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Bonser CAR, Tamez C, White JC, Astete CE, Sabliov CM, Davis JA. Field applications of zein as a precise nanoscale delivery system for methoxyfenozide. J Insect Sci 2023; 23:8. [PMID: 36960889 PMCID: PMC10037269 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iead017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
When insecticides are applied in the environment, much of the product does not reach the target pest. Biopolymeric nanoparticles as nanocarriers have the potential to improve insecticide efficacy by improving absorption, coverage, and permeability while protecting the insecticide active ingredient from abiotic conditions and extending efficacy through controlled release. We conducted a series of experiments using a biopolymeric nanoparticle synthesized from zein, a biodegradable maize protein, to compare efficacy of a nanodelivered hydrophobic insect growth regulator (methoxyfenozide) against a commercial formulation. Positively charged zein nanoparticles (empty and loaded with methoxyfenozide) were compared to the formulated product, Intrepid 2F, as a foliar spray in-field on soybean. Chrysodeixis includens (Walker) was used as a model and was fed sprayed soybean leaves to evaluate efficacy of the tested foliar products over time. A separate set of leaves was sampled to measure residue levels of methoxyfenozide (MFZ) over time following foliar application using QuEChERS extraction and high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Regression analysis found no differences in mortality slopes between positively charged zein nanoparticles loaded with methoxyfenozide [(+)ZNP(MFZ)] and Intrepid 2F, suggesting comparable efficacy of the synthesized nanoparticles to a commercial product. Higher concentrations of MFZ were present in (+)ZNP(MFZ)-treated in leaf tissue at 3 d following spray when compared to Intrepid 2F. The multiyear study results demonstrate that nanoparticles loaded with MFZ are comparable to Intrepid 2F under field conditions, with potential short-term benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C Tamez
- Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - J C White
- Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - C E Astete
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, LSU Agricultural Center, 149 E. B. Doran Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - C M Sabliov
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, LSU Agricultural Center, 149 E. B. Doran Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - J A Davis
- Department of Entomology, LSU Agricultural Center, 404 Life Science Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Chen J, Chen X, Stout MJ, Davis JA. Belowground Herbivory to Sweetpotato by Sweetpotato Weevil (Coleoptera: Brentidae) Alters Population Dynamics and Probing Behavior of Aboveground Herbivores. J Econ Entomol 2022; 115:1069-1075. [PMID: 35766382 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aboveground and belowground herbivory can alter host quality and trophic interactions. However, little research has explored the impacts of belowground herbivory on plant virus epidemiology. To understand this interaction in sweetpotato, Ipomoea batatas L. (Lam), we studied the impact of herbivory by sweetpotato weevil, Cylas formicarius elegantulus (Summers), to storage roots on vector herbivore, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), the green peach aphid, and Aphis gossypii Glover, the cotton aphid, feeding behavior (M. persicae and A. gossypii) and population dynamics (M. persicae only as A. gossypii does not colonize sweetpotato). In addition, a nonvector herbivore, Chrysodeixis includens (Walker), the soybean looper, weight gain was included for comparison. Infestations of sweetpotato weevil in storage roots reduced C. includens weight gain and M. persicae intrinsic rate of increase (rm), net reproductive rate (Ro), and finite rate of increase (λ) on aboveground portions of the plant. In probing behaviors related to nonpersistent virus spread (30 min trials), M. persicae probed less often, took longer to reach the first pd (potential drop), had shorter II-3 (intracellular subphase sap ingestion) durations, and had fewer archlets on plants infested with C. formicarius elegantulus. Total phloem duration did not differ between treatments, indicating that the lowered performance of M. persicae on infested plants was not due to discrepancies in probing duration. Results were less clear for A. gossypii. Thus, in sweetpotato, belowground herbivory can alter plant virus vector abundance and behavior. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these changes in behavior could improve plant virus vector integrated pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chen
- WWOPS Benchmarking, Amazon, Austin, TX 77845, USA
| | - X Chen
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - M J Stout
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - J A Davis
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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McGuinness AJ, Davis JA, Dawson SL, Loughman A, Collier F, O’Hely M, Simpson CA, Green J, Marx W, Hair C, Guest G, Mohebbi M, Berk M, Stupart D, Watters D, Jacka FN. A systematic review of gut microbiota composition in observational studies of major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:1920-1935. [PMID: 35194166 PMCID: PMC9126816 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01456-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The emerging understanding of gut microbiota as 'metabolic machinery' influencing many aspects of physiology has gained substantial attention in the field of psychiatry. This is largely due to the many overlapping pathophysiological mechanisms associated with both the potential functionality of the gut microbiota and the biological mechanisms thought to be underpinning mental disorders. In this systematic review, we synthesised the current literature investigating differences in gut microbiota composition in people with the major psychiatric disorders, major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SZ), compared to 'healthy' controls. We also explored gut microbiota composition across disorders in an attempt to elucidate potential commonalities in the microbial signatures associated with these mental disorders. Following the PRISMA guidelines, databases were searched from inception through to December 2021. We identified 44 studies (including a total of 2510 psychiatric cases and 2407 controls) that met inclusion criteria, of which 24 investigated gut microbiota composition in MDD, seven investigated gut microbiota composition in BD, and 15 investigated gut microbiota composition in SZ. Our syntheses provide no strong evidence for a difference in the number or distribution (α-diversity) of bacteria in those with a mental disorder compared to controls. However, studies were relatively consistent in reporting differences in overall community composition (β-diversity) in people with and without mental disorders. Our syntheses also identified specific bacterial taxa commonly associated with mental disorders, including lower levels of bacterial genera that produce short-chain fatty acids (e.g. butyrate), higher levels of lactic acid-producing bacteria, and higher levels of bacteria associated with glutamate and GABA metabolism. We also observed substantial heterogeneity across studies with regards to methodologies and reporting. Further prospective and experimental research using new tools and robust guidelines hold promise for improving our understanding of the role of the gut microbiota in mental and brain health and the development of interventions based on modification of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. J. McGuinness
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Food & Mood Centre, School of Medicine and Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC Australia
| | - J. A. Davis
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Food & Mood Centre, School of Medicine and Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC Australia
| | - S. L. Dawson
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Food & Mood Centre, School of Medicine and Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC Australia ,grid.1058.c0000 0000 9442 535XMurdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - A. Loughman
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Food & Mood Centre, School of Medicine and Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC Australia
| | - F. Collier
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Food & Mood Centre, School of Medicine and Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC Australia
| | - M. O’Hely
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Food & Mood Centre, School of Medicine and Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC Australia ,grid.1058.c0000 0000 9442 535XMurdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - C. A. Simpson
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XMelbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XMelbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - J. Green
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Food & Mood Centre, School of Medicine and Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC Australia ,grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre (MAPcr), Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC Australia ,grid.466993.70000 0004 0436 2893Department of Psychiatry, Peninsula Health, Frankston, VIC Australia
| | - W. Marx
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Food & Mood Centre, School of Medicine and Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC Australia
| | - C. Hair
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079Deakin University, School of Medicine, Geelong, VIC Australia ,grid.414257.10000 0004 0540 0062Department of Gastroenterology, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC Australia
| | - G. Guest
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079Deakin University, School of Medicine, Geelong, VIC Australia ,grid.415335.50000 0000 8560 4604Department of Surgery, University Hospital Geelong, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC Australia
| | - M. Mohebbi
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - M. Berk
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Food & Mood Centre, School of Medicine and Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC Australia ,grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079Deakin University, School of Medicine, Geelong, VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XOrygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - D. Stupart
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079Deakin University, School of Medicine, Geelong, VIC Australia ,grid.415335.50000 0000 8560 4604Department of Surgery, University Hospital Geelong, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC Australia
| | - D. Watters
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079Deakin University, School of Medicine, Geelong, VIC Australia ,grid.415335.50000 0000 8560 4604Department of Surgery, University Hospital Geelong, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC Australia
| | - F. N. Jacka
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Food & Mood Centre, School of Medicine and Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC Australia ,grid.1058.c0000 0000 9442 535XCentre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC Australia ,grid.418393.40000 0001 0640 7766Black Dog Institute, Sydney, NSW Australia ,grid.1011.10000 0004 0474 1797College of Public Health, Medical & Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD Australia
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Davis JA, Mohebbi M, Collier F, Loughman A, Staudacher H, Shivappa N, Hébert JR, Pasco JA, Jacka FN. The role of diet quality and dietary patterns in predicting muscle mass and function in men over a 15-year period. Osteoporos Int 2021; 32:2193-2203. [PMID: 34043032 PMCID: PMC8155648 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-021-06012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED A growing body of evidence suggests that diet quality may predict muscle health. This study found that a "Traditional" dietary pattern predicted greater muscle mass, and an anti-inflammatory diet predicted greater muscle mass and better muscle function over 15 years. These findings reinforce the importance of optimising dietary behaviours for healthy ageing. INTRODUCTION Research investigating the roles of individual nutrients in muscle health fails to account for the synergistic relationships between foods and nutrients. This study aimed to investigate the predictive value of diet quality and dietary patterns for muscle mass and function in men over a 15-year period. METHODS This longitudinal study was conducted in 522 men from the Geelong Osteoporosis Study with complete dietary and muscle mass or muscle function data at both baseline and 15-year follow-up assessments. Dietary exposures were extracted from food frequency questionnaires and included the Australian Recommended Food Score, the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®), and three a posteriori dietary patterns: Plant-focused, Western, and Traditional (Anglo-Australian). Outcome variables included dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry-derived skeletal muscle index (SMI) and muscle function measured with the timed up-and-go (TUG) test. RESULTS An anti-inflammatory diet and higher scores on a Traditional dietary pattern both predicted greater SMI ((B: -0.04 (95%CI -0.08, -0.00) kg/m2) and (B: 0.12 (95%CI 0.04, 0.20) kg/m2), respectively), while a pro-inflammatory diet predicted slower TUG (B: 0.11 (95%CI 0.001, 0.21) sec) over the 15-year follow-up period. These associations remained significant following adjustment for confounding variables. There were no associations observed for other dietary exposures. CONCLUSION A Traditional dietary pattern higher in vegetables, wholegrain cereals, and animal protein was associated with greater skeletal muscle mass, and an anti-inflammatory diet, also rich in vegetables, fruit, and wholegrain cereals, was associated with greater skeletal muscle mass and better muscle function over 15 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Davis
- Deakin University, IMPACT-the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia.
