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Cilek JE, Jiang YX, Dejesus CE. Field Comparison of Carbon Dioxide Source with Biogents Sentinel-2 and Pro Traps for Adult Aedes Mosquito Surveillance. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2024; 40:75-77. [PMID: 38243833 DOI: 10.2987/23-7144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
The BG Sentinel-2 (BGS-2) and BG-Pro traps (BGS-2 configuration) were compared for their effectiveness to collect Aedes vectors and related nuisance mosquitoes in north central Florida during 2022. Traps were baited with either dry ice pellets, pressurized carbon dioxide (CO2) gas, or the novel BG yeast-derived CO2 generator. Additionally, each trap was fitted with the BG Sweetscent lure. Sixteen species were collected including Aedes albopictus and Ae. aegypti, which accounted for about 20% of the collections. The BGS-2 collected more mosquitoes compared to the BG-Pro, but the relative percent abundance of each species to total collection from each trap type was similar. Overall mosquito abundance was significantly greater in both trap types baited with dry ice compared with the other CO2 sources. Significantly more Ae. albopictus were collected from BGS-2 traps baited with dry ice than all other CO2 and trap configurations. Lastly, we did not observe any significant differences in Ae. aegypti abundance between trap type or CO2 source.
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Heinig R, Morreale R, Reeves L, Lloyd A, Hoel D, Lucas KJ. Detection of Aedes Scapularis In Southwestern Florida. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2023; 39:281-283. [PMID: 38108425 DOI: 10.2987/23-7146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Aedes scapularis has recently been detected for the first time in southwestern Florida. During the course of research and surveillance activities by local mosquito control districts in 2020 and 2021, a total of 190 adult females were collected from 14 separate locations in Collier and Lee Counties. To date, Ae. scapularis has been found in 5 counties since its rediscovery in Florida in 2006. Its detection and likely northward expansion into Collier and Lee Counties from the southern Florida Peninsula is in line with ecological niche model predictions that found the environment of the Gulf Coast of southwestern Florida to be highly suitable for the species. Due to its potential ability to transmit both exotic and endemic pathogens such as Everglades virus and Dirofilaria immitis, understanding the range and distribution of Ae. scapularis should be a priority for Florida mosquito control and public health agencies.
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Trujillo J, Schwing CD, Muturi EJ, Cáceres CE. Heterocypris incongruens maintains an egg bank in stormwater habitats and influences the development of larval mosquito, Culex restuans. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10445. [PMID: 37621319 PMCID: PMC10444985 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dormant propagules can provide a rapid colonization source for temporary aquatic habitats and set the trajectory for community dynamics, yet the egg banks of stormwater management systems have received little attention. We asked which species hatched from the sediment of drainage ditches in Champaign County, IL, and found bdelloid rotifers and ostracods (Heterocypris incongruens) to be the most common taxa. These sites also are colonized by mosquitoes, and we established laboratory experiments to examine interspecific interactions between common co-occurring taxa. Culex restuans larvae were reared in the presence or absence of H. incongruens at two intra- and interspecific densities (20 or 40 total individuals) and their survivorship to adulthood, development time to adulthood, adult body size, and sex ratio were determined. Survival for Cx. restuans was significantly lower at high larval density than at low larval density in both treatments. Culex restuans larvae reared in the presence of H. incongruens had a shorter development time to adulthood and emerged as larger adults compared to those reared in the absence of H. incongruens. The sex ratios in the H. incongruens treatments were female-biased whereas those in the Culex-only treatments were male-biased. These differences may have epidemiological implications, as only female mosquitoes serve as disease vectors. Our results emphasize the importance of understanding interspecific interactions in influencing larval mosquito development traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Trujillo
- School of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Illinois Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| | - Cameron D. Schwing
- School of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Illinois Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, & BehaviorUniversity of Illinois Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| | - Ephantus J. Muturi
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization ResearchCrop Bioprotection Research UnitPeoriaIllinoisUSA
| | - Carla E. Cáceres
- School of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Illinois Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, & BehaviorUniversity of Illinois Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
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4
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Luke SH, Roy HE, Thomas CD, Tilley LAN, Ward S, Watt A, Carnaghi M, Jaworski CC, Tercel MPTG, Woodrow C, Aown S, Banfield‐Zanin JA, Barnsley SL, Berger I, Brown MJF, Bull JC, Campbell H, Carter RAB, Charalambous M, Cole LJ, Ebejer MJ, Farrow RA, Fartyal RS, Grace M, Highet F, Hill JK, Hood ASC, Kent ES, Krell F, Leather SR, Leybourne DJ, Littlewood NA, Lyons A, Matthews G, Mc Namara L, Menéndez R, Merrett P, Mohammed S, Murchie AK, Noble M, Paiva M, Pannell MJ, Phon C, Port G, Powell C, Rosell S, Sconce F, Shortall CR, Slade EM, Sutherland JP, Weir JC, Williams CD, Zielonka NB, Dicks LV. Grand challenges in entomology: Priorities for action in the coming decades. Insect Conserv Divers 2023; 16:173-189. [PMID: 38505358 PMCID: PMC10947029 DOI: 10.1111/icad.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Entomology is key to understanding terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems at a time of unprecedented anthropogenic environmental change and offers substantial untapped potential to benefit humanity in a variety of ways, from improving agricultural practices to managing vector-borne diseases and inspiring technological advances.We identified high priority challenges for entomology using an inclusive, open, and democratic four-stage prioritisation approach, conducted among the membership and affiliates (hereafter 'members') of the UK-based Royal Entomological Society (RES).A list of 710 challenges was gathered from 189 RES members. Thematic analysis was used to group suggestions, followed by an online vote to determine initial priorities, which were subsequently ranked during an online workshop involving 37 participants.The outcome was a set of 61 priority challenges within four groupings of related themes: (i) 'Fundamental Research' (themes: Taxonomy, 'Blue Skies' [defined as research ideas without immediate practical application], Methods and Techniques); (ii) 'Anthropogenic Impacts and Conservation' (themes: Anthropogenic Impacts, Conservation Options); (iii) 'Uses, Ecosystem Services and Disservices' (themes: Ecosystem Benefits, Technology and Resources [use of insects as a resource, or as inspiration], Pests); (iv) 'Collaboration, Engagement and Training' (themes: Knowledge Access, Training and Collaboration, Societal Engagement).Priority challenges encompass research questions, funding objectives, new technologies, and priorities for outreach and engagement. Examples include training taxonomists, establishing a global network of insect monitoring sites, understanding the extent of insect declines, exploring roles of cultivated insects in food supply chains, and connecting professional with amateur entomologists. Responses to different challenges could be led by amateur and professional entomologists, at all career stages.Overall, the challenges provide a diverse array of options to inspire and initiate entomological activities and reveal the potential of entomology to contribute to addressing global challenges related to human health and well-being, and environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H. Luke
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington CampusNr LoughboroughUK
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Helen E. Roy
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, MacLean BuildingCrowmarsh Gifford, WallingfordUK
| | - Chris D. Thomas
- Leverhulme Centre for Anthropocene Biodiversity, Department of BiologyUniversity of YorkYorkUK
| | | | - Simon Ward
- Royal Entomological Society, The Mansion HouseSt AlbansUK
| | - Allan Watt
- UK Centre for Ecology & HydrologyBush EstateMidlothianUK
| | - Manuela Carnaghi
- Department of Agriculture Health and Environment, Natural Resources InstituteUniversity of Greenwich at MedwayKentUK
| | | | | | - Charlie Woodrow
- University of Lincoln, School of Life and Environmental SciencesJoseph Banks LaboratoriesLincolnUK
| | | | | | | | - Iris Berger
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Mark J. F. Brown
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences and the EnvironmentRoyal Holloway University of LondonEghamUK
| | | | - Heather Campbell
- Agriculture and Environment DepartmentHarper Adams UniversityNewportUK
| | | | - Magda Charalambous
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College London, South Kensington CampusLondonUK
| | - Lorna J. Cole
- Integrated Land ManagementSRUC, Auchincruive EstateAyrUK
| | | | | | - Rajendra S. Fartyal
- Department of Zoology, Birla CampusHNB Gahrwal UniveristySrinagar GarhwalUttarakhandIndia
| | - Miriam Grace
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Fiona Highet
- SASA (Science and Advice for Scottish Agriculture)EdinburghUK
| | - Jane K. Hill
- University of York, Leverhulme Centre for Anthropocene Biodiversity & Department of BiologyUniversity of YorkYorkUK
| | - Amelia S. C. Hood
- Centre for Agri‐Environmental Research, School of Agriculture, Policy and DevelopmentUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | - Eleanor S. Kent
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | | | - Simon R. Leather
- Agriculture and Environment DepartmentHarper Adams UniversityNewportUK
| | - Daniel J. Leybourne
- Zoological Biodiversity, Institute of GeobotanyLeibniz University HannoverHannoverGermany
| | | | - Ashley Lyons
- RSPB Centre for Conservation ScienceHaweswater, Naddle Farm, BamptonCumbriaUK
| | | | - Louise Mc Namara
- Teagasc, Crop Science Department, Oak Park Crops Research CentreCarlowIreland
| | - Rosa Menéndez
- Lancaster Environment CentreLancaster UniversityLancasterUK
| | | | - Sajidha Mohammed
- Department of ZoologyM.E.S Mampad CollegeMampad, MalappuramKeralaIndia
| | - Archie K. Murchie
- Agri‐Food & Biosciences InstituteNewforge LaneBelfast, Northern IrelandUK
| | | | - Maria‐Rosa Paiva
- CENSE ‐ Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research, NOVA School of Science and TechnologyNOVA University LisbonCaparicaPortugal
| | | | - Chooi‐Khim Phon
- Entomology BranchForest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM)KepongSelangorMalaysia
| | - Gordon Port
