1
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Nevo O, Filla C, Valenta K, Schupp EW. What drives seed dispersal effectiveness? Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10459. [PMID: 37664501 PMCID: PMC10468987 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Seed dispersal is a critical phase in plant reproduction and forest regeneration. In many systems, the vast majority of woody species rely on seed dispersal by fruit-eating animals. Animals differ in their size, movement patterns, seed handling, gut physiology, and many other factors that affect the number of seeds they disperse, the quality of treatment each individual seed receives, and consequently their relative contribution to plant fitness. The seed dispersal effectiveness framework (SDE) was developed to allow systematic and standardized quantification of these processes, offering a potential for understanding the large-scale dynamics of animal-plant interactions and the ecological and evolutionary consequences of animal behavior for plant reproductive success. Yet, despite its wide acceptance, the SDE framework has primarily been employed descriptively, almost always in the context of local systems. As such, the drivers of variation in SDE across systems and the relationship between its components remain unknown. We systematically searched studies that quantified endozoochorous SDE for multiple animal species dispersing one or more plant species in a given system and offered an integrative examination of the factors driving variation in SDE. Specifically, we addressed three main questions: (a) Is there a tradeoff between high dispersal quality and quantity? (b) Does animal body mass affect SDE or its main components? and (c) What drives more variation in SDE, seed dispersal quality, or quantity? We found that: (a) the relationship between quality and quantity is mediated by body size; (b) this is the result of differential relationships between body mass and the two components, while total SDE is unaffected by body mass; (c)neither quality nor quantity explain more variance in SDE globally. Our results also highlight the need for more standardized data to assess large-scale patterns in SDE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Nevo
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Institute of BiodiversityFriedrich Schiller University JenaJenaGermany
| | - Caitlynn Filla
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Kim Valenta
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Eugene W. Schupp
- Department of Wildland Resources and Ecology CenterUtah State UniversityLoganUtahUSA
- Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD‐CSIC)Integrative Ecology GroupSevillaSpain
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2
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Nevo O, Valenta K, Helman A, Ganzhorn JU, Ayasse M. Fruit scent as an honest signal for fruit quality. BMC Ecol Evol 2022; 22:139. [PMID: 36451093 PMCID: PMC9710009 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-022-02064-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fleshy fruits evolved to be attractive to seed dispersers through various signals such as color and scent. Signals can evolve through different trajectories and have various degrees of reliability. The strongest substrate on which reliable signals can evolve is when there is an inherent link between signal and reward, rendering cheating costly or impossible. It was recently proposed that aliphatic esters in fruit scent may be predictive of sugar content due to their synthesis from products of sugar fermentation. We test this hypothesis on a case study of wild fig species (Ficus tiliifolia) from Madagascar, which relies on seed dispersal by lemurs. RESULTS We found a strong positive correlation between signal (esters) and reward (sugar). We also found that non-esters, including direct fermentation products, in fruit scent do not indicate sugar levels, which implies that this relationship is not simply a product of fruit maturation wherein more mature fruits emit more scent and contain more sugar. CONCLUSIONS While based on a single taxon, these results strongly support the hypothesis that a biochemical link between ester synthesis and sugar may render the ester fraction of fruit scent an honest signal for fruit quality, with consequences for animal sensory and feeding ecology, and the evolution of plants in the context of seed dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Nevo
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. .,Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany. .,Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Kim Valenta
- grid.15276.370000 0004 1936 8091Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Annabella Helman
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
| | - Jörg U. Ganzhorn
- grid.9026.d0000 0001 2287 2617Animal Ecology and Conservation, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Ayasse
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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3
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Valenta K, Nevo O. The illusiveness of seed dispersal syndromes. A commentary on: Fleshy fruit traits and seed dispersers: which traits define syndromes? Ann Bot 2022; 129:vi-vii. [PMID: 35139151 PMCID: PMC9292597 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Omer Nevo
- German Centre of Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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4
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Wampole EM, Gerber BD, Farris ZJ, Razafimahaimodison JC, Andrianarisoa MH, Ralazampirenena CJ, Wright PC, Rasamisoa CD, Gibson D, Tobler MW, Eppley TM, Vasey N, Johnson SE, Filla C, Valenta K, Ross P, Murphy A, Karpanty SM, Kelly MJ, Anderson C, Cardinal C, Donati G, Razafy P, Rafaliarison R, Rasambainarivo F, Razafindramanana J, Merson SD, Larney E. Madagascar Terrestrial Camera Survey Database 2021: A collation of protected forest camera surveys from 2007-2021. Ecology 2022; 103:e3687. [PMID: 35315058 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Madagascar is a threatened global biodiversity hotspot and conservation priority, yet we lack broadscale surveys to assess biodiversity across space and time. To fill this gap, we collated camera trap surveys, capturing species occurrences within Madagascar into a single standardized database. This dataset includes nine distinct protected areas of Madagascar and encompasses 13 subprojects, 38 camera arrays, 1156 sampling units (independent camera site per survey) within two important biodiversity eco-regions: western dry deciduous forest, and eastern humid rainforest. Camera surveys were conducted from June 2007 to January 2021. The final dataset includes 17 unique families of mammals (Bovidae, Canidae, Cheirogaleidae, Daubentoniidae, Equidae, Eupleridae, Felidae, Hominidae, Indriidae, Lemuridae, Lepilemuridae, Muridae, Nesomyidae, Pteropodidae, Soricidae, Suidae, Tenrecidae)comprising 45 species and 27 unique families of birds (Accipitridae, Acrocephalidae, Alcedinidae, Bernieridae, Brachypteraciidae, Caprimulgidae, Cisticolidae, Columbidae, Coraciidae, Corvidae, Cuculidae, Dicruridae, Mesitornithidae, Monarchidae, Motacillidae, Muscicapidae, Numididae, Phasianidae, Rallidae, Sarothruridae, Strigidae, Sturnidae, Sulidae, Threskiornithidae, Upupidae, Vangidae, Zosteropidae) comprising 58 species. Images were processed and verified by individual project dataset creators and camera operation and species tables were then collated. The final product represents the first broad-scale freely available standardized formal faunal database for Madagascar. Data are available through this publication and at DOI:10.5281/zenodo.5801806. These data will be useful for examining species- and community- level trends in occurrence across space or time within Madagascar and globally, evaluating native and invasive species dynamics, and aid in determining species conservation status and planning for at-risk species. There are no copyright restrictions; please cite this paper when using the data for publication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Wampole
- Department of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Brian D Gerber
- Department of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Zach J Farris
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA.,Mad Dog Initiative. Akanin'ny Veterinera Akaikiniarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | | | - Claude Jacquot Ralazampirenena
- Centre ValBio, Ranomafana, Fianarantsoa Province, Madagascar.,Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development, Fianarantsoa, Madagascar
| | - Patricia C Wright
- Centre ValBio, Ranomafana, Fianarantsoa Province, Madagascar.,Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - C Delaid Rasamisoa
- Conservation Science & Wildlife Health, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Dean Gibson
- Conservation Science & Wildlife Health, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mathias W Tobler
- Conservation Science & Wildlife Health, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Timothy M Eppley
- Conservation Science & Wildlife Health, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Natalie Vasey
- Department of Anthropology, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Steig E Johnson
- Department of Anthropology & Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Caitlynn Filla
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kim Valenta
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Mad Dog Initiative. Akanin'ny Veterinera Akaikiniarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Patrick Ross
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Asia Murphy
- Department of Environmental Studies, UC Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Sarah M Karpanty
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Marcella J Kelly
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Cullen Anderson
- Department of Natural Resource Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Claire Cardinal
- Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Donati
- Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Prisca Razafy