| | - M Mohebbi
- Faculty of Health, Biostatistics Unit, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - F Collier
- Deakin University, IMPACT-the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
- Geelong Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases (GCEID), Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
- Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - A Loughman
- Deakin University, IMPACT-the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - H Staudacher
- Deakin University, IMPACT-the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - N Shivappa
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Connecting Health Innovations LLC, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - J R Hébert
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Connecting Health Innovations LLC, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - J A Pasco
- Deakin University, IMPACT-the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
- Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Prahran, Australia
- Department of Medicine-Western Health, The University of Melbourne, St Albans, Australia
| | - F N Jacka
- Deakin University, IMPACT-the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
- Black Dog Institute, Randwick, Australia
- James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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Souza MF, Davis JA. Characterizing Host Plant Resistance to Melanaphis sacchari (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Selected Sorghum Plant Introductions. J Econ Entomol 2021; 114:959-969. [PMID: 33547788 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Since 2013 Melanaphis sacchari (Zehnter) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), the sugarcane aphid, has been a threat to sorghum production in the United States. The development of resistant sorghum hybrids has been one of the main management strategies. However, plant resistance can be overcome over time and new resistance genes need to be identified and introduced into adapted sorghum hybrids to secure sorghum production. Sorghum plant introduction (PI) genotypes were screened for resistance to M. sacchari through laboratory, greenhouse, and field assays. In addition, the feeding parameters of M. saccahri were analyzed and detailed in seven sorghum genotypes through EPG assays. Results showed sorghum genotypes PI 524770, PI 564163, and PI 643515 expressed resistance to M. sacchari consistently in laboratory, greenhouse, and field tests. EPG analysis suggested sorghum genotypes PI 524770 and PI 564163 express antibiosis to M. sacchari while PI 643515 expresses both antibiosis and antixenosis. Increasing the number of sorghum hybrids resistant to M. sacchari is key to improving integrated pest management of M. sacchari. By utilizing host plant resistance, sorghum producers can decrease insecticide applications while enhancing biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Souza
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 404 Life Sciences, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - J A Davis
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 404 Life Sciences, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Pellicioli P, Donzelli M, Davis JA, Estève F, Hugtenburg R, Guatelli S, Petasecca M, Lerch MLF, Bräuer-Krisch E, Krisch M. Study of the X-ray radiation interaction with a multislit collimator for the creation of microbeams in radiation therapy. J Synchrotron Radiat 2021; 28:392-403. [PMID: 33650550 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577520016811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microbeam radiation therapy (MRT) is a developing radiotherapy, based on the use of beams only a few tens of micrometres wide, generated by synchrotron X-ray sources. The spatial fractionation of the homogeneous beam into an array of microbeams is possible using a multislit collimator (MSC), i.e. a machined metal block with regular apertures. Dosimetry in MRT is challenging and previous works still show differences between calculated and experimental dose profiles of 10-30%, which are not acceptable for a clinical implementation of treatment. The interaction of the X-rays with the MSC may contribute to the observed discrepancies; the present study therefore investigates the dose contribution due to radiation interaction with the MSC inner walls and radiation leakage of the MSC. Dose distributions inside a water-equivalent phantom were evaluated for different field sizes and three typical spectra used for MRT studies at the European Synchrotron Biomedical beamline ID17. Film dosimetry was utilized to determine the contribution of radiation interaction with the MSC inner walls; Monte Carlo simulations were implemented to calculate the radiation leakage contribution. Both factors turned out to be relevant for the dose deposition, especially for small fields. Photons interacting with the MSC walls may bring up to 16% more dose in the valley regions, between the microbeams. Depending on the chosen spectrum, the radiation leakage close to the phantom surface can contribute up to 50% of the valley dose for a 5 mm × 5 mm field. The current study underlines that a detailed characterization of the MSC must be performed systematically and accurate MRT dosimetry protocols must include the contribution of radiation leakage and radiation interaction with the MSC in order to avoid significant errors in the dose evaluation at the micrometric scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pellicioli
- ID17 Biomedical Beamline, ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, France
| | - M Donzelli
- ID17 Biomedical Beamline, ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, France
| | - J A Davis
- School of Physics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - F Estève
- STROBE - Synchrotron Radiation for Biomedicine, Grenoble, France
| | - R Hugtenburg
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - S Guatelli
- School of Physics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - M Petasecca
- School of Physics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - M L F Lerch
- School of Physics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - E Bräuer-Krisch
- ID17 Biomedical Beamline, ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, France
| | - M Krisch
- ID17 Biomedical Beamline, ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, France
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Wilson BE, Reay-Jones FPF, Lama L, Mulcahy M, Reagan TE, Davis JA, Yang Y, Wilson LT. Influence of Sorghum Cultivar, Nitrogen Fertilization, and Insecticides on Infestations of the Sugarcane Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in the Southern United States. J Econ Entomol 2020; 113:1850-1857. [PMID: 32515791 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari Zehntner, is an economically damaging pest of sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.), across the southern United States. Field experiments investigated impacts of sorghum cultivar, nitrogen fertilization, and insecticides on M. sacchari infestations and sorghum yields in Louisiana and South Carolina in 2017 and 2018. In South Carolina, M. sacchari densities in unprotected plots peaked on 30-31 July of both years before declining by early- to mid-August. In Louisiana, infestations peaked on 26 and 12 July for 2017 and 2018, respectively, and declined by mid-August. Nitrogen fertilization influenced M. sacchari densities in Louisiana in 2018 with the highest-level infestations recorded from plots that received high N rates. Densities of M. sacchari on susceptible sorghum cultivar, DKS 38-88, were 1.5- to 2.3-fold greater than on DKS 37-07 in both years in Louisiana and in 2018 in South Carolina. Nitrogen fertilization was associated with improved sorghum yields in Louisiana experiments. Sorghum yields across experiments were 2- to 4-fold greater in plots protected with multiple insecticide applications than in unprotected plots. Yield from plots with insecticides sprayed once at currently used action thresholds differed from unprotected plots only in the 2018 Louisiana experiment. Results from these experiments indicate insecticidal protection of susceptible sorghum cultivars remains critical throughout much of the southern United States. Further research is needed to develop integrated management programs that incorporate fertilization manipulation, cultivar resistance, and insecticidal control.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Wilson
- Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Sugarcane Research Station, St. Gabriel, LA
| | - F P F Reay-Jones
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Florence, SC
| | - L Lama
- Pest Management Enterprises, Inc., Cheneyville, LA
| | - M Mulcahy
- Lousiana State University, Department of Entomology, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - T E Reagan
- Lousiana State University, Department of Entomology, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - J A Davis
- Lousiana State University, Department of Entomology, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Y Yang
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Beaumont Research Center, Beaumont, TX
| | - L T Wilson
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Beaumont Research Center, Beaumont, TX
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Souza MF, Davis JA. Detailed Characterization of Melanaphis sacchari (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Feeding Behavior on Different Host Plants. Environ Entomol 2020; 49:683-691. [PMID: 32333015 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, Melanaphis sacchari Zehntner is reported on several plants in the family Poaceae, including important crops. In the United States, M. sacchari has been present primarily on sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.), but recently sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) has become a main host. It is not clear how M. sacchari exploits sorghum or other plant species present in the Louisiana agro-ecoscape, but there is potential for these plants to be bridging hosts. Thus, this study determined the feeding behavior of M. sacchari on sorghum, rice, Oryza sativa (L.), sweetpotato, Ipomea batatas (L.), maize, Zea mays (L.), Johnsongrass, S. halepense (L.), and wheat Triticum aestivum (L.) using electrical penetration graphs. Melanaphis sacchari established sustained feeding on sorghum, Johnsongrass, wheat, and rice, only a negligent percentage on maize and no aphid fed on sweetpotato. Differences in Electrical Penetration Graph parameters among the plants in nonpenetrating total time and the lower number of probes, time to penetration initiation, proportion of individuals probing, number of probes shorter than 30 s, number of probes longer than 30 s but shorter than 3 min, pathway phase duration, and number of cell punctures during pathway phase, suggest epidermis and mesophyll factors affecting aphid feeding behavior. While the lack of differences in number of feeding occurrences, total time feeding, and number of sustained feeding occurrences shows that M. sacchari is able to feed on those plants, sieve element factors such as resistance or low nutritional quality prevent the growth of this population in field.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Souza