- Newcastle University, School of Natural and Environmental SciencesNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | | | | | | | | | - Eleanor M. Slade
- Asian School of the EnvironmentNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore
| | | | - Jamie C. Weir
- Institute for Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Edinburgh Ashworth LaboratoriesEdinburghUK
| | | | | | - Lynn V. Dicks
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
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Antonovics J, Amoroso CR, Bruns E, Hood M. Host density shapes the relative contribution of vector-based and aerial transmission of a pathogenic fungus. Ecology 2022; 104:e3970. [PMID: 36576452 PMCID: PMC10073241 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pathogen transmission mode is a key determinant of epidemiological outcomes. Theory shows that host density can influence the spread of pathogens differentially depending on their mode of transmission. Host density could therefore play an important role in determining the pathogen transmission mode. We tested theoretical expectations using floral arrays of the alpine carnation Dianthus pavonius in field experiments of spore dispersal of the anther-smut fungus, Microbotryum, by vector (pollinator)-based floral transmission and passive aerial transmission at a range of host densities. Pollinators deposited fewer spores per plant at high host density than at lower density (ranging from a 0.2-2 m spacing between plants), and vector-based spore deposition at higher densities declined more steeply with distance from diseased plant sources. In contrast, while aerial spore deposition declined with distance from the diseased source, the steepness of this decline was independent of host density. Our study indicates that the amount and distance of vector-based transmission are likely to be a nonmonotonic function of host density as a result of vector behavior, which is not readily encapsulated by fixed dispersal functions. We conclude that the spatial spread of pathogens by vectors is likely to be greater at lower and intermediate densities, whereas the spatial spread of aerially transmitted pathogens would be greater at high densities. These contrasting patterns could lead to differential importance of each transmission mode in terms of its contribution to subsequent infections across host densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis Antonovics
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Caroline R Amoroso
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Emily Bruns
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Michael Hood
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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Del Lesto I, De Liberato C, Casini R, Magliano A, Ermenegildi A, Romiti F. Is Asian tiger mosquito ( Aedes albopictus) going to become homodynamic in Southern Europe in the next decades due to climate change? R Soc Open Sci 2022; 9:220967. [PMID: 36533199 PMCID: PMC9748500 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, competent vector of several arboviruses, poses significant impact on human health worldwide. Although global warming is a driver of A . albopictus range expansion, few studies focused on its effects on homodynamicity (i.e. the ability to breed all-year-round), a key factor of vectorial capacity and a primary condition for an Aedes-borne disease to become endemic in temperate areas. Data from a 4-year monitoring network set in Central Italy and records from weather stations were used to assess winter adult activity and weekly minimum temperatures. Winter oviposition occurred in 38 localities with a seasonal mean photoperiod of 9.7 : 14.3 (L : D) h. Positive collections (87) occurred with an average minimum temperature of the two and three weeks before sampling of approximately 4°C. According to these evidences and considering the climate projections of three global climate models and three shared socio-economic pathways for the next three 20-year periods (from 2021 to 2080), the minimum temperature of January will increase enough to allow an all-year-round oviposition of A . albopictus in several areas of the Mediterranean Basin. Due to vector homodynamicity, Aedes-borne diseases could become endemic in Southern Europe by the end of the twenty-first century, worsening the burden on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Del Lesto
- Department of Grosseto, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana ‘M. Aleandri’, Viale Europa 30, 58100 Grosseto, Italy
| | - Claudio De Liberato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, Via Appia nuova 1411, 00178, Rome (RM), Italy
| | - Riccardo Casini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, Via Appia nuova 1411, 00178, Rome (RM), Italy
| | - Adele Magliano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, Via Appia nuova 1411, 00178, Rome (RM), Italy
| | - Arianna Ermenegildi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, Via Appia nuova 1411, 00178, Rome (RM), Italy
| | - Federico Romiti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, Via Appia nuova 1411, 00178, Rome (RM), Italy
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Ha TS, Smith DP. Recent Insights into Insect Olfactory Receptors and Odorant-Binding Proteins. Insects 2022; 13:insects13100926. [PMID: 36292874 PMCID: PMC9604063 DOI: 10.3390/insects13100926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Human and insect olfaction share many general features, but insects differ from mammalian systems in important ways. Mammalian olfactory neurons share the same overlying fluid layer in the nose, and neuronal tuning entirely depends upon receptor specificity. In insects, the olfactory neurons are anatomically segregated into sensilla, and small clusters of olfactory neurons dendrites share extracellular fluid that can be independently regulated in different sensilla. Small extracellular proteins called odorant-binding proteins are differentially secreted into this sensillum lymph fluid where they have been shown to confer sensitivity to specific odorants, and they can also affect the kinetics of the olfactory neuron responses. Insect olfactory receptors are not G-protein-coupled receptors, such as vertebrate olfactory receptors, but are ligand-gated ion channels opened by direct interactions with odorant molecules. Recently, several examples of insect olfactory neurons expressing multiple receptors have been identified, indicating that the mechanisms for neuronal tuning may be broader in insects than mammals. Finally, recent advances in genome editing are finding applications in many species, including agricultural pests and human disease vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Soo Ha
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Natural Science, Daegu University, Gyeongsan 38453, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea
| | - Dean P. Smith
- Departments of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Correspondence:
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Gogarten JF, Jahan M, Calvignac-Spencer S, Chapman CA, Goldberg TL, Leendertz FH, Rothman JM. The cost of living in larger primate groups includes higher fly densities. Ecohealth 2022; 19:290-298. [PMID: 35662389 PMCID: PMC9166189 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-022-01597-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Flies are implicated in carrying and mechanically transmitting many primate pathogens. We investigated how fly associations vary across six monkey species (Cercopithecus ascanius, Cercopithecus mitis, Colobus guereza, Lophocebus albigena, Papio anubis, and Piliocolobus tephrosceles) and whether monkey group size impacts fly densities. Fly densities were generally higher inside groups than outside them, and considering data from these primate species together revealed that larger groups harbored more flies. Within species, this pattern was strongest for colobine monkeys, and we speculate this might be due to their smaller home ranges, suggesting that movement patterns may influence fly-primate associations. Fly associations increase with group sizes and may thus represent a cost to sociality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan F Gogarten
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Organisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.
- Viral Evolution, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.
- Applied Zoology and Nature Conservation, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Mueena Jahan
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Organisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Public Health, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Sébastien Calvignac-Spencer
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Organisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Viral Evolution, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Colin A Chapman
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tony L Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Fabian H Leendertz
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Organisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for One Health, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jessica M Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
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Reinhold JM, Chandrasegaran K, Oker H, Crespo JE, Vinauger C, Lahondère C. Species-Specificity in Thermopreference and CO 2-Gated Heat-Seeking in Culex Mosquitoes. Insects 2022; 13:92. [PMID: 35055936 PMCID: PMC8779787 DOI: 10.3390/insects13010092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Combining thermopreference (Tp) and CO2-gated heat-seeking assays, we studied the thermal preferendum and response to thermal cues in three Culex mosquito species exhibiting differences in native habitat and host preference (e.g., biting cold and/or warm-blooded animals). Results show that these species differ in both Tp and heat-seeking behavior. In particular, we found that Culex territans, which feed primarily on cold-blood hosts, did not respond to heat during heat-seeking assays, regardless of the CO2 concentration, but exhibited an intermediate Tp during resting. In contrast, Cx. quinquefasciatus, which feeds on warm blooded hosts, sought the coolest locations on a thermal gradient and responded only moderately to thermal stimuli when paired with CO2 at higher concentrations. The third species, Cx. tarsalis, which has been shown to feed on a wide range of hosts, responded to heat when paired with high CO2 levels and exhibited a high Tp. This study provides the first insights into the role of heat and CO2 in the host seeking behavior of three disease vectors in the Culex genus and highlights differences in preferred resting temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M. Reinhold
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.M.R.); (K.C.); (H.O.); (C.V.)
| | - Karthikeyan Chandrasegaran
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.M.R.); (K.C.); (H.O.); (C.V.)
| | - Helen Oker
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.M.R.); (K.C.); (H.O.); (C.V.)
| | - José E. Crespo
- Laboratorio de Entomología Experimental—Grupo de Ecología Térmica en Insectos (GETI), Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina;
| | - Clément Vinauger
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.M.R.); (K.C.); (H.O.); (C.V.)
