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Novel Karaya Gum Derivatives Produced by Alkaline Hydrolysis and Periodate Oxidation for Active Packaging with Cinnamaldehyde. J CHEM-NY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/3939911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to produce novel derivatives of karaya gum using chemical modification and then apply them for active packaging with cinnamaldehyde as the main active component. Native karaya gum (NKG) was hydrolyzed using sodium hydroxide to yield hydrolyzed karaya gum (HKG), which then was oxidized using sodium periodate to yield hydrolyzed-oxidized karaya gum (HOKG). For comparison, NKG was also directly oxidized using sodium periodate to produce oxidized karaya gum (OKG). FTIR spectra confirmed the removal of acetyl groups after alkaline hydrolysis and the formation of carbonyl groups with subsequent formation of hemiacetal and acetal structures after periodate oxidation. The alkaline hydrolysis and the periodate oxidation resulted in opposite effects on the hydrophilicity of the gum: hydrolysis increased solubility, moisture uptake, and viscosity, while periodate oxidation decreased these properties. We then produced films from corn starch and these gums (5%
gum/starch) and properties of the films were studied. Hydrolysis of KG resulted in higher tensile strength, higher transparency but lower puncture strength and antifungal activity against of the films, while periodate oxidation exerted the opposite effects. The incorporation of 5% cinnamaldehyde (
of starch) exerted strong antifungal and antibacterial effects on the films against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Escherichia coli, which are useful in active packaging. The active packages based on the novel derivatives of KG can find applications in the agricultural, food, and pharmaceutical industries.
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Donegatti TA, Lobato A, Moreira Gonçalves L, Alves Pereira E. Cyclohexane‐1,3‐dione as a derivatizing agent for the analysis of aldehydes by micelar electrokinetic chromatography with diode array detection. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:2929-2935. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Augusto Donegatti
- Departamento de FísicaQuímica e MatemáticaUniversidade Federal de São Carlos ‐ UFSCar Sorocaba Brazil
| | - Alnilan Lobato
- Departamento de Química FundamentalInstituto de QuímicaUniversidade de São Paulo (USP) São Paulo Brazil
| | - Luís Moreira Gonçalves
- Departamento de Química FundamentalInstituto de QuímicaUniversidade de São Paulo (USP) São Paulo Brazil
| | - Elisabete Alves Pereira
- Departamento de FísicaQuímica e MatemáticaUniversidade Federal de São Carlos ‐ UFSCar Sorocaba Brazil
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Donegatti TA, Gonçalves LM, Pereira EA. Derivatizing assay for the determination of aldehydes using micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:1068-1074. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luís Moreira Gonçalves
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências; Universidade do Porto (FCUP); Porto Portugal
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Josefsson L, Larsson MK, Bjällmark A, Emmer Å. Analysis of polyvinyl alcohol microbubbles in human blood plasma using capillary electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:1551-8. [PMID: 26914238 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201501342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a new type of ultrasound contrast agent that consists of air-filled microbubbles stabilized with a shell of polyvinyl alcohol was developed. When superparamagnetic nanoparticles of iron oxide are incorporated in the polymer shell, a multimodal contrast agent can be obtained. The biodistribution and elimination pathways of the polyvinyl alcohol microbubbles are essential to investigate, which is limited with today's techniques. The aim of the present study was, therefore, to develop a method for qualitative and quantitative analysis of microbubbles in biological samples using capillary electrophoresis with ultraviolet detection. The analysis parameters were optimized to a wavelength at 260 nm and pH of the background electrolyte ranging between 11.9 and 12. Studies with high-intensity ultrasonication degraded microbubbles in water showed that degraded products and intact microbubbles could be distinguished, thus it was possible to quantify the intact microbubbles solely. Analysis of human blood plasma spiked with either plain microbubbles or microbubbles with nanoparticles demonstrated that it is possible to separate them from biological components like proteins in these kinds of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Josefsson
- Analytical Chemistry, Div. of Applied Physical Chemistry, Dept. of Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malin K Larsson
- Department of Medical Engineering, School of Technology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Bjällmark
- Department of Medical Engineering, School of Technology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åsa Emmer
- Analytical Chemistry, Div. of Applied Physical Chemistry, Dept. of Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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Li Y, Yi F, Zheng Y, Wang Y, Ye J, Chu Q. Hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction coupled with miniature capillary electrophoresis for the trace analysis of four aliphatic aldehydes in water samples. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:2873-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; East China Normal University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Fan Yi