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 404 Life Sciences, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - J A Davis
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 404 Life Sciences, Baton Rouge, LA
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Davis JA. Strengthening the Primary Care of Children. J R Soc Med 2018; 71:861-3. [PMID: 739497 PMCID: PMC1436305 DOI: 10.1177/014107687807101201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Souza MF, Veloso LFA, Sampaio MV, Davis JA. Influence of Host Quality and Temperature on the Biology of Diaeretiella rapae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae). Environ Entomol 2017; 46:995-1004. [PMID: 28881958 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvx108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Biological features of Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh), an aphid parasitoid, are conditioned by temperature and host. However, studies of host quality changes due to temperature adaptability have not been performed previously. Therefore, this study evaluated the adaptability of Lipaphis pseudobrassicae (Davis) and Myzus persicae (Sulzer) to high temperature, high temperature effect on their quality as hosts for D. rapae, and on parasitoid's thermal threshold. Aphid development, survivorship, fecundity, and longevity were compared at 19 °C and 28 °C. Host quality in different temperatures was determined through evaluation of parasitoid biology. Thermal threshold of D. rapae was determined using development time data. At 28 °C, development time, rate of immature survival, and total fecundity rates were greater in L. pseudobrassicae than in M. persicae. Development time of D. rapae in L. pseudobrassicae was shorter than that in M. persicae at 28 °C and 31 °C for females and at 31 °C for males. The thermal threshold of D. rapae was 6.38 °C and 3.33 °C for females and 4.45 °C and 3.63 °C for males developed on L. pseudobrassicae and M. persicae, respectively. Diaeretiella rapae size gain was greater in L. pseudobrassicae than that in M. persicae at 25 °C and 28 °C. Lipaphis pseudobrassicae showed better adaptation than M. persicae to elevated temperatures, which resulted in a better quality host for D. rapae at temperatures of 28 °C and 31 °C and a higher lower thermal threshold when the parasitoid developed within L. pseudobrassicae. The host's adaptation to high temperatures is a determinant of host quality for the parasitoid at that same climatic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Souza
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University, 404 Life Sciences, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
| | - L F A Veloso
- Institute of Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, E Building Amazon Ave., Uberlandia, MG 38400-902, Brazil
| | - M V Sampaio
- Institute of Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, E Building Amazon Ave., Uberlandia, MG 38400-902, Brazil
| | - J A Davis
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University, 404 Life Sciences, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
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Sharma R, Dunn A, Aschman D, Cheng D, Wheeler A, Soni A, McGuinn C, Knoll C, Stein DT, Young G, French J, Sanders J, Davis JA, Tarantino M, Lim M, Gruppo R, Sidonio R, Ahuja S, Carpenter S, Pipe S, Shapiro A. Radionuclide synovectomy/synoviorthesis (RS) in persons with bleeding disorders: A review of impact of national guidance on frequency of RS using the ATHNdataset. Haemophilia 2017; 23:e385-e388. [DOI: 10.1111/hae.13273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Sharma
- BloodCenter of Wisconsin; Milwaukee WI USA
| | - A. Dunn
- Nationwide Children's Hospital; Columbus OH USA
| | - D. Aschman
- American Thrombosis and Hemostasis Network; Riverwoods IL USA
| | - D. Cheng
- American Thrombosis and Hemostasis Network; Riverwoods IL USA
| | - A. Wheeler
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville TN USA
| | - A. Soni
- Center for Comprehensive Care and Diagnosis of Inherited Blood Disorders; Orange CA USA
| | | | - C. Knoll
- Arizona Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center; University of Arizona Health Sciences Center; Tucson AZ USA
| | - D. T. Stein
- Northwest Ohio Hemophilia Treatment Center; Toledo OH USA
| | - G. Young
- Childrens Hospital Los Angeles; Los Angeles CA USA
| | - J. French
- Palmetto Health Richland; Columbia SC USA
| | - J. Sanders
- Cook Children's Hospital; Fort Worth Bleeding Disorders Program; Fort Worth TX USA
| | - J. A. Davis
- University of Miami Comprehensive Pediatric Hemophilia Treatment Center; Miami FL USA
| | - M. Tarantino
- Bleeding and Clotting Disorders Institute; University of Illinois College of Medicine-Peoria; Peoria IL USA
| | - M. Lim
- UNC Comprehensive Hemophilia Diagnostic and Treatment Center; Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - R. Gruppo
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati OH USA
| | - R. Sidonio
- Emory/Children's Healthcare of Atlanta Comprehensive Hemophilia Program; Atlanta GA USA
| | - S. Ahuja
- Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital; University Hospitals Case Medical Center; Cleveland OH USA
| | | | - S. Pipe
- Department of Pediatrics and Pathology; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - A. Shapiro
- Indiana Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center; Indianapolis IN USA
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Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Davis
- Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, West Mifflin, Pennsylvania 15122
| | - L. A. Hageman
- Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, West Mifflin, Pennsylvania 15122
| | - R. B. Kellogg
- Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, West Mifflin, Pennsylvania 15122
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Kaplan
- Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, West Mifflin, Pennsylvania 15122
| | - J. A. Davis
- Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, West Mifflin, Pennsylvania 15122
| | - M. Natelson
- Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, West Mifflin, Pennsylvania 15122
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Affiliation(s)
- E. M. Gelbard
- Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - J. A. Davis
- Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Davis JA, Ross JRM, Bezalel S, Sim L, Bonnema A, Ichikawa G, Heim WA, Schiff K, Eagles-Smith CA, Ackerman JT. Hg concentrations in fish from coastal waters of California and Western North America. Sci Total Environ 2016; 568:1146-1156. [PMID: 27067833 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The State of California conducted an extensive and systematic survey of mercury (Hg) in fish from the California coast in 2009 and 2010. The California survey sampled 3483 fish representing 46 species at 68 locations, and demonstrated that methylHg in fish presents a widespread exposure risk to fish consumers. Most of the locations sampled (37 of 68) had a species with an average concentration above 0.3μg/gwet weight (ww), and 10 locations an average above 1.0μg/gww. The recent and robust dataset from California provided a basis for a broader examination of spatial and temporal patterns in fish Hg in coastal waters of Western North America. There is a striking lack of data in publicly accessible databases on Hg and other contaminants in coastal fish. An assessment of the raw data from these databases suggested the presence of relatively high concentrations along the California coast and in Puget Sound, and relatively low concentrations along the coasts of Alaska and Oregon, and the outer coast of Washington. The dataset suggests that Hg concentrations of public health concern can be observed at any location on the coast of Western North America where long-lived predator species are sampled. Output from a linear mixed-effects model resembled the spatial pattern observed for the raw data and suggested, based on the limited dataset, a lack of trend in fish Hg over the nearly 30-year period covered by the dataset. Expanded and continued monitoring, accompanied by rigorous data management procedures, would be of great value in characterizing methylHg exposure, and tracking changes in contamination of coastal fish in response to possible increases in atmospheric Hg emissions in Asia, climate change, and terrestrial Hg control efforts in coastal watersheds.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Davis
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, CA 94804, USA.
| | - J R M Ross
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, CA 94804, USA.
| | - S Bezalel
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, CA 94804, USA.
| | - L Sim
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, CA 94804, USA.
| | - A Bonnema
- Marine Pollution Studies Lab, 7544 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA.
| | - G Ichikawa
- Marine Pollution Studies Lab, 7544 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA.
| | - W A Heim
- Marine Pollution Studies Lab, 7544 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA.
| | - K Schiff
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, 3535 Harbor Blvd., Suite 110, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA.
| | - C A Eagles-Smith
- U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - J T Ackerman
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Science Center, Dixon Field Station, 800 Business Park Drive, Dixon, CA 95620, USA.