- The Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Center of Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Chloé Lahondère
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.M.R.); (K.C.); (H.O.); (C.V.)
- The Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Center of Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- The Global Change Center, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Guarido MM, Motlou T, Riddin MA, MacIntyre C, Manyana SC, Johnson T, Schrama M, Gorsich EE, Brooke BD, Almeida APG, Venter M. Potential Mosquito Vectors for Shuni Virus, South Africa, 2014-2018. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:3142-3146. [PMID: 34808093 PMCID: PMC8632193 DOI: 10.3201/eid2712.203426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Shuni virus is associated with neurologic and febrile illness in animals and humans. To determine potential vectors, we collected mosquitoes in South Africa and detected the virus in species of the genera Mansonia, Culex, Aedes, and Anopheles. These mosquitoes may be associated with Shuni virus outbreaks in Africa and emergence in other regions.
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Bishop AP, Amatulli G, Hyseni C, Pless E, Bateta R, Okeyo WA, Mireji PO, Okoth S, Malele I, Murilla G, Aksoy S, Caccone A, Saarman NP. A machine learning approach to integrating genetic and ecological data in tsetse flies ( Glossina pallidipes) for spatially explicit vector control planning. Evol Appl 2021; 14:1762-1777. [PMID: 34295362 PMCID: PMC8288027 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vector control is an effective strategy for reducing vector-borne disease transmission, but requires knowledge of vector habitat use and dispersal patterns. Our goal was to improve this knowledge for the tsetse species Glossina pallidipes, a vector of human and animal African trypanosomiasis, which are diseases that pose serious health and socioeconomic burdens across sub-Saharan Africa. We used random forest regression to (i) build and integrate models of G. pallidipes habitat suitability and genetic connectivity across Kenya and northern Tanzania and (ii) provide novel vector control recommendations. Inputs for the models included field survey records from 349 trap locations, genetic data from 11 microsatellite loci from 659 flies and 29 sampling sites, and remotely sensed environmental data. The suitability and connectivity models explained approximately 80% and 67% of the variance in the occurrence and genetic data and exhibited high accuracy based on cross-validation. The bivariate map showed that suitability and connectivity vary independently across the landscape and was used to inform our vector control recommendations. Post hoc analyses show spatial variation in the correlations between the most important environmental predictors from our models and each response variable (e.g., suitability and connectivity) as well as heterogeneity in expected future climatic change of these predictors. The bivariate map suggests that vector control is most likely to be successful in the Lake Victoria Basin and supports the previous recommendation that G. pallidipes from most of eastern Kenya should be managed as a single unit. We further recommend that future monitoring efforts should focus on tracking potential changes in vector presence and dispersal around the Serengeti and the Lake Victoria Basin based on projected local climatic shifts. The strong performance of the spatial models suggests potential for our integrative methodology to be used to understand future impacts of climate change in this and other vector systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha P. Bishop
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, & ManagementUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCAUSA
| | | | - Chaz Hyseni
- Department of Ecology and GeneticsUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Evlyn Pless
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCAUSA
| | - Rosemary Bateta
- Biotechnology Research InstituteKenya Agricultural and Livestock Research OrganizationKikuyu, NairobiKenya
| | - Winnie A. Okeyo
- Biotechnology Research InstituteKenya Agricultural and Livestock Research OrganizationKikuyu, NairobiKenya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and TechnologySchool of Public Health and Community DevelopmentMaseno UniversityMaseno, KisumuKenya
| | - Paul O. Mireji
- Biotechnology Research InstituteKenya Agricultural and Livestock Research OrganizationKikuyu, NairobiKenya
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research CoastKenya Medical Research InstituteKilifiKenya
| | - Sylvance Okoth
- Biotechnology Research InstituteKenya Agricultural and Livestock Research OrganizationKikuyu, NairobiKenya
| | - Imna Malele
- Vector and Vector Borne Diseases Research InstituteTanzania Veterinary Laboratory AgencyTangaTanzania
| | - Grace Murilla
- Biotechnology Research InstituteKenya Agricultural and Livestock Research OrganizationKikuyu, NairobiKenya
| | - Serap Aksoy
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial DiseasesYale School of Public HealthNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Adalgisa Caccone
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Norah P. Saarman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
- Department of BiologyUtah State UniversityLoganUTUSA
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12
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Talbot B, Leighton PA, Kulkarni MA. Genetic Melting Pot in Blacklegged Ticks at the Northern Edge of their Expansion Front. J Hered 2021; 111:371-378. [PMID: 32609830 PMCID: PMC7423068 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esaa017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Blacklegged ticks (Ixodes scapularis) are considered to be the main vector of Lyme disease in eastern North America. They may parasitize a wide range of bird and mammal hosts. Northward dispersal of blacklegged ticks has been attributed largely to movement of hosts to areas outside of the current range of the tick, in conjunction with climate change. To better understand the drivers of range expansion in the blacklegged tick, we need investigations of the genetic connectivity and differentiation of tick populations at a fine spatial scale using appropriate markers. In this study, we investigated genetic connectivity and differentiation in blacklegged ticks, in an area of putatively recent advance in Ontario and Quebec, Canada, using microsatellite markers. Our findings suggest patchy differentiation of alleles, no spatial pattern of genetic structure, and genetic subdivision within sites, which are consistent with the very limited evidence available near the leading edge of range expansion of blacklegged ticks into Canada. These findings are consistent with the prevailing hypothesis, drawn from a variety of fields of study, suggesting that migratory birds from a variety of regions may be bringing hitchhiking ticks northward into Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Talbot
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick A Leighton
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Sainte-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Manisha A Kulkarni
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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13
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Cecilia H, Arnoux S, Picault S, Dicko A, Seck MT, Sall B, Bassène M, Vreysen M, Pagabeleguem S, Bancé A, Bouyer J, Ezanno P. Dispersal in heterogeneous environments drives population dynamics and control of tsetse flies. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20202810. [PMID: 33529565 PMCID: PMC7893214 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatio-temporally heterogeneous environments may lead to unexpected population dynamics. Knowledge is needed on local properties favouring population resilience at large scale. For pathogen vectors, such as tsetse flies transmitting human and animal African trypanosomosis, this is crucial to target management strategies. We developed a mechanistic spatio-temporal model of the age-structured population dynamics of tsetse flies, parametrized with field and laboratory data. It accounts for density- and temperature-dependence. The studied environment is heterogeneous, fragmented and dispersal is suitability-driven. We confirmed that temperature and adult mortality have a strong impact on tsetse populations. When homogeneously increasing adult mortality, control was less effective and induced faster population recovery in the coldest and temperature-stable locations, creating refuges. To optimally select locations to control, we assessed the potential impact of treating them and their contribution to the whole population. This heterogeneous control induced a similar population decrease, with more dispersed individuals. Control efficacy was no longer related to temperature. Dispersal was responsible for refuges at the interface between controlled and uncontrolled zones, where resurgence after control was very high. The early identification of refuges, which could jeopardize control efforts, is crucial. We recommend baseline data collection to characterize the ecosystem before implementing any measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ahmadou Dicko
- Cirad, INRAE, ASTRE, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Momar Talla Seck
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Dakar-Hann, Senegal
