarlin BL, Wilson BA. Recovery of microbial community profile information hidden in chimeric sequence reads. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:5126-5139. [PMID: 34589188 PMCID: PMC8453192 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sample-dependent inconsistencies in PCR-based and metagenomic sequencing analyses. Caveats associated with contig-based assembly programs for microbiome studies. More sample diversity/complexity yields more chimeric reads from PCR amplification. BlastBin includes consideration of chimeric reads for assigning and counting taxa. BlastBin enables recovery of information lost due to chimera formation. BlastBin 16S rRNA profiles more closely resemble metagenomic read-based profiles.
The next frontier in the field of microbiome studies is identification of all microbes present in the microbiome and accurate determination of their abundance such that microbiome profiles can serve as reliable assessments of health or disease status. PCR-based 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metagenome shotgun sequencing technologies are the prevailing approaches used in microbiome analyses. Each poses a number of technical challenges associated with PCR amplification, sample availability, and cost of processing and analysis. In general, results from these two approaches rarely agree completely with each other. Here, we compare these methods utilizing a set of vaginal swab and lavage specimens from a cohort of 42 pregnant women collected for a pilot study exploring the effect of the vaginal microbiome on preterm birth. We generated the microbial community profiles from the sequencing reads of the V3V4 and V4V5 regions of the 16S rRNA gene in the vaginal swab and lavage samples. For a subset of the vaginal samples from 12 subjects, we also performed metagenomic shotgun sequencing analysis and compared the results obtained from the PCR-based sequencing methods. Our findings suggest that sample composition and complexity, particularly at the species level, are major factors that must be considered when analyzing and interpreting microbiome data. Our approach to sequence analysis includes consideration of chimeric reads, by using our chimera-counting BlastBin program, and enables recovery of microbial content information generated during PCR-based sequencing methods, such that the microbial profiles more closely resemble those obtained from metagenomic read-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfei Ho
- Department of Microbiology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States
| | - Damee Moon
- Department of Microbiology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States
| | - Melissa Pires-Alves
- Department of Microbiology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States
| | - Patrick D Thornton
- Department of Human Development Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, United States
| | - Barbara L McFarlin
- Department of Human Development Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, United States
| | - Brenda A Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States
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5
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Gomez A, Sharma AK, Mallott EK, Petrzelkova KJ, Jost Robinson CA, Yeoman CJ, Carbonero F, Pafco B, Rothman JM, Ulanov A, Vlckova K, Amato KR, Schnorr SL, Dominy NJ, Modry D, Todd A, Torralba M, Nelson KE, Burns MB, Blekhman R, Remis M, Stumpf RM, Wilson BA, Gaskins HR, Garber PA, White BA, Leigh SR. Plasticity in the Human Gut Microbiome Defies Evolutionary Constraints. mSphere 2019; 4:e00271-19. [PMID: 31366708 PMCID: PMC6669335 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00271-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome of primates, including humans, is reported to closely follow host evolutionary history, with gut microbiome composition being specific to the genetic background of its primate host. However, the comparative models used to date have mainly included a limited set of closely related primates. To further understand the forces that shape the primate gut microbiome, with reference to human populations, we expanded the comparative analysis of variation among gut microbiome compositions and their primate hosts, including 9 different primate species and 4 human groups characterized by a diverse set of subsistence patterns (n = 448 samples). The results show that the taxonomic composition of the human gut microbiome, at the genus level, exhibits increased compositional plasticity. Specifically, we show unexpected similarities between African Old World monkeys that rely on eclectic foraging and human populations engaging in nonindustrial subsistence patterns; these similarities transcend host phylogenetic constraints. Thus, instead of following evolutionary trends that would make their microbiomes more similar to that of conspecifics or more phylogenetically similar apes, gut microbiome composition in humans from nonindustrial populations resembles that of generalist cercopithecine monkeys. We also document that wild cercopithecine monkeys with eclectic diets and humans following nonindustrial subsistence patterns harbor high gut microbiome diversity that is not only higher than that seen in humans engaging in industrialized lifestyles but also higher compared to wild primates that typically consume fiber-rich diets.IMPORTANCE The results of this study indicate a discordance between gut microbiome composition and evolutionary history in primates, calling into question previous notions about host genetic control of the primate gut microbiome. Microbiome similarities between humans consuming nonindustrialized diets and monkeys characterized by subsisting on eclectic, omnivorous diets also raise questions about the ecological and nutritional drivers shaping the human gut microbiome. Moreover, a more detailed understanding of the factors associated with gut microbiome plasticity in primates offers a framework to understand why humans following industrialized lifestyles have deviated from states thought to reflect human evolutionary history. The results also provide perspectives for developing therapeutic dietary manipulations that can reset configurations of the gut microbiome to potentially improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Gomez
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ashok Kumar Sharma
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Elizabeth K Mallott
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Klara J Petrzelkova
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Liberec Zoo, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | | | - Carl J Yeoman
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Franck Carbonero
- Department of Nutrition & Exercise Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Barbora Pafco
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jessica M Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of CUNY and New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, New York, USA
| | - Alexander Ulanov
- Metabolomics Center, Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Klara Vlckova
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Katherine R Amato
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Stephanie L Schnorr
- Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
- Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Nathaniel J Dominy
- Department of Anthropology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - David Modry
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute for Technology (CEITEC), University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Angelique Todd
- World Wildlife Fund, Dzanga-Sangha Protected Areas, Bayanga, Central African Republic
| | | | | | - Michael B Burns
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ran Blekhman
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Melissa Remis
- Department of Anthropology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Rebecca M Stumpf
- Carl Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Brenda A Wilson
- Carl Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - H Rex Gaskins
- Carl Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Paul A Garber
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Bryan A White
- Carl Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Steven R Leigh
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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6
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Pafčo B, Sharma AK, Petrželková KJ, Vlčková K, Todd A, Yeoman CJ, Wilson BA, Stumpf R, White BA, Nelson KE, Leigh S, Gomez A. Gut microbiome composition of wild western lowland gorillas is associated with individual age and sex factors. Am J Phys Anthropol 2019; 169:575-585. [PMID: 31025322 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Environmental and ecological factors, such as geographic range, anthropogenic pressure, group identity, and feeding behavior are known to influence the gastrointestinal microbiomes of great apes. However, the influence of individual host traits such as age and sex, given specific dietary and social constraints, has been less studied. The objective of this investigation was to determine the associations between an individual's age and sex on the diversity and composition of the gut microbiome in wild western lowland gorillas. MATERIALS AND METHODS Publicly available 16S rRNA data generated from fecal samples of different groups of Gorilla gorilla gorilla in the Central African Republic were downloaded and bioinformatically processed. The groups analyzed included habituated, partially habituated and unhabituated gorillas, sampled during low fruit (dry, n = 28) and high fruit (wet, n = 82) seasons. Microbial community analyses (alpha and beta diversity and analyses of discriminant taxa), in tandem with network-wide approaches, were used to (a) mine for specific age and sex based differences in gut bacterial community composition and to (b) asses for gut community modularity and bacterial taxa with potential functional roles, in the context of seasonal food variation, and social group affiliation. RESULTS Both age and sex significantly influenced gut microbiome diversity and composition in wild western lowland gorillas. However, the largest differences were observed between infants and adults in habituated groups and between adults and immature gorillas within all groups, and across dry and wet seasons. Specifically, although adults always showed greater bacterial richness than infants and immature gorillas, network-wide analyses showed higher microbial community complexity and modularity in the infant gorilla gut. Sex-based microbiome differences were not evident among adults, being only detected among immature gorillas. CONCLUSIONS The results presented point to a dynamic gut microbiome in Gorilla spp., associated with ontogeny and individual development. Of note, the gut microbiomes of breastfeeding infants seemed to reflect early exposure to complex, herbaceous vegetation. Whether increased compositional complexity of the infant gorilla gut microbiome is an adaptive response to an energy-limited diet and an underdeveloped gut needs to be further tested. Overall, age and sex based gut microbiome differences, as shown here, maybe mainly attributed to access to specific feeding sources, and social interactions between individuals within groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Pafčo
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ashok K Sharma
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Klára J Petrželková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Vlčková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,School of Microbiology and APC Microbiome Ireland, Food Science Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Carl J Yeoman
- Department of Animal & Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Brenda A Wilson
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, Illinois.,Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Rebecca Stumpf
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, Illinois.,Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Bryan A White
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, Illinois
| | | | - Steven Leigh
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, Illinois.,Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Andres Gomez
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota
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7