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Moonga MN, Davis JA. Partial Life History of Chrysodeixis includens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Summer Hosts. J Econ Entomol 2016; 109:1713-9. [PMID: 27375294 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tow156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The soybean looper, Chrysodeixis includens (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a major defoliating pest of soybeans, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, in Louisiana. However, other alternate host crops in the agroecosystem have the potential to impact C. includens populations. Life table statistics of C. includens on four host plants were evaluated. C. includens larvae were fed leaves of three cotton Gossypium hirsutum L. cultivars 'DP 143 B2RF,' 'DP 174 RF,' and 'PHY 485 WRF'; cowpea Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walpers 'California Blackeye'; three soybean cultivars 'Lyon,' 'PI 227687,' and 'RC 4955'; and sweetpotato Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lamarck 'Evangeline.' All C. includens larvae reared on cotton cultivars DP 143 B2RF and PHY 485 WRF experienced 100% mortality during the first instar. Total developmental period of preadult C. includens was significantly shorter on cotton DP 174 RF and cowpea California Blackeye but longer on sweetpotato Evangeline. Sweetpotato Evangeline had the highest amount of leaf tissue consumed and soybean Lyon had the least. Pupal weight was highest when insects fed on cotton DP 174 RF and lowest on soybean PI 227687. Life table statistics showed that the highest intrinsic rate of increase and net reproductive rate were attained when insects were reared on cotton DP 174 RF and cowpea California Blackeye whilst the lowest were recorded on soybean PI 227687. This study provides valuable information on the role of alternative host crops on the partial life history of C. includens in Louisiana agroecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Moonga
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 (; )
| | - J A Davis
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 (; )
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Davis
- Cambridge Road, Great Shelford, Cambridge CB22 5JE, UK
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Stewart DE, Tlusty SM, Taylor KH, Brown RS, Neil HN, Klassen DK, Davis JA, Daly TM, Camp PC, Doyle AM. Trends and Patterns in Reporting of Patient Safety Situations in Transplantation. Am J Transplant 2015; 15:3123-33. [PMID: 26560245 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Analysis and dissemination of transplant patient safety data are essential to understanding key issues facing the transplant community and fostering a "culture of safety." The Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network's (OPTN) Operations and Safety Committee de-identified safety situations reported through several mechanisms, including the OPTN's online patient safety portal, through which the number of reported cases has risen sharply. From 2012 to 2013, 438 events were received through either the online portal or other reporting pathways, and about half were self-reports. Communication breakdowns (22.8%) and testing issues (16.0%) were the most common types. Events included preventable errors that led to organ discard as well as near misses. Among events reported by Organ Procurement Organization (OPOs), half came from just 10 of the 58 institutions, while half of events reported by transplant centers came from just 21 of 250 institutions. Thirteen (23%) OPOs and 155 (62%) transplant centers reported no events, suggesting substantial underreporting of safety-related errors to the national database. This is the first comprehensive, published report of the OPTN's safety efforts. Our goals are to raise awareness of safety data recently reported to the OPTN, encourage additional reporting, and spur systems improvements to mitigate future risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Stewart
- Research Department, United Network for Organ Sharing, Richmond, VA
| | - S M Tlusty
- Policy Department, United Network for Organ Sharing, Richmond, VA
| | - K H Taylor
- Instructional Innovations Department, United Network for Organ Sharing, Richmond, VA
| | - R S Brown
- Organ Center, United Network for Organ Sharing, Richmond, VA
| | - H N Neil
- Research Department, United Network for Organ Sharing, Richmond, VA
| | - D K Klassen
- Chief Medical Officer, United Network for Organ Sharing, Richmond, VA
| | - J A Davis
- LifeLink Foundation, Inc., Tampa, FL
| | - T M Daly
- New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY
| | - P C Camp
- Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - A M Doyle
- Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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20
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Antun A, Monahan PE, Manco-Johnson MJ, Callaghan MU, Kanin M, Knoll C, Carpenter SL, Davis JA, Guerrera MF, Kruse-Jarres R, Ragni MV, Witmer C, McCracken CE, Kempton CL. Inhibitor recurrence after immune tolerance induction: a multicenter retrospective cohort study. J Thromb Haemost 2015; 13:1980-8. [PMID: 26382916 PMCID: PMC4639409 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune tolerance induction (ITI) in patients with congenital hemophilia A is successful in up to 70%. Although there is growing understanding of predictors of response to ITI, the probability and predictors of inhibitor recurrence after successful ITI are not well understood. OBJECTIVES To determine the association of clinical characteristics, particularly adherence to factor VIII (FVIII) prophylaxis after ITI, with inhibitor recurrence in patients with hemophilia A who were considered tolerant after ITI. METHODS In this multicenter retrospective cohort study, 64 subjects with FVIII level < 2% who were considered successfully tolerant after ITI were analyzed to estimate the cumulative probability of inhibitor recurrence using the Kaplan-Meier method. The association of clinical characteristics with inhibitor recurrence was assessed using logistic regression. RESULTS A recurrent inhibitor titer ≥ 0.6 BU mL(-1) occurred at least once in 19 (29.7%) and more than once in 12 (18.8%). The probability of any recurrent inhibitor at 1 and 5 years was 12.8% and 32.5%, respectively. Having a recurrent inhibitor was associated with having received immune modulation during ITI (odds ratio [OR] 3.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2-22.4) and FVIII recovery of < 85% at the end of ITI (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.3-5.9) but was not associated with adherence to post-ITI prophylactic FVIII infusion (OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.06-4.3). CONCLUSIONS The use of immune modulation therapy during ITI and lower FVIII recovery at the end of ITI appear to be associated with an increased risk of inhibitor recurrence after successful ITI. Adherence to post-ITI prophylactic FVIII infusions is not a major determinant of recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Antun
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - P E Monahan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - M J Manco-Johnson
- Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center and Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - M Kanin
- Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - C Knoll
- Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - J A Davis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - M F Guerrera
- Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - R Kruse-Jarres
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - M V Ragni
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and Hemophilia Center of Western Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - C Witmer
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - C E McCracken
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - C L Kempton
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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21
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Rice CE, Norris AH, Davis JA, Lynch CD, Fields KS, Ervin M, Turner AN. P11.07 The spectrum of sexual behaviours among msm and associations with prevalent sexually transmitted infections and hiv. Br J Vener Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2015-052270.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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22
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Jackson CR, Davis JA, Frye JG, Barrett JB, Hiott LM. Diversity of Plasmids and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated from Healthy Companion Animals. Zoonoses Public Health 2015; 62:479-88. [PMID: 25653018 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The presence and transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes from commensal bacteria in companion animals to more pathogenic bacteria may contribute to dissemination of antimicrobial resistance. The purpose of this study was to determine antimicrobial resistance gene content and the presence of genetic elements in antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli from healthy companion animals. In our previous study, from May to August, 2007, healthy companion animals (155 dogs and 121 cats) from three veterinary clinics in the Athens, GA, USA area were sampled and multidrug-resistant E. coli (n = 36; MDR, resistance to ≥ 2 antimicrobial classes) were obtained. Of the 25 different plasmid replicon types tested by PCR, at least one plasmid replicon type was detected in 94% (34/36) of the MDR E. coli; four isolates contained as many as five different plasmid replicons. Nine replicon types (FIA, FIB, FII, I2, A/C, U, P, I1 and HI2) were identified with FIB, FII, I2 as the most common pattern. The presence of class I integrons (intI) was detected in 61% (22/36) of the isolates with eight isolates containing aminoglycoside- and/or trimethoprim-resistance genes in the variable cassette region of intI. Microarray analysis of a subset of the MDR E. coli (n = 9) identified the presence of genes conferring resistance to aminoglycosides (aac, aad, aph and strA/B), β-lactams (ampC, cmy, tem and vim), chloramphenicol (cat), sulfonamides (sulI and sulII), tetracycline [tet(A), tet(B), tet(C), tet(D) and regulator, tetR] and trimethoprim (dfrA). Antimicrobial resistance to eight antimicrobials (ampicillin, cefoxitin, ceftiofur, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, streptomycin, gentamicin, sulfisoxazole and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) and five plasmid replicons (FIA, FIB, FII, I1 and I2) were transferred via conjugation. The presence of antimicrobial resistance genes, intI and transferable plasmid replicons indicate that E. coli from companion animals may play an important role in the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance, particularly to human hosts during contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Jackson
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Russell Research Center, Athens, GA, USA
| | - J A Davis
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Russell Research Center, Athens, GA, USA
| | - J G Frye
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Russell Research Center, Athens, GA, USA
| | - J B Barrett
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Russell Research Center, Athens, GA, USA
| | - L M Hiott
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Russell Research Center, Athens, GA, USA
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Anderson EM, Davis JA. Field evaluation of the response of Aedes albopictus (Stegomyia albopicta) to three oviposition attractants and different ovitrap placements using black and clear autocidal ovitraps in a rural area of Same, Timor-Leste. Med Vet Entomol 2014; 28:372-383. [PMID: 24805793 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Known oviposition attractants or stimulants were compared, singly and in combination, using inexpensive autocidal ovitraps designed to trap emerging adults, in a rural area of Timor-Leste during the dry season. In this area, the dengue vector Aedes albopictus (Stegomyia albopicta) Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae) was abundant, but Aedes aegypti (Stegomyia aegypti) L. was not detected. The attractants were: (a) a compound found in Aedes eggs (dodecanoic acid); (b) components of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium-based (NPK) fertilizer, and (c) infusions of discarded cigarette butts. A solution of ammonium phosphate and potassium nitrate was significantly more attractive to gravid Ae. albopictus than water only. Dodecanoic acid and cigarette butt infusions were not significantly more attractive than the control; however, they attracted various other Diptera and many non-culicid larvae developed in ovitraps in which these substances were used; thus, the presence of eggs or larvae of other species may have deterred Aedes oviposition. Significantly more Aedes eggs were found in ovitraps under vegetation than in ovitraps placed inside houses or against external walls. Clear-sided ovitraps in which black mesh was placed over a black ring floating on the water surface collected significantly fewer eggs than black ovitraps with identically placed mesh and rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Anderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic, Australia
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Davis JA, Jackson CR, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Barrett JB, Brousse JH, Gustafson J, Kucher M. Carriage of methicillin-resistant staphylococci by healthy companion animals in the US. Lett Appl Microbiol 2014; 59:1-8. [PMID: 24730724 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Antimicrobial-resistant staphylococci have been associated with wounded or ill companion animals, but little is known about the prevalence of resistant staphylococci among healthy animals. In this study, 276 healthy dogs and cats from veterinary clinics were tested for the presence of antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococcus spp. Isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility and the presence of select resistance genes, and typed using Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius were also characterized using multilocus sequence typing (MLST), spa typing and SCCmec typing. Approximately 5% (14/276) of the animals were positive by enrichment for five species of staphylococci [Staph. aureus (n = 11), Staph. pseudintermedius (n = 4), Staphylococcus sciuri (n = 6), Staphylococcus simulans (n = 1) and Staphylococcus warneri (n = 1)]. Seventy-eight per cent (18/23) of staphylococci were resistant to oxacillin and also multidrug resistant (resistance to ≥ 2 antimicrobials). All Staph. aureus isolates were mecA+ and blaZ+, SCCmec type II, spa type t002, ST5 and clonal using PFGE. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius were SCCmec type IV or V, spa type t06 and ST170; two of the isolates were pvl(+) . These results suggest that healthy companion animals may be a reservoir of multidrug-resistant staphylococci, which may be transferred to owners and others who handle companion animals. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY In this study, antimicrobial-resistant coagulase-negative and coagulase-positive staphylococci were isolated from various body sites on healthy dogs and cats. Resistance to 14 antimicrobials was observed including resistance to oxacillin; the majority of staphylococci were also multidrug resistant. Results from this study suggest that healthy dogs and cats may act as reservoirs of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria that may be transferred to people by simple interaction with the animals. Such carriage poses an underlying risk of infection, which should be considered during handling of healthy dogs and cats by pet owners and veterinary personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Davis
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Richard B. Russell Research Center, Athens, GA, USA
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Wosula EN, Davis JA, Clark CA. Stylet penetration behaviors of Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on four Ipomoea spp. infected or noninfected with sweet potato potyviruses. J Econ Entomol 2014; 107:538-545. [PMID: 24772532 DOI: 10.1603/ec13139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Myzus persicae (Sulzer) is an efficient vector of potyviruses in sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas (L.). These potyviruses also infect members of the morning glory family Ipomoea cordatotriloba Dennstedt and Ipomoea hederacea Jacqin commonly found within or around sweet potato fields. Infection of sweet potato with potyviruses increases the intrinsic rate of increase of M. persicae. Thus, from the epidemiological stand point, virus infection can modify vector population dynamics, and therefore increase virus spread. To better understand this, stylet penetration behaviors of M. persicae on virus infected and noninfected sweet potato cvs. 'Beauregard' and 'Evangeline', as well as morning glory plants I. cordatotriloba and I. hederacea were monitored. Stylet penetration behaviors associated with nonpersistent virus transmission such as time to first intracellular puncture (potential drop), number of potential drops, duration of potential drop, duration of potential drop subphase II-3, and number of potential drops with subphase II-3 pulses were significantly increased on virus-infected compared with noninfected Beauregard, but greatly reduced on virus-infected compared with noninfected I. hederacea plants. Stylet penetration behaviors associated with host acceptance such as reduced nonprobing duration and nonprobing events were greater on virus-infected compared with noninfected Beauregard plants. In contrast, on Evangeline, I. cordatotriloba and I. hederacea stylet penetration behaviors by M. persicae indicate it had less preference for virus-infected compared with noninfected plants.