| | - Baba Sall
- Direction des Services vétérinaires, Ministère de l'Elevage et des Productions animales, Sphères ministérielles de Diamniadio, Bât. C, 3ème étage, Senegal
| | - Mireille Bassène
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Dakar-Hann, Senegal
| | - Marc Vreysen
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Soumaïla Pagabeleguem
- Insectarium de Bobo-Dioulasso - Campagne d'Eradication des Tsé-tsé et Trypanosomoses (IBD-CETT), Bobo-Dioulasso 01, BP 1087, Burkina Faso.,Université de Dédougou (UDDG), BP 176, Burkina Faso
| | - Augustin Bancé
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en Zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso 01 01 BP 454, Burkina Faso
| | - Jérémy Bouyer
- Cirad, INRAE, ASTRE, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, 1400 Vienna, Austria.,UMR 'Interactions hôtes-vecteurs-parasites-environnement dans les maladies tropicales négligées dues aux trypanosomatides', Cirad, Montpellier, France
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14
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Smith KH, Tyre AJ, Hamik J, Hayes MJ, Zhou Y, Dai L. Using Climate to Explain and Predict West Nile Virus Risk in Nebraska. Geohealth 2020; 4:e2020GH000244. [PMID: 32885112 PMCID: PMC7453133 DOI: 10.1029/2020gh000244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We used monthly precipitation and temperature data to give early warning of years with higher West Nile Virus (WNV) risk in Nebraska. We used generalized additive models with a negative binomial distribution and smoothing curves to identify combinations of extremes and timing that had the most influence, experimenting with all combinations of temperature and drought data, lagged by 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 months. We fit models on data from 2002 through 2011, used Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) to select the best-fitting model, and used 2012 as out-of-sample data for prediction, and repeated this process for each successive year, ending with fitting models on 2002-2017 data and using 2018 for out-of-sample prediction. We found that warm temperatures and a dry year preceded by a wet year were the strongest predictors of cases of WNV. Our models did significantly better than random chance and better than an annual persistence naïve model at predicting which counties would have cases. Exploring different scenarios, the model predicted that without drought, there would have been 26% fewer cases of WNV in Nebraska through 2018; without warm temperatures, 29% fewer; and with neither drought nor warmth, 45% fewer. This method for assessing the influence of different combinations of extremes at different time intervals is likely applicable to diseases other than West Nile, and to other annual outcome variables such as crop yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Helm Smith
- National Drought Mitigation Center, School of Natural ResourcesUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUSA
| | - Andrew J. Tyre
- School of Natural ResourcesUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUSA
| | - Jeff Hamik
- Department of Educational PsychologyUniversity of Nebraska‐Lincoln; Nebraska Department of Health and Human ServicesLincolnNEUSA
| | - Michael J. Hayes
- School of Natural ResourcesUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUSA
| | - Yuzhen Zhou
- Department of StatisticsUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUSA
| | - Li Dai
- Department of StatisticsUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUSA
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15
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Lajevardi A, Paluzzi JPV. Receptor Characterization and Functional Activity of Pyrokinins on the Hindgut in the Adult Mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Front Physiol 2020; 11:490. [PMID: 32528310 PMCID: PMC7255104 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrokinins are structurally related insect neuropeptides, characterized by their myotropic, pheromonotropic and melanotropic roles in some insects, but their function is unclear in blood-feeding arthropods. In the present study, we functionally characterized the pyrokinin-1 and pyrokinin-2 receptors (PK1-R and PK2-R, respectively), in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, using a heterologous cell system to characterize their selective and dose-responsive activation by members of two distinct pyrokinin subfamilies. We also assessed transcript-level expression of these receptors in adult organs and found the highest level of PK1-R transcript in the posterior hindgut (rectum) while PK2-R expression was enriched in the anterior hindgut (ileum) as well as in reproductive organs, suggesting these to be prominent target sites for their peptidergic ligands. In support of this, PRXa-like immunoreactivity (where X = V or L) was localized to innervation along the hindgut. Indeed, we identified a myoinhibitory role for a PK2 on the ileum where PK2-R transcript was enriched. However, although we found that PK1 did not influence myoactivity or Na+ transport in isolated recta, the PRXa-like immunolocalization terminating in close association to the rectal pads and the significant enrichment of PK1-R transcript in the rectum suggests this organ could be a target of PK1 signaling and may regulate the excretory system in this important disease vector species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryan Lajevardi
- Laboratory of Integrative Vector Neuroendocrinology, Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jean-Paul V Paluzzi
- Laboratory of Integrative Vector Neuroendocrinology, Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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16
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Ibáñez-Justicia A, Smitz N, den Hartog W, van de Vossenberg B, De Wolf K, Deblauwe I, Van Bortel W, Jacobs F, Vaux AGC, Medlock JM, Stroo A. Detection of Exotic Mosquito Species (Diptera: Culicidae) at International Airports in Europe. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17103450. [PMID: 32429218 PMCID: PMC7277938 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In Europe, the air-borne accidental introduction of exotic mosquito species (EMS) has been demonstrated using mosquito surveillance schemes at Schiphol International Airport (Amsterdam, The Netherlands). Based upon these findings and given the increasing volume of air transport movements per year, the establishment of EMS after introduction via aircraft is being considered a potential risk. Here we present the airport surveillance results performed by the Centre for Monitoring of Vectors of the Netherlands, by the Monitoring of Exotic Mosquitoes (MEMO) project in Belgium, and by the Public Health England project on invasive mosquito surveillance. The findings of our study demonstrate the aircraft mediated transport of EMS into Europe from a wide range of possible areas in the world. Results show accidental introductions of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus, as well as exotic Anopheles and Mansonia specimens. The findings of Ae. albopictus at Schiphol airport are the first evidence of accidental introduction of the species using this pathway in Europe. Furthermore, our results stress the importance of the use of molecular tools to validate the morphology-based species identifications. We recommend monitoring of EMS at airports with special attention to locations with a high movement of cargo and passengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo Ibáñez-Justicia
- Centre for Monitoring of Vectors, Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, Geertjesweg 15, 6706 EA Wageningen, The Netherlands; (W.d.H.); (F.J.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Nathalie Smitz
- Royal Museum for Central Africa (BopCo), Leuvensesteenweg 13–17, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium;
| | - Wietse den Hartog
- Centre for Monitoring of Vectors, Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, Geertjesweg 15, 6706 EA Wageningen, The Netherlands; (W.d.H.); (F.J.); (A.S.)
| | - Bart van de Vossenberg
- Molecular Biology Group, Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, Geertjesweg 15, 6706 EA Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Katrien De Wolf
- Unit of Entomology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (K.D.W.); (I.D.); (W.V.B.)
| | - Isra Deblauwe
- Unit of Entomology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (K.D.W.); (I.D.); (W.V.B.)
| | - Wim Van Bortel
- Unit of Entomology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (K.D.W.); (I.D.); (W.V.B.)
- Outbreak Research Team, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Frans Jacobs
- Centre for Monitoring of Vectors, Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, Geertjesweg 15, 6706 EA Wageningen, The Netherlands; (W.d.H.); (F.J.); (A.S.)
| | - Alexander G. C. Vaux
- Medical Entomology and Zoonoses Ecology Group, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK; (A.G.C.V.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Jolyon M. Medlock
- Medical Entomology and Zoonoses Ecology Group, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK; (A.G.C.V.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Arjan Stroo
- Centre for Monitoring of Vectors, Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, Geertjesweg 15, 6706 EA Wageningen, The Netherlands; (W.d.H.); (F.J.); (A.S.)