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Ho M, Mettouchi A, Wilson BA, Lemichez E. CNF1-like deamidase domains: common Lego bricks among cancer-promoting immunomodulatory bacterial virulence factors. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:4992304. [PMID: 29733372 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations of the cellular proteome over time due to spontaneous or toxin-mediated enzymatic deamidation of glutamine (Gln) and asparagine (Asn) residues contribute to bacterial infection and might represent a source of aging-related diseases. Here, we put into perspective what is known about the mode of action of the CNF1 toxin from pathogenic Escherichia coli, a paradigm of bacterial deamidases that activate Rho GTPases, to illustrate the importance of determining whether exposure to these factors are risk factors in the etiology age-related diseases, such as cancer. In particular, through in silico analysis of the distribution of the CNF1-like deamidase active site Gly-Cys-(Xaa)n-His sequence motif in bacterial genomes, we unveil the wide distribution of the super-family of CNF-like toxins and CNF-like deamidase domains among members of the Enterobacteriacae and in association with a large variety of toxin delivery systems. We extent our discussion with recent findings concerning cellular systems that control activated Rac1 GTPase stability and provide protection against cancer. These findings point to the urgency for developing holistic approaches toward personalized medicine that include monitoring for asymptomatic carriage of pathogenic toxin-producing bacteria and that ultimately might lead to improved public health and increased lifespans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfei Ho
- Department of Microbiology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Amel Mettouchi
- Bacterial Toxins Unit, Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Brenda A Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Emmanuel Lemichez
- Bacterial Toxins Unit, Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France
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8
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Vlčková K, Pafčo B, Petrželková KJ, Modrý D, Todd A, Yeoman CJ, Torralba M, Wilson BA, Stumpf RM, White BA, Nelson KE, Leigh SR, Gomez A. Relationships Between Gastrointestinal Parasite Infections and the Fecal Microbiome in Free-Ranging Western Lowland Gorillas. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1202. [PMID: 29963018 PMCID: PMC6013710 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Relationships between gastrointestinal parasites (GIPs) and the gastrointestinal microbiome (GIM) are widely discussed topics across mammalian species due to their possible impact on the host's health. GIPs may change the environment determining alterations in GIM composition. We evaluated the associations between GIP infections and fecal microbiome composition in two habituated and two unhabituated groups of wild western lowland gorillas (Gorilla g. gorilla) from Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas, Central African Republic. We examined 43 fecal samples for GIPs and quantified strongylid nematodes. We characterized fecal microbiome composition through 454 pyrosequencing of the V1-V3 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Entamoeba spp. infections were associated with significant differences in abundances of bacterial taxa that likely play important roles in nutrition and metabolism for the host, besides being characteristic members of the gorilla gut microbiome. We did not observe any relationships between relative abundances of several bacterial taxa and strongylid egg counts. Based on our findings, we suggest that there is a significant relationship between fecal microbiome and Entamoeba infection in wild gorillas. This study contributes to the overall knowledge about factors involved in modulating GIM communities in great apes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Vlčková
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia.,Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Barbora Pafčo
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Klára J Petrželková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia.,Liberec Zoo, Liberec, Czechia.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - David Modrý
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia.,Central European Institute for Technology (CEITEC), University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Angelique Todd
- WWF, Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Carl J Yeoman
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | | | - Brenda A Wilson
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Rebecca M Stumpf
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Bryan A White
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Karen E Nelson
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, United States.,J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Steven R Leigh
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Andres Gomez
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, United States
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9
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Haywood EE, Ho M, Wilson BA. Modular domain swapping among the bacterial cytotoxic necrotizing factor (CNF) family for efficient cargo delivery into mammalian cells. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:3860-3870. [PMID: 29371399 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Modular AB-type bacterial protein toxins target mammalian host cells with high specificity and deliver their toxic cargo into the cytosol. Hence, these toxins are being explored as agents for targeted cytosolic delivery in biomedical and research applications. The cytotoxic necrotizing factor (CNF) family is unique among these toxins in that their homologous sequences are found in a wide array of bacteria, and their activity domains are packaged in various delivery systems. Here, to study how CNF cargo and delivery modules can be assembled for efficient cytosolic delivery, we generated chimeric toxins by swapping functional domains among CNF1, CNF2, CNF3, and CNFy. Chimeras with a CNFy delivery vehicle were more stably expressed, but were less efficient at cargo delivery into HEK293-T cells. We also found that CNFy cargo is the most universally compatible and that CNF3 delivery vehicle is the most flexible and efficient at delivering cargo. These findings suggest that domains within proteins can be swapped and accommodate each other for efficient function and that an individual domain could be engineered for compatibility with multiple partner domains. We anticipate that our insights could help inform chemical biology approaches to develop toxin-based cargo-delivery platforms for cytosolic cargo delivery of therapeutics or molecular probes into mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth E Haywood
- From the Department of Microbiology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Mengfei Ho
- From the Department of Microbiology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Brenda A Wilson
- From the Department of Microbiology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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10
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Vlčková K, Shutt-Phillips K, Heistermann M, Pafčo B, Petrželková KJ, Todd A, Modrý D, Nelson KE, Wilson BA, Stumpf RM, White BA, Leigh SR, Gomez A. Impact of stress on the gut microbiome of free-ranging western lowland gorillas. Microbiology (Reading) 2018; 164:40-44. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Klára Vlčková
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, Brno 61242, Czech Republic
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, Brno 60365, Czech Republic
| | | | - Michael Heistermann
- German Primate Centre, Endocrinology Laboratory, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Barbora Pafčo
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, Brno 61242, Czech Republic
| | - Klára J. Petrželková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, Brno 60365, Czech Republic
- Liberec Zoo, Masarykova 1347/31, Liberec, 46001, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Angelique Todd
- WWF, Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas, BP 1053 Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - David Modrý
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, Brno 61242, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic
- CEITEC VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, Brno, 61242, Czech Republic
| | - Karen E. Nelson
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9714 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Brenda A. Wilson
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Rebecca M. Stumpf
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 607 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Bryan A. White
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Steven R. Leigh
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado at Boulder, 1350 Pleasant Street, Boulder, CO 80309-0233, USA
| | - Andres Gomez
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, 1364 Eckles Aneue, St Paul, MN 55108-6118, USA
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11
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Hisao GS, Brothers MC, Ho M, Wilson BA, Rienstra CM. The membrane localization domains of two distinct bacterial toxins form a 4-helix-bundle in solution. Protein Sci 2017; 26:497-504. [PMID: 27977897 PMCID: PMC5326565 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Membrane localization domain (MLD) was first proposed for a 4-helix-bundle motif in the crystal structure of the C1 domain of Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT). This structure motif is also found in the crystal structures of several clostridial glycosylating toxins (TcdA, TcdB, TcsL, and TcnA). The Ras/Rap1-specific endopeptidase (RRSP) module of the multifunctional autoprocessing repeats-in-toxins (MARTX) toxin produced by Vibrio vulnificus has sequence homology to the C1-C2 domains of PMT, including a putative MLD. We have determined the solution structure for the MLDs in PMT and in RRSP using solution state NMR. We conclude that the MLDs in these two toxins assume a 4-helix-bundle structure in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant S. Hisao
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignIllinois
| | | | - Mengfei Ho
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignIllinois
| | - Brenda A. Wilson
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignIllinois
| | - Chad M. Rienstra
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignIllinois
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignIllinois
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignIllinois
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12
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Vlčková K, Gomez A, Petrželková KJ, Whittier CA, Todd AF, Yeoman CJ, Nelson KE, Wilson BA, Stumpf RM, Modrý D, White BA, Leigh SR. Effect of Antibiotic Treatment on the Gastrointestinal Microbiome of Free-Ranging Western Lowland Gorillas (Gorilla g. gorilla). Microb Ecol 2016; 72:943-954. [PMID: 26984253 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-016-0745-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome, which plays indispensable roles in host nutrition and health, is affected by numerous intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Among them, antibiotic (ATB) treatment is reported to have a significant effect on GI microbiome composition in humans and other animals. However, the impact of ATBs on the GI microbiome of free-ranging or even captive great apes remains poorly characterized. Here, we investigated the effect of cephalosporin treatment (delivered by intramuscular dart injection during a serious respiratory outbreak) on the GI microbiome of a wild habituated group of western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in the Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas, Central African Republic. We examined 36 fecal samples from eight individuals, including samples before and after ATB treatment, and characterized the GI microbiome composition using Illumina-MiSeq sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. The GI microbial profiles of samples from the same individuals before and after ATB administration indicate that the ATB treatment impacts GI microbiome stability and the relative abundance of particular bacterial taxa within the colonic ecosystem of wild gorillas. We observed a statistically significant increase in Firmicutes and a decrease in Bacteroidetes levels after ATB treatment. We found disruption of the fibrolytic community linked with a decrease of Ruminoccocus levels as a result of ATB treatment. Nevertheless, the nature of the changes observed after ATB treatment differs among gorillas and thus is dependent on the individual host. This study has important implications for ecology, management, and conservation of wild primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Vlčková
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1/3, Brno, 61242, Czech Republic.