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Richards GH, Wilk KE, Curmi PMG, Davis JA. Disentangling Electronic and Vibrational Coherence in the Phycocyanin-645 Light-Harvesting Complex. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:43-49. [PMID: 26276179 DOI: 10.1021/jz402217j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Energy transfer between chromophores in photosynthesis proceeds with near-unity quantum efficiency. Understanding the precise mechanisms of these processes is made difficult by the complexity of the electronic structure and interactions with different vibrational modes. Two-dimensional spectroscopy has helped resolve some of the ambiguities and identified quantum effects that may be important for highly efficient energy transfer. Many questions remain, however, including whether the coherences observed are electronic and/or vibrational in nature and what role they play. We utilize a two-color, four-wave mixing experiment with control of the wavelength and polarization to selectively excite specific coherence pathways. For the light-harvesting complex PC645, from cryptophyte algae, we reveal and identify specific contributions from both electronic and vibrational coherences and determine an excited-state structure based on two strongly coupled electronic states and two vibrational modes. Separation of the coherence pathways also uncovers the complex evolution of these coherences and the states involved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - K E Wilk
- ‡School of Physics and Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincents Hospital, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - P M G Curmi
- ‡School of Physics and Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincents Hospital, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- Τ. E. Payne
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Private Mail Bag 1, Menai, NSW, 2234, Australia
| | - J. A. Davis
- United States Geological Survey, Water Resources Division, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, California 94025, USA
| | - T. D. Waite
- Department of Water Engineering, University of New South Wales, PO Box 1, Kensington, NSW 2033, Australia
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Pullen MG, Gaffney NS, Hall CR, Davis JA, Dubrouil A, Le HV, Buividas R, Day D, Quiney HM, Dao LV. High-order harmonic generation from a dual-gas, multi-jet array with individual gas jet control. Opt Lett 2013; 38:4204-4207. [PMID: 24321960 DOI: 10.1364/ol.38.004204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We present a gas jet array for use in high-order harmonic generation experiments. Precise control of the pressure in each individual gas jet has allowed a thorough investigation into mechanisms contributing to the selective enhancement observed in the harmonic spectra produced by dual-gas, multi-jet arrays. Our results reveal that in our case, the dominant enhancement mechanism is the result of a compression of the harmonic-producing gas jet due to the presence of other gas jets in the array. The individual control of the gas jets in the array also provides a promising method for enhancing the harmonic yield by precise tailoring of the length and pressure gradient of the interaction region.
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Wosula EN, Davis JA, Clark CA. Population dynamics of three aphid species (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on four Ipomoea spp. infected or noninfected with sweetpotato potyviruses. J Econ Entomol 2013; 106:1566-1573. [PMID: 24020267 DOI: 10.1603/ec12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Three aphid species, Aphis gossypii Glover and Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (efficient sweetpotato potyvirus vectors) and Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (an inefficient vector), are commonly found in sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas (L.), in Louisiana. Field-grown sweet potatoes are naturally infected with several potyviruses: Sweet potato feathery mottle virus, Sweet potato virus G, and Sweet potato virus 2. Thus, these aphids commonly encounter virus-infected hosts. What is not known is how each of these aphids responds to sweet potato, either infected or virus-free. The objectives of this study were to 1) determine if these aphid species can colonize mixed virus-infected sweet potato 'Beauregard', and if so, 2) determine the effects of virus infection on the population dynamics of each aphid. A. gossypii failed to larviposit and R. padi deposited a single nymph that died within a day on mixed virus-infected Beauregard. M. persicae larviposited and colonized Beauregard and further life-table analyses were warranted. M. persicae had a significantly greater reproduction on sweet potato cultivars Beauregard and 'Evangeline' with mixed virus infection compared with noninfected plants. On morning glory species, Ipomoea cordatotriloba (Dennestedt) and Ipomoea hederacea (Jacquin), M. persicae had a significantly lower reproduction on Sweet potato feathery mottle virus-infected compared with noninfected plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N Wosula
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 302 Life Sciences Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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Temple JH, Davis JA, Micinski S, Hardke JT, Price P, Leonard BR. Species composition and seasonal abundance of stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Louisiana soybean. Environ Entomol 2013; 42:648-57. [PMID: 23905727 DOI: 10.1603/en11135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In Louisiana during the last decade, the redbanded stink bug, Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood), has become a significant and yield-limiting pest of soybean. The redbanded stink bug was previously reported in the United States in 1892, but was never considered an economically important pest until recently. Soybeans representing four maturity groups (MG) III, IV, V, and VI were sampled weekly from beginning bloom (R1) to physiological maturity (R8) during 2008-2010 at five locations across Louisiana to determine the Pentatomidae composition. In total, 13,146 stink bugs were captured and subsequently identified to species. The predominant species included the redbanded stink bug (54.2%); southern green stink bug (27.1%), Nezara viridula L.; brown stink bug (6.6%), Euschistus servus (Say); and green stink bug (5.5%), Acrosternum hilare (Say). Redbanded stink bug comprised the largest percentage of the complex collected at four of the five survey sites. Numbers exceeding action thresholds of this stink bug complex were only detected during R4 to R7 growth stages. Redbanded stink bug accounted for the largest percentage of the stink bug complex in early maturing soybean varieties (MG III [86%] and IV [60%]) and declined in later maturing soybeans (MG V [54%] and VI [50%]). The redbanded stink bug was initially identified in southern Louisiana during 2000 and had been reported in all soybean producing regions in Louisiana by 2006. This survey is the first to report the redbanded stink bug as a predominant pest of soybeans from locations within the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Temple
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Rice CE, Fields KS, Ervin M, Norris AH, Lynch C, Davis JA, Turner AN. P3.150 Alternative Sexual Practises and Prevalent STI/HIV Among STD Care-Seeking Men Who Have Sex with Men. Br J Vener Dis 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2013-051184.0609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Kaul
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Wosula EN, Davis JA, Clark CA, Smith TP, Arancibia RA, Musser FR, Reed JT. The Role of Aphid Abundance, Species Diversity, and Virus Titer in the Spread of Sweetpotato Potyviruses in Louisiana and Mississippi. Plant Dis 2013; 97:53-61. [PMID: 30722262 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-12-0564-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV), Sweet potato virus G (SPVG), and Sweet potato virus 2 (SPV2) are sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) potyviruses nonpersistently transmitted by aphids. Our objective was to determine how aphid abundance, aphid species diversity, and virus titers relate to the spread of SPFMV, SPVG, and SPV2 in Louisiana and Mississippi sweetpotato fields. The most abundant aphid species were Aphis gossypii, Myzus persicae, Rhopalosiphum padi, and Therioaphis trifolii. Aphids were captured during the entire crop cycle but virus infection of sentinel plants occurred mainly during the months of June to August. SPFMV was more commonly detected than SPVG or SPV2 in sentinel plants. Virus titers for SPFMV were higher in samples beginning in late June. Because significant aphid populations were present during April to June when virus titers were low in sweetpotato and there was very little virus infection of sentinel plants, low virus titers may have limited aphid acquisition and transmission opportunities. This is the first study to comprehensively examine aphid transmission of potyviruses in sweetpotato crops in the United States and includes the first report of R. maidis and R. padi as vectors of SPFMV, though they were less efficient than A. gossypii or M. persicae.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N Wosula
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology
| | | | - C A Clark
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge 70803
| | - T P Smith
- Sweet Potato Research Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Chase 71324
| | - R A Arancibia
- Pontotoc Ridge-Flatwoods Branch Experiment Station, North Mississippi Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Pontotoc 38863
| | - F R Musser
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State 39762
| | - J T Reed
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State 39762
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Davis JA, Looker RE, Yee D, Marvin-Di Pasquale M, Grenier JL, Austin CM, McKee LJ, Greenfield BK, Brodberg R, Blum JD. Reducing methylmercury accumulation in the food webs of San Francisco Bay and its local watersheds. Environ Res 2012; 119:3-26. [PMID: 23122771 PMCID: PMC4062181 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