- Department of Zoology & Animal Biodiversity, University of Antananarivo, BP, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | | | - Josia Razafindramanana
- Mention Anthropobiologie et Développement Durable, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | - Eileen Larney
- Zoological Society of London, Kanchanaburi, Thailand
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5
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Ross AC, Bryer MA, Chapman CA, Rothman JM, Nevo O, Valenta K. Why eat flowers? Symphonia globulifera flowers provide a fatty resource for red-tailed monkeys. Folia Primatol (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.1163/14219980-20211003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Flowers are ubiquitous in primate environments, yet their nutritional advantages are underexamined. Symphonia globulifera is a widely distributed tree exploited by a variety of animals in Africa and the Americas. We collected S. globulifera flower samples consumed by red-tailed monkeys (Cercopithecus ascanius) and compared them nutritionally to flower samples from other plant species in Kibale National Park, Uganda. Flowers were assayed for three fiber fractions (NDF, ADF, lignin), fat, crude protein, acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN), ash, and soluble sugars. We estimated available protein, total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC), and metabolizable energy (ME). We calculated the mean and standard deviation for all nutrient categories and applied nutritional geometry to illustrate the balance among the energetic gains from available protein, fat, fiber, and TNC across flower species. Our results suggest that S. globulifera flowers provide an unusually high fat resource (14.82% ± 1.41%) relative to other flowers (1.38% ± 5.79%) and other foods exploited in the same habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail C. Ross
- Department of Anthropology, Rock Valley College, 3301 N. Mulford Road, Rockford, IL 61114, USA
| | - Margaret A.H. Bryer
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California- Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Colin A. Chapman
- Department of Anthropology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
- Wilson Center, Environmental Change and Security Program, Washington, DC 20004, USA
| | - Jessica M. Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Omer Nevo
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Kim Valenta
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandra Merz
- Department of Geography University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
| | | | | | - Tsiky Rajaonarivelo
- Mad Dog Initiative Akanin’ny Veterinera Akaikiniarivo Antananarivo Madagascar
| | - Zach J. Farris
- Department of Health and Exercise Science Appalachian State University Boone North Carolina USA
| | - Zoavina Randriana
- Mad Dog Initiative Akanin’ny Veterinera Akaikiniarivo Antananarivo Madagascar
| | - Kim Valenta
- Department of Anthropology University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
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7
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Valenta K, Bornbusch SL, Jacques Y, Nevo O. In the eye of the beholder: Is color classification consistent among human observers? Ecol Evol 2021; 11:13875-13883. [PMID: 34707824 PMCID: PMC8525178 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorful displays have evolved in multiple plant and animal species as signals to mutualists, antagonists, competitors, mates, and other potential receivers. Studies of color have long relied on subjective classifications of color by human observers. However, humans have a limited ability to perceive color compared to other animals, and human biological, cultural, and environmental variables can influence color perception. Here, we test the consistency of human color classification using fruit color as a model system. We used reflectance data of 67 tropical fruits and surveyed 786 participants to assess the degree to which (a) participants of different cultural and linguistic backgrounds agree on color classification of fruits; and (b) human classification to a discrete set of commonly used colors (e.g., red, blue, green) corresponds to natural clusters based on light reflectance measures processed through visual systems of other animals. We find that individual humans tend to agree on the colors they attribute to fruits across language groups. However, these colors do not correspond to clearly discernible clusters in di- or tetrachromatic visual systems. These results indicate that subjective color categorizations tend to be consistent among observers and can be used for large synthetic studies, but also that they do not fully reflect natural categories that are relevant to animal observers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Valenta
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | | | | | - Omer Nevo
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University JenaJenaGermany
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Valenta
- Dept of Anthropology, Univ. of Florida, Turlington Hall Gainesville FL USA
| | - Henna D. Bhramdat
- Dept of Anthropology, Univ. of Florida, Turlington Hall Gainesville FL USA
| | - Grace V. Calhoun
- Dept of Anthropology, Univ. of Florida, Turlington Hall Gainesville FL USA
| | - David J. Daegling
- Dept of Anthropology, Univ. of Florida, Turlington Hall Gainesville FL USA
| | - Omer Nevo
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
- Friedrich Schiller Univ. Jena, Inst. of Biodiversity Jena Germany
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9
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Filla C, Rajeev M, Randriana Z, Hanitriniana C, Rafaliarison RR, Edosoa GT, Andriamananjara M, Razafindraibe NP, Nely J, Ferreira A, Yang AL, Daniel F, Clarke TA, Farris Z, Stone T, Lastdrager J, Rajaonarivelo T, Hampson K, Metcalf CJE, Valenta K. Lessons Learned and Paths Forward for Rabies Dog Vaccination in Madagascar: A Case Study of Pilot Vaccination Campaigns in Moramanga District. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:tropicalmed6020048. [PMID: 33921499 PMCID: PMC8167587 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6020048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine rabies causes an estimated 60,000 human deaths per year, but these deaths are preventable through post-exposure prophylaxis of people and vaccination of domestic dogs. Dog vaccination campaigns targeting 70% of the population are effective at interrupting transmission. Here, we report on lessons learned during pilot dog vaccination campaigns in the Moramanga District of Madagascar. We compare two different vaccination strategies: a volunteer-driven effort to vaccinate dogs in two communes using static point vaccination and continuous vaccination as part of routine veterinary services. We used dog age data from the campaigns to estimate key demographic parameters and to simulate different vaccination strategies. Overall, we found that dog vaccination was feasible and that most dogs were accessible to vaccination. The static-point campaign achieved higher coverage but required more resources and had a limited geographic scope compared to the continuous delivery campaign. Our modeling results suggest that targeting puppies through community-based vaccination efforts could improve coverage. We found that mass dog vaccination is feasible and can achieve high coverage in Madagascar; however, context-specific strategies and an investment in dog vaccination as a public good will be required to move the country towards elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlynn Filla
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (C.F.); (K.V.)
| | - Malavika Rajeev
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; (A.L.Y.); (C.J.E.M.)
- Correspondence: mailto:
| | - Zoavina Randriana
- The Mad Dog Initiative Akanin’ny Veterinera, Akaikiniarivo, Ambatobe, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; (Z.R.); (R.R.R.); (A.F.); (F.D.); (T.A.C.); (Z.F.); (T.R.)
| | - Chantal Hanitriniana
- Mention Zoologie et Biodiversité Animale, Faculté des Sciences, Université d’Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar;
| | - Radoniaina R. Rafaliarison
- The Mad Dog Initiative Akanin’ny Veterinera, Akaikiniarivo, Ambatobe, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; (Z.R.); (R.R.R.); (A.F.); (F.D.); (T.A.C.); (Z.F.); (T.R.)
| | - Glenn Torrencelli Edosoa
- Chargé des Maladies Tropicales Négligées Organisation Mondiale de la Santé Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar;
| | - Mamitiana Andriamananjara
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires Ministère Chargé de l’Agriculture et de l’Élevage, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; (M.A.); (N.P.R.)
| | - Nivohanitra P. Razafindraibe
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires Ministère Chargé de l’Agriculture et de l’Élevage, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; (M.A.); (N.P.R.)
| | - José Nely
- Service contre les Maladies Endémo-épidémiques et Tropicales Négligées Ministère de la Santé Publique, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar;
| | - Angelique Ferreira
- The Mad Dog Initiative Akanin’ny Veterinera, Akaikiniarivo, Ambatobe, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; (Z.R.); (R.R.R.); (A.F.); (F.D.); (T.A.C.); (Z.F.); (T.R.)
- Travelling Animal Doctors, Newark, DE 19711-2916, USA; (T.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Annie L. Yang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; (A.L.Y.); (C.J.E.M.)
| | - Fenomanana Daniel
- The Mad Dog Initiative Akanin’ny Veterinera, Akaikiniarivo, Ambatobe, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; (Z.R.); (R.R.R.); (A.F.); (F.D.); (T.A.C.); (Z.F.); (T.R.)
| | - Tara A. Clarke
- The Mad Dog Initiative Akanin’ny Veterinera, Akaikiniarivo, Ambatobe, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; (Z.R.); (R.R.R.); (A.F.); (F.D.); (T.A.C.); (Z.F.); (T.R.)
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8107, USA
| | - Zachary Farris
- The Mad Dog Initiative Akanin’ny Veterinera, Akaikiniarivo, Ambatobe, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; (Z.R.); (R.R.R.); (A.F.); (F.D.); (T.A.C.); (Z.F.); (T.R.)