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17
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Cuthbert RN, Coughlan NE, Dick JTA, Callaghan A. Sink trap: duckweed and dye attractant reduce mosquito populations. Med Vet Entomol 2020; 34:97-104. [PMID: 31638276 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Duckweeds, such as Lemna minor Linnaeus (Alismatales: Lemnaceae), are common in aquatic habitats and have been suggested to reduce larval mosquito survivorship via mechanical and chemical effects. Furthermore, pond dyes are used increasingly in aquatic habitats to enhance their aesthetics, although they have been shown to attract mosquito oviposition. The present study examined the coupled effects of L. minor and black pond dye on the oviposition selectivity of Culex pipiens Linnaeus (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes in a series of laboratory choice tests. Subsequently, using outdoor mesocosms, the combined influence of duckweed and pond dye on mosquito abundances in aquatic habitats was quantified. Mosquitoes were strongly attracted to duckweed, and oviposited significantly greater numbers of egg rafts in duckweed-treated water compared with untreated controls, even when the duckweed was ground. The presence of pond dye interacted with the duckweed and further enhanced positive selectivity towards duckweed-treated water. The presence of duckweed caused significant and sustained reductions in larval mosquito numbers, whereas the relative effects of dye were not evident. The use of floating aquatic plants such as duckweed, combined with dye, may help reduce mosquito populations via the establishment of population sinks, characterized by high rates of oviposition coupled with high levels of larval mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross N Cuthbert
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, U.K
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, U.K
| | - Neil E Coughlan
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, U.K
| | - Jaimie T A Dick
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, U.K
| | - Amanda Callaghan
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, U.K
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18
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Gogarten JF, Düx A, Mubemba B, Pléh K, Hoffmann C, Mielke A, Müller-Tiburtius J, Sachse A, Wittig RM, Calvignac-Spencer S, Leendertz FH. Tropical rainforest flies carrying pathogens form stable associations with social nonhuman primates. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:4242-4258. [PMID: 31177585 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Living in groups provides benefits but also incurs costs such as attracting disease vectors. For example, synanthropic flies associate with human settlements, and higher fly densities increase pathogen transmission. We investigated whether such associations also exist in highly mobile nonhuman primate (NHP) Groups. We studied flies in a group of wild sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys atys) and three communities of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire. We observed markedly higher fly densities within both mangabey and chimpanzee groups. Using a mark-recapture experiment, we showed that flies stayed with the sooty mangabey group for up to 12 days and for up to 1.3 km. We also tested mangabey-associated flies for pathogens infecting mangabeys in this ecosystem, Bacillus cereus biovar anthracis (Bcbva), causing sylvatic anthrax, and Treponema pallidum pertenue, causing yaws. Flies contained treponemal (6/103) and Bcbva (7/103) DNA. We cultured Bcbva from all PCR-positive flies, confirming bacterial viability and suggesting that this bacterium might be transmitted and disseminated by flies. Whole genome sequences of Bcbva isolates revealed a diversity of Bcbva, probably derived from several sources. We conclude that flies actively track mangabeys and carry infectious bacterial pathogens; these associations represent an understudied cost of sociality and potentially expose many social animals to a diversity of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan F Gogarten
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Primatology Department, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Viral Evolution, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ariane Düx
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Viral Evolution, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin Mubemba
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Wildlife Sciences, Copperbelt University, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - Kamilla Pléh
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Constanze Hoffmann
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Mielke
- Primatology Department, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Sachse
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roman M Wittig
- Primatology Department, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Taï Chimpanzee Project, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques, Abidjan, Ivory Coast
| | - Sébastien Calvignac-Spencer
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Viral Evolution, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian H Leendertz
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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19
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Vinauger C, Lahondère C, Wolff GH, Locke LT, Liaw JE, Parrish JZ, Akbari OS, Dickinson MH, Riffell JA. Modulation of Host Learning in Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes. Curr Biol 2019; 28:333-344.e8. [PMID: 29395917 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
How mosquitoes determine which individuals to bite has important epidemiological consequences. This choice is not random; most mosquitoes specialize in one or a few vertebrate host species, and some individuals in a host population are preferred over others. Mosquitoes will also blood feed from other hosts when their preferred is no longer abundant, but the mechanisms mediating these shifts between hosts, and preferences for certain individuals within a host species, remain unclear. Here, we show that olfactory learning may contribute to Aedes aegypti mosquito biting preferences and host shifts. Training and testing to scents of humans and other host species showed that mosquitoes can aversively learn the scent of specific humans and single odorants and learn to avoid the scent of rats (but not chickens). Using pharmacological interventions, RNAi, and CRISPR gene editing, we found that modification of the dopamine-1 receptor suppressed their learning abilities. We further show through combined electrophysiological and behavioral recordings from tethered flying mosquitoes that these odors evoke changes in both behavior and antennal lobe (AL) neuronal responses and that dopamine strongly modulates odor-evoked responses in AL neurons. Not only do these results provide direct experimental evidence that olfactory learning in mosquitoes can play an epidemiological role, but collectively, they also provide neuroanatomical and functional demonstration of the role of dopamine in mediating this learning-induced plasticity, for the first time in a disease vector insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Vinauger
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Chloé Lahondère
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Gabriella H Wolff
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Lauren T Locke
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jessica E Liaw
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jay Z Parrish
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Omar S Akbari
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Michael H Dickinson
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Riffell
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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20
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Leo SST, Gonzalez A, Millien V. The Genetic Signature of Range Expansion in a Disease Vector-The Black-Legged Tick. J Hered 2018; 108:176-183. [PMID: 28173203 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esw073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring and predicting the spread of emerging infectious diseases requires that we understand the mechanisms of range expansion by its vectors. Here, we examined spatial and temporal variation of genetic structure among 13 populations of the Lyme disease vector, the black-legged tick, in southern Quebec, where this tick species is currently expanding and Lyme disease is emerging. Our objective was to identify the primary mode of tick movement into Canada based on observed spatial and temporal genetic patterns. Upon genotyping 10 microsatellite loci from 613 tick specimens, we found multiple genetic signatures of frequent long-distance dispersal events, supporting the hypothesis that migratory birds are the primary carriers of black-legged ticks into southern Quebec. When we compared results from analyses of pairwise differences among ticks collected from 8 different sites at different years between 2011 and 2014, we found that genetic variation observed among tick individuals appeared to be better explained by collection year than sampling locality. This suggests that while cohorts of black-legged ticks can rapidly invade large areas across southern Quebec, they also appear to be undergoing frequent turnover. Finally, the amount of genetic variation in tick populations across our study area appeared to be related to their degree of establishment, with established populations displaying a lower amount of temporal genetic variation than adventitious ones. Given that Lyme disease infection risk in a region can be influenced by the relative presence of established and/or adventitious tick populations, our results are useful for understanding both the seasonality and spatial variation of Lyme disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S T Leo
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrew Gonzalez
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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21
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Benedict MQ, Charlwood JD, Harrington LC, Lounibos LP, Reisen WK, Tabachnick WJ. Guidance for Evaluating the Safety of Experimental Releases of Mosquitoes, Emphasizing Mark-Release-Recapture Techniques. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 18:39-48. [PMID: 29337660 PMCID: PMC5846569 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2017.2152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental releases of mosquitoes are performed to understand characteristics of populations related to the biology, ability to transmit pathogens, and ultimately their control. In this article, we discuss considerations related to the safety of experimental releases of living mosquitoes, applying principles of good practice in vector biology that protect human health and comfort. We describe specific factors of experimental releases of mosquitoes that we believe are critical to inform institutional biosafety committees and similar review boards to which proposals to conduct mosquito release experiments have been submitted. In this study, "experimental releases" means those that do not significantly increase vector capacity or nuisance biting relative to the unperturbed natural baseline. This document specifically does not address releases of mosquitoes for ongoing control programs or trials of new control methods for which broader assessments of risk are required. It also does not address releases of transgenic or exotic (non-native) mosquito species, both of which require particular regulatory approval. Experimental releases may include females and males and evaluation must consider their effects based on the number released, their genotype and phenotype, the environment into which they are released, and postrelease collection activities. We consider whether increases of disease transmission and nuisance biting might result from proposed experimental releases against the backdrop of natural population size variation. We recommend that experimental releases be conducted in a manner that can be reasonably argued to have insignificant negative effects. Reviewers of proposals for experimental releases should expect applicants to provide such an argument based on evidence from similar studies and their planned activities. This document provides guidance for creating and evaluating such proposals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Q. Benedict
- Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
| | - J. Derek Charlwood
- Centre for Health Research and Development, Faculty of Life, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - L. Philip Lounibos
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - William K. Reisen
- Center for Vectorborne Diseases, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Walter J. Tabachnick
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, IFAS, Vero Beach, Florida
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22
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Kieran TJ, Gottdenker NL, Varian CP, Saldaña A, Means N, Owens D, Calzada JE, Glenn TC. Blood Meal Source Characterization Using Illumina Sequencing in the Chagas Disease Vector Rhodnius pallescens (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in Panamá. J Med Entomol 2017; 54:1786-1789. [PMID: 29029145 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjx170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Accurate blood meal identification is critical to understand hematophagous vector-host relationships. This study describes a customizable Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) approach to identify blood meals from Rhodnius pallescens (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) triatomines using multiple barcoded primers and existing software to pick operational taxonomic units and match sequences for blood meal identification. We precisely identified all positive control samples using this method and further examined 74 wild-caught R. pallescens samples. With this novel blood meal identification method, we detected 13 vertebrate species in the blood meals, as well as single and multiple blood meals in individual bugs. Our results demonstrate the reliability and descriptive uses of our method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy J Kieran
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Nicole L Gottdenker
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Christina P Varian
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Azael Saldaña
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama City, Panamá
| | - Nicolas Means
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Darlisha Owens
- Department of Biology, Grambling State University, Grambling, LA
| | - Jose E Calzada
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama City, Panamá
| | - Travis C Glenn
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
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23
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Heym EC, Kampen H, Fahle M, Hohenbrink TL, Schäfer M, Scheuch DE, Walther D. Anopheles plumbeus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Germany: updated geographic distribution and public health impact of a nuisance and vector mosquito. Trop Med Int Health 2016; 22:103-112. [PMID: 27797433 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to map the current spatial distribution of Anopheles plumbeus in Germany, a potential vector of malaria parasites and West Nile virus. Reports of mass occurrence and nuisance connected with artificial breeding site usage by this species were analysed. METHODS Distribution data were collected from 2011 to 2014 mainly through trapping and submissions of adult mosquito specimens to a citizen science project. In the framework of the latter, additional information was gathered on recent nuisance incidents caused by An. plumbeus, including a longitudinal analysis of mosquito occurrence and the impact of management measures at a nuisance site in south-western Germany. RESULTS Based on the most comprehensive set of collection data obtained during the last decades, An. plumbeus is shown to be widely distributed over Germany. The data also indicate a continuing extension of the breeding site repertoire of the species from natural to artificial habitats that facilitate mass development. Increasing incidents of persistent nuisance suggest that this mosquito species is rarely diagnosed correctly and managed adequately. CONCLUSIONS As An. plumbeus is both a serious nuisance pest and a potential vector species, awareness of this species and the public health problems linked to it should be raised among pest managers and public health personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva C Heym
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Helge Kampen
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Marcus Fahle
- Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias L Hohenbrink
- Landscape Ecology and Environmental Systems Analysis, Institute of Geoecology, Technische Universität, Braunschweig, Germany.,Ecohydrology and Landscape Evaluation, Institute of Ecology, Technische Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mandy Schäfer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Dorothee E Scheuch
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Doreen Walther
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Müncheberg, Germany
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24
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Chaulk AC, Carson PK, Whitney HG, Fonseca DM, Chapman TW. The Arrival of the Northern House Mosquito Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) on Newfoundland's Avalon Peninsula. J Med Entomol 2016; 53:1364-1369. [PMID: 27592550 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Culex pipiens L., the northern house mosquito, is the primary vector of West Nile virus to humans along the east coast of North America and thus the focus of much study. This species is an urban container-breeding mosquito whose close contact with humans and flexibility in host choice has led to its classification as a "bridge vector"; that is, it is thought to move zoonotic diseases to humans from vertebrate reservoirs. While this invasive species is now well documented in its established range, which expanded in 2001 to include Canada, the existence of populations of this species along the fringes of its range are less well known. Here we report, using morphological and genetic techniques, the existence of two locations where Cx. pipiens exists in Newfoundland in both expected and unexpected sites based on projected habitat suitability on the island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Chaulk
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador A1B 3X9 (; ; )
| | - P Kate Carson
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador A1B 3X9 (; ; )
| | - Hugh G Whitney
- Animal Health Division, Newfoundland and Labrador Forestry and Agrifoods Agency, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada (retired) , and
| | - Dina M Fonseca
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Thomas W Chapman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador A1B 3X9 (; ; )
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25
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Abstract
Diseases caused by arboviruses transmitted by Aedes aegypti, such as dengue, chikungunya and Zika, continue to rise in annual incidence and geographic expansion. A key limitation for achieving control of A. aegypti has been the lack of effective tools for monitoring its population, and thus determine what control measures actually work. Surveillance of A. aegypti has been based mainly on immature indexes, but they bear little relation to the number of mosquito females, which are the ones capable of transmitting the viruses. The recent development of sampling techniques for adults of this vector species promises to facilitate surveillance and control activities. In this review, we present the various monitoring techniques for this mosquito, along with a discussion of their usefulness, and recommendations for improved entomological surveillance.
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26
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Vinauger C, Lahondère C, Cohuet A, Lazzari CR, Riffell JA. Learning and Memory in Disease Vector Insects. Trends Parasitol 2016; 32:761-71. [PMID: 27450224 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Learning and memory plays an important role in host preference and parasite transmission by disease vector insects. Historically there has been a dearth of standardized protocols that permit testing their learning abilities, thus limiting discussion on the potential epidemiological consequences of learning and memory to a largely speculative extent. However, with increasing evidence that individual experience and associative learning can affect processes such as oviposition site selection and host preference, it is timely to review the recently acquired knowledge, identify research gaps and discuss the implication of learning in disease vector insects in perspective with control strategies.
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27
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Reisenman CE, Lei H, Guerenstein PG. Neuroethology of Olfactory-Guided Behavior and Its Potential Application in the Control of Harmful Insects. Front Physiol 2016; 7:271. [PMID: 27445858 PMCID: PMC4928593 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful insects include pests of crops and storage goods, and vectors of human and animal diseases. Throughout their history, humans have been fighting them using diverse methods. The fairly recent development of synthetic chemical insecticides promised efficient crop and health protection at a relatively low cost. However, the negative effects of those insecticides on human health and the environment, as well as the development of insect resistance, have been fueling the search for alternative control tools. New and promising alternative methods to fight harmful insects include the manipulation of their behavior using synthetic versions of "semiochemicals", which are natural volatile and non-volatile substances involved in the intra- and/or inter-specific communication between organisms. Synthetic semiochemicals can be used as trap baits to monitor the presence of insects, so that insecticide spraying can be planned rationally (i.e., only when and where insects are actually present). Other methods that use semiochemicals include insect annihilation by mass trapping, attract-and- kill techniques, behavioral disruption, and the use of repellents. In the last decades many investigations focused on the neural bases of insect's responses to semiochemicals. Those studies help understand how the olfactory system detects and processes information about odors, which could lead to the design of efficient control tools, including odor baits, repellents or ways to confound insects. Here we review our current knowledge about the neural mechanisms controlling olfactory responses to semiochemicals in harmful insects. We also discuss how this neuroethology approach can be used to design or improve pest/vector management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina E. Reisenman
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Essig Museum of Entomology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, USA
| | - Hong Lei
- Department of Neuroscience, University of ArizonaTucson, AZ, USA
| | - Pablo G. Guerenstein
- Lab. de Estudio de la Biología de Insectos, CICyTTP-CONICETDiamante, Argentina
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Entre RíosOro Verde, Argentina
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28
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Harris MC, Dotseth EJ, Jackson BT, Zink SD, Marek PE, Kramer LD, Paulson SL, Hawley DM. La Crosse Virus in Aedes japonicus japonicus mosquitoes in the Appalachian Region, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 21:646-9. [PMID: 25811131 PMCID: PMC4378473 DOI: 10.3201/eid2104.140734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
La Crosse virus (LACV), a leading cause of arboviral encephalitis in children in the United States, is emerging in Appalachia. For local arboviral surveillance, mosquitoes were tested. LACV RNA was detected and isolated from Aedes japonicus mosquitoes. These invasive mosquitoes may significantly affect LACV range expansion and dynamics.