San Francisco Bay (California, USA) and its local watersheds present an interesting case study in estuarine mercury (Hg) contamination. This review focuses on the most promising avenues for attempting to reduce methylmercury (MeHg) contamination in Bay Area aquatic food webs and identifying the scientific information that is most urgently needed to support these efforts. Concern for human exposure to MeHg in the region has led to advisories for consumption of sport fish. Striped bass from the Bay have the highest average Hg concentration measured for this species in USA estuaries, and this degree of contamination has been constant for the past 40 years. Similarly, largemouth bass in some Bay Area reservoirs have some of the highest Hg concentrations observed in the entire US. Bay Area wildlife, particularly birds, face potential impacts to reproduction based on Hg concentrations in the tissues of several Bay species. Source control of Hg is one of the primary possible approaches for reducing MeHg accumulation in Bay Area aquatic food webs. Recent findings (particularly Hg isotope measurements) indicate that the decades-long residence time of particle-associated Hg in the Bay is sufficient to allow significant conversion of even the insoluble forms of Hg into MeHg. Past inputs have been thoroughly mixed throughout this shallow and dynamic estuary. The large pool of Hg already present in the ecosystem dominates the fraction converted to MeHg and accumulating in the food web. Consequently, decreasing external Hg inputs can be expected to reduce MeHg in the food web, but it will likely take many decades to centuries before those reductions are achieved. Extensive efforts to reduce loads from the largest Hg mining source (the historic New Almaden mining district) are underway. Hg is spread widely across the urban landscape, but there are a number of key sources, source areas, and pathways that provide opportunities to capture larger quantities of Hg and reduce loads from urban runoff. Atmospheric deposition is a lower priority for source control in the Bay Area due to a combination of a lack of major local sources. Internal net production of MeHg is the dominant source of MeHg that enters the food web. Controlling internal net production is the second primary management approach, and has the potential to reduce food web MeHg in some habitats more effectively and within a much shorter time-frame. Controlling net MeHg production and accumulation in the food web of upstream reservoirs and ponds is very promising due to the many features of these ecosystems that can be manipulated. The most feasible control options in tidal marshes relate to the design of flow patterns and subhabitats in restoration projects. Options for controlling MeHg production in open Bay habitat are limited due primarily to the highly dispersed distribution of Hg throughout the ecosystem. Other changes in these habitats may also have a large influence on food web MeHg, including temperature changes due to global warming, sea level rise, food web alterations due to introduced species and other causes, and changes in sediment supply. Other options for reducing or mitigating exposure and risk include controlling bioaccumulation, cleanup of contaminated sites, and reducing other factors (e.g., habitat availability) that limit at-risk wildlife populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Davis
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, CA 94804, USA.
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Wosula EN, Clark CA, Davis JA. Effect of Host Plant, Aphid Species, and Virus Infection Status on Transmission of Sweetpotato feathery mottle virus. Plant Dis 2012; 96:1331-1336. [PMID: 30727156 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-11-0934-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sweetpotato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV) is a nonpersistently transmitted virus known to infect sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) and wild morning glory plants. SPFMV is vectored by various aphid species, among them the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, and the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii. Our objective was to determine whether differences in acquisition hosts (sweetpotato and morning glory), aphid species (M. persicae and A. gossypii), and infection status (single versus mixed infection) influenced transmission of SPFMV. SPFMV transmission from I. hederacea with a natural mixed infection by A. gossypii (39%) was significantly greater than in other host-virus combinations. Successful transmissions by A. gossypii were significantly greater compared with M. persicae in all host-virus combinations. Virus titers in source leaves were significantly greater in single- and mixed-infected I. hederacea and single-infected I. cordatotriloba compared with other host-virus combinations. There was a significant positive correlation between virus titer and transmission by both aphid species. These results suggest that, under controlled conditions, SPFMV is more readily transmitted from infected morning glory plants than from sweetpotato. Additionally, mixed-infected plants are better virus sources for transmission than single-infected, and A. gossypii is a more efficient vector than M. persicae under laboratory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N Wosula
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology
| | - C A Clark
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology
| | - J A Davis
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge 70803
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Bushnell SE, Zhao Z, Stebbins CC, Cadavid D, Buko AM, Whalley ET, Davis JA, Versage EM, Richert JR, Axtell RC, Steinman L, Medori R. Serum IL-17F does not predict poor response to IM IFNβ-1a in relapsing-remitting MS. Neurology 2012; 79:531-7. [PMID: 22573631 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e318259e123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is a significant unmet need for serum biomarkers in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) that are predictive of therapeutic response to disease-modifying therapies. Following a recent Stanford study which reported that pretreatment levels of serum interleukin (IL)-17F could predict poor response to interferon-β (IFNβ) therapy, we sought to validate the finding using samples from a large clinical trial. METHODS The validation cohort included 54 good responders (GR) and 64 poor responders (PR) selected from 762 subjects with RRMS from the IM IFNβ-1a dose comparison study (Avonex study C94-805). Subjects were classified as GR and PR based on the number of relapses, Expanded Disability Status Scale score, and new and enlarging T2 lesions on MRI. Serum samples were assayed for IL-17F using a multiplexed Luminex assay and for IL-17F/F using an ELISA. Replicate aliquots from the Stanford study were also assayed to assure reproducibility of methods. RESULTS Median pretreatment and post-treatment serum IL-17F levels were not statistically significantly different between GR and PR, and serum IL-7/IL-17F ratios were also not predictive of response status. Replicate aliquots from the Stanford study showed good correlation to their original cohort (r = 0.77). CONCLUSIONS We were unable to validate the finding that serum IL-17F is a predictor of PR in a large independent cohort of subjects with RRMS. Differences in patient populations and methodology might explain the failure to validate the results from the Stanford study.
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Richards GH, Wilk KE, Curmi PMG, Quiney HM, Davis JA. Coherent Vibronic Coupling in Light-Harvesting Complexes from Photosynthetic Marine Algae. J Phys Chem Lett 2012; 3:272-277. [PMID: 26698327 DOI: 10.1021/jz201600f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Observations of long-lived coherences in photosynthetic light-harvesting complexes utilize short pulses with broad spectral bandwidths to coherently excite multiple transitions and coherent superpositions. In order to identify the role that such quantum effects might play in efficient energy transfer, however, an alternative approach is required. We have developed a technique for two-color photon echo spectroscopy to selectively excite the pathway of interest and measure its evolution in the absence of any other excitation. We use this technique to excite a coherence pathway in phycocyanin-645 from cryptophyte algae and measure the dynamics of this coherence. A decoherence time of 500 fs was measured, and clear signatures for strong coupling between the electronic states and phonon modes were observed, allowing coherent coupling between otherwise nonresonant transitions. This provides detailed experimental evidence of the long-lived coherences and the nature of the quantum mechanical interactions between electronic states and phonon modes in phycocyanin-645 from cryptophyte marine algae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - K E Wilk
- School of Physics and Centre for Applied Medical Research, St. Vincents Hospital, The University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - P M G Curmi
- School of Physics and Centre for Applied Medical Research, St. Vincents Hospital, The University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - H M Quiney
- School of Physics and ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-Ray Science, The University of Melbourne , Victoria 3010, Australia
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The adductor muscles are implicated in the pathogenesis of groin strain, but the proximal morphology of this muscle group is poorly defined. The purpose of this study was to investigate the detailed anatomy of the entheses and proximal musculotendinous junctions (MTJs) of adductor longus (AL), adductor brevis (AB) and gracilis. METHODS The adductors were dissected bilaterally in 10 embalmed cadavers (7 females, mean age at death 79 years (range 57-93 years)), focusing on the type of enthesis, and architecture of the proximal tendons and MTJs. Histology was used to determine if the entheses contained fibrocartilage and to semiquantitatively assess the vascularity of each proximal tendon. RESULTS All entheses were fibrocartilaginous. The proximal tendons of AB and gracilis were fused, forming a common tendinous insertion in all specimens. AL and AB both contained extensive intramuscular tendons of variable length (AL 11.1 ± 1.5 cm; AB 5.4 ± 1.1 cm); this has not been recorded previously. The vascularity of AL and AB tendons decreased significantly towards the enthesis (p < 0.05), and their entheses were significantly less vascular than that of gracilis (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The proximal anatomy of AL, AB and gracilis is more complex than previously described. The arrangement and fusion of these muscles, their fibrocartilaginous entheses and differences in vascularity of their proximal tendons may be important anatomical considerations in the pathogenesis and pattern of adductor-related groin pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Davis
- Department of Anatomy, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Davis JA, Hall CR, Dao LV, Nugent KA, Quiney HM, Tan HH, Jagadish C. Three-dimensional electronic spectroscopy of excitons in asymmetric double quantum wells. J Chem Phys 2011; 135:044510. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3613679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Davis
