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PGD2 displays distinct effects in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma depending on different concentrations. Cell Death Dis 2023; 9:39. [PMID: 36725845 PMCID: PMC9892043 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01311-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), an arachidonic acid metabolite, has been implicated in allergic responses, parasitic infection and tumor development. The biological functions and molecular mechanisms of PGD2 in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) are still undefined. In this study, we firstly found the high concentration of serum PGD2 and low expression of PGD2 receptor CRTH2 in DLBCL, which were associated with clinical features and prognosis of DLBCL patients. Interestingly, different concentration of PGD2 displayed divergent effects on DLBCL progression. Low-concentration PGD2 promoted cell growth through binding to CRTH2 while high-concentration PGD2 inhibited it via regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, and invasion. Besides, high-concentration PGD2 could induce ROS-mediated DNA damage and enhance the cytotoxicity of adriamycin, bendamustine and venetoclax. Furthermore, HDAC inhibitors, vorinostat (SAHA) and panobinostat (LBH589) regulated CRTH2 expression and PGD2 production, and CRTH2 inhibitor AZD1981 and high-concentration PGD2 enhanced their anti-tumor effects in DLBCL. Altogether, our findings demonstrated PGD2 and CRTH2 as novel prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in DLBCL, and highlighted the potency of high-concentration PGD2 as a promising therapeutic strategy for DLBCL patients.
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Schmöcker C, Gottschall H, Rund KM, Kutzner L, Nolte F, Ostermann AI, Hartmann D, Schebb NH, Weylandt KH. Oxylipin patterns in human colon adenomas. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2021; 167:102269. [PMID: 33812217 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2021.102269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cyclooxygenase (COX)-derived prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is an important lipid mediator in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) pathogenesis. Other lipid mediators derived from lipoxygenases (LOX) have also been implicated in neoplastic processes in the colon. In this study we aimed to characterize lipid mediators, so called oxylipins, in human colon adenomatous polyps. DESIGN We quantified oxylipins in healthy colon tissue and colorectal adenoma tissue procured during routine colonoscopy examinations. Lipid metabolite profiles were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Adenoma tissue showed a distinct prostaglandin profile as compared to normal colon mucosa. Interestingly, PGE2 was not higher in adenoma tissue as compared to normal mucosa. In contrast, we found significantly lower levels of prostaglandin D2, prostaglandin J2, and prostaglandin D1 in adenoma tissue. Furthermore, levels of 5-LOX and 12-LOX pathway products were clearly increased in adenoma biopsy samples. We also investigated the effect of aspirin treatment on prostaglandin profiles in adenoma tissue in a subset of patients and found a trend towards decreased prostaglandin levels in response to aspirin. CONCLUSION The human data presented here show specific changes of oxylipin profiles in colon adenoma tissue with decreased prostaglandin D2 levels as well as increased 5- and 12-LOX metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schmöcker
- Medical Department, Divisions of Hepatology, Gastroenterology, Oncology, Hematology, Palliative Care, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Ruppiner Kliniken, Brandenburg Medical School, Fehrbelliner Str. 38, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany; Department of Gastroenterology, Sana Klinikum Lichtenberg, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Heike Gottschall
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sana Klinikum Lichtenberg, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina M Rund
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Laura Kutzner
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Fabian Nolte
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Annika I Ostermann
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Dirk Hartmann
- Medical Department II, Division of Gastroenterology, Oncology and Diabetes, Katholisches Klinikum Mainz (KKM), Mainz, Germany
| | - Nils Helge Schebb
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Karsten H Weylandt
- Medical Department, Divisions of Hepatology, Gastroenterology, Oncology, Hematology, Palliative Care, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Ruppiner Kliniken, Brandenburg Medical School, Fehrbelliner Str. 38, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany; Medical Department, Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