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; East China Normal University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Yiliang Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; East China Normal University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; East China Normal University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Jiannong Ye
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; East China Normal University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Qingcui Chu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; East China Normal University; Shanghai P. R. China
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Fernández-Molina JM, Silva M. Micro solid-phase derivatization analysis of low-molecular mass aldehydes in treated water by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:819-26. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Revised: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- José María Fernández-Molina
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Marie-Curie Building (Annex); Rabanales Campus; University of Cordoba; Cordoba Spain
| | - Manuel Silva
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Marie-Curie Building (Annex); Rabanales Campus; University of Cordoba; Cordoba Spain
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7
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Xu LN, Gai FY, Mu GF, Gao Y, Liu HT, Luan F. Determination of formaldehyde in aquatic products by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine derivatization. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2012. [DOI: 10.1556/achrom.24.2012.4.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Baños CE, Silva M. A novel clean-up method for urine analysis of low-molecular mass aldehydes by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:1412-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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9
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Baños CE, Silva M. Analysis of low-molecular mass aldehydes in drinking waters through capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:2028-36. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Ruiz-Jiménez J, Luque de Castro MD. On-line pervaporation-capillary electrophoresis for the determination of volatile analytes in food slurries. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1128:251-8. [PMID: 16814795 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Revised: 06/02/2006] [Accepted: 06/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pervaporation has been coupled on-line to capillary electrophoresis (CE) by a flow injection manifold and the replenishment system of the CE instrument. The approach allows volatile analytes to be removed, derivatisated and injected into the capillary meanwhile the sample matrix remains in the pervaporator. Acetone and four aldehydes (namely: formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, hexenal, 2-trans-hexenal) have been simultaneously determined in slurries samples by this approach. The detection limits (LOD) ranged between 0.1 and 0.6 microg/ml, the quantification limits between 0.5 and 2.0 microg/ml and the linear dynamic ranges between the limit of quantitation and 150 microg/ml. The precision, expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD), ranged between 0.76 and 4.21% for repeatability and between 1.12 and 4.78% for within laboratory intermediary precision. The errors involved in the analysis of the target analytes--expressed as RSD for all compounds--ranged between 0.13 and 4.87%. The optimal pervaporation time and that necessary for the individual separation/detection of the target analytes are 15 and 10 min, respectively. The analysis frequency is 4 h(-1). The accuracy of the method and potential matrix effects were established by analysing spiked samples. Recoveries between 96.12 and 105.67% were obtained. The proposed method was applied to 10 samples with different solid contents (namely, such yoghurt, juice and yoghurt-juice mixtures).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ruiz-Jiménez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Annex Marie Curie Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain
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Zhang HJ, Huang JF, Wang H, Feng YQ. Determination of low-aliphatic aldehyde derivatizatives in human saliva using polymer monolith microextraction coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Saczk AA, Okumura LL, Firmino de Oliveira M, Boldrin Zanoni MV, Ramos Stradiotto N. Rapid and sensitive method for the determination of acetaldehyde in fuel ethanol by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV–Vis detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 381:1619-24. [PMID: 15782329 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-3153-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2004] [Revised: 01/17/2005] [Accepted: 01/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the determination of acetaldehyde in fuel ethanol was developed. Acetaldehyde was derivatized with 0.900 mL 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPHi) reagent and 50 microL phosphoric acid 1 mol L(-1) at a controlled room temperature of 15 degrees C for 20 min. The separation of acetaldehyde-DNPH (ADNPH) was carried out on a Shimadzu Shim-pack C18 column, using methanol/LiCl((aq)) 1.0 mM (80/20, v/v) as a mobile phase under isocratic elution and UV-Vis detection at 365 nm. The standard curve of ADNPH was linear in the range 3-300 mg L(-1) per injection (20 microL) and the limit of detection (LOD) for acetaldehyde was 2.03 microg L(-1), with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.999 and a precision (relative standard deviation, RSD) of 5.6% (n = 5). Recovery studies were performed by fortifying fuel samples with acetaldehyde at various concentrations and the results were in the range 98.7-102%, with a coefficient of variation (CV) from 0.2% to 7.2%. Several fuel samples collected from various gas stations were analyzed and the method was successfully applied to the analysis of acetaldehyde in fuel ethanol samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelir Aparecida Saczk