| | - Andres Gomez
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Klára J Petrželková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Květná 8, Brno, 60365, Czech Republic
- Liberec Zoo, Masarykova 1347/31, Liberec, 46001, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Christopher A Whittier
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
- Department of Wildlife Health Sciences, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 3001 Connecticut Avenue Northwest, Washington, DC, 20008, USA
| | - Angelique F Todd
- WWF, Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas, BP 1053, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Carl J Yeoman
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, P.O. Box 172900, Bozeman, MT, 59717-2900, USA
| | - Karen E Nelson
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Brenda A Wilson
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Rebecca M Stumpf
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 607 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - David Modrý
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1/3, Brno, 61242, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic
- CEITEC VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1/3, Brno, 61242, Czech Republic
| | - Bryan A White
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Steven R Leigh
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado at Boulder, 1350 Pleasant Street, Boulder, CO, 80309-0233, USA
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13
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Abstract
As the population of elderly people rises, so too does the incidence of stroke. Cognitive impairment is considered to be a strong predictor of outcome following stroke, and elderly patients may have pre-existing, undiagnosed cognitive impairment as well as impairment caused by the stroke. The present study describes the performance of patients with unilateral hemispheric stroke (right hemisphere, n = 38; left hemisphere, n = 17) on the Middlesex Elderly Assessment of Mental Status (MEAMS), which was developed as a screening tool of cognitive dysfunction for elderly patients.1 Patients had no documented evidence of premorbid cognitive impairment. All patients with scores at borderline or below (n = 7) had language impairment and thus had difficulty with the language-oriented tests. Differences between right and left hemisphere groups are also presented and their performance on the various subtests discussed. It is concluded that the MEAMS is a useful instrument in screening stroke patients for cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Shiel
- Rehabilitation Research Unit, University of Southampton
| | - BA Wilson
- Senior Scientist, MRC Applied Psychology Unit, Cambridge
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14
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Abstract
This study examines whether head-injured people have a central executive deficit, and if this is correlated with performance on frontal-lobe tests. Twenty-five severely head-injured (HI) patients and 25 matched controls performed five tasks:(1) visual-motor tracking, (2) digit span, (3) visual-motor tracking with verbal encouragement from the experimenter, (4) visual-motor tracking whilst holding a conversation with the experimenter, and (5) visual-motor tracking with a simultaneous digit-span task. In addition, all subjects were assessed on three frontal-lobe tests. HI patients were significantly worse overall than controls. The most striking difference was in tracking with conversation, in which HI patients (but not controls) showed a marked decrement in performance. Scores from tests of frontal lobe functioning were significantly correlated with (1) tracking during conversation and (2) tracking with digits. The results are broadly consistent with a central executive deficit in head-injured patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Hartman
- University Department of Rehabilitation, University of Southampton
| | - RM Pickering
- Department of Computing and Statistics, University of Southampton
| | - BA Wilson
- MRC Applied Psychology Unit, Cambridge
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15
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Abstract
Five patients with memory impairments resulting from brain injury attended a memory group which ran weekly for 11 months. The group focused on helping patients find ways of utilizing memory aids to help with everyday memory problems. Memory games were used to encourage patients to devise strategies for dealing with novel problems. One aim was to facilitate social support amongst patients and opportunities were taken to address the emotional consequences of memory impairment. There were changes in the pattern of use of memory aids and these are discussed. Memory functioning as measured by a memory test (RBMT) did not show any significant improvements. There were some reductions in levels of general anxiety and depression over the course of the group. Patients' feedback indicated that being in a group with others with similar difficulties was both helpful and enjoyable. The advantages of a group run over a longer period than is usual are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- JJ Evans
- University Department of Rehabilitation, Southampton General Hospital
| | - BA Wilson
- University Department of Rehabilitation, Southampton General Hospital
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16
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Gomez A, Petrzelkova KJ, Burns MB, Yeoman CJ, Amato KR, Vlckova K, Modry D, Todd A, Jost Robinson CA, Remis MJ, Torralba MG, Morton E, Umaña JD, Carbonero F, Gaskins HR, Nelson KE, Wilson BA, Stumpf RM, White BA, Leigh SR, Blekhman R. Gut Microbiome of Coexisting BaAka Pygmies and Bantu Reflects Gradients of Traditional Subsistence Patterns. Cell Rep 2016; 14:2142-2153. [PMID: 26923597 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand how the gut microbiome is impacted by human adaptation to varying environments, we explored gut bacterial communities in the BaAka rainforest hunter-gatherers and their agriculturalist Bantu neighbors in the Central African Republic. Although the microbiome of both groups is compositionally similar, hunter-gatherers harbor increased abundance of Prevotellaceae, Treponema, and Clostridiaceae, while the Bantu gut microbiome is dominated by Firmicutes. Comparisons with US Americans reveal microbiome differences between Africans and westerners but show western-like features in the Bantu, including an increased abundance of predictive carbohydrate and xenobiotic metabolic pathways. In contrast, the hunter-gatherer gut shows increased abundance of predicted virulence, amino acid, and vitamin metabolism functions, as well as dominance of lipid and amino-acid-derived metabolites, as determined through metabolomics. Our results demonstrate gradients of traditional subsistence patterns in two neighboring African groups and highlight the adaptability of the microbiome in response to host ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Gomez
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55108, USA; Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Klara J Petrzelkova
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno 603 65, Czech Republic; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic; Liberec Zoo, Liberec 460 01, Czech Republic
| | - Michael B Burns
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55108, USA; Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55108, USA
| | - Carl J Yeoman
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Katherine R Amato
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Klara Vlckova
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno 612 42, Czech Republic
| | - David Modry
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno 612 42, Czech Republic; CEITEC, Central European Institute for Technology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno 612 42, Czech Republic
| | - Angelique Todd
- Dzanga-Sangha Protected Areas, World Wildlife Fund, Bayanga, Central African Republic
| | | | - Melissa J Remis
- Department of Anthropology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | | - Elise Morton
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55108, USA; Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55108, USA
| | - Juan D Umaña
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Franck Carbonero
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AK 72704, USA
| | - H Rex Gaskins
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | - Brenda A Wilson
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Rebecca M Stumpf
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Bryan A White
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Steven R Leigh
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Ran Blekhman
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55108, USA; Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55108, USA.
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17
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Gomez A, Rothman JM, Petrzelkova K, Yeoman CJ, Vlckova K, Umaña JD, Carr M, Modry D, Todd A, Torralba M, Nelson KE, Stumpf RM, Wilson BA, Blekhman R, White BA, Leigh SR. Temporal variation selects for diet-microbe co-metabolic traits in the gut of Gorilla spp. ISME J 2016; 10:514-26. [PMID: 26315972 PMCID: PMC4737941 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2015.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although the critical role that our gastrointestinal microbes play in host physiology is now well established, we know little about the factors that influenced the evolution of primate gut microbiomes. To further understand current gut microbiome configurations and diet-microbe co-metabolic fingerprints in primates, from an evolutionary perspective, we characterized fecal bacterial communities and metabolomic profiles in 228 fecal samples of lowland and mountain gorillas (G. g. gorilla and G. b. beringei, respectively), our closest evolutionary relatives after chimpanzees. Our results demonstrate that the gut microbiomes and metabolomes of these two species exhibit significantly different patterns. This is supported by increased abundance of metabolites and bacterial taxa associated with fiber metabolism in mountain gorillas, and enrichment of markers associated with simple sugar, lipid and sterol turnover in the lowland species. However, longitudinal sampling shows that both species' microbiomes and metabolomes converge when hosts face similar dietary constraints, associated with low fruit availability in their habitats. By showing differences and convergence of diet-microbe co-metabolic fingerprints in two geographically isolated primate species, under specific dietary stimuli, we suggest that dietary constraints triggered during their adaptive radiation were potential factors behind the species-specific microbiome patterns observed in primates today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Gomez
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Jessica M Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of CUNY, New York, NY, USA
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, NY, USA
| | - Klara Petrzelkova
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Liberec Zoo, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Carl J Yeoman
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Klara Vlckova
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Juan D Umaña
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Monica Carr
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - David Modry
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
- CEITEC, Central European Institute for Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Angelique Todd
- World Wildlife Fund, Dzanga-Sangha Protected Areas, Bayanga, Central African Republic
| | | | | | - Rebecca M Stumpf
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Brenda A Wilson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Ran Blekhman
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St Paul, MN, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Bryan A White
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Steven R Leigh
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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18
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Amato KR, Yeoman CJ, Cerda G, Schmitt CA, Cramer JD, Miller MEB, Gomez A, Turner TR, Wilson BA, Stumpf RM, Nelson KE, White BA, Knight R, Leigh SR. Variable responses of human and non-human primate gut microbiomes to a Western diet. Microbiome 2015; 3:53. [PMID: 26568112 PMCID: PMC4645477 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-015-0120-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human gut microbiota interacts closely with human diet and physiology. To better understand the mechanisms behind this relationship, gut microbiome research relies on complementing human studies with manipulations of animal models, including non-human primates. However, due to unique aspects of human diet and physiology, it is likely that host-gut microbe interactions operate differently in humans and non-human primates. RESULTS Here, we show that the human microbiome reacts differently to a high-protein, high-fat Western diet than that of a model primate, the African green monkey, or vervet (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus). Specifically, humans exhibit increased relative abundance of Firmicutes and reduced relative abundance of Prevotella on a Western diet while vervets show the opposite pattern. Predictive metagenomics demonstrate an increased relative abundance of genes associated with carbohydrate metabolism in the microbiome of only humans consuming a Western diet. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the human gut microbiota has unique properties that are a result of changes in human diet and physiology across evolution or that may have contributed to the evolution of human physiology. Therefore, the role of animal models for understanding the relationship between the human gut microbiota and host metabolism must be re-focused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Amato
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA.
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA.
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA.
| | - Carl J Yeoman
- Department of Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, USA.
| | - Gabriela Cerda
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana, USA.
| | - Christopher A Schmitt
- Department of Anthropology, Boston University, Boston, USA.
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Jennifer Danzy Cramer
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Women's Studies, American Military University and American Public University, Charles Town, USA.
| | | | - Andres Gomez
- The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.
| | - Trudy R Turner
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA.
- Department of Genetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
| | - Brenda A Wilson
- The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, USA.
| | - Rebecca M Stumpf
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana, USA.
- The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | | | - Bryan A White
- The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, USA.
| | - Rob Knight
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA.
| | - Steven R Leigh
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA.
- The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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Fan Y, Dong J, Lou J, Wen W, Conrad F, Geren IN, Garcia-Rodriguez C, Smith TJ, Smith LA, Ho M, Pires-Alves M, Wilson BA, Marks JD. Monoclonal Antibodies that Inhibit the Proteolytic Activity of Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype/B. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:3405-23. [PMID: 26343720 PMCID: PMC4591640 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7093405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Existing antibodies (Abs) used to treat botulism cannot enter the cytosol of neurons and bind to botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) at its site of action, and thus cannot reverse paralysis. However, Abs targeting the proteolytic domain of the toxin could inhibit the proteolytic activity of the toxin intracellularly and potentially reverse intoxication, if they could be delivered intracellularly. As such, antibodies that neutralize toxin activity could serve as potent inhibitory cargos for therapeutic antitoxins against botulism. BoNT serotype B (BoNT/B) contains a zinc endopeptidase light chain (LC) domain that cleaves synaoptobrevin-2, a SNARE protein responsible for vesicle fusion and acetylcholine vesicle release. To generate monoclonal Abs (mAbs) that could reverse paralysis, we targeted the protease domain for Ab generation. Single-chain variable fragment (scFv) libraries from immunized mice or humans were displayed on yeast, and 19 unique BoNT/B LC-specific mAbs isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). The equilibrium dissociation constants (KD) of these mAbs for BoNT/B LC ranged from 0.24 nM to 14.3 nM (mean KD 3.27 nM). Eleven mAbs inhibited BoNT/B LC proteolytic activity. The fine epitopes of selected mAbs were identified by alanine-scanning mutagenesis, revealing that inhibitory mAbs bound near the active site, substrate-binding site or the extended substrate-binding site. The results provide mAbs that could prove useful for intracellular reversal of paralysis and identify epitopes that could be targeted by small molecules inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Fan
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, Room 3C-38, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
| | - Jianbo Dong
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, Room 3C-38, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
| | - Jianlong Lou
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, Room 3C-38, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
| | - Weihua Wen
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, Room 3C-38, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
| | - Fraser Conrad
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, Room 3C-38, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
| | - Isin N Geren
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, Room 3C-38, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
| | - Consuelo Garcia-Rodriguez
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, Room 3C-38, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
| | - Theresa J Smith
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Leonard A Smith
- Medical Countermeasures Technology, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5011, USA.