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
| | - Terry Stone
- Travelling Animal Doctors, Newark, DE 19711-2916, USA; (T.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Jochem Lastdrager
- Travelling Animal Doctors, Newark, DE 19711-2916, USA; (T.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Tsiky Rajaonarivelo
- The Mad Dog Initiative Akanin’ny Veterinera, Akaikiniarivo, Ambatobe, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; (Z.R.); (R.R.R.); (A.F.); (F.D.); (T.A.C.); (Z.F.); (T.R.)
| | - Katie Hampson
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK;
| | - C. Jessica E. Metcalf
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; (A.L.Y.); (C.J.E.M.)
| | - Kim Valenta
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (C.F.); (K.V.)
- The Mad Dog Initiative Akanin’ny Veterinera, Akaikiniarivo, Ambatobe, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; (Z.R.); (R.R.R.); (A.F.); (F.D.); (T.A.C.); (Z.F.); (T.R.)
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10
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Amato KR, Chaves ÓM, Mallott EK, Eppley TM, Abreu F, Baden AL, Barnett AA, Bicca-Marques JC, Boyle SA, Campbell CJ, Chapman CA, De la Fuente MF, Fan P, Fashing PJ, Felton A, Fruth B, Fortes VB, Grueter CC, Hohmann G, Irwin M, Matthews JK, Mekonnen A, Melin AD, Morgan DB, Ostner J, Nguyen N, Piel AK, Pinacho-Guendulain B, Quintino-Arêdes EP, Razanaparany PT, Schiel N, Sanz CM, Schülke O, Shanee S, Souto A, Souza-Alves JP, Stewart F, Stewart KM, Stone A, Sun B, Tecot S, Valenta K, Vogel ER, Wich S, Zeng Y. Fermented food consumption in wild nonhuman primates and its ecological drivers. Am J Phys Anthropol 2021; 175:513-530. [PMID: 33650680 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although fermented food use is ubiquitous in humans, the ecological and evolutionary factors contributing to its emergence are unclear. Here we investigated the ecological contexts surrounding the consumption of fruits in the late stages of fermentation by wild primates to provide insight into its adaptive function. We hypothesized that climate, socioecological traits, and habitat patch size would influence the occurrence of this behavior due to effects on the environmental prevalence of late-stage fermented foods, the ability of primates to detect them, and potential nutritional benefits. MATERIALS AND METHODS We compiled data from field studies lasting at least 9 months to describe the contexts in which primates were observed consuming fruits in the late stages of fermentation. Using generalized linear mixed-effects models, we assessed the effects of 18 predictor variables on the occurrence of fermented food use in primates. RESULTS Late-stage fermented foods were consumed by a wide taxonomic breadth of primates. However, they generally made up 0.01%-3% of the annual diet and were limited to a subset of fruit species, many of which are reported to have mechanical and chemical defenses against herbivores when not fermented. Additionally, late-stage fermented food consumption was best predicted by climate and habitat patch size. It was more likely to occur in larger habitat patches with lower annual mean rainfall and higher annual mean maximum temperatures. DISCUSSION We posit that primates capitalize on the natural fermentation of some fruits as part of a nutritional strategy to maximize periods of fruit exploitation and/or access a wider range of plant species. We speculate that these factors contributed to the evolutionary emergence of the human propensity for fermented foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Amato
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Óscar M Chaves
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, UCR, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Elizabeth K Mallott
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Timothy M Eppley
- Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Anthropology, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Filipa Abreu
- Department of Biology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Andrea L Baden
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, USA.,The New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adrian A Barnett
- Amazon Mammals Research Group, National Amazon Research Institute (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil & Department of. Zoology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Prince Edward Island, Brazil
| | - Julio Cesar Bicca-Marques
- Laboratório de Primatologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Sarah A Boyle
- Department of Biology, Rhodes College, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Christina J Campbell
- Department of Anthropology, California State University Northridge, Northridge, California, USA
| | - Colin A Chapman
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.,Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | | | - Pengfei Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peter J Fashing
- Department of Anthropology and Environmental Studies Program, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, California, USA.,Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Annika Felton
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Barbara Fruth
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Vanessa B Fortes
- Laboratório de Primatologia, Departamento de Zootecnia e Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Palmeira das Missões, RS, Brazil
| | - Cyril C Grueter
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Gottfried Hohmann
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mitchell Irwin
- Department of Anthropology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
| | - Jaya K Matthews
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Africa Research & Engagement Centre, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Addisu Mekonnen
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Amanda D Melin
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - David B Morgan
- Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Julia Ostner
- Department of Behavioral Ecology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Research Group Primate Social Evolution, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Nga Nguyen
- Department of Anthropology and Environmental Studies Program, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, California, USA.,Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alex K Piel
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Braulio Pinacho-Guendulain
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Lerma, Mexico.,Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional (CIIDIR), Unidad Oaxaca, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Erika Patricia Quintino-Arêdes
- Laboratório de Primatologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Patrick Tojotanjona Razanaparany
- Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Zoology and Animal Biodiversity, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Nicola Schiel
- Department of Biology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Crickette M Sanz
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Congo Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Oliver Schülke
- Department of Behavioral Ecology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Research Group Primate Social Evolution, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Sam Shanee
- Neotropical Primate Conservation, Cornwall, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Souto
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - João Pedro Souza-Alves
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Fiona Stewart
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Kathrine M Stewart
- Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anita Stone
- Biology Department, California Lutheran University, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Binghua Sun
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Stacey Tecot
- School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Kim Valenta
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Erin R Vogel
- Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Serge Wich
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Yan Zeng
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
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11
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Kshirsagar AR, Applebaum JW, Randriana Z, Rajaonarivelo T, Rafaliarison RR, Farris ZJ, Valenta K. Human-Dog Relationships across Communities Surrounding Ranomafana and Andasibe-Mantadia National Parks, Madagascar. J ETHNOBIOL 2020. [DOI: 10.2993/0278-0771-40.4.483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akhil R. Kshirsagar
- University of Florida, Department of Geography, 3141 Turlington Hall, 330 Newell Dr., Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Jennifer W. Applebaum
- University of Florida, Department of Sociology and Criminology & Law, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Zoavina Randriana
- Mad Dog Initiative. Akanin'ny Veterinera Akaikiniarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Tsiky Rajaonarivelo
- Mad Dog Initiative. Akanin'ny Veterinera Akaikiniarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | - Zach J. Farris
- Appalachian State University, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Boone, North Carolina
| | - Kim Valenta
- University of Florida, Department of Anthropology, Gainesville, Florida
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12
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Kuhn JH, Sibley SD, Chapman CA, Knowles NJ, Lauck M, Johnson JC, Lawson CC, Lackemeyer MG, Valenta K, Omeja P, Jahrling PB, O’Connor DH, Goldberg TL. Discovery of Lanama Virus, a Distinct Member of Species Kunsagivirus C ( Picornavirales: Picornaviridae), in Wild Vervet Monkeys ( Chlorocebus pygerythrus). Viruses 2020; 12:v12121436. [PMID: 33327396 PMCID: PMC7764893 DOI: 10.3390/v12121436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the discovery and sequence-based molecular characterization of a novel virus, lanama virus (LNMV), in blood samples obtained from two wild vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus), sampled near Lake Nabugabo, Masaka District, Uganda. Sequencing of the complete viral genomes and subsequent phylogenetic analysis identified LNMV as a distinct member of species Kunsagivirus C, in the undercharacterized picornavirid genus Kunsagivirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens H. Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.C.J.); (C.C.L.); (M.G.L.); (P.B.J.)
- Correspondence: (J.H.K.); (T.L.G.); Tel.: +1-301-631-7245 (J.H.K.); +1-608-890-2618 (T.L.G.)
| | - Samuel D. Sibley
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Colin A. Chapman
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA;
- School of Life Sciences, Pietermaritzburg Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
- Makerere University Biological Field Station, P.O. Box 409, Fort Portal, Uganda;
| | - Nick J. Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK;
| | - Michael Lauck
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (M.L.); (D.H.O.)
| | - Joshua C. Johnson
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.C.J.); (C.C.L.); (M.G.L.); (P.B.J.)
| | - Cristine Campos Lawson
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.C.J.); (C.C.L.); (M.G.L.); (P.B.J.)
| | - Matthew G. Lackemeyer
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.C.J.); (C.C.L.); (M.G.L.); (P.B.J.)
| | - Kim Valenta
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA;
| | - Patrick Omeja
- Makerere University Biological Field Station, P.O. Box 409, Fort Portal, Uganda;
| | - Peter B. Jahrling
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.C.J.); (C.C.L.); (M.G.L.); (P.B.J.)
| | - David H. O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (M.L.); (D.H.O.)