- UNESP, Instituto de Química, Rua Prof. Francisco Degni s/n, Quitandinha, 14800-900 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Zhou Q, Jiang G, Liu J, Cai Y. Combination of microporous membrane liquid–liquid extraction and capillary electrophoresis for the analysis of aromatic amines in water samples. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2003.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Pereira EA, Rezende MOO, Tavares MFM. Analysis of low molecular weight aldehydes in air samples by capillary electrophoresis after derivatization with 4-hydrazinobenzoic acid. J Sep Sci 2003; 27:28-32. [PMID: 15335054 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200301665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This work reports the analysis of selected aldehydes in air samples using capillary electrophoresis (CE). The method is based on the reaction of aldehydes with 4-hydrazinobenzoic acid (HBA) to give the corresponding hydrazones with maximum absorbance at 290 nm. Under optimized CE conditions, the HBA derivatives of four carbonyls (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, and acrolein) were completely separated from one another, in less than 6 min, using a pH 9.3 tetraborate buffer at 0.040 mol L(-1) concentration as background electrolyte. A few method validation parameters were determined revealing good migration time repeatability (< 1.5% CV) and area repeatability (< 2% CV), excellent linearity (50-300 microg/L, r > 0.996) and adequate sensitivity for environmental applications. The limits of detection with respect to each single aldehyde were in the range of 2.7-8.8 ng L(-1). The methodology was applied to the determination of aldehydes indoors. Samples were collected in HBA impregnated octadecylsilica cartridges, at different times during the day. The most abundant carbonyls in the samples were acetaldehyde followed by formaldehyde, with estimated peak concentrations of 4.3 and 2.9 ppbv, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabete A Pereira
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, C.P. 26077, 05513-970 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Pereira EA, Carrilho E, Tavare MFM. Laser-induced fluorescence and UV detection of derivatized aldehydes in air samples using capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2002; 979:409-16. [PMID: 12498272 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01258-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this work, two capillary zone electrophoresis methodologies using UV absorption detection (214 nm) and laser-induced fluorescence detection (He/Cd laser, 325 nm excitation, 520 nm emission) of selected aldehydes (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde and acrolein) derivatized with dansylhydrazine (DNSH, 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfohydrazide) were proposed and validated. The aldehydes react with DNSH to form negatively charged molecules in methanolic medium. In both methodologies, nine DNSH-derivatives, including isomers of acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde and acrolein and two impurities were baseline separated in 20 mmol l(-1) phosphate buffer at pH 7.02, in less than 9 min. The limits of detection for the UV and LIF methodologies ranged from 1.1-9.5 microg l(-1) and 0.29-5.3 microg l(-1), respectively. The applicability of both methodologies to contemplate real samples was confirmed in the analysis of aldehyde-DNSH derivatives in indoor and outdoor air samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabete Alves Pereira
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Abstract
A new analytical procedure based on electrochromatography was developed for the separation and quantitation of 14 aldehydes and ketones (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, acrolein, propionaldehyde, butanone, crotonaldehyde, isobutyraldehyde/butyraldehyde, 2-pentenaldehyde, isovaleraldehyde, valeraldehyde, benzaldehyde and hexanaldehyde) in ambient air currently to be regulated by the Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department. A volatile mobile phase using ammonium acetate compatible with mass spectrometry detection was developed and optimized as follows. Methanol: acetonitrile: aqueous buffer (4 mM ammonium acetate) = 65:5:30% v/v. With electrokinetic injection at 5 kV for 2 s, aqueous buffer pH adjusted to 8, applied voltage controlled at 25 kV, and detection at 360 nm in a fused-silica column packed with 3 microm ODS, a satisfactory separation was obtained for the 14 carbonyl compounds investigated. The working ranges in acetonitrile solution were found to vary from 0.25 to 79 mg/L with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.99, detection limits from 0.10 to 0.63 mg/L, and precision (relative standard deviation, n = 3) from 2.3 to 9.2%. Under an air flow rate of 0.3 L/min for a sampling time of 1 h, the working ranges varied from 0.030 to 11,000 microg/m3 and detection limits from 0.011 to 0.084 microg/ m3. The method has been successfully applied to monitor three carbonyl compounds in four urban and rural sites in Hong Kong and gave hourly readings of three carbonyl compounds for all the sites investigated with a separation time less than 25 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Fung