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-Ray Science, Australia
- Centre for Atom Optics and Ultrafast Spectroscopy, Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - C. R. Hall
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-Ray Science, Australia
- Centre for Atom Optics and Ultrafast Spectroscopy, Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - L. V. Dao
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-Ray Science, Australia
- Centre for Atom Optics and Ultrafast Spectroscopy, Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - K. A. Nugent
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-Ray Science, Australia
- School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - H. M. Quiney
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-Ray Science, Australia
- School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - H. H. Tan
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia
| | - C. Jagadish
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia
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Glenzer SH, MacGowan BJ, Meezan NB, Adams PA, Alfonso JB, Alger ET, Alherz Z, Alvarez LF, Alvarez SS, Amick PV, Andersson KS, Andrews SD, Antonini GJ, Arnold PA, Atkinson DP, Auyang L, Azevedo SG, Balaoing BNM, Baltz JA, Barbosa F, Bardsley GW, Barker DA, Barnes AI, Baron A, Beeler RG, Beeman BV, Belk LR, Bell JC, Bell PM, Berger RL, Bergonia MA, Bernardez LJ, Berzins LV, Bettenhausen RC, Bezerides L, Bhandarkar SD, Bishop CL, Bond EJ, Bopp DR, Borgman JA, Bower JR, Bowers GA, Bowers MW, Boyle DT, Bradley DK, Bragg JL, Braucht J, Brinkerhoff DL, Browning DF, Brunton GK, Burkhart SC, Burns SR, Burns KE, Burr B, Burrows LM, Butlin RK, Cahayag NJ, Callahan DA, Cardinale PS, Carey RW, Carlson JW, Casey AD, Castro C, Celeste JR, Chakicherla AY, Chambers FW, Chan C, Chandrasekaran H, Chang C, Chapman RF, Charron K, Chen Y, Christensen MJ, Churby AJ, Clancy TJ, Cline BD, Clowdus LC, Cocherell DG, Coffield FE, Cohen SJ, Costa RL, Cox JR, Curnow GM, Dailey MJ, Danforth PM, Darbee R, Datte PS, Davis JA, Deis GA, Demaret RD, Dewald EL, Di Nicola P, Di Nicola JM, Divol L, Dixit S, Dobson DB, Doppner T, Driscoll JD, Dugorepec J, Duncan JJ, Dupuy PC, Dzenitis EG, Eckart MJ, Edson SL, Edwards GJ, Edwards MJ, Edwards OD, Edwards PW, Ellefson JC, Ellerbee CH, Erbert GV, Estes CM, Fabyan WJ, Fallejo RN, Fedorov M, Felker B, Fink JT, Finney MD, Finnie LF, Fischer MJ, Fisher JM, Fishler BT, Florio JW, Forsman A, Foxworthy CB, Franks RM, Frazier T, Frieder G, Fung T, Gawinski GN, Gibson CR, Giraldez E, Glenn SM, Golick BP, Gonzales H, Gonzales SA, Gonzalez MJ, Griffin KL, Grippen J, Gross SM, Gschweng PH, Gururangan G, Gu K, Haan SW, Hahn SR, Haid BJ, Hamblen JE, Hammel BA, Hamza AV, Hardy DL, Hart DR, Hartley RG, Haynam CA, Heestand GM, Hermann MR, Hermes GL, Hey DS, Hibbard RL, Hicks DG, Hinkel DE, Hipple DL, Hitchcock JD, Hodtwalker DL, Holder JP, Hollis JD, Holtmeier GM, Huber SR, Huey AW, Hulsey DN, Hunter SL, Huppler TR, Hutton MS, Izumi N, Jackson JL, Jackson MA, Jancaitis KS, Jedlovec DR, Johnson B, Johnson MC, Johnson T, Johnston MP, Jones OS, Kalantar DH, Kamperschroer JH, Kauffman RL, Keating GA, Kegelmeyer LM, Kenitzer SL, Kimbrough JR, King K, Kirkwood RK, Klingmann JL, Knittel KM, Kohut TR, Koka KG, Kramer SW, Krammen JE, Krauter KG, Krauter GW, Krieger EK, Kroll JJ, La Fortune KN, Lagin LJ, Lakamsani VK, Landen OL, Lane SW, Langdon AB, Langer SH, Lao N, Larson DW, Latray D, Lau GT, Le Pape S, Lechleiter BL, Lee Y, Lee TL, Li J, Liebman JA, Lindl JD, Locke SF, Loey HK, London RA, Lopez FJ, Lord DM, Lowe-Webb RR, Lown JG, Ludwigsen AP, Lum NW, Lyons RR, Ma T, MacKinnon AJ, Magat MD, Maloy DT, Malsbury TN, Markham G, Marquez RM, Marsh AA, Marshall CD, Marshall SR, Maslennikov IL, Mathisen DG, Mauger GJ, Mauvais MY, McBride JA, McCarville T, McCloud JB, McGrew A, McHale B, MacPhee AG, Meeker JF, Merill JS, Mertens EP, Michel PA, Miller MG, Mills T, Milovich JL, Miramontes R, Montesanti RC, Montoya MM, Moody J, Moody JD, Moreno KA, Morris J, Morriston KM, Nelson JR, Neto M, Neumann JD, Ng E, Ngo QM, Olejniczak BL, Olson RE, Orsi NL, Owens MW, Padilla EH, Pannell TM, Parham TG, Patterson RW, Pavel G, Prasad RR, Pendlton D, Penko FA, Pepmeier BL, Petersen DE, Phillips TW, Pigg D, Piston KW, Pletcher KD, Powell CL, Radousky HB, Raimondi BS, Ralph JE, Rampke RL, Reed RK, Reid WA, Rekow VV, Reynolds JL, Rhodes JJ, Richardson MJ, Rinnert RJ, Riordan BP, Rivenes AS, Rivera AT, Roberts CJ, Robinson JA, Robinson RB, Robison SR, Rodriguez OR, Rogers SP, Rosen MD, Ross GF, Runkel M, Runtal AS, Sacks RA, Sailors SF, Salmon JT, Salmonson JD, Saunders RL, Schaffer JR, Schindler TM, Schmitt MJ, Schneider MB, Segraves KS, Shaw MJ, Sheldrick ME, Shelton RT, Shiflett MK, Shiromizu SJ, Shor M, Silva LL, Silva SA, Skulina KM, Smauley DA, Smith BE, Smith LK, Solomon AL, Sommer S, Soto JG, Spafford NI, Speck DE, Springer PT, Stadermann M, Stanley F, Stone TG, Stout EA, Stratton PL, Strausser RJ, Suter LJ, Sweet W, Swisher MF, Tappero JD, Tassano JB, Taylor JS, Tekle EA, Thai C, Thomas CA, Thomas A, Throop AL, Tietbohl GL, Tillman JM, Town RPJ, Townsend SL, Tribbey KL, Trummer D, Truong J, Vaher J, Valadez M, Van Arsdall P, Van Prooyen AJ, Vergel de Dios EO, Vergino MD, Vernon SP, Vickers JL, Villanueva GT, Vitalich MA, Vonhof SA, Wade FE, Wallace RJ, Warren CT, Warrick AL, Watkins J, Weaver S, Wegner PJ, Weingart MA, Wen J, White KS, Whitman PK, Widmann K, Widmayer CC, Wilhelmsen K, Williams EA, Williams WH, Willis L, Wilson EF, Wilson BA, Witte MC, Work K, Yang PS, Young BK, Youngblood KP, Zacharias RA, Zaleski T, Zapata PG, Zhang H, Zielinski JS, Kline JL, Kyrala GA, Niemann C, Kilkenny JD, Nikroo A, Van Wonterghem BM, Atherton LJ, Moses EI. Demonstration of ignition radiation temperatures in indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion hohlraums. Phys Rev Lett 2011; 106:085004. [PMID: 21405580 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.085004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the hohlraum radiation temperature and symmetry required for ignition-scale inertial confinement fusion capsule implosions. Cryogenic gas-filled hohlraums with 2.2 mm-diameter capsules are heated with unprecedented laser energies of 1.2 MJ delivered by 192 ultraviolet laser beams on the National Ignition Facility. Laser backscatter measurements show that these hohlraums absorb 87% to 91% of the incident laser power resulting in peak radiation temperatures of T(RAD)=300 eV and a symmetric implosion to a 100 μm diameter hot core.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Glenzer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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Davis JA, Calhoun TR, Nugent KA, Quiney HM. Ultrafast optical multidimensional spectroscopy without interferometry. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:024504. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3528985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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Davis JA, Jackson CR, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Barrett JB, Brousse JH, Gustafson J, Kucher M. Anatomical distribution and genetic relatedness of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli from healthy companion animals. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 110:597-604. [PMID: 21208353 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04920.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Escherichia coli have been targeted for studying antimicrobial resistance in companion animals because of opportunistic infections and as a surrogate for resistance patterns in zoonotic organisms. The aim of our study is to examine antimicrobial resistance in E. coli isolated from various anatomical sites on healthy dogs and cats and identify genetic relatedness. METHODS AND RESULTS From May to August, 2007, healthy companion animals (155 dogs and 121 cats) from three veterinary clinics in the Athens, GA, USA, were sampled. Escherichia coli was isolated from swabs of nasal, oral, rectal, abdomen and hindquarter areas. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing against 16 antimicrobials was performed using broth microdilution with the Sensititre™ system. Clonal types were determined by a standardized pulsed-field gel electrophoresis protocol. Although rectal swabs yielded the most E. coli (165/317; 52%) from dogs and cats, the organism was distributed evenly among the other body sites sampled. Escherichia coli isolates from both dogs and cats exhibited resistance to all antimicrobials tested with the exception of amikacin, cephalothin and kanamycin. Resistance to ampicillin was the most prevalent resistance phenotype detected (dogs, 33/199; 17%; and cats, 27/118; 23%). Among the resistant isolates, 21 resistance patterns were observed, where 18 patterns represented multidrug resistance (MDR; resistance ≥ 2 antimicrobial classes). Also among the resistant isolates, 33 unique clonal types were detected, where each clonal type contained isolates from various sampling sites. Similar resistance phenotypes were exhibited among clonal types, and three clonal types were from both dogs and cats. CONCLUSIONS Healthy companion animals can harbour antimicrobial-resistant E. coli on body sites that routinely come in contact with human handlers. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study is the first report that demonstrates a diverse antimicrobial-resistant E. coli population distributed over various sites of a companion animal's body, thereby suggesting potential transfer of resistant microflora to human hosts during contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Davis
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Richard B. Russell Research Center, Athens, GA 30605, USA