Eicosanoids are 20-carbon bioactive lipids derived from the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which can modulate various biological processes including cell proliferation, adhesion and migration, angiogenesis, vascular permeability and inflammatory responses. In recent years, studies have shown the importance of eicosanoids in the control of physiological and pathological processes associated with several diseases, including cancer. The polyunsaturated fatty acid predominantly metabolized to generate 2-series eicosanoids is arachidonic acid, which is the major n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid found in animal fat and in the occidental diet. The three main pathways responsible for metabolizing arachidonic acid and other polyunsaturated fatty acids to generate eicosanoids are the cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase and P450 epoxygenase pathways. Inflammation plays a decisive role in various stages of tumor development including initiation, promotion, invasion and metastasis. This review will focus on studies that have investigated the role of prostanoids and lipoxygenase-derived eicosanoids in the development and progression of different tumors, highlighting the findings that may provide insights into how these eicosanoids can influence cell proliferation, cell migration and the inflammatory process. A better understanding of the complex role played by eicosanoids in both tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment may provide new markers for diagnostic and prognostic purposes and identify new therapeutic strategies in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Nascimento Gomes
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Souza Felipe da Costa
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Alison Colquhoun
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, BR
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
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Divergent proliferation patterns of distinct human hair follicle epithelial progenitor niches in situ and their differential responsiveness to prostaglandin D2. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15197. [PMID: 29123134 PMCID: PMC5680340 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human scalp hair follicles (hHF) harbour several epithelial stem (eHFSC) and progenitor cell sub-populations organised into spatially distinct niches. However, the constitutive cell cycle activity of these niches remains to be characterized in situ. Therefore, the current study has studied these characteristics of keratin 15+ (K15), CD200+ or CD34+ cells within anagen VI hHFs by immunohistomorphometry, using Ki-67 and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU). We quantitatively demonstrate in situ the relative cell cycle inactivity of the CD200+/K15+ bulge compared to other non-bulge CD34+ and K15+ progenitor compartments and found that in each recognized eHFSC/progenitor niche, proliferation associates negatively with eHFSC-marker expression. Furthermore, we also show how prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), which is upregulated in balding scalp, differentially impacts on the proliferation of distinct eHFSC populations. Namely, 24 h organ-cultured hHFs treated with PGD2 displayed reduced Ki-67 expression and EdU incorporation in bulge resident K15+ cells, but not in supra/proximal bulb outer root sheath K15+ progenitors. This study emphasises clear differences between the cell cycle behaviour of spatially distinct stem/progenitor cell niches in the hHF, and demonstrates a possible link between PGD2 and perturbed proliferation dynamics in epithelial stem cells.
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Opposing roles of PGD 2 in GBM. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2017; 134:66-76. [PMID: 29042181 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization classifies glioblastoma (GBM) as a grade IV astrocytoma. Despite the advances in chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation treatments that improve a patient's length of survival, the overall trajectory of the disease remains unchanged. GBM cells produce significant levels of various types of bioactive lipids. Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) influences both pro- and anti-tumorigenic activities in the cell; however, its role in GBM is unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the impact of PGD2 on GBM cell activities in vitro. METHODS First we looked to identify the presence of the PGD2 synthesis pathway through RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and HPLC-MS/MS in three GBM cell lines. Then, to observe PGD2's effects on cell count and apoptosis/mitosis (Hoechst 33342 stain), and migration (Transwell Assay), the cells were treated in vitro with physiological (<1μM) and/or supraphysiological (>1μM) concentrations of PGD2 over 72h. HPLC-MS/MS was used to identify the lipid composition of patients with either Grade II/III gliomas or GBM. RESULTS We identified the presence of endogenous PGD2 with its corresponding enzymes and receptors. Exogenous PGD2 both increased cell count (<1μM) and decreased cell count (10μM) in a concentration-dependent manner. There were no significant effects on apoptosis. A significant decrease in mitotic activity was seen only in U251MG, and a significant increase was seen in migration with 5μM PGD2 treatments. A very significant increase of PGD2 was seen from Grade II/III gliomas to GBM. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that prostaglandin D2 possesses a dynamic, concentration-dependent effect in GBM cell activities. The increase of PGD2 production in GBM patients suggests a pro-tumorigenic role of PGD2 in glioma growth and invasion. Therefore, prostaglandin signaling in GBM requires further investigation to identify new targets for more effective therapies.