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Tony L. Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
- Correspondence: (J.H.K.); (T.L.G.); Tel.: +1-301-631-7245 (J.H.K.); +1-608-890-2618 (T.L.G.)
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13
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Valenta K, Schmitt MH, Ayasse M, Nevo O. The sensory ecology of fear: African elephants show aversion to olfactory predator signals. Conservat Sci and Prac 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Valenta
- Department of Anthropology University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
| | - Melissa H. Schmitt
- Department of Ecology Evolution and Marine Biology University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California USA
- South African Environmental Observation Network, Ndlovu Node Phalaborwa South Africa
| | - Manfred Ayasse
- Ulm University, Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics Ulm Germany
| | - Omer Nevo
- Ulm University, Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics Ulm Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Biodiversity Jena Germany
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14
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Nevo O, Valenta K, Kleiner A, Razafimandimby D, Jeffrey JAJ, Chapman CA, Ayasse M. The evolution of fruit scent: phylogenetic and developmental constraints. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:138. [PMID: 33109084 PMCID: PMC7590443 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-01708-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fruit scent is increasingly recognized as an evolved signal whose function is to attract animal seed dispersers and facilitate plant reproduction. However, like all traits, fruit scent is likely to evolve in response to conflicting selective pressures and various constraints. Two major constraints are (i) phylogenetic constraints, in which traits are inherited from ancestors rather than adapted to current conditions and (ii) developmental constraints, if phenotypes are limited by the expression of other traits within the individual. We tested whether phylogenetic constraints play a role in fruit scent evolution by calculating the phylogenetic signal in ripe fruits of 98 species from three study sites. We then estimated the importance of developmental constraints by examining whether ripe fruits tend to emit compounds that are chemically similar to, and share biosynthetic pathways with, compounds emitted by conspecific unripe fruits from which they develop. RESULTS We show that closely related taxa are not more similar to each other than to very distinct taxa, thus indicating that fruit scent shows little phylogenetic signal. At the same time, although ripe and unripe fruits of the same species tend to emit different chemicals, they tend to employ chemicals originating from similar biosynthetic pathways, thus indicating that some developmental constraints determine ripe fruit scent. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight the complex landscape in which fruit scent has evolved. On one hand, fruit scent evolution is not limited by common ancestry. On the other hand, the range of chemicals that can be employed in ripe fruits is probably constrained by the needs of unripe fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Nevo
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburgerstr 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Kim Valenta
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Annemarie Kleiner
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Diary Razafimandimby
- Faculty of Sciences, Zoology and Animal Biodiversity, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Juan Antonio James Jeffrey
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT USA
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Colin A. Chapman
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037 USA
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Manfred Ayasse
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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15
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Valenta K, Schmitt MH, Ayasse M, Nevo O. Retracted: The sensory ecology of fear: African elephants show aversion to olfactory predator signals. Conservat Sci and Prac 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Valenta
- University of Florida, Department of Anthropology Gainesville Florida USA
| | - Melissa H. Schmitt
- University of California Santa Barbara, Department of Ecology Evolution and Marine Biology Santa Barbara California USA
- South African Environmental Observation Network Phalaborwa South Africa
| | - Manfred Ayasse
- Ulm University, Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics Ulm Germany
| | - Omer Nevo
- Ulm University, Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics Ulm Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity Friedrich Schiller University Jena Jena Germany
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16
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Nevo O, Schmitt MH, Ayasse M, Valenta K. Sweet tooth: Elephants detect fruit sugar levels based on scent alone. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:11399-11407. [PMID: 33144973 PMCID: PMC7593167 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to assess food quality is crucial to all organisms. Fleshy fruits are a major source of nutrients to various animals, and unlike most food sources, have evolved to be attractive and to be consumed by animals to promote seed dispersal. It has recently been established that fruit scent-the bouquet of volatile chemicals emitted by ripe fruit-is an evolved communication system between plants and animals. Further, it has been argued that chemicals that are synthesized from sugar and its products may be an honest signal for sugar content and fruit quality. Elephants are important seed dispersers for numerous species and possess an olfactory system that is likely to outperform most other animals. We tested the hypothesis that fruit scent signifies sugar content and that elephants are capable of assessing fruit sugar levels based on scent alone. Using a paired-choice test of marula fruits (Sclerocarya birrea) by semitame African elephants, we show that elephants are capable of identifying more sugar-rich fruits based on scent alone and that this is likely based on two chemical compounds: ethanol and ethyl acetate, both downstream products of sugar fermentation. These results shed light on the mechanisms driving elephant feeding ecology, plant signaling, and the coevolutionary process between angiosperms and animal seed dispersers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Nevo
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation GenomicsUlm UniversityUlmGermany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Institute of BiodiversityFriedrich Schiller University JenaJenaGermany
| | - Melissa H. Schmitt
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine BiologyUniversity of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCAUSA
- South African Environmental Observation NetworkNdlovu NodePhalaborwaSouth Africa
| | - Manfred Ayasse
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation GenomicsUlm UniversityUlmGermany
| | - Kim Valenta
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
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17
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Valenta K, Daegling DJ, Nevo O, Ledogar J, Sarkar D, Kalbitzer U, Bortolamiol S, Omeja P, Chapman CA, Ayasse M, Kay R, Williams B. Fruit Selectivity in Anthropoid Primates: Size Matters. INT J PRIMATOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-020-00158-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Valenta K, Dimac-Stohl K, Baines F, Smith T, Piotrowski G, Hill N, Kuppler J, Nevo O. Ultraviolet radiation changes plant color. BMC Plant Biol 2020; 20:253. [PMID: 32493218 PMCID: PMC7268463 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02471-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant absorption of ultraviolet (UV) radiation can result in multiple deleterious effects to plant tissues. As a result, plants have evolved an array of strategies to protect themselves from UV radiation, particularly in the UV-B range (280-320 nm). A common plant response to UV exposure is investment in phenolic compounds that absorb damaging wavelengths of light. However, the inverse phenomenon - plant reflectance of UV to protect plant tissues - has not previously been explored. In a paired experiment, we expose half of our sample (N = 108) of insect-pollinated plants of the cultivar Zinnia Profusion Series to UV radiation, and protect the other half from all light < 400 nm for 42 days, and measure leaf and flower reflectance using spectroscopy. We compare UV-B reflectance in leaves and flowers at the beginning of the experiment or flowering, and after treatment. RESULTS We find that plants protected from UV exposure downregulate UV-B reflectance, and that plants exposed to increased levels of UV show trends of increased UV-B reflectance. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that upregulation of UV-B reflecting pigments or structures may be a strategy to protect leaves against highly energetic UV-B radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Valenta
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Turlington Hall, PO Box 117305, Gainesville, FL, 32611-7305, USA.