| | - Mengfei Ho
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Melissa Pires-Alves
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Brenda A Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - James D Marks
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, Room 3C-38, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
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20
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Wilson BA, Ho M. Cargo-delivery platforms for targeted delivery of inhibitor cargos against botulism. Curr Top Med Chem 2015; 14:2081-93. [PMID: 25335885 DOI: 10.2174/1568026614666141022094517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Delivering therapeutic cargos to specific cell types in vivo poses many technical challenges. There is currently a plethora of drug leads and therapies against numerous diseases, ranging from small molecule compounds to nucleic acids to peptides to proteins with varying binding or enzymatic functions. Many of these candidate therapies have documented potential for mitigating or reversing disease symptoms, if only a means for gaining access to the intracellular target were available. Recent advances in our understanding of the biology of cellular uptake and transport processes and the mode of action of bacterial protein toxins have accelerated the development of toxin-based cargo-delivery vehicle platforms. This review provides an updated survey of the status of available platforms for targeted delivery of therapeutic cargos, outlining various strategies that have been used to deliver different types of cargo into cells. Particular emphasis is placed on the application of toxin-based approaches, examining critical issues that have hampered realization of post-intoxication antitoxins against botulism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mengfei Ho
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
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21
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Kapheim KM, Rao VD, Yeoman CJ, Wilson BA, White BA, Goldenfeld N, Robinson GE. Caste-specific differences in hindgut microbial communities of honey bees (Apis mellifera). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123911. [PMID: 25874551 PMCID: PMC4398325 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Host-symbiont dynamics are known to influence host phenotype, but their role in social behavior has yet to be investigated. Variation in life history across honey bee (Apis mellifera) castes may influence community composition of gut symbionts, which may in turn influence caste phenotypes. We investigated the relationship between host-symbiont dynamics and social behavior by characterizing the hindgut microbiome among distinct honey bee castes: queens, males and two types of workers, nurses and foragers. Despite a shared hive environment and mouth-to-mouth food transfer among nestmates, we detected separation among gut microbiomes of queens, workers, and males. Gut microbiomes of nurses and foragers were similar to previously characterized honey bee worker microbiomes and to each other, despite differences in diet, activity, and exposure to the external environment. Queen microbiomes were enriched for bacteria that may enhance metabolic conversion of energy from food to egg production. We propose that the two types of workers, which have the highest diversity of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of bacteria, are central to the maintenance of the colony microbiome. Foragers may introduce new strains of bacteria to the colony from the environment and transfer them to nurses, who filter and distribute them to the rest of the colony. Our results support the idea that host-symbiont dynamics influence microbiome composition and, reciprocally, host social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M. Kapheim
- Institute for Genomic Biology, 1206 W. Gregory Dr., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 United States of America
- Department of Entomology, 505 S. Goodwin Ave., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 United States of America
- Department of Biology, 5305 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84341 United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Vikyath D. Rao
- Institute for Genomic Biology, 1206 W. Gregory Dr., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 United States of America
- Department of Physics, 1110 W. Green St., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 United States of America
| | - Carl J. Yeoman
- Institute for Genomic Biology, 1206 W. Gregory Dr., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 United States of America
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, P.O. Box 172900, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States of America
| | - Brenda A. Wilson
- Institute for Genomic Biology, 1206 W. Gregory Dr., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, 601 S. Goodwin Ave., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 United States of America
| | - Bryan A. White
- Institute for Genomic Biology, 1206 W. Gregory Dr., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 United States of America
- Department of Animal Sciences, 1207 W. Gregory Dr., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 United States of America
| | - Nigel Goldenfeld
- Institute for Genomic Biology, 1206 W. Gregory Dr., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 United States of America
- Department of Physics, 1110 W. Green St., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 United States of America
| | - Gene E. Robinson
- Institute for Genomic Biology, 1206 W. Gregory Dr., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 United States of America
- Department of Entomology, 505 S. Goodwin Ave., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 United States of America
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22
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Amato KR, Leigh SR, Kent A, Mackie RI, Yeoman CJ, Stumpf RM, Wilson BA, Nelson KE, White BA, Garber PA. The gut microbiota appears to compensate for seasonal diet variation in the wild black howler monkey (Alouatta pigra). Microb Ecol 2015; 69:434-43. [PMID: 25524570 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-014-0554-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
For most mammals, including nonhuman primates, diet composition varies temporally in response to differences in food availability. Because diet influences gut microbiota composition, it is likely that the gut microbiota of wild mammals varies in response to seasonal changes in feeding patterns. Such variation may affect host digestive efficiency and, ultimately, host nutrition. In this study, we investigate the temporal variation in diet and gut microbiota composition and function in two groups (N = 13 individuals) of wild Mexican black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra) over a 10-month period in Palenque National Park, Mexico. Temporal changes in the relative abundances of individual bacterial taxa were strongly correlated with changes in host diet. For example, the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae was highest during periods when energy intake was lowest, and the relative abundance of Butyricicoccus was highest when young leaves and unripe fruit accounted for 68 % of the diet. Additionally, the howlers exhibited increased microbial production of energy during periods of reduced energy intake from food sources. Because we observed few changes in howler activity and ranging patterns during the course of our study, we propose that shifts in the composition and activity of the gut microbiota provided additional energy and nutrients to compensate for changes in diet. Energy and nutrient production by the gut microbiota appears to provide an effective buffer against seasonal fluctuations in energy and nutrient intake for these primates and is likely to have a similar function in other mammal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Amato
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA,
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23
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Patel V, Oh A, Voit A, Sultatos LG, Babu GJ, Wilson BA, Ho M, McArdle JJ. Altered active zones, vesicle pools, nerve terminal conductivity, and morphology during experimental MuSK myasthenia gravis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110571. [PMID: 25438154 PMCID: PMC4249869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrate reduced motor-nerve function during autoimmune muscle-specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK) myasthenia gravis (MG). To further understand the basis of motor-nerve dysfunction during MuSK-MG, we immunized female C57/B6 mice with purified rat MuSK ectodomain. Nerve-muscle preparations were dissected and neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) studied electrophysiologically, morphologically, and biochemically. While all mice produced antibodies to MuSK, only 40% developed respiratory muscle weakness. In vitro study of respiratory nerve-muscle preparations isolated from these affected mice revealed that 78% of NMJs produced endplate currents (EPCs) with significantly reduced quantal content, although potentiation and depression at 50 Hz remained qualitatively normal. EPC and mEPC amplitude variability indicated significantly reduced number of vesicle-release sites (active zones) and reduced probability of vesicle release. The readily releasable vesicle pool size and the frequency of large amplitude mEPCs also declined. The remaining NMJs had intermittent (4%) or complete (18%) failure of neurotransmitter release in response to 50 Hz nerve stimulation, presumably due to blocked action potential entry into the nerve terminal, which may arise from nerve terminal swelling and thinning. Since MuSK-MG-affected muscles do not express the AChR γ subunit, the observed prolongation of EPC decay time was not due to inactivity-induced expression of embryonic acetylcholine receptor, but rather to reduced catalytic activity of acetylcholinesterase. Muscle protein levels of MuSK did not change. These findings provide novel insight into the pathophysiology of autoimmune MuSK-MG.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Female
- Immunization, Passive
- Mice
- Motor Endplate/pathology
- Motor Endplate/physiopathology
- Motor Neurons/pathology
- Myasthenia Gravis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Myasthenia Gravis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Myasthenia Gravis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Myasthenia Gravis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Neural Conduction
- Neurotransmitter Agents/metabolism
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Rats
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/chemistry
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/immunology
- Receptors, Cholinergic/metabolism
- Synaptic Vesicles/metabolism
- Vaccination
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwendra Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School-Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Anne Oh
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School-Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Antanina Voit
- Department Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School-Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Lester G. Sultatos
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School-Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Gopal J. Babu
- Department Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School-Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Brenda A. Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mengfei Ho
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Joseph J. McArdle
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School-Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Brothers MC, Geissler B, Hisao GS, Wilson BA, Satchell KJ, Rienstra CM. Backbone and side-chain assignments of an effector membrane localization domain from Vibrio vulnificus MARTX toxin. Biomol NMR Assign 2014; 8:225-8. [PMID: 23765285 PMCID: PMC3859858 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-013-9488-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
(1)H, (13)C, and (15)N chemical shift assignments are presented for the isolated four-helical bundle membrane localization domain from the domain of unknown function 5 (DUF5) effector (MLD(VvDUF5)) of the MARTX toxin from Vibrio vulnificus in its solution state. We have assigned 97% of all backbone and side-chain carbon atoms, including 96% of all backbone residues. Secondary chemical shift analysis using TALOS+ demonstrates four helices that align with those predicted by structure homology modeling using the MLDs of Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT) and the clostridial TcdB and TcsL toxins as templates. Future studies will be towards solving the structure and determining the dynamics in the solution state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Brothers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Brett Geissler
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Grant S. Hisao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Brenda A. Wilson
- Department of Microbiology University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Karla J.F. Satchell
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Chad M. Rienstra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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25
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Amato KR, Leigh SR, Kent A, Mackie RI, Yeoman CJ, Stumpf RM, Wilson BA, Nelson KE, White BA, Garber PA. The role of gut microbes in satisfying the nutritional demands of adult and juvenile wild, black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra). Am J Phys Anthropol 2014; 155:652-64. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R. Amato
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology; University of Illinois; Urbana IL 61801
- Department of Anthropology; University of Colorado; Boulder CO 80309
| | - Steven R. Leigh
- Department of Anthropology; University of Colorado; Boulder CO 80309
| | - Angela Kent
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences; University of Illinois; Urbana IL 61801
| | - Roderick I. Mackie
- Department of Animal Sciences; University of Illinois; Urbana IL 61801
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois; Urbana IL 61801
| | - Carl J. Yeoman
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences; Montana State University; Bozeman MT 59717
| | - Rebecca M. Stumpf
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois; Urbana IL 61801
- Department of Anthropology; University of Illinois; Urbana IL 80301