- Centre of Applied Spectroscopy and Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Asthana A, Bose D, Durgbanshi A, Sanghi SK, Kok WT. Determination of aromatic amines in water samples by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical and fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr A 2000; 895:197-203. [PMID: 11105862 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00522-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two capillary electrophoresis methods have been compared for the determination of aniline derivatives in environmental water samples. With the first method the anilines were separated as cations by free zone electrophoresis at low pH, and detected by amperometry. For this, the separation capillary was connected through a palladium field decoupler to an electrochemical detection cell which had been modified to match the volume scale of the separation. Most anilines tested, except chlorinated compounds, could be detected with full sensitivity at a detection potential of +0.7 V. Detection limits with this detection scheme were on a low microg/l level. The alternative method involved the derivatization of the anilines with fluorescamine, the separation of the derivatives formed by micellar electrokinetic chromatography, and fluorescence detection. For detection a lamp-based, fibre optics instrument was used. Detection limits with fluorimetry were comparable with those obtained with amperometric detection (in the order of 1 microg/l). Still, this method was preferred since it gave a higher separation efficiency and shorter analysis times (approximately 4 min). The most important argument, however, was its higher reliability and ease-of-handling. Preliminary experiments with water samples collected in areas where pollution with anilines may be expected showed that the method is highly specific, with few interferences showing up in the electropherograms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Asthana
- Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Andrighetto P, Carofiglio T, Fornasier R, Tonellato U. A highly sensitive method for the analysis of nitrite ions by capillary zone electrophoresis using water-soluble aminophenylporphyrin derivative as chromogenic reagent. Electrophoresis 2000; 21:2384-9. [PMID: 10939449 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(20000701)21:12<2384::aid-elps2384>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The water soluble 5-p-aminophenyl)-10,15,20-tris(p-sulfonatophenyl) porphyrin, 4, acts as an extremely efficient chromogenic reagent for the detection of very low amounts of nitrites. The amino group of porphyrin 4 reacts smoothly with nitrite in acidic conditions 0.2 M HCl) producing the corresponding diazo-porphyrin derivative which is stable and does not show any appreciable hydrolysis to phenol within 6 h. The reaction is carried out in the presence of 25 mM heptakis-(2,6-di-O-methyl)-beta-cyclodextrin that prevents precipitation of the protonated form of porphyrins 4 or 5 due to the formation of strong inclusion complexes. The capillary zone electrophoresis of the diazoporphyrin and amino-porphyrin mixture shows severe peak tailing. However, symmetrical peaks can be obtained by adding 5 mM beta-cyclodextrin to the background electrolyte (20 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.0). Calibration curve for nitrite analysis is linear up to 0.25 mM nitrite and the detection limit (at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3) has been estimated to be a 1 microM (50 ppb) of nitrite concentration in aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Andrighetto
- Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Metallorganica ed Analitica, Università di Padova, Italy
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Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has a unique capability for separation of analytes of environmental concern, particularly those that are more polar and ionic, based on the complementary separation principle of electrophoresis. In the past few years, CE has been selectively used to analyze various classes of compounds having current or potential environmental relevance. This review outlines the current status of CE for the determination of environmental pollutants, based predominantly on research results published from the beginning of 1997 to early 1999. Covered are environmental pollutants of all types except pesticides and inorganics. Certain naturally produced toxins are also covered because of their significant impacts upon human health and the environment. CE methods, as with all methods, must be judged on their ability to provide approaches that are reliable, sensitive, selective, and rapid, while meeting "green chemistry" initiatives for pollution prevention. We also compare CE methods to benchmark environmental techniques involving gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Sovocool
- US Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478, USA.
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