| | - Kristin Dimac-Stohl
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, 130 Science Drive, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Frances Baines
- UV Guide UK, Greenfield, School Lane, Govilon, Abergavenny NP79NT, Wales, UK
| | - Todd Smith
- Duke University Phytotron, 14 Circuit Dr, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Greg Piotrowski
- Duke University Phytotron, 14 Circuit Dr, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Norman Hill
- Duke University Phytotron, 14 Circuit Dr, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Jonas Kuppler
- Ulm University, Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Omer Nevo
- Ulm University, Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Valenta
- Department of Anthropology University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
| | - Omer Nevo
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics Ulm University Ulm Germany
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20
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Nevo O, Razafimandimby D, Valenta K, Jeffrey JAJ, Reisdorff C, Chapman CA, Ganzhorn JU, Ayasse M. Signal and reward in wild fleshy fruits: Does fruit scent predict nutrient content? Ecol Evol 2019; 9:10534-10543. [PMID: 31624565 PMCID: PMC6787828 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant species with fleshy fruits offer animals rewards such as sugar, protein, and fat, to feed on their fruits and disperse their seeds. They have also evolved visual and olfactory signals indicating their presence and ripeness.In some systems, fruit color serves as a reliable visual signal of nutrient content. Yet even though many volatile chemicals used as olfactory signals derive from nutrients animals seek, it is still unknown whether fruit scent encodes information regarding nutrient content in wild fruits.We examine the relationship between olfactory signals and nutrient rewards in 28 fruiting plant species in Madagascar. We measured the relative amounts of four chemical classes in fruit scent using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, as well as the relative amounts of sugar and protein in fruit pulp.We found that protein levels are not associated with elevated amounts of chemically related volatile compounds in fruit scent. In contrast, sugar content is strongly associated with the chemical composition of fruit scent.To our knowledge, this is the first research to explore the connection between fruit chemical signals and nutrient rewards. Our results imply that in the case of sugar, fruit scent is predictive of nutrient content and hence an honest signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Nevo
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation GenomicsUlm UniversityUlmGermany
| | - Diary Razafimandimby
- Faculty of Sciences, Zoology and Animal BiodiversityUniversity of AntananarivoAntananarivoMadagascar
| | - Kim Valenta
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Juan Antonio James Jeffrey
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation GenomicsUlm UniversityUlmGermany
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsCTUSA
| | - Christoph Reisdorff
- Institute of Plant Science and MicrobiologyUniversity of HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Colin A. Chapman
- Department of AnthropologyMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- School of Life ScienceUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalScottsvilleSouth Africa
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China of Ministry of EducationCollege of Life ScienceNorthwest UniversityXianChina
| | - Jörg U. Ganzhorn
- Animal Ecology and ConservationUniversity of HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Manfred Ayasse
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation GenomicsUlm UniversityUlmGermany
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21
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Zohdy S, Valenta K, Rabaoarivola B, Karanewsky CJ, Zaky W, Pilotte N, Williams SA, Chapman CA, Farris ZJ. Causative agent of canine heartworm ( Dirofilaria immitis) detected in wild lemurs. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2019; 9:119-121. [PMID: 31061793 PMCID: PMC6487360 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The lemurs of Madagascar are threatened by human activities. We present the first molecular detection of canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) in a wild non-human primate, the mouse lemur (Microcebus rufus). Zoonotic D. immitis infection has been associated with clinical pathology that includes serious and often fatal cardiac and pulmonary reactions. With human encroachment and associated increases in free-roaming dog populations in Madagascar, we examined lemurs for zoonotic canid pathogens. D. immitis presents a new potential conservation threat to lemurs. We highlight the need for wide-ranging and effective interventions, particularly near protected areas, to address this growing conservation issue. Molecular evidence of canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) in lemurs. The first detection of D. immitis, in a wild non-human primate. Free-roaming dogs spatially overlap with lemurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Zohdy
- School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Kim Valenta
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | | | - Caitlin J Karanewsky
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA
| | - Weam Zaky
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, MA, USA
| | - Nils Pilotte
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, MA, USA.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Steven A Williams
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, MA, USA.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Colin A Chapman
- Department of Anthropology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY, USA.,Section of Social Systems Evolution, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Zach J Farris
- Department of Health & Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, North Carolina, USA
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22
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Nevo O, Valenta K, Razafimandimby D, Melin AD, Ayasse M, Chapman CA. Frugivores and the evolution of fruit colour. Biol Lett 2018; 14:rsbl.2018.0377. [PMID: 30258028 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2018.0377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ecological function of fruit colour has been the focus of many studies. The most commonly tested hypothesis is that fruit colour has evolved to facilitate detection by seed-dispersing animals. We tested whether distributions of fruit colours are consistent with the hypothesis that colour is an evolved signal to seed dispersers using a comparative community approach. We compared the contrast between ripe fruits and leaf backgrounds at two sites, one in Madagascar where seed dispersers are primarily night-active, red-green colour-blind lemurs, and the other in Uganda, where most vertebrate seed dispersers are day-active primates and birds with greater capacity for colour vision. We show that fruits in Uganda have higher contrast against leaf background in the red-green and luminance channels whereas fruits in Madagascar contrast more in the yellow-blue channel. These results indicate that fruit colour has evolved to contrast against background leaves in response to the visual capabilities of local seed disperser communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Nevo
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Kim Valenta
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, 130 Science Dr., Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Diary Razafimandimby
- Faculty of Sciences, Zoology and Animal Biodiversity, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Amanda D Melin
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Manfred Ayasse
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Colin A Chapman
- McGill School of the Environment, Department of Anthropology, McGill University, 855 Sherbrooke St. W, Montreal, Canada H3A 2T7.,School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal 3209, South Africa.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China of Ministry of Education, and College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
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23
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Valenta K, Kalbitzer U, Razafimandimby D, Omeja P, Ayasse M, Chapman CA, Nevo O. The evolution of fruit colour: phylogeny, abiotic factors and the role of mutualists. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14302. [PMID: 30250307 PMCID: PMC6155155 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32604-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The adaptive significance of fruit colour has been investigated for over a century. While colour can fulfil various functions, the most commonly tested hypothesis is that it has evolved to increase fruit visual conspicuousness and thus promote detection and consumption by seed dispersing animals. However, fruit colour is a complex trait which is subjected to various constraints and selection pressures. As a result, the effect of animal selection on fruit colour are often difficult to identify, and several studies have failed to detect it. Here, we employ an integrative approach to examine what drives variation in fruit colour. We quantified the colour of ripe fruit and mature leaves of 97 tropical plant species from three study sites in Madagascar and Uganda. We used phylogenetically controlled models to estimate the roles of phylogeny, abiotic factors, and dispersal mode on fruit colour variation. Our results show that, independent of phylogeny and leaf coloration, mammal dispersed fruits are greener than bird dispersed fruits, while the latter are redder than the former. In addition, fruit colour does not correlate with leaf colour in the visible spectrum, but fruit reflection in the ultraviolet area of the spectrum is strongly correlated with leaf reflectance, emphasizing the role of abiotic factors in determining fruit colour. These results demonstrate that fruit colour is affected by both animal sensory ecology and abiotic factors and highlight the importance of an integrative approach which controls for the relevant confounding factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Valenta
- Duke University, Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, 130 Science Dr., Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Urs Kalbitzer
- McGill University, McGill School of the Environment and Department of Anthropology, 3534 University Ave., Montreal, Quebec, H3A-2A7, Canada
| | - Diary Razafimandimby
- Faculty of Sciences, Zoology and Animal Biodiversity, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Patrick Omeja
- Makerere University Biological Field Station, P.O. Box 907, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - Manfred Ayasse
- University of Ulm, Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Colin A Chapman
- McGill University, McGill School of the Environment and Department of Anthropology, 3534 University Ave., Montreal, Quebec, H3A-2A7, Canada
| | - Omer Nevo
- University of Ulm, Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, 89081, Germany.