| | - Brenda A. Wilson
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois; Urbana IL 61801
- Department of Microbiology; University of Illinois; Urbana IL 61801
| | | | - Bryan A. White
- Department of Animal Sciences; University of Illinois; Urbana IL 61801
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois; Urbana IL 61801
| | - Paul A. Garber
- Department of Anthropology; University of Illinois; Urbana IL 80301
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Walther-António MRS, Jeraldo P, Berg Miller ME, Yeoman CJ, Nelson KE, Wilson BA, White BA, Chia N, Creedon DJ. Pregnancy's stronghold on the vaginal microbiome. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98514. [PMID: 24896831 PMCID: PMC4045671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To assess the vaginal microbiome throughout full-term uncomplicated pregnancy. Methods Vaginal swabs were obtained from twelve pregnant women at 8-week intervals throughout their uncomplicated pregnancies. Patients with symptoms of vaginal infection or with recent antibiotic use were excluded. Swabs were obtained from the posterior fornix and cervix at 8–12, 17–21, 27–31, and 36–38 weeks of gestation. The microbial community was profiled using hypervariable tag sequencing of the V3–V5 region of the 16S rRNA gene, producing approximately 8 million reads on the Illumina MiSeq. Results Samples were dominated by a single genus, Lactobacillus, and exhibited low species diversity. For a majority of the patients (n = 8), the vaginal microbiome was dominated by Lactobacillus crispatus throughout pregnancy. Two patients showed Lactobacillus iners dominance during the course of pregnancy, and two showed a shift between the first and second trimester from L. crispatus to L. iners dominance. In all of the samples only these two species were identified, and were found at an abundance of higher than 1% in this study. Comparative analyses also showed that the vaginal microbiome during pregnancy is characterized by a marked dominance of Lactobacillus species in both Caucasian and African-American subjects. In addition, our Caucasian subject population clustered by trimester and progressed towards a common attractor while African-American women clustered by subject instead and did not progress towards a common attractor. Conclusion Our analyses indicate normal pregnancy is characterized by a microbiome that has low diversity and high stability. While Lactobacillus species strongly dominate the vaginal environment during pregnancy across the two studied ethnicities, observed differences between the longitudinal dynamics of the analyzed populations may contribute to divergent risk for pregnancy complications. This helps establish a baseline for investigating the role of the microbiome in complications of pregnancy such as preterm labor and preterm delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patricio Jeraldo
- Department of Surgical Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Margret E. Berg Miller
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Carl J. Yeoman
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Karen E. Nelson
- Genomic Medicine Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brenda A. Wilson
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Bryan A. White
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Chia
- Department of Surgical Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo College, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Douglas J. Creedon
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Brothers MC, Geissler B, Hisao GS, Satchell KJF, Wilson BA, Rienstra CM. Backbone and side-chain resonance assignments of the membrane localization domain from Pasteurella multocida toxin. Biomol NMR Assign 2014; 8:221-4. [PMID: 23765284 PMCID: PMC3859805 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-013-9487-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
(1)H, (13)C, and (15)N chemical shift assignments are presented for the isolated four-helical bundle membrane localization domain (MLD) from Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT) in its solution state. We have assigned 99% of all backbone and side-chain carbon atoms, including 99% of all backbone residues excluding proline amide nitrogens. Secondary chemical shift analysis using TALOS+ demonstrates four helices, which align with those observed within the MLD in the crystal structure of the C-terminus of PMT (PDB 2EBF) and confirm the use of the available crystal structures as templates for the isolated MLDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Brothers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Brett Geissler
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Grant S. Hisao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Karla J. F. Satchell
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Brenda A. Wilson
- Department of Microbiology University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Chad M. Rienstra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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28
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Abstract
Cytotoxic necrotizing factors from E. coli (CNF1, CNF2) and Yersinia (CNFy) share N-terminal sequence similarity with Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT). This common N-terminal region harbors the receptor-binding and translocation domains that mediate uptake and delivery of the C-terminal catalytic cargo domains into the host cytosol. Subtle variations in the N-terminal ~500 amino acids of CNFs and PMT could allow for selective recognition of cellular receptors and thus, selective target cell specificity. Through studies with cellular inhibitors, we have identified an additional novel function for this region in modulating responses of these toxin proteins to changes in pH during intoxication and delivery of the catalytic cargo domain into the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tana L Repella
- Department of Microbiology, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Illinois atUrbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Stumpf RM, Wilson BA, Rivera A, Yildirim S, Yeoman CJ, Polk JD, White BA, Leigh SR. The primate vaginal microbiome: comparative context and implications for human health and disease. Am J Phys Anthropol 2013; 152 Suppl 57:119-34. [PMID: 24166771 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The primate body hosts trillions of microbes. Interactions between primate hosts and these microbes profoundly affect primate physiology, reproduction, health, survival, and ultimately, evolution. It is increasingly clear that primate health cannot be understood fully without knowledge of host-microbial interactions. Our goals here are to review what is known about microbiomes of the female reproductive tract and to explore several factors that influence variation within individuals, as well as within and between primate species. Much of our knowledge of microbial variation derives from studies of humans, and from microbes located in nonreproductive regions (e.g., the gut). We review work suggesting that the vaginal microbiota affects female health, fecundity, and pregnancy outcomes, demonstrating the selective potential for these agents. We explore the factors that correlate with microbial variation within species. Initial colonization by microbes depends on the manner of birth; most microbial variation is structured by estrogen levels that change with age (i.e., at puberty and menopause) and through the menstrual cycle. Microbial communities vary by location within the vagina and can depend on the sampling methods used (e.g., swab, lavage, or pap smear). Interindividual differences also exist, and while this variation is not completely understood, evidence points more to differences in estrogen levels, rather than differences in external physical environment. When comparing across species, reproductive-age humans show distinct microbial communities, generally dominated by Lactobacillus, unlike other primates. We develop evolutionary hypotheses to explain the marked differences in microbial communities. While much remains to be done to test these hypotheses, we argue that the ample variation in primate mating and reproductive behavior offers excellent opportunities to evaluate host-microbe coevolution and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Stumpf
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL; Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
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Zhu L, Kuang Z, Wilson BA, Lau GW. Correction: Competence-Independent Activity of Pneumococcal Enda Mediates Degradation of Extracellular DNA and Nets and Is Important for Virulence. PLoS One 2013; 8. [PMID: 24116240 PMCID: PMC3792101 DOI: 10.1371/annotation/75f51a45-a2de-4893-94cf-0045056a4d7c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Amato KR, Yeoman CJ, Kent A, Righini N, Carbonero F, Estrada A, Rex Gaskins H, Stumpf RM, Yildirim S, Torralba M, Gillis M, Wilson BA, Nelson KE, White BA, Leigh SR. Habitat degradation impacts black howler monkey (Alouatta pigra) gastrointestinal microbiomes. ISME J 2013; 7:1344-53. [PMID: 23486247 PMCID: PMC3695285 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2013.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 734] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome contributes significantly to host nutrition and health. However, relationships involving GI microbes, their hosts and host macrohabitats remain to be established. Here, we define clear patterns of variation in the GI microbiomes of six groups of Mexican black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra) occupying a gradation of habitats including a continuous evergreen rainforest, an evergreen rainforest fragment, a continuous semi-deciduous forest and captivity. High throughput microbial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing indicated that diversity, richness and composition of howler GI microbiomes varied with host habitat in relation to diet. Howlers occupying suboptimal habitats consumed less diverse diets and correspondingly had less diverse gut microbiomes. Quantitative real-time PCR also revealed a reduction in the number of genes related to butyrate production and hydrogen metabolism in the microbiomes of howlers occupying suboptimal habitats, which may impact host health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Amato
- Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Carl J Yeoman
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Angela Kent
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Franck Carbonero
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Alejandro Estrada
- Estacion de Biologia Tropical Los Tuxtlas, Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, San Andrés Tuxtla, Mexico
| | - H Rex Gaskins
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Rebecca M Stumpf
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Suleyman Yildirim
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Brenda A Wilson
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Bryan A White
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Steven R Leigh
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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Abstract
In a world where most emerging and reemerging infectious diseases are zoonotic in nature and our contacts with both domestic and wild animals abound, there is growing awareness of the potential for human acquisition of animal diseases. Like other Pasteurellaceae, Pasteurella species are highly prevalent among animal populations, where they are often found as part of the normal microbiota of the oral, nasopharyngeal, and upper respiratory tracts. Many Pasteurella species are opportunistic pathogens that can cause endemic disease and are associated increasingly with epizootic outbreaks. Zoonotic transmission to humans usually occurs through animal bites or contact with nasal secretions, with P. multocida being the most prevalent isolate observed in human infections. Here we review recent comparative genomics and molecular pathogenesis studies that have advanced our understanding of the multiple virulence mechanisms employed by Pasteurella species to establish acute and chronic infections. We also summarize efforts being explored to enhance our ability to rapidly and accurately identify and distinguish among clinical isolates and to control pasteurellosis by improved development of new vaccines and treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda A Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Host-Microbe Systems Theme of the Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
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Oubrahim H, Wong A, Wilson BA, Chock PB. Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT) upregulates CTGF which leads to mTORC1 activation in Swiss 3T3 cells. Cell Signal 2013; 25:1136-48. [PMID: 23415771 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT) is a mitogenic protein that hijacks cellular signal transduction pathways via deamidation of heterotrimeric G proteins. We previously showed that rPMT activates mTOR signaling via a Gαq/11/PLCβ/PKC mediated pathway, leading in part to cell proliferation and migration. Herein, we show that mTOR and MAPK, but not membrane-associated tyrosine kinases, are activated in serum-starved 3T3 cells by an autocrine/paracrine substance(s) secreted into the conditioned medium following rPMT treatment. Surprisingly, this diffusible factor(s) is capable of activating mTOR and MAPK pathways even in MEF Gαq/11 double knockout cells. Microarray analysis identified connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) mRNA as the most upregulated gene in rPMT-treated serum-starved 3T3 cells relative to untreated cells. These results were further confirmed using RT-PCR and Western blot analyses. In accord with rPMT-induced mTOR activation, upregulation of CTGF protein was observed in WT MEF, but not in Gαq/11 double knockout MEF cells. Although CTGF expression is regulated by TGFβ, rPMT did not activate TGFβ pathway. In addition, MEK inhibitors U0126 or PD98059, but not mTOR specific inhibitors, rapamycin and Torin 1, inhibited rPMT-induced upregulation of CTGF. Importantly, CTGF overexpression in serum-starved 3T3 cells using adenovirus led to phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6, a downstream target of mTOR. However, despite the ability of CTGF to activate the mTOR pathway, upregulation of CTGF alone could not induce morphological changes as those observed in rPMT-treated cells. Our findings reveal that CTGF plays an important role, but there are additional factors involved in the mitogenic action of PMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hammou Oubrahim
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8012, USA.