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Kim SH, Hashimoto Y, Cho SN, Roszik J, Milton DR, Dal F, Kim SF, Menter DG, Yang P, Ekmekcioglu S, Grimm EA. Microsomal PGE2 synthase-1 regulates melanoma cell survival and associates with melanoma disease progression. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2016; 29:297-308. [PMID: 26801201 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
COX-2 and its product PGE2 enhance carcinogenesis and tumor progression, which has been previously reported in melanoma. As most COX inhibitors cause much toxicity, the downstream microsomal PGE2 synthase-1 (mPGES1) is a consideration for targeting. Human melanoma TMAs were employed for testing mPGES1 protein staining intensity and percentage levels, and both increased with clinical stage; employing a different Stage III TMA, mPGES1 intensity (not percentage) associated with reduced patient survival. Our results further show that iNOS was also highly expressed in melanoma tissues with high mPGES1 levels, and iNOS-mediated NO promoted mPGES1 expression and PGE2 production. An mPGES1-specific inhibitor (CAY10526) as well as siRNA attenuated cell survival and increased apoptosis. CAY10526 significantly suppressed tumor growth and increased apoptosis in melanoma xenografts. Our findings support the value of a prognostic and predictive role for mPGES1, and suggest targeting this molecule in the PGE2 pathway as another avenue toward improving melanoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hee Kim
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yuuri Hashimoto
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sung-Nam Cho
- Department of Thoracic Head and Neck Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jason Roszik
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology and Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Denái R Milton
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fulya Dal
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sangwon F Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Perlman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David G Menter
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peiying Yang
- Department of General Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Suhendan Ekmekcioglu
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Grimm
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Zhang C, Yu H, Ni X, Shen S, Das UN. Growth inhibitory effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on colon cancer cells via their growth inhibitory metabolites and fatty acid composition changes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123256. [PMID: 25886460 PMCID: PMC4401647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer is common. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) exert growth-inhibitory and pro-apoptotic effects on colon cancer cells. Metabolites of PUFAs such as prostaglandins (PGs), leukotrienes (LTs) and lipoxins (LXs) play a significant role in colon cancer. Methods Human colon cancer LoVo and RKO cells were cultured with different concentration of PUFAs and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in vitro. Cell morphological changes, fatty acid composition, formation of PGE2, LTB4 and LXA4 and expression of COX-2, ALOX5, PGD synthase (PGDS), microsomal prostaglandin E synthase (mPGES) were assessed in LoVo and RKO cells when supplemented with PUFAs and 5-FU. Results PUFAs and 5-FU inhibited growth of LoVo and RKO cells to the same extent at the doses used and produced significant alterations in their shape. As expected, higher concentrations of supplemented PUFAs were noted in the cells compared to control. LA, GLA, AA, ALA and EPA supplementation to LoVo cells suppressed production of PGE2, LTB4,and ALOX5, mPGES expression, but enhanced that of LXA4; whereas DHA enhanced PGE2 and LXA4 synthesis but decreased LTB4 formation and COX-2, ALOX5, mPGES expression. In contrast, 5-FU enhanced formation of PGE2, LTB4 and mPGES expression, but suppressed LXA4 synthesis and COX-2 expression. PGE2, LTB4 synthesis and ALOX5 expression was suppressed by LA, GLA, ALA and DHA; whereas AA, EPA and 5-FU enhanced PGE2 but paradoxically AA decreased and EPA and 5-FU enhanced LTB4 synthesis in RKO cells. All the PUFAs tested enhanced, while 5-FU decreased LXA4 formation in RKO cells; whereas GLA, AA, and 5-FU augmented while LA, ALA, EPA and DHA enhanced COX-2 expression in RKO cells. Conclusions Tumoricidal action of PUFAs on colorectal LoVo and RKO cancer cells in vitro was associated with increased formation of LXA4, decreased synthesis of PGE2 and LTB4 and suppressed expression of COX-2, ALOX5, mPGES, whereas 5-FU produced contrasting actions on these indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Haining Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Xiaofeng Ni