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24
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Adamescu GS, Plumptre AJ, Abernethy KA, Polansky L, Bush ER, Chapman CA, Shoo LP, Fayolle A, Janmaat KRL, Robbins MM, Ndangalasi HJ, Cordeiro NJ, Gilby IC, Wittig RM, Breuer T, Hockemba MB, Sanz CM, Morgan DB, Pusey AE, Mugerwa B, Gilagiza B, Tutin C, Ewango CEN, Sheil D, Dimoto E, Baya F, Bujo F, Ssali F, Dikangadissi J, Jeffery K, Valenta K, White L, Masozera M, Wilson ML, Bitariho R, Ndolo Ebika ST, Gourlet‐Fleury S, Mulindahabi F, Beale CM. Annual cycles are the most common reproductive strategy in African tropical tree communities. Biotropica 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew J. Plumptre
- Wildlife Conservation Society 2300 Southern Boulevard Bronx NY 10460 USA
- Conservation Science Group Department of Zoology Cambridge University Pembroke Rd Cambridge UK
| | - Katharine A. Abernethy
- Biological and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Natural Sciences University of Stirling Stirling FK9 4LA UK
- Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale CENAREST BP 842 Libreville Gabon
| | - Leo Polansky
- Department of Primatology Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig Deutscher Platz 6 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Emma R. Bush
- Biological and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Natural Sciences University of Stirling Stirling FK9 4LA UK
| | - Colin A. Chapman
- Department of Anthropology and McGill School of Environment McGill University Montreal QC H3A 2A7 Canada
- Wildlife Conservation Society Bronx NY 10460 USA
| | - Luke P. Shoo
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Adeline Fayolle
- TERRA Teaching and Research Center Gembloux Agro‐Bio Tech Liège University Passage des Déportés 2 5030 Gembloux Belgium
| | - Karline R. L. Janmaat
- Department of Primatology Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig Deutscher Platz 6 04103 Leipzig Germany
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics University of Amsterdam Amsterdam 1012 WX the Netharlands
| | - Martha M. Robbins
- Department of Primatology Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig Deutscher Platz 6 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Henry J. Ndangalasi
- Department of Botany University of Dar es Salaam PO Box 35060 Dar es Salaam Tanzania
| | - Norbert J. Cordeiro
- Department of Biology Roosevelt University 430 Michigan Ave Chicago IL 60605 USA
- Science and Education, The Field Museum 1400 S. Lake Shore Dr Chicago IL 60605 USA
| | - Ian C. Gilby
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change Arizona State University Tempe AZ 85281 USA
| | - Roman M. Wittig
- Department of Primatology Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig Deutscher Platz 6 04103 Leipzig Germany
- Taï Chimpanzee Project Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques BP 1303, Abidjan 01 Ivory Coast West Africa
| | - Thomas Breuer
- Wildlife Conservation Society 2300 Southern Boulevard Bronx NY 10460 USA
- Mbeli Bai Study, Wildlife Conservation Society – Congo Program 151 Avenue Charles de Gaulle 14537 Brazzaville Republic of Congo
| | | | - Crickette M. Sanz
- Department of Anthropology Washington University in St. Louis 1 Brookings Drive Saint Louis MO 63130 USA
- Congo Program Wildlife Conservation Society 151 Avenue de Gaulle Brazzaville Republic of Congo
| | - David B. Morgan
- Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes Lincoln Park Zoo, 2001 North Clark Street Chicago IL 60614 USA
| | - Anne E. Pusey
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology Duke University Durham NC USA
| | - Badru Mugerwa
- Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation (ITFC) PO BOX 44 Kabale Uganda
| | | | - Caroline Tutin
- Biological and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Natural Sciences University of Stirling Stirling FK9 4LA UK
| | | | - Douglas Sheil
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences Ås NO‐1432 Norway
| | - Edmond Dimoto
- Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux (ANPN) B.P. 20379 Libreville Gabon
| | - Fidèle Baya
- Ministère des Eaux, Forêts, Chasse et Pêche BP 3314 Bangui Central African Republic
| | - Flort Bujo
- Wildlife Conservation Society 2300 Southern Boulevard Bronx NY 10460 USA
| | - Fredrick Ssali
- Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation (ITFC) PO BOX 44 Kabale Uganda
| | | | - Kathryn Jeffery
- Biological and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Natural Sciences University of Stirling Stirling FK9 4LA UK
- Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux (ANPN) B.P. 20379 Libreville Gabon
| | - Kim Valenta
- Department of Anthropology and McGill School of Environment McGill University Montreal QC H3A 2A7 Canada
- Wildlife Conservation Society Bronx NY 10460 USA
| | - Lee White
- Biological and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Natural Sciences University of Stirling Stirling FK9 4LA UK
- Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale CENAREST BP 842 Libreville Gabon
- Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux (ANPN) B.P. 20379 Libreville Gabon
| | - Michel Masozera
- Wildlife Conservation Society 2300 Southern Boulevard Bronx NY 10460 USA
| | - Michael L. Wilson
- Department of Anthropology University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN 55454 USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution& Behavior University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN 55108 USA
| | - Robert Bitariho
- Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation (ITFC) PO BOX 44 Kabale Uganda
| | - Sydney T. Ndolo Ebika
- Initiative des Champignons et des Plantes du Congo (ICPC) B.P. 2300 Brazzaville Republic of Congo
| | | | - Felix Mulindahabi
- Wildlife Conservation Society 2300 Southern Boulevard Bronx NY 10460 USA
| | - Colin M. Beale
- Department of Biology University of York Wentworth Way York YO10 5DD UK
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25
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Chapman CA, Valenta K, Bonnell TR, Brown KA, Chapman LJ. Solar radiation and
ENSO
predict fruiting phenology patterns in a 15‐year record from Kibale National Park, Uganda. Biotropica 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Colin A. Chapman
- Department of Anthropology and McGill School of Environment McGill University 855 Sherbrooke Street West Montréal QC H3A 2T7Canada
- Wildlife Conservation Society 2300 Southern Boulevard Bronx NY 10460 USA
- Section of Social Systems Evolution Primate Research Institute Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Kim Valenta
- Department of Anthropology and McGill School of Environment McGill University 855 Sherbrooke Street West Montréal QC H3A 2T7Canada
| | - Tyler R. Bonnell
- Department of Psychology University of Lethbridge Lethbridge AB T1K 3M4 Canada
| | - Kevin A. Brown
- Dalla Lama School of Public Health University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
- Public Health Ontario 400 University Ave, Suite 300 Toronto ON Canada
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26
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Paim FP, Valenta K, Chapman CA, Paglia AP, de Queiroz HL. Tree community structure reflects niche segregation of three parapatric squirrel monkey species (Saimiri spp.). Primates 2018. [PMID: 29525834 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-018-0659-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Integration between ecology and biogeography provides insights into how niche specialization affects the geographical distribution of species. Given that rivers are not effective barriers to dispersal in three parapatric species of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri vanzolinii, S. cassiquiarensis and S. macrodon) inhabiting floodplain forests of Central Amazonia, we tested whether forest structure and tree diversity may explain species differences in niche specialization and spatial segregation. We sampled 6617 trees of 326 species in three habitats (high várzea, low várzea and chavascal) used by three Saimiri species, and estimated tree species richness in each of them. For each tree, we measured variables known to influence habitat use in primates, such as crown area and presence of lianas, epiphytes and hemi-epiphytes. We used ANOVA to compare these variables and performed multivariate analyses (NMDS, ANOSIM and SIMPER) to evaluate dissimilarities in forest structure among each habitat inhabited by the three Saimiri species. We identified differences in the tree species richness, crown area and presence of lianas, epiphytes and hemi-epiphytes between the three habitats for all Saimiri species. NMDS demonstrated that areas of high and low várzeas occupied by S. vanzolinii were clearly separated from the other species. We also found that different plant species contributed to dissimilarity among Saimiri ranges. Our findings support the hypothesis that tree community structure may promote niche specialization and spatial segregation among primates. We discuss how these patterns could have been favored by historical changes in forest flood patterns, the evolutionary history of Saimiri spp., and past competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Pozzan Paim
- Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Estrada do Bexiga, 2584, Tefé, AM, 69553-225, Brazil. .,Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Kim Valenta
- Department of Anthropology and McGill School of Environment, McGill University, 855 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 2T7, Canada
| | - Colin A Chapman
- Department of Anthropology and McGill School of Environment, McGill University, 855 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 2T7, Canada.,Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Blvd., Bronx, New York, 10460, USA
| | - Adriano Pereira Paglia
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Helder Lima de Queiroz
- Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Estrada do Bexiga, 2584, Tefé, AM, 69553-225, Brazil
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27
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Valenta K, Chapman CA. Primate-Plant Mutualisms: Is There Evidence for Primate Fruit Syndromes? Primate Life Histories, Sex Roles, and Adaptability 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-98285-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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28
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Abstract
Globally, habitat degradation is accelerating, especially in the tropics. Changes to interface habitats can increase environmental overlap among nonhuman primates, people, and domestic animals and change stress levels in wildlife, leading to changes in their risk of parasite infections. However, the direction and consequences of these changes are unclear, since animals may benefit by exploiting human resources (e.g., improving nutritional health by eating nutritious crops) and decreasing susceptibility to infection, or interactions with humans may lead to chronic stress and increased susceptibility to infection. Vervet monkeys are an excellent model to understand parasitic disease transmission because of their tolerance to anthropogenic disturbance. Here we quantify the gastrointestinal parasites of a group of vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) near Lake Nabugabo, Uganda, that frequently overlaps with people in their use of a highly modified environment. We compare the parasites found in this population to seven other sites where vervet monkey gastrointestinal parasites have been identified. The vervets of Lake Nabugabo have the greatest richness of parasites documented to date. We discuss how this may reflect differences in sampling intensity or differences in the types of habitat where vervet parasites have been sampled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Valenta
- McGill School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Kathleen Godfrey
- McGill School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cynthia Liu
- McGill School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Valérie A M Schoof
- Bilingual Biology Program, Department of Multidisciplinary Studies, Glendon Campus, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tony L Goldberg
- Makerere University Biological Field Station, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Colin A Chapman
- McGill School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Makerere University Biological Field Station, Kampala, Uganda.,Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, USA
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29
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Nevo O, Valenta K, Tevlin AG, Omeja P, Styler SA, Jackson DJ, Chapman CA, Ayasse M. Fruit defence syndromes: the independent evolution of mechanical and chemical defences. Evol Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-017-9919-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Chapman CA, Corriveau A, Schoof VAM, Twinomugisha D, Valenta K. Long-term simian research sites: significance for theory and conservation. J Mammal 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyw157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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31
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Parada-López J, Valenta K, Chapman CA, Reyna-Hurtado R. Spider Monkey (Ateles geoffroyi) Travel to Resting Trees in a Seasonal Forest of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Folia Primatol (Basel) 2017; 87:375-380. [PMID: 28135714 DOI: 10.1159/000455122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Resting by primates is considered an understudied activity, relative to feeding or moving, despite its importance in physiological and time investment terms. Here we describe spider monkeys' (Ateles geoffroyi) travel from feeding to resting trees in a seasonal tropical forest of the Yucatan Peninsula. We followed adult and subadult individuals for as long as possible, recording their activities and spatial location to construct travel paths. Spider monkeys spent 44% of the total sampling time resting. In 49% of the cases, spider monkeys fed and subsequently rested in the same tree, whereas in the remaining cases they travelled a mean distance of 108.3 m. Spider monkeys showed high linear paths (mean linearity index = 0.77) to resting trees when they travelled longer distances than their visual field, which suggests travel efficiency and reduced travel cost. Resting activity is time consuming and affects the time available to search for food and engage in social interactions.