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Yeoman CJ, Thomas SM, Miller MEB, Ulanov AV, Torralba M, Lucas S, Gillis M, Cregger M, Gomez A, Ho M, Leigh SR, Stumpf R, Creedon DJ, Smith MA, Weisbaum JS, Nelson KE, Wilson BA, White BA. A multi-omic systems-based approach reveals metabolic markers of bacterial vaginosis and insight into the disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56111. [PMID: 23405259 PMCID: PMC3566083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common vaginal disorder of reproductive-age women. Yet the cause of BV has not been established. To uncover key determinants of BV, we employed a multi-omic, systems-biology approach, including both deep 16S rRNA gene-based sequencing and metabolomics of lavage samples from 36 women. These women varied demographically, behaviorally, and in terms of health status and symptoms. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS 16S rRNA gene-based community composition profiles reflected Nugent scores, but not Amsel criteria. In contrast, metabolomic profiles were markedly more concordant with Amsel criteria. Metabolomic profiles revealed two distinct symptomatic BV types (SBVI and SBVII) with similar characteristics that indicated disruption of epithelial integrity, but each type was correlated to the presence of different microbial taxa and metabolites, as well as to different host behaviors. The characteristic odor associated with BV was linked to increases in putrescine and cadaverine, which were both linked to Dialister spp. Additional correlations were seen with the presence of discharge, 2-methyl-2-hydroxybutanoic acid, and Mobiluncus spp., and with pain, diethylene glycol and Gardnerella spp. CONCLUSIONS The results not only provide useful diagnostic biomarkers, but also may ultimately provide much needed insight into the determinants of BV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl J. Yeoman
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
- The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Susan M. Thomas
- The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Margret E. Berg Miller
- The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Alexander V. Ulanov
- Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Manolito Torralba
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Maryland Campus, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sarah Lucas
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Maryland Campus, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marcus Gillis
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Maryland Campus, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Melissa Cregger
- The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Andres Gomez
- The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mengfei Ho
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Steven R. Leigh
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Stumpf
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Douglas J. Creedon
- The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Smith
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Christie Clinic, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jon S. Weisbaum
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Carle Clinic, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Karen E. Nelson
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Maryland Campus, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brenda A. Wilson
- The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Bryan A. White
- The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
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Gargi A, Tamilselvam B, Powers B, Prouty MG, Lincecum T, Eshraghi A, Maldonado-Arocho FJ, Wilson BA, Bradley KA, Blanke SR. Cellular interactions of the cytolethal distending toxins from Escherichia coli and Haemophilus ducreyi. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:7492-7505. [PMID: 23306199 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.448118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytolethal distending toxins (CDTs) compose a subclass of intracellularly acting genotoxins produced by many Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria that disrupt the normal progression of the eukaryotic cell cycle. Here, the intoxication mechanisms of CDTs from Escherichia coli (Ec-CDT) and Haemophilus ducreyi (Hd-CDT), which share limited amino acid sequence homology, were directly compared. Ec-CDT and Hd-CDT shared comparable in vitro DNase activities of the CdtB subunits, saturable cell surface binding with comparable affinities, and the requirement for an intact Golgi complex to induce cell cycle arrest. In contrast, disruption of endosome acidification blocked Hd-CDT-mediated cell cycle arrest and toxin transport to the endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus, while having no effects on Ec-CDT. Phosphorylation of the histone protein H2AX, as well as nuclear localization, was inhibited for Hd-CdtB, but not Ec-CdtB, in cells expressing dominant negative Rab7 (T22N), suggesting that Hd-CDT, but not Ec-CDT, is trafficked through late endosomal vesicles. In support of this idea, significantly more Hd-CdtB than Ec-CdtB co-localized with Rab9, which is enriched in late endosomal compartments. Competitive binding studies suggested that Ec-CDT and Hd-CDT bind to discrete cell surface determinants. These results suggest that Ec-CDT and Hd-CDT are transported within cells by distinct pathways, possibly mediated by their interaction with different receptors at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Gargi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Batcha Tamilselvam
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Brendan Powers
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Michael G Prouty
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Tommie Lincecum
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204
| | - Aria Eshraghi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | | | - Brenda A Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801; Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Kenneth A Bradley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Steven R Blanke
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801; Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801.
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Oubrahim H, Wong A, Wilson BA, Chock PB. Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) plays a role in Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT)-induced protein synthesis and proliferation in Swiss 3T3 cells. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:2805-15. [PMID: 23223576 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.427351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT) is a potent mitogen known to activate several signaling pathways via deamidation of a conserved glutamine residue in the α subunit of heterotrimeric G-proteins. However, the detailed mechanism behind mitogenic properties of PMT is unknown. Herein, we show that PMT induces protein synthesis, cell migration, and proliferation in serum-starved Swiss 3T3 cells. Concomitantly PMT induces phosphorylation of ribosomal S6 kinase (S6K1) and its substrate, ribosomal S6 protein (rpS6), in quiescent 3T3 cells. The extent of the phosphorylation is time and PMT concentration dependent, and is inhibited by rapamycin and Torin1, the two specific inhibitors of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). Interestingly, PMT-mediated mTOR signaling activation was observed in MEF WT but not in Gα(q/11) knock-out cells. These observations are consistent with the data indicating that PMT-induced mTORC1 activation proceeds via the deamidation of Gα(q/11), which leads to the activation of PLCβ to generate diacylglycerol and inositol trisphosphate, two known activators of the PKC pathway. Exogenously added diacylglycerol or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, known activators of PKC, leads to rpS6 phosphorylation in a rapamycin-dependent manner. Furthermore, PMT-induced rpS6 phosphorylation is inhibited by PKC inhibitor, Gö6976. Although PMT induces epidermal growth factor receptor activation, it exerts no effect on PMT-induced rpS6 phosphorylation. Together, our findings reveal for the first time that PMT activates mTORC1 through the Gα(q/11)/PLCβ/PKC pathway. The fact that PMT-induced protein synthesis and cell migration is partially inhibited by rapamycin indicates that these processes are in part mediated by the mTORC1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hammou Oubrahim
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-8012, USA.
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Orth JHC, Fester I, Siegert P, Weise M, Lanner U, Kamitani S, Tachibana T, Wilson BA, Schlosser A, Horiguchi Y, Aktories K. Substrate specificity of Pasteurella multocida toxin for α subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins. FASEB J 2012; 27:832-42. [PMID: 23150526 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-213900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida is the causative agent of a number of epizootic and zoonotic diseases. Its major virulence factor associated with atrophic rhinitis in animals and dermonecrosis in bite wounds is P. multocida toxin (PMT). PMT stimulates signal transduction pathways downstream of heterotrimeric G proteins, leading to effects such as mitogenicity, blockade of apoptosis, or inhibition of osteoblast differentiation. On the basis of Gα(i2), it was demonstrated that the toxin deamidates an essential glutamine residue of the Gα(i2) subunit, leading to constitutive activation of the G protein. Here, we studied the specificity of PMT for its G-protein targets by mass spectrometric analyses and by utilizing a monoclonal antibody, which recognizes specifically G proteins deamidated by PMT. The studies revealed deamidation of 3 of 4 families of heterotrimeric G proteins (Gα(q/11), Gα(i1,2,3), and Gα(12/13) of mouse or human origin) by PMT but not by a catalytic inactive toxin mutant. With the use of G-protein fragments and chimeras of responsive or unresponsive G proteins, the structural basis for the discrimination of heterotrimeric G proteins was studied. Our results elucidate substrate specificity of PMT on the molecular level and provide evidence for the underlying structural reasons of substrate discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim H C Orth
- Institut für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Ho M, Goh CH, Brothers MC, Wang S, Young RL, Ou Y, Lui JNM, Kalafatis M, Lan X, Wolf AE, Rienstra CM, Wilson BA. Glycine insertion at protease cleavage site of SNAP25 resists cleavage but enhances affinity for botulinum neurotoxin serotype A. Protein Sci 2012; 21:318-26. [PMID: 22170566 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The light chain of botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A-LC) is a Zn-dependent protease that specifically cleaves SNAP25 of the SNARE complex, thereby impairing vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release at neuromuscular junctions. The C-terminus of SNAP25 (residues 141-206) retains full activity for BoNT/A-LC-catalyzed cleavage at P1-P1' (Gln197-Arg198). Using the structure of a complex between the C-terminus of SNAP25 and BoNT/A-LC as a model to design SNAP25-derived pseudosubstrate inhibitors (SNAPIs) that prevent presentation of the scissile bond to the active site, we introduced multiple His residues to replace Ala-Asn-Gln-Arg (residues 195-198) at the substrate cleavage site, with the intent to identify possible side-chain interactions with the active site Zn. We also introduced multiple Gly residues between the P1-P1' residues to explore the spatial tolerance within the active-site cleft. Using a FRET substrate YsCsY, we compared a series of SNAPIs for inhibition of BoNT/A-LC. Among the SNAPIs tested, several known cleavage-resistant, single-point mutants of SNAP25 were poor inhibitors, with most of the mutants losing binding affinity. Replacement with His at the active site did not improve inhibition over wildtype substrate. In contrast, Gly-insertion mutants were not only resistant to cleavage, but also surprisingly showed enhanced affinity for BoNT/A-LC. Two of the Gly-insertion mutants exhibited 10-fold lower IC₅₀ values than the wildtype 66-mer SNAP25 peptide. Our findings illustrate a scenario, where the induced fit between enzyme and bound pseudosubstrate fails to produce the strain and distortion required for catalysis to proceed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfei Ho