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29
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Graystock P, Goulson D, Hughes WOH. Parasites in bloom: flowers aid dispersal and transmission of pollinator parasites within and between bee species. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282:20151371. [PMID: 26246556 PMCID: PMC4632632 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.1371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The dispersal of parasites is critical for epidemiology, and the interspecific vectoring of parasites when species share resources may play an underappreciated role in parasite dispersal. One of the best examples of such a situation is the shared use of flowers by pollinators, but the importance of flowers and interspecific vectoring in the dispersal of pollinator parasites is poorly understood and frequently overlooked. Here, we use an experimental approach to show that during even short foraging periods of 3 h, three bumblebee parasites and two honeybee parasites were dispersed effectively onto flowers by their hosts, and then vectored readily between flowers by non-host pollinator species. The results suggest that flowers are likely to be hotspots for the transmission of pollinator parasites and that considering potential vector, as well as host, species will be of general importance for understanding the distribution and transmission of parasites in the environment and between pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dave Goulson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
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30
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Zhou X, Rinker DC, Pitts RJ, Rokas A, Zwiebel LJ. Divergent and conserved elements comprise the chemoreceptive repertoire of the nonblood-feeding mosquito Toxorhynchites amboinensis. Genome Biol Evol 2014; 6:2883-96. [PMID: 25326137 PMCID: PMC4224357 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evu231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many mosquito species serve as vectors of diseases such as malaria and yellow fever, wherein pathogen transmission is tightly associated with the reproductive requirement of taking vertebrate blood meals. Toxorhynchites is one of only three known mosquito genera that does not host-seek and initiates egg development in the absence of a blood-derived protein bolus. These remarkable differences make Toxorhynchites an attractive comparative reference for understanding mosquito chemosensation as it pertains to host-seeking. We performed deep transcriptome profiling of adult female Toxorhynchites amboinensis bodies, antennae and maxillary palps, and identified 25,084 protein-coding “genes” in the de novo assembly. Phylogenomic analysis of 4,266 single-copy “genes” from T. amboinensis, Aedes aegypti, Anopheles gambiae, and Culex quinquefasciatus robustly supported Ae. aegypti as the closest relative of T. amboinensis, with the two species diverged approximately 40 Ma. We identified a large number of T. amboinensis chemosensory “genes,” the majority of which have orthologs in other mosquitoes. Finally, cross-species expression analyses indicated that patterns of chemoreceptor transcript abundance were very similar for chemoreceptors that are conserved between T. amboinensis and Ae. aegypti, whereas T. amboinensis appeared deficient in the variety of expressed, lineage-specific chemoreceptors. Our transcriptome assembly of T. amboinensis represents the first comprehensive genomic resource for a nonblood-feeding mosquito and establishes a foundation for future comparative studies of blood-feeding and nonblood-feeding mosquitoes. We hypothesize that chemosensory genes that display discrete patterns of evolution and abundance between T. amboinensis and blood-feeding mosquitoes are likely to play critical roles in host-seeking and hence the vectorial capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Zhou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University
| | - David C Rinker
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Ronald Jason Pitts
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Antonis Rokas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Laurence J Zwiebel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Program in Developmental Biology and Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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31
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Bridge ES, Kelly JF, Xiao X, Takekawa JY, Hill NJ, Yamage M, Haque EU, Islam MA, Mundkur T, Yavuz KE, Leader P, Leung CYH, Smith B, Spragens KA, Vandegrift K, Hosseini PR, Saif S, Mohsanin S, Mikolon A, Islam A, George A, Sivananinthaperumal B, Daszak P, Newman SH. Bird Migration and Avian Influenza: A Comparison of Hydrogen Stable Isotopes and Satellite Tracking Methods. Ecol Indic 2014; 45:266-273. [PMID: 25045322 PMCID: PMC4097340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Satellite-based tracking of migratory waterfowl is an important tool for understanding the potential role of wild birds in the long-distance transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza. However, employing this technique on a continental scale is prohibitively expensive. This study explores the utility of stable isotope ratios in feathers in examining both the distances traveled by migratory birds and variation in migration behavior. We compared the satellite-derived movement data of 22 ducks from 8 species captured at wintering areas in Bangladesh, Turkey, and Hong Kong with deuterium ratios (δD) of these and other individuals captured at the same locations. We derived likely molting locations from the satellite tracking data and generated expected isotope ratios based on an interpolated map of δD in rainwater. Although δD was correlated with the distance between wintering and molting locations, surprisingly, measured δD values were not correlated with either expected values or latitudes of molting sites. However, population-level parameters derived from the satellite-tracking data, such as mean distance between wintering and molting locations and variation in migration distance, were reflected by means and variation of the stable isotope values. Our findings call into question the relevance of the rainfall isotope map for Asia for linking feather isotopes to molting locations, and underscore the need for extensive ground truthing in the form of feather-based isoscapes. Nevertheless, stable isotopes from feathers could inform disease models by characterizing the degree to which regional breeding populations interact at common wintering locations. Feather isotopes also could aid in surveying wintering locations to determine where high-resolution tracking techniques (e.g. satellite tracking) could most effectively be employed. Moreover, intrinsic markers such as stable isotopes offer the only means of inferring movement information from birds that have died as a result of infection. In the absence of feather based-isoscapes, we recommend a combination of isotope analysis and satellite-tracking as the best means of generating aggregate movement data for informing disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli S. Bridge
- Oklahoma Biological Survey, University of Oklahoma, 111 E. Chesapeake St., Norman, OK 73019, USA. Phone +01 (405) 325-2658
| | - Jeffrey F. Kelly
- Oklahoma Biological Survey, University of Oklahoma, 111 E. Chesapeake St., Norman, OK 73019, USA. Phone +01 (405) 325-2658
| | - Xiangming Xiao
- Center for Spatial Analysis and Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Oklahoma, 101 David L Boren Blvd., Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - John Y. Takekawa
- U. S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Station, 505 Azuar Drive, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA
| | - Nichola J. Hill
- U. S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Station, 505 Azuar Drive, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA
| | - Mat Yamage
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, 3 Floor DLS, Farmgate, Dhaka 1215, Bangladesh
| | - Enam Ul Haque
- Bangladesh Bird Club, House 11, Road 4, Banani DOHS, Dhaka 1206, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Anwarul Islam
- Department of Zoology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Wildlife Trust of Bangladesh, Cosmos Centre, 69/1 New Circular Road, Malibagh, Dhaka 1217, Bangladesh
| | - Taej Mundkur
- Wetlands International, Horapark (2nd floor), 6717 LZ Ede, The Netherlands
| | - Kiraz Erciyas Yavuz
- Ornithological Research Centre, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55139 Samsun, Turkey
| | - Paul Leader
- AEC Ltd, 127 Commercial Centre, Palm Springs, Yuen Long, Hong Kong, China
| | - Connie Y. H. Leung
- Center of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Bena Smith
- The World Wide Fund for Nature Hong Kong, Mai Po Marshes Wildlife Education Centre and Nature Reserve, Mai Po, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kyle A. Spragens
- U. S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Station, 505 Azuar Drive, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA
| | - Kurt Vandegrift
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street, New York, NY 10001, USA
- The Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park PA 16802, USA
- The Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168th St # 14 New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - Samia Saif
- Wildlife Trust of Bangladesh, Cosmos Centre, 69/1 New Circular Road, Malibagh, Dhaka 1217, Bangladesh
| | - Samiul Mohsanin
- Bangladesh Bird Club, House 11, Road 4, Banani DOHS, Dhaka 1206, Bangladesh
- Wildlife Trust of Bangladesh, Cosmos Centre, 69/1 New Circular Road, Malibagh, Dhaka 1217, Bangladesh
| | - Andrea Mikolon
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ausrafal Islam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Acty George
- Veterinary Public Health Center, Corporation of Kochi, Kaloor Kerala, India
| | | | - Peter Daszak
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street, New York, NY 10001, USA
| | - Scott H. Newman
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy 00153
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32
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Abstract
Insects and their arthropod relatives including mites, spiders, and crustaceans play major roles in the world's terrestrial, aquatic, and marine ecosystems. Arthropods compete with humans for food and transmit devastating diseases. They also comprise the most diverse and successful branch of metazoan evolution, with millions of extant species. Here, we describe an international effort to guide arthropod genomic efforts, from species prioritization to methodology and informatics. The 5000 arthropod genomes initiative (i5K) community met formally in 2012 to discuss a roadmap for sequencing and analyzing 5000 high-priority arthropods and is continuing this effort via pilot projects, the development of standard operating procedures, and training of students and career scientists. With university, governmental, and industry support, the i5K Consortium aspires to deliver sequences and analytical tools for each of the arthropod branches and each of the species having beneficial and negative effects on humankind.