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32
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Federman S, Sinnott-Armstrong M, Baden AL, Chapman CA, Daly DC, Richard AR, Valenta K, Donoghue MJ. The Paucity of Frugivores in Madagascar May Not Be Due to Unpredictable Temperatures or Fruit Resources. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0168943. [PMID: 28085890 PMCID: PMC5234737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of ecological idiosyncrasies in Madagascar has often been attributed to selective pressures stemming from extreme unpredictability in climate and resource availability compared to other tropical areas. With the exception of rainfall, few studies have investigated these assumptions. To assess the hypothesis that Madagascar's paucity of frugivores is due to unreliability in fruiting resources, we use statistical modeling to analyze phenology datasets and their environmental correlates from two tropical wet forests, the Réserve Naturelle Intégrale Betampona in Madagascar, and Kibale National Park in Uganda. At each site we found that temperature is a good environmental predictor of fruit availability. We found no evidence of a significant difference in the predictability of fruit availability between the two sites, although the shorter duration of phenological monitoring at Betampona (two years, versus 15 years at Kibale) limits our ability to infer long-term patterns. Comparisons of long-term temperature data from each site (15 years from Kibale and 14 from Betampona) indicate that temperature is more predictable at Betampona than at Kibale. However, there does appear to be a difference between the two sites in the total fruit availability at any given time, with fruit being generally less abundant at Betampona. Our results appear contrary to the prevailing hypothesis of a selective force imposed by unpredictable resource availability or temperature, and we suggest other possible explanations for Madagascar's unique biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Federman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Miranda Sinnott-Armstrong
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Andrea L. Baden
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- Departments of Anthropology & Biology, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- The New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Colin A. Chapman
- Department of Anthropology and McGill School of Environment, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Douglas C. Daly
- New York Botanical Garden, Institute of Systematic Botany, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Alison R. Richard
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Kim Valenta
- Department of Anthropology and McGill School of Environment, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Michael J. Donoghue
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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33
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Omeja PA, Lawes MJ, Corriveau A, Valenta K, Sarkar D, Paim FP, Chapman CA. Recovery of tree and mammal communities during large-scale forest regeneration in Kibale National Park, Uganda. Biotropica 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A. Omeja
- Makerere University Biological Field Station; PO Box 967 Kampala Uganda
| | - Michael J. Lawes
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods (RIEL); Charles Darwin University; Darwin NT 0909 Australia
| | - Amélie Corriveau
- Department of Anthropology; McGill University; Montreal QC Canada
- McGill School of Environment; McGill University; Montreal QC Canada
| | - Kim Valenta
- Department of Anthropology; McGill University; Montreal QC Canada
- McGill School of Environment; McGill University; Montreal QC Canada
| | - Dipto Sarkar
- Department of Anthropology; McGill University; Montreal QC Canada
| | - Fernanda Pozzan Paim
- Instituto de desenvolvimento sustentavel Mamiruaua; Grupo de Ecologial de Vertebrados Terrestres; Estrada do Bexiga, 2584 CEP: 69553-225 Tefé Brazil
| | - Colin A. Chapman
- Makerere University Biological Field Station; PO Box 967 Kampala Uganda
- Department of Anthropology; McGill University; Montreal QC Canada
- McGill School of Environment; McGill University; Montreal QC Canada
- Wildlife Conservation Society; Bronx NY U.S.A
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34
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35
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Chapman CA, Friant S, Godfrey K, Liu C, Sakar D, Schoof VAM, Sengupta R, Twinomugisha D, Valenta K, Goldberg TL. Social Behaviours and Networks of Vervet Monkeys Are Influenced by Gastrointestinal Parasites. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161113. [PMID: 27580121 PMCID: PMC5007011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial research has shown that while some parasite infections can be fatal to hosts, most infections are sub-clinical and non-lethal. Such sub-clinical infections can nonetheless have negative consequences for the long-term fitness of the host such as reducing juvenile growth and the host's ability to compete for food and mates. With such effects, infected individuals are expected to exhibit behavioural changes. Here we use a parasite removal experiment to quantify how gastrointestinal parasite infections affect the behaviour of vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) at Lake Nabugabo, Uganda. Behavioural profiles and the structure of nearest neighbour relationships varied significantly. As predicted, after deworming the duration of the resting events decreased, which is consistent with the idea that parasite infections are energetically costly. In contrast to what was predicted, we could not reject the null hypothesis and we observed no change in either the frequency or duration of grooming, but we found that the duration of travel events increased. A network analysis revealed that after deworming, individuals tended to have more nearest neighbours and hence probably more frequent interactions, with this effect being particularly marked for juveniles. The heightened response by juveniles may indicate that they are avoiding infected individuals more than other age classes because it is too costly to move energy away from growth. We consider that populations with high parasite burden may have difficulties developing social networks and behaviours that could have cascading effects that impact the population in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin A. Chapman
- McGill School of Environment and Department of Anthropology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 2T7
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, 10460, United States of America
- Makerere University Biological Field Station, P.O. Box 967, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - Sagan Friant
- Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI, 53715, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Godfrey
- Department of Anthropology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 1B1
| | - Cynthia Liu
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 1B1
| | - Dipto Sakar
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2T7, Canada
| | - Valérie A. M. Schoof
- Bilingual Biology Program, Department of Multidisciplinary Studies, Glendon Campus, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Raja Sengupta
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2T7, Canada
| | - Dennis Twinomugisha
- Makerere University Biological Field Station, P.O. Box 967, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - Kim Valenta
- McGill School of Environment and Department of Anthropology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 2T7
| | - Tony L. Goldberg
- Makerere University Biological Field Station, P.O. Box 967, Fort Portal, Uganda
- Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI, 53715, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States of America
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Chapman CA, Twinomugisha D, Teichroeb JA, Valenta K, Sengupta R, Sarkar D, Rothman JM. How Do Primates Survive Among Humans? Mechanisms Employed by Vervet Monkeys at Lake Nabugabo, Uganda. Ethnoprimatology 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-30469-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Valenta K, Edwards M, Rafaliarison RR, Johnson SE, Holmes SM, Brown KA, Dominy NJ, Lehman SM, Parra EJ, Melin AD. Visual ecology of true lemurs suggests a cathemeral origin for the primate cone opsin polymorphism. Funct Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Valenta
- Department of Anthropology & Archaeology University of Toronto 19 Russell St Toronto ON Canada
| | - Melissa Edwards
- Department of Anthropology University of Toronto at Mississauga 3359 Mississauga Rd. North Mississauga QC Canada
| | | | - Steig E. Johnson
- Department of Anthropology & Archaeology University of Calgary 2500 University Dr. NW. Calgary QC Canada
| | - Sheila M. Holmes
- Department of Anthropology & Archaeology University of Calgary 2500 University Dr. NW. Calgary QC Canada
| | - Kevin A. Brown
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health University of Toronto 155 College St. Toronto QC Canada
| | | | - Shawn M. Lehman
- Department of Anthropology & Archaeology University of Toronto 19 Russell St Toronto ON Canada
| | - Esteban J. Parra
- Department of Anthropology University of Toronto at Mississauga 3359 Mississauga Rd. North Mississauga QC Canada
| | - Amanda D. Melin