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Bannai Y, Aminova LR, Faulkner MJ, Ho M, Wilson BA. Rho/ROCK-dependent inhibition of 3T3-L1 adipogenesis by G-protein-deamidating dermonecrotic toxins: differential regulation of Notch1, Pref1/Dlk1, and β-catenin signaling. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012; 2:80. [PMID: 22919671 PMCID: PMC3417509 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The dermonecrotic toxins from Pasteurella multocida (PMT), Bordetella (DNT), Escherichia coli (CNF1-3), and Yersinia (CNFY) modulate their G-protein targets through deamidation and/or transglutamination of an active site Gln residue, which results in activation of the G protein and its cognate downstream signaling pathways. Whereas DNT and the CNFs act on small Rho GTPases, PMT acts on the α subunit of heterotrimeric Gq, Gi, and G12/13 proteins. We previously demonstrated that PMT potently blocks adipogenesis and adipocyte differentiation in a calcineurin-independent manner through downregulation of Notch1 and stabilization of β-catenin and Pref1/Dlk1, key proteins in signaling pathways strongly linked to cell fate decisions, including fat and bone development. Here, we report that similar to PMT, DNT, and CNF1 completely block adipogenesis and adipocyte differentiation by preventing upregulation of adipocyte markers, PPARγ and C/EBPα, while stabilizing the expression of Pref1/Dlk1 and β-catenin. We show that the Rho/ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 prevented or reversed these toxin-mediated effects, strongly supporting a role for Rho/ROCK signaling in dermonecrotic toxin-mediated inhibition of adipogenesis and adipocyte differentiation. Toxin treatment was also accompanied by downregulation of Notch1 expression, although this inhibition was independent of Rho/ROCK signaling. We further show that PMT-mediated downregulation of Notch1 expression occurs primarily through G12/13 signaling. Our results reveal new details of the pathways involved in dermonecrotic toxin action on adipocyte differentiation, and the role of Rho/ROCK signaling in mediating toxin effects on Wnt/β-catenin and Notch1 signaling, and in particular the role of Gq and G12/13 in mediating PMT effects on Rho/ROCK and Notch1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Bannai
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana IL, USA
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41
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Brothers MC, Ho M, Maharjan R, Clemons NC, Bannai Y, Waites MA, Faulkner MJ, Kuhlenschmidt TB, Kuhlenschmidt MS, Blanke SR, Rienstra CM, Wilson BA. Membrane interaction of Pasteurella multocida toxin involves sphingomyelin. FEBS J 2011; 278:4633-48. [PMID: 21951695 PMCID: PMC3220749 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08365.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT) is an AB toxin that causes pleiotropic effects in targeted host cells. The N-terminus of PMT (PMT-N) is considered to harbor the membrane receptor binding and translocation domains responsible for mediating cellular entry and delivery of the C-terminal catalytic domain into the host cytosol. Previous studies have implicated gangliosides as the host receptors for PMT binding. To gain further insight into the binding interactions involved in PMT binding to cell membranes, we explored the role of various membrane components in PMT binding, utilizing four different approaches: (a) TLC-overlay binding experiments with (125) I-labeled PMT, PMT-N or the C-terminus of PMT; (b) pull-down experiments using reconstituted membrane liposomes with full-length PMT; (c) surface plasmon resonance analysis of PMT-N binding to reconstituted membrane liposomes; (d) and surface plasmon resonance analysis of PMT-N binding to HEK-293T cell membranes without or with sphingomyelinase, phospholipase D or trypsin treatment. The results obtained revealed that, in our experimental system, full-length PMT and PMT-N did not bind to gangliosides, including monoasialogangliosides GM(1) , GM(2) or GM(3) , but instead bound to membrane phospholipids, primarily the abundant sphingophospholipid sphingomyelin or phosphatidylcholine with other lipid components. Collectively, these studies demonstrate the importance of sphingomyelin for PMT binding to membranes and suggest the involvement of a protein co-receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mengfei Ho
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ram Maharjan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Nathan C. Clemons
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yuka Bannai
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Mark A. Waites
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | | | | | - Steven R. Blanke
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Chad M. Rienstra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Brenda A. Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Abstract
The mitogenic toxin from Pasteurella multocida (PMT) is a member of the dermonecrotic toxin family, which includes toxins from Bordetella, Escherichia coli and Yersinia. Members of the dermonecrotic toxin family modulate G-protein targets in host cells through selective deamidation and/or transglutamination of a critical active site Gln residue in the G-protein target, which results in the activation of intrinsic GTPase activity. Structural and biochemical data point to the uniqueness of PMT among these toxins in its structure and action. Whereas the other dermonecrotic toxins act on small Rho GTPases, PMT acts on the α subunits of heterotrimeric G(q) -, G(i) - and G(12/13) -protein families. To date, experimental evidence supports a model in which PMT potently stimulates various mitogenic and survival pathways through the activation of G(q) and G(12/13) signaling, ultimately leading to cellular proliferation, whilst strongly inhibiting pathways involved in cellular differentiation through the activation of G(i) signaling. The resulting cellular outcomes account for the global physiological effects observed during infection with toxinogenic P. multocida, and hint at potential long-term sequelae that may result from PMT exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda A Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Host-Microbe Systems Theme of the Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Abstract
Infections of the vaginal tract result from perturbations in the complex interactions between the microbiome and the host vaginal ecosystem. Recent data have linked specific vaginal microbes and urogenital infection with preterm birth. Here we discuss how next-generation sequencing-based approaches to study the vaginal microbiome will be important for defining what constitutes an imbalance of the microbiome and the associated host conditions that lead to subsequent infection and disease states. These studies will provide clinicians with reliable diagnostic tools and treatments for women who are at increased risk for vaginal infections, preterm birth, HIV and other sexually acquired diseases, and will provide opportunities for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan A White
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Oubrahim H, Sengupta DC, Wilson BA, Chock PB. Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT) activates the ERK signaling pathway, in part, by upregulating CTGF expression. FASEB J 2011. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.25.1_supplement.948.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brenda A. Wilson
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL
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Glenzer SH, MacGowan BJ, Meezan NB, Adams PA, Alfonso JB, Alger ET, Alherz Z, Alvarez LF, Alvarez SS, Amick PV, Andersson KS, Andrews SD, Antonini GJ, Arnold PA, Atkinson DP, Auyang L, Azevedo SG, Balaoing BNM, Baltz JA, Barbosa F, Bardsley GW, Barker DA, Barnes AI, Baron A, Beeler RG, Beeman BV, Belk LR, Bell JC, Bell PM, Berger RL, Bergonia MA, Bernardez LJ, Berzins LV, Bettenhausen RC, Bezerides L, Bhandarkar SD, Bishop CL, Bond EJ, Bopp DR, Borgman JA, Bower JR, Bowers GA, Bowers MW, Boyle DT, Bradley DK, Bragg JL, Braucht J, Brinkerhoff DL, Browning DF, Brunton GK, Burkhart SC, Burns SR, Burns KE, Burr B, Burrows LM, Butlin RK, Cahayag NJ, Callahan DA, Cardinale PS, Carey RW, Carlson JW, Casey AD, Castro C, Celeste JR, Chakicherla AY, Chambers FW, Chan C, Chandrasekaran H, Chang C, Chapman RF, Charron K, Chen Y, Christensen MJ, Churby AJ, Clancy TJ, Cline BD, Clowdus LC, Cocherell DG, Coffield FE, Cohen SJ, Costa RL, Cox JR, Curnow GM, Dailey MJ, Danforth PM, Darbee R, Datte PS, Davis JA, Deis GA, Demaret RD, Dewald EL, Di Nicola P, Di Nicola JM, Divol L, Dixit S, Dobson DB, Doppner T, Driscoll JD, Dugorepec J, Duncan JJ, Dupuy PC, Dzenitis EG, Eckart MJ, Edson SL, Edwards GJ, Edwards MJ, Edwards OD, Edwards PW, Ellefson JC, Ellerbee CH, Erbert GV, Estes CM, Fabyan WJ, Fallejo RN, Fedorov M, Felker B, Fink JT, Finney MD, Finnie LF, Fischer MJ, Fisher JM, Fishler BT, Florio JW, Forsman A, Foxworthy CB, Franks RM, Frazier T, Frieder G, Fung T, Gawinski GN, Gibson CR, Giraldez E, Glenn SM, Golick BP, Gonzales H, Gonzales SA, Gonzalez MJ, Griffin KL, Grippen J, Gross SM, Gschweng PH, Gururangan G, Gu K, Haan SW, Hahn SR, Haid BJ, Hamblen JE, Hammel BA, Hamza AV, Hardy DL, Hart DR, Hartley RG, Haynam CA, Heestand GM, Hermann MR, Hermes GL, Hey DS, Hibbard RL, Hicks DG, Hinkel DE, Hipple DL, Hitchcock JD, Hodtwalker DL, Holder JP, Hollis JD, Holtmeier GM, Huber SR, Huey AW, Hulsey DN, Hunter SL, Huppler TR, Hutton MS, Izumi N, Jackson JL, Jackson MA, Jancaitis KS, Jedlovec DR, Johnson B, Johnson MC, Johnson T, Johnston MP, Jones OS, Kalantar DH, Kamperschroer JH, Kauffman RL, Keating GA, Kegelmeyer LM, Kenitzer SL, Kimbrough JR, King K, Kirkwood RK, Klingmann JL, Knittel KM, Kohut TR, Koka KG, Kramer SW, Krammen JE, Krauter KG, Krauter GW, Krieger EK, Kroll JJ, La Fortune KN, Lagin LJ, Lakamsani VK, Landen OL, Lane SW, Langdon AB, Langer SH, Lao N, Larson DW, Latray D, Lau GT, Le Pape S, Lechleiter BL, Lee Y, Lee TL, Li J, Liebman JA, Lindl JD, Locke SF, Loey HK, London RA, Lopez FJ, Lord DM, Lowe-Webb RR, Lown JG, Ludwigsen AP, Lum NW, Lyons RR, Ma T, MacKinnon AJ, Magat MD, Maloy DT, Malsbury TN, Markham G, Marquez RM, Marsh AA, Marshall CD, Marshall SR, Maslennikov IL, Mathisen DG, Mauger GJ, Mauvais MY, McBride JA, McCarville T, McCloud JB, McGrew A, McHale B, MacPhee AG, Meeker JF, Merill JS, Mertens EP, Michel PA, Miller MG, Mills T, Milovich JL, Miramontes R, Montesanti RC, Montoya MM, Moody J, Moody JD, Moreno KA, Morris J, Morriston KM, Nelson JR, Neto M, Neumann JD, Ng E, Ngo QM, Olejniczak BL, Olson RE, Orsi NL, Owens MW, Padilla EH, Pannell TM, Parham TG, Patterson RW, Pavel G, Prasad RR, Pendlton D, Penko FA, Pepmeier BL, Petersen DE, Phillips TW, Pigg D, Piston KW, Pletcher KD, Powell CL, Radousky HB, Raimondi BS, Ralph JE, Rampke RL, Reed RK, Reid WA, Rekow VV, Reynolds JL, Rhodes JJ, Richardson MJ, Rinnert RJ, Riordan BP, Rivenes AS, Rivera AT, Roberts CJ, Robinson JA, Robinson RB, Robison