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Holstein-Rathlou C, Gunnlaugsson HP, Merrison JP, Bean KM, Cantor BA, Davis JA, Davy R, Drake NB, Ellehoj MD, Goetz W, Hviid SF, Lange CF, Larsen SE, Lemmon MT, Madsen MB, Malin M, Moores JE, Nørnberg P, Smith P, Tamppari LK, Taylor PA. Winds at the Phoenix landing site. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009je003411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jackson CR, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Davis JA, Barrett JB, Brousse JH, Gustafson J, Kucher M. Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance and genetic relatedness among enterococci isolated from dogs and cats in the United States. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 108:2171-9. [PMID: 19968729 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04619.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS In this study, mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance and genetic relatedness among resistant enterococci from dogs and cats in the United States were determined. METHODS AND RESULTS Enterococci resistant to chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, streptomycin, lincomycin, quinupristin/dalfopristin and tetracycline were screened for the presence of 15 antimicrobial resistance genes. Five tetracycline resistance genes [tet(M), tet(O), tet(L), tet(S) and tet(U)] were detected with tet(M) accounting for approx. 60% (130/216) of tetracycline resistance; erm(B) was also widely distributed among 96% (43/45) of the erythromycin-resistant enterococci. Five aminoglycoside resistance genes were also detected among the kanamycin-resistant isolates with the majority of isolates (25/36; 69%) containing aph(3')-IIIa. The bifunctional aminoglycoside resistance gene, aac(6')-Ie-aph(2'')-Ia, was detected in gentamicin-resistant isolates and ant(6)-Ia in streptomycin-resistant isolates. The most common gene combination among enterococci from dogs (n = 11) was erm(B), aac(6')-Ie-aph(2'')-Ia, aph(3')-IIIa, tet(M), while tet(O), tet(L) were most common among cats (n = 18). Using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), isolates clustered according to enterococcal species, source and antimicrobial gene content and indistinguishable patterns were observed for some isolates from dogs and cats. CONCLUSION Enterococci from dogs and cats may be a source of antimicrobial resistance genes. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Dogs and cats may act as reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance genes that can be transferred from pets to people. Although host-specific ecovars of enterococcal species have been described, identical PFGE patterns suggest that enterococcal strains may be exchanged between these two animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Jackson
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, USDA-ARS Russell Research Center, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
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Melwani AR, Bezalel SN, Hunt JA, Grenier JL, Ichikawa G, Heim W, Bonnema A, Foe C, Slotton DG, Davis JA. Spatial trends and impairment assessment of mercury in sport fish in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta watershed. Environ Pollut 2009; 157:3137-3149. [PMID: 19482398 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Revised: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A three-year study was conducted to examine mercury in sport fish from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. More than 4000 fish from 31 species were collected and analyzed for total mercury in individual muscle filets. Largemouth bass and striped bass were the most contaminated, averaging 0.40 microg/g, while redear sunfish, bluegill and rainbow trout exhibited the lowest (<0.15 microg/g) concentrations. Spatial variation in mercury was evaluated with an analysis of covariance model, which accounted for variability due to fish size and regional hydrology. Significant regional differences in mercury were apparent in size-standardized largemouth bass, with concentrations on the Cosumnes and Mokelumne rivers significantly higher than the central and western Delta. Significant prey-predator mercury correlations were also apparent, which may explain a significant proportion of the spatial variation in the watershed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Melwani
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, Oakland, CA 94621, USA.
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Davis JA, Horn DL, Marr KA, Fishman JA. Central nervous system involvement in cryptococcal infection in individuals after solid organ transplantation or with AIDS. Transpl Infect Dis 2009; 11:432-7. [PMID: 19638005 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3062.2009.00424.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptococcus neoformans is an important pathogen of immunocompromised hosts. Manifestations of cryptococcal infection have not been compared between populations based on the nature of the underlying immune deficiencies. METHODS The Prospective Antifungal Therapy Alliance (PATH) is a registry that collects clinical data from patients with invasive fungal infections from medical centers in North America. Univariate analyses and group comparisons were conducted from the PATH registry for cases of infection due to Cryptococcus species occurring between March 2004 and April 2008. RESULTS A total 235 cases of proven infection due to Cryptococcus species were documented, all of which were due to C. neoformans (52 in solid organ transplant [SOT] recipients, 107 in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus [HIV], and 76 with neither HIV nor organ transplantation). A total of 140 cases manifested as meningitis (25 in SOT recipients, 88 in HIV-positive patients, and 27 in those with neither risk factor). Of individuals with cryptococcal infection, 44.2% of SOT recipients had central nervous system (CNS) disease, while 84.1% of those with HIV infection presented with CNS involvement (P=0.0265). SOT recipients receiving calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) were less likely to have CNS involvement in cryptococcal infection (40.1% versus 66.7%). Overall, 12-week mortality for patients with cryptococcal infection in the PATH Alliance registry was 22.6% (21.2% for SOT, 15.9% for HIV-infected patients, and 32.9% for patients with risk factors other than HIV infection or organ transplantation). CONCLUSIONS In a prospectively assembled cohort of individuals with proven infection due to C. neoformans, CNS involvement was more common in individuals with HIV infection than in SOT recipients. The role of CNIs in the reduction of risk for CNS cryptococcosis remains to be defined. Overall survival of patients with cryptococcal infection in immunocompromised hosts has improved over time. Observed differences in the context of various host immune deficits provide a basis for further investigation of cryptococcosis and other opportunistic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Davis
- Transplant Infectious Disease Program, Infectious Disease Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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Jackson CR, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Davis JA, Barrett JB, Frye JG. Prevalence, species distribution and antimicrobial resistance of enterococci isolated from dogs and cats in the United States. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 107:1269-78. [PMID: 19486402 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04310.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The contribution of dogs and cats as reservoirs of antimicrobial resistant enterococci remains largely undefined. This is increasingly important considering the possibility of transfer of bacteria from companion animals to the human host. In this study, dogs and cats from veterinary clinics were screened for the presence of enterococci. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 420 enterococci were isolated from nasal, teeth, rectal, belly and hindquarters sites of 155 dogs and 121 cats from three clinics in Athens, GA. Eighty per cent (124 out of 155) of the dogs and 60% (72 out of 121) of the cats were positive for enterococci. From the total number of dog samples (n = 275), 32% (n = 87) were from hindquarter, 31% (n = 86) were rectal, and 29% (n = 79) were from the belly area. The majority of isolates originated from rectal samples (53 out of 145; 37%) from cats. The predominant species identified was Enterococcus faecalis (105 out of 155; 68%) from dogs and E. hirae (63 out of 121; 52%) from cats. Significantly more E. faecalis were isolated from rectal samples than any other enterococcal species (P < 0.05) for both dogs and cats suggesting site specific colonization of enterococcal species. The highest levels of resistance were to ciprofloxacin in E. faecium (9 out of 10; 90%), chloramphenicol resistance in E. faecalis (17 out of 20; 85%) and gentamicin resistance in E. faecalis (19 out of 24; 79%) from dog samples and nitrofurantoin resistance in E. faecium (15 out of 19; 79%) from cats. Multi-drug resistance (MDR) (resistance > or =2 antimicrobials) was observed to as few as two and as many as eight antimicrobials regardless of class. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that dogs and cats are commonly colonized with antimicrobial resistant enterococci. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Dogs and cats may act as reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance genes that can be transferred from pets to people.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Jackson
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Russell Research Center, Athens, 950 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
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Davis JA, Radcliffe EB. The Importance of an Invasive Aphid Species in Vectoring a Persistently Transmitted Potato Virus: Aphis glycines Is a Vector of Potato leafroll virus. Plant Dis 2008; 92:1515-1523. [PMID: 30764441 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-92-11-1515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Experiments were undertaken to determine soybean aphid (i) landing rates in potato fields, (ii) population dynamics on potato, (iii) feeding behavior compared with green peach aphid on potato using the electrical penetration graph technique (EPG), (iv) acquisition, retention, and transmission of Potato leafroll virus (PLRV), and (v) if soybean aphid-infested crop borders could increase PLRV spread in seed potato. Soybean aphid (Aphis glycines) landed on potato but failed to establish colonies. EPG showed no significant differences between the aphid species in preprobe, xylem phase, sieve element salivation, and phloem sap ingestion durations on potato. Soybean aphid acquired PLRV 78% of the time, and 75 and 70% of individual aphids retained infectivity after 72 and 144 h, respectively. Soybean aphid transmitted PLRV to susceptible potato with 6 to 9% efficiency. Prior to the invasion of this exotic pest, soybean borders were commonly used in Minnesota and North Dakota to protect seed potato against spread of Potato virus Y. In 2002 and 2004, PLRV incidence was not different in potatoes with soybean borders whether treated with insecticide or not. In 2005, with extreme soybean aphid pressure, potatoes with untreated (no insecticide) borders had significantly greater PLRV spread. This is the first report of soybean aphid transmitting PLRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Davis
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge 70803
| | - E B Radcliffe
- University of Minnesota, Department of Entomology, St. Paul 55108
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