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33
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Previte D, Olds BP, Yoon K, Sun W, Muir W, Paige KN, Lee SH, Clark J, Koehler JE, Pittendrigh BR. Differential gene expression in laboratory strains of human head and body lice when challenged with Bartonella quintana, a pathogenic bacterium. Insect Mol Biol 2014; 23:244-254. [PMID: 24404961 PMCID: PMC4454818 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Human head and body lice are obligatory hematophagous ectoparasites that belong to a single species, Pediculus humanus. Only body lice, however, are vectors of the infectious Gram-negative bacterium Bartonella quintana. Because of their near identical genomes, yet differential vector competence, head and body lice provide a unique model system to study the gain or loss of vector competence. Using our in vitro louse-rearing system, we infected head and body lice with blood containing B. quintana in order to detect both differences in the proliferation of B. quintana and transcriptional differences of immune-related genes in the lice. B. quintana proliferated rapidly in body lice at 6 days post-infection, but plateaued in head lice at 4 days post-infection. RNAseq and quantitative real-time PCR validation analyses determined gene expression differences. Eight immunoresponse genes were observed to be significantly different with many associated with the Toll pathway: Fibrinogen-like protein, Spaetzle, Defensin 1, Serpin, Scavenger receptor A and Apolipoporhrin 2. Our findings support the hypothesis that body lice, unlike head lice, fight infection from B. quintana only at the later stages of its proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Previte
- Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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34
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Pittendrigh BR, Berenbaum MR, Seufferheld MJ, Margam VM, Strycharz JP, Yoon KS, Sun W, Reenan R, Lee SH, Clark JM. Simplify, simplify: Lifestyle and compact genome of the body louse provide a unique functional genomics opportunity. Commun Integr Biol 2011; 4:188-91. [PMID: 21655436 DOI: 10.4161/cib.4.2.14279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The body louse, with its recently sequenced genome, is now primed to serve as a powerful model organism for addressing fundamental questions relating to how insects interact with their environment. One characteristic of the body louse that facilitates this research is the size of its genome-the smallest insect genome sequenced to date. This diminutive genome must nonetheless control an organism that senses and responds to its environment, reacting to threats of corporal and genomic integrity. Additionally, the body louse transmits several important human diseases compared to its very close relative, the head louse, which does not. Therefore, these two organisms comprise an excellent model system for studying molecular mechanisms associated with vector competence. To understand more fully the development of vector/pathogen interactions, we have developed an in vitro bioassay system and determined that the body louse genome appears to contain the genes necessary for RNAi. The body louse will therefore be useful for determining the set of conditions permissive to the evolution of vector competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry R Pittendrigh
- Department of Entomology; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana, IL USA
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35
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Bataille A, Cunningham AA, Cedeño V, Patiño L, Constantinou A, Kramer LD, Goodman SJ. Natural colonization and adaptation of a mosquito species in Galapagos and its implications for disease threats to endemic wildlife. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:10230-5. [PMID: 19502421 PMCID: PMC2700888 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0901308106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife have been recognized as a major threat to global biodiversity. Endemic species on isolated oceanic islands, such as the Galápagos, are particularly at risk in the face of introduced pathogens and disease vectors. The black salt-marsh mosquito (Aedes taeniorhynchus) is the only mosquito widely distributed across the Galápagos Archipelago. Here we show that this mosquito naturally colonized the Galápagos before the arrival of man, and since then it has evolved to represent a distinct evolutionary unit and has adapted to habitats unusual for its coastal progenitor. We also present evidence that A. taeniorhynchus feeds on reptiles in Galápagos in addition to previously reported mammal and bird hosts, highlighting the important role this mosquito might play as a bridge-vector in the transmission and spread of extant and newly introduced diseases in the Galápagos Islands. These findings are particularly pertinent for West Nile virus, which can cause significant morbidity and mortality in mammals (including humans), birds, and reptiles, and which recently has spread from an introductory focus in New York to much of the North and South American mainland and could soon reach the Galápagos Islands. Unlike Hawaii, there are likely to be no highland refugia free from invading mosquito-borne diseases in Galápagos, suggesting bleak outcomes to possible future pathogen introduction events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Bataille
- Institute of Integrative and Comparative Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, United Kindom
- Natural Environment Research Council Molecular Genetics Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew A. Cunningham
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, United Kindom
| | - Virna Cedeño
- Galápagos Genetics, Epidemiology and Pathology Laboratory, Galápagos National Park, Puerto Ayora, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador
- Biotechnology Program, Universidad de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
- Concepto Azul, Guayaquil, PO Box 09-02-142A, Ecuador; and
| | - Leandro Patiño
- Galápagos Genetics, Epidemiology and Pathology Laboratory, Galápagos National Park, Puerto Ayora, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador
| | - Andreas Constantinou
- Institute of Integrative and Comparative Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Laura D. Kramer
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12159
| | - Simon J. Goodman
- Institute of Integrative and Comparative Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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36
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Abstract
In a climate of increased funding for vaccines, chemotherapy, and prevention of vector-borne diseases, fewer resources have been directed toward improving disease and vector surveillance. Recently developed light-emitting diode (LED) technology was applied to standard insect-vector traps to produce a more effective lighting system. This approach improved phlebotomine sand fly capture rates by 50%, and simultaneously reduced the energy consumption by 50-60%. The LEDs were incorporated into 2 lighting designs, 1) a LED combination bulb for current light traps and 2) a chip-based LED design for a modified Centers for Disease Control and Prevention light trap. Detailed descriptions of the 2 designs are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee W Cohnstaedt
- Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8034, USA
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37
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Watson DW, Niño EL, Rochon K, Denning S, Smith L, Guy JS. Experimental evaluation of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) as a vector of Newcastle disease virus. J Med Entomol 2007; 44:666-671. [PMID: 17695023 PMCID: PMC7107465 DOI: 10.1093/jmedent/44.4.666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2007] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
House flies, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), were examined for their ability to harbor and transmit Newcastle disease virus (family Paramyxoviridae, genus Avulavirus, NDV) by using a mesogenic NDV strain. Laboratory-reared flies were experimentally exposed to NDV (Roakin strain) by allowing flies to imbibe an inoculum consisting of chicken embryo-propagated virus. NDV was detected in dissected crops and intestinal tissues from exposed flies for up to 96 and 24 h postexposure, respectively; no virus was detected in crops and intestines of sham-exposed flies. The potential of the house fly to directly transmit NDV to live chickens was examined by placing 14-d-old chickens in contact with NDV-exposed house flies 2 h after flies consumed NDV inoculum. NDV-exposed house flies contained approximately 10(4) 50% infectious doses (ID50) per fly, but no transmission of NDV was observed in chickens placed in contact with exposed flies at densities as high as 25 flies per bird. Subsequent dose-response studies demonstrated that oral exposure, the most likely route for fly-to-chicken transmission, required an NDV (Roakin) dose > or =10(6) ID50. These results indicate that house flies are capable of harboring NDV (Roakin) but that they are poor vectors of the virus because they carry an insufficient virus titer to cause infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wes Watson
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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38
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Abstract
House flies, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), were examined for their ability to harbor and transmit Newcastle disease virus (family Paramyxoviridae, genus Avulavirus, NDV) by using a mesogenic NDV strain. Laboratory-reared flies were experimentally exposed to NDV (Roakin strain) by allowing flies to imbibe an inoculum consisting of chicken embryo-propagated virus. NDV was detected in dissected crops and intestinal tissues from exposed flies for up to 96 and 24 h postexposure, respectively; no virus was detected in crops and intestines of sham-exposed flies. The potential of the house fly to directly transmit NDV to live chickens was examined by placing 14-d-old chickens in contact with NDV-exposed house flies 2 h after flies consumed NDV inoculum. NDV-exposed house flies contained approximately 10(4) 50% infectious doses (ID50) per fly, but no transmission of NDV was observed in chickens placed in contact with exposed flies at densities as high as 25 flies per bird. Subsequent dose-response studies demonstrated that oral exposure, the most likely route for fly-to-chicken transmission, required an NDV (Roakin) dose > or =10(6) ID50. These results indicate that house flies are capable of harboring NDV (Roakin) but that they are poor vectors of the virus because they carry an insufficient virus titer to cause infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wes Watson
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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39
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VENKATESAN M, HAUER MC, RASGON JL. Using fluorescently labelled M13-tailed primers to isolate 45 novel microsatellite loci from the arboviral vector Culex tarsalis. Med Vet Entomol 2007; 21:204-8. [PMID: 17550440 PMCID: PMC3243645 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2007.00677.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Culex tarsalis Coquillett (Diptera: Culicidae) is a highly efficient arbovirus vector. Spatial and temporal heterogeneity have been observed in Cx tarsalis for phenotypic traits including autogeny, virus susceptibility and host preference. Genetic differences between populations may in part explain these observations. Using the M13-tailed primer method, we identified 45 novel polymorphic microsatellite markers from microsatellite-enriched Cx tarsalis genomic libraries. The M13-tailed primer method was more efficient in identifying useful loci than traditional screening by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. These markers will be useful for investigating genetic questions in this important vector mosquito.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. VENKATESAN
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
- The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - M. C. HAUER
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
- The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - J. L. RASGON
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
- The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
- Corresponding Author Jason L. Rasgon, The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Suite E5132, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA, Tel: 1-410-502-2584, Fax: 1-410-955-0105,
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40
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Zinser M, Ramberg F, Willott E. Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) as a potential West Nile virus vector in Tucson, Arizona: blood meal analysis indicates feeding on both humans and birds. J Insect Sci 2004; 4:20. [PMID: 15861236 PMCID: PMC528880 DOI: 10.1093/jis/4.1.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2004] [Accepted: 06/18/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Most reports from the United States suggest Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes feed minimally on humans. Given the abundance of C. quinquefasciatus in residential Tucson and parts of metropolitan Phoenix, and the arrival of West Nile virus to this area, discovering the blood meal hosts of the local population is important. Using a sandwich ELISA technique, the local C. quinquefasciatus were found to feed on both humans and birds. This suggests they should be considered potential West Nile virus vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Zinser
- Entomology Department, Forbes 410, The University of Arizona, Tucson AZ 85721-0036
| | - Frank Ramberg
- Entomology Department, Forbes 410, The University of Arizona, Tucson AZ 85721-0036
| | - Elizabeth Willott
- Entomology Department, Forbes 410, The University of Arizona, Tucson AZ 85721-0036
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