SR, Rodriguez OR, Rogers SP, Rosen MD, Ross GF, Runkel M, Runtal AS, Sacks RA, Sailors SF, Salmon JT, Salmonson JD, Saunders RL, Schaffer JR, Schindler TM, Schmitt MJ, Schneider MB, Segraves KS, Shaw MJ, Sheldrick ME, Shelton RT, Shiflett MK, Shiromizu SJ, Shor M, Silva LL, Silva SA, Skulina KM, Smauley DA, Smith BE, Smith LK, Solomon AL, Sommer S, Soto JG, Spafford NI, Speck DE, Springer PT, Stadermann M, Stanley F, Stone TG, Stout EA, Stratton PL, Strausser RJ, Suter LJ, Sweet W, Swisher MF, Tappero JD, Tassano JB, Taylor JS, Tekle EA, Thai C, Thomas CA, Thomas A, Throop AL, Tietbohl GL, Tillman JM, Town RPJ, Townsend SL, Tribbey KL, Trummer D, Truong J, Vaher J, Valadez M, Van Arsdall P, Van Prooyen AJ, Vergel de Dios EO, Vergino MD, Vernon SP, Vickers JL, Villanueva GT, Vitalich MA, Vonhof SA, Wade FE, Wallace RJ, Warren CT, Warrick AL, Watkins J, Weaver S, Wegner PJ, Weingart MA, Wen J, White KS, Whitman PK, Widmann K, Widmayer CC, Wilhelmsen K, Williams EA, Williams WH, Willis L, Wilson EF, Wilson BA, Witte MC, Work K, Yang PS, Young BK, Youngblood KP, Zacharias RA, Zaleski T, Zapata PG, Zhang H, Zielinski JS, Kline JL, Kyrala GA, Niemann C, Kilkenny JD, Nikroo A, Van Wonterghem BM, Atherton LJ, Moses EI. Demonstration of ignition radiation temperatures in indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion hohlraums. Phys Rev Lett 2011; 106:085004. [PMID: 21405580 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.085004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the hohlraum radiation temperature and symmetry required for ignition-scale inertial confinement fusion capsule implosions. Cryogenic gas-filled hohlraums with 2.2 mm-diameter capsules are heated with unprecedented laser energies of 1.2 MJ delivered by 192 ultraviolet laser beams on the National Ignition Facility. Laser backscatter measurements show that these hohlraums absorb 87% to 91% of the incident laser power resulting in peak radiation temperatures of T(RAD)=300 eV and a symmetric implosion to a 100 μm diameter hot core.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Glenzer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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White BA, Gomez AM, Ho M, Berg Miller M, Thomas SM, Yeoman CJ, Yildirim S, Creedon DJ, Goldberg TL, Leigh SR, Nelson KE, Stumpf RM, Wilson BA. Comparative analysis of the vaginal microbiome in health and disease. Genome Biol 2011. [PMCID: PMC3439058 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2011-12-s1-i17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan A White
- The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA,Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Andres M Gomez
- The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Mengfei Ho
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Margret Berg Miller
- The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Susan M Thomas
- The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Carl J Yeoman
- The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Suleyman Yildirim
- The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Douglas J Creedon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Tony L Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Steven R Leigh
- The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA,Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | - Rebecca M Stumpf
- The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA,Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Brenda A Wilson
- The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA,Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Gupta VR, Wilson BA, Blanke SR. Sphingomyelin is important for the cellular entry and intracellular localization of Helicobacter pylori VacA. Cell Microbiol 2010; 12:1517-33. [PMID: 20545942 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2010.01487.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Plasma membrane sphingomyelin (SM) binds the Helicobacter pylori vacuolating toxin (VacA) to the surface of epithelial cells. To evaluate the importance of SM for VacA cellular entry, we characterized toxin uptake and trafficking within cells enriched with synthetic variants of SM, whose intracellular trafficking properties are strictly dependent on the acyl chain lengths of their sphingolipid backbones. While toxin binding to the surface of cells was independent of acyl chain length, cells enriched with 12- or 18-carbon acyl chain variants of SM (e.g. C12-SM or C18-SM) were more sensitive to VacA, as indicated by toxin-induced cellular vacuolation, than those enriched with shorter 2- or 6-carbon variants (e.g. C2-SM or C6-SM). In C18-SM-enriched cells, VacA was taken into cells by a previously described Cdc42-dependent pinocytic mechanism, localized initially to GPI-enriched vesicles, and ultimately trafficked to Rab7/Lamp1 compartments. In contrast, within C2-SM-enriched cells, VacA was taken up at a slower rate by a Cdc42-independent mechanism and trafficked to Rab11 compartments. VacA-associated predominantly with detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs) in cells enriched with C18-SM, but predominantly with non-DRMs in C2-SM-enriched cells. These results suggest that SM is required for targeting VacA to membrane rafts important for subsequent Cdc42-dependent pinocytic cellular entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay R Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, B103 CLSL, 601 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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48
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Abstract
Over the past few decades, our understanding of the bacterial protein toxins that modulate G proteins has advanced tremendously through extensive biochemical and structural analyses. This article provides an updated survey of the various toxins that target G proteins, ending with a focus on recent mechanistic insights in our understanding of the deamidating toxin family. The dermonecrotic toxin from Pasteurella multocida (PMT) was recently added to the list of toxins that disrupt G-protein signal transduction through selective deamidation of their targets. The C3 deamidase domain of PMT has no sequence similarity to the deamidase domains of the dermonecrotic toxins from Escherichia coli (cytotoxic necrotizing factor [CNF]1-3), Yersinia (CNFY) and Bordetella (dermonecrotic toxin). The structure of PMT-C3 belongs to a family of transglutaminase-like proteins, with active site Cys-His-Asp catalytic triads distinct from E. coli CNF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda A Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601 S. Goodwin Ave, B128 CLSL, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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49
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Yildirim S, Yeoman CJ, Sipos M, Torralba M, Wilson BA, Goldberg TL, Stumpf RM, Leigh SR, White BA, Nelson KE. Characterization of the fecal microbiome from non-human wild primates reveals species specific microbial communities. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13963. [PMID: 21103066 PMCID: PMC2980488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Host-associated microbes comprise an integral part of animal digestive systems and these interactions have a long evolutionary history. It has been hypothesized that the gastrointestinal microbiome of humans and other non-human primates may have played significant roles in host evolution by facilitating a range of dietary adaptations. We have undertaken a comparative sequencing survey of the gastrointestinal microbiomes of several non-human primate species, with the goal of better understanding how these microbiomes relate to the evolution of non-human primate diversity. Here we present a comparative analysis of gastrointestinal microbial communities from three different species of Old World wild monkeys. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We analyzed fecal samples from three different wild non-human primate species (black-and-white colobus [Colubus guereza], red colobus [Piliocolobus tephrosceles], and red-tailed guenon [Cercopithecus ascanius]). Three samples from each species were subjected to small subunit rRNA tag pyrosequencing. Firmicutes comprised the vast majority of the phyla in each sample. Other phyla represented were Bacterioidetes, Proteobacteria, Spirochaetes, Actinobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Lentisphaerae, Tenericutes, Planctomycetes, Fibrobacateres, and TM7. Bray-Curtis similarity analysis of these microbiomes indicated that microbial community composition within the same primate species are more similar to each other than to those of different primate species. Comparison of fecal microbiota from non-human primates with microbiota of human stool samples obtained in previous studies revealed that the gut microbiota of these primates are distinct and reflect host phylogeny. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Our analysis provides evidence that the fecal microbiomes of wild primates co-vary with their hosts, and that this is manifested in higher intraspecies similarity among wild primate species, perhaps reflecting species specificity of the microbiome in addition to dietary influences. These results contribute to the limited body of primate microbiome studies and provide a framework for comparative microbiome analysis between human and non-human primates as well as a comparative evolutionary understanding of the human microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleyman Yildirim
- The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Carl J. Yeoman
- The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Maksim Sipos
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Manolito Torralba
- The J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brenda A. Wilson
- The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Tony L. Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Rebecca M. Stumpf
- The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Steven R. Leigh
- The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Bryan A. White
- The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Karen E. Nelson
- The J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
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50
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Ho M, Chang LH, Pires-Alves M, Thyagarajan B, Bloom JE, Gu Z, Aberle KK, Teymorian SA, Bannai Y, Johnson SC, McArdle JJ, Wilson BA. Recombinant botulinum neurotoxin A heavy chain-based delivery vehicles for neuronal cell targeting. Protein Eng Des Sel 2010; 24:247-53. [PMID: 21051321 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzq093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The long half-life of botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT/A) in cells poses a challenge in developing post-exposure therapeutics complementary to existing antitoxin strategies. Delivery vehicles consisting of the toxin heavy chain (HC), including the receptor-binding domain and translocation domain, connected to an inhibitory cargo offer a possible solution for rescuing intoxicated neurons in victims paralyzed from botulism. Here, we report the expression and purification of soluble recombinant prototype green fluorescent protein (GFP) cargo proteins fused to the entire BoNT/A-HC (residues 544-1295) in Escherichia coli with up to a 40 amino acid linker inserted between the cargo and BoNT/A-HC vehicle. We show that these GFP-HC fusion proteins are functionally active and readily taken up by cultured neuronal cells as well as by neuronal cells in mouse motor nerve endings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfei Ho
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
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