- Department of Anthropology Washington University One Brookings Dr. St. Louis MO USA
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Valenta K, Brown KA, Rafaliarison RR, Styler SA, Jackson D, Lehman SM, Chapman CA, Melin AD. Sensory integration during foraging: the importance of fruit hardness, colour, and odour to brown lemurs. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-015-1998-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Valenta K, Brown KA, Melin AD, Monckton SK, Styler SA, Jackson DA, Chapman CA. It's Not Easy Being Blue: Are There Olfactory and Visual Trade-Offs in Plant Signalling? PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131725. [PMID: 26115040 PMCID: PMC4482676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the signals used by plants to attract seed disperses is a pervasive quest in evolutionary and sensory biology. Fruit size, colour, and odour variation have long been discussed in the controversial context of dispersal syndromes targeting olfactory-oriented versus visually-oriented foragers. Trade-offs in signal investment could impose important physiological constraints on plants, yet have been largely ignored. Here, we measure the reflectance and volatile organic compounds of a community of Malagasy plants and our results indicate that extant plant signals may represent a trade-off between olfactory and chromatic signals. Blue pigments are the most visually-effective--blue is a colour that is visually salient to all known seed dispersing animals within the study system. Additionally, plants with blue-reflecting fruits are less odiferous than plants that reflect primarily in other regions of the colour spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Valenta
- Department of Anthropology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kevin A. Brown
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amanda D. Melin
- Department of Anthropology, Campus Box 1114, One Brooking Drive, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | | | - Sarah A. Styler
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Derek A. Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Colin A. Chapman
- Department of Anthropology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Valenta K, Steffens TS, Rafaliarison RR, Chapman CA, Lehman SM. Seed Banks in Savanna, Forest Fragments, and Continuous Forest Edges Differ in a Tropical Dry Forest in Madagascar. Biotropica 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Valenta
- Department of Anthropology; University of Toronto; 19 Russell St Toronto ON M5S 2S2 Canada
- Department of Anthropology; McGill University Montreal; Quebec H3A 2T7 Canada
| | - Travis S. Steffens
- Department of Anthropology; University of Toronto; 19 Russell St Toronto ON M5S 2S2 Canada
| | | | - Colin A. Chapman
- Department of Anthropology and McGill School of Environment; McGill University Montreal; Quebec H3A 2T7 Canada
- Wildlife Conservation Society; Bronx NY U.S.A
| | - Shawn M. Lehman
- Department of Anthropology; University of Toronto; 19 Russell St Toronto ON M5S 2S2 Canada
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE Only a portion of hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile infections can be traced back to source patients identified as having symptomatic disease. Antibiotic exposure is the main risk factor for C difficile infection for individual patients and is also associated with increased asymptomatic shedding. Contact with patients taking antibiotics within the same hospital ward may be a transmission risk factor for C difficile infection, but this hypothesis has never been tested. OBJECTIVES To obtain a complete portrait of inpatient risk that incorporates innate patient risk factors and transmission risk factors measured at the hospital ward level and to investigate ward-level rates of antibiotic use and C difficile infection risk. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS A 46-month (June 1, 2010, through March 31, 2014) retrospective cohort study of inpatients 18 years or older in a large, acute care teaching hospital composed of 16 wards, including 5 intensive care units and 11 non-intensive care unit wards. EXPOSURES Patient-level risk factors (eg, age, comorbidities, hospitalization history, antibiotic exposure) and ward-level risk factors (eg, antibiotic therapy per 100 patient-days, hand hygiene adherence, mean patient age) were identified from hospital databases. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Incidence of hospital-acquired C difficile infection as identified prospectively by hospital infection prevention and control staff. RESULTS A total of 255 of 34 298 patients developed C difficile (incidence rate, 5.95 per 10,000 patient-days; 95% CI, 5.26-6.73). Ward-level antibiotic exposure varied from 21.7 to 56.4 days of therapy per 100 patient-days. Each 10% increase in ward-level antibiotic exposure was associated with a 2.1 per 10,000 (P < .001) increase in C difficile incidence. The association between C difficile incidence and ward antibiotic exposure was the same among patients with and without recent antibiotic exposure, and C difficile risk persisted after multilevel, multivariate adjustment for differences in patient-risk factors among wards (relative risk, 1.34 per 10% increase in days of therapy; 95% CI, 1.16-1.57). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among hospital inpatients, ward-level antibiotic prescribing is associated with a statistically significant and clinically relevant increase in C difficile risk that persists after adjustment for differences in patient-level antibiotic use and other patient- and ward-level risk factors. These data strongly support the use of antibiotic stewardship as a means of preventing C difficile infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Brown
- Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kim Valenta
- Department of Anthropology and School of the Environment, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David Fisman
- Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Simor
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nick Daneman
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Valenta K, Burke RJ, Styler SA, Jackson DA, Melin AD, Lehman SM. Colour and odour drive fruit selection and seed dispersal by mouse lemurs. Sci Rep 2014; 3:2424. [PMID: 23939534 PMCID: PMC3741622 DOI: 10.1038/srep02424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals and fruiting plants are involved in a complex set of interactions, with animals relying on fruiting trees as food resources, and fruiting trees relying on animals for seed dispersal. This interdependence shapes fruit signals such as colour and odour, to increase fruit detectability, and animal sensory systems, such as colour vision and olfaction to facilitate food identification and selection. Despite the ecological and evolutionary importance of plant-animal interactions for shaping animal sensory adaptations and plant characteristics, the details of the relationship are poorly understood. Here we examine the role of fruit chromaticity, luminance and odour on seed dispersal by mouse lemurs. We show that both fruit colour and odour significantly predict fruit consumption and seed dispersal by Microcebus ravelobensis and M. murinus. Our study is the first to quantify and examine the role of bimodal fruit signals on seed dispersal in light of the sensory abilities of the disperser.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Valenta
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Valenta K, Fedigan LM. Spatial Patterns of Seed Dispersal by White-Faced Capuchins in Costa Rica: Evaluating Distant-Dependent Seed Mortality. Biotropica 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2009.00551.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Valenta K, Fedigan LM. Effects of gut passage, feces, and seed handling on latency and rate of germination in seeds consumed by capuchins (Cebus capucinus). Am J Phys Anthropol 2009; 138:486-92. [PMID: 19140195 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
One of the key measures of the effectiveness of primary seed dispersal by animals is the quality of seed dispersal (Schupp: Plant Ecol 107/108 [1993] 15-29). We present data on quality of seed dispersal by two groups of white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) in Costa Rica to test the hypothesis that capuchin seed handling results in effective primary dispersal for some fruit species they consume. We examined seed handling for 27 plant species, and germination rates of 18 species consumed by capuchins. For five of the most commonly swallowed seed species, we determined germination rates and average time to germination (latency) for seeds ingested and defecated by capuchins and compared these to seeds removed directly from fruit and planted. For the same five species, we compared germination rates and latency for passed seeds planted in capuchin feces to those cleaned of feces and planted in soil. For three of five species, differences in proportion of germinated seeds were significantly higher for gut passed seeds than for controls. For four of five species, germination latency was significantly faster for gut passed seeds than for controls. Feces had either no effect on seed germination rate or precluded germination. Data presented here support the hypothesis that white-faced capuchins are effective primary dispersers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Valenta
- Department of Anthropology, University of Calgary, AB, Canada
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