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Shengrong Shen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
- * E-mail: (SS);
| | - Undurti N. Das
- UND Life Sciences, 2020 S 360 St, #K-202, Federal Way, WA, 98003, United States of America
- Department of Medicine and BioScience Research Centre, GVP Hospital, GVP College of Engineering campus, Visakhapatnam-530 048, India
- * E-mail: (SS);
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Synergistic Antiproliferative Effects of Combined γ -Tocotrienol and PPAR γ Antagonist Treatment Are Mediated through PPAR γ -Independent Mechanisms in Breast Cancer Cells. PPAR Res 2014; 2014:439146. [PMID: 24729783 PMCID: PMC3960771 DOI: 10.1155/2014/439146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous findings showed that the anticancer effects of combined γ-tocotrienol and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) antagonist treatment caused a large reduction in PPARγ expression. However, other studies suggest that the antiproliferative effects of γ-tocotrienol and/or PPARγ antagonists are mediated, at least in part, through PPARγ-independent mechanism(s). Studies were conducted to characterize the role of PPARγ in mediating the effects of combined treatment of γ-tocotrienol with PPARγ agonists or antagonists on the growth of PPARγ negative +SA mammary cells and PPARγ-positive and PPARγ-silenced MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Combined treatment of γ-tocotrienol with PPARγ antagonist decreased, while combined treatment of γ-tocotrienol with PPARγ agonist increased, growth of all cancer cells. However, treatment with high doses of 15d-PGJ2, an endogenous natural ligand for PPARγ, had no effect on cancer cell growth. Western blot and qRT-PCR studies showed that the growth inhibitory effects of combined γ-tocotrienol and PPARγ antagonist treatment decreased cyclooxygenase (COX-2), prostaglandin synthase (PGDS), and prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) synthesis. In conclusion, the anticancer effects of combined γ-tocotrienol and PPARγ antagonists treatment in PPARγ negative/silenced breast cancer cells are mediated through PPARγ-independent mechanisms that are associated with a downregulation in COX-2, PGDS, and PGD2 synthesis.
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Shyu RY, Wu CC, Wang CH, Tsai TC, Wang LK, Chen ML, Jiang SY, Tsai FM. H-rev107 regulates prostaglandin D2 synthase-mediated suppression of cellular invasion in testicular cancer cells. J Biomed Sci 2013; 20:30. [PMID: 23687991 PMCID: PMC3669107 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-20-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background H-rev107 is a member of the HREV107 type II tumor suppressor gene family which includes H-REV107, RIG1, and HRASLS. H-REV107 has been shown to express at high levels in differentiated tissues of post-meiotic testicular germ cells. Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) is conjectured to induce SRY-related high-mobility group box 9 (SOX9) expression and subsequent Sertoli cell differentiation. To date, the function of H-rev107 in differentiated testicular cells has not been well defined. Results In the study, we found that H-rev107 was co-localized with prostaglandin D2 synthase (PTGDS) and enhanced the activity of PTGDS, resulting in increase of PGD2 production in testis cells. Furthermore, when H-rev107 was expressed in human NT2/D1 testicular cancer cells, cell migration and invasion were inhibited. Also, silencing of PTGDS would reduce H-rev107-mediated increase in PGD2, cAMP, and SOX9. Silencing of PTGDS or SOX9 also alleviated H-rev107-mediated suppression of cell migration and invasion. Conclusions These results revealed that H-rev107, through PTGDS, suppressed cell migration and invasion. Our data suggest that the PGD2-cAMP-SOX9 signal pathway might play an important role in H-rev107-mediated cancer cell invasion in testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Yaun Shyu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital Taipei Branch, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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Wu CC, Shyu RY, Wang CH, Tsai TC, Wang LK, Chen ML, Jiang SY, Tsai FM. Involvement of the prostaglandin D2 signal pathway in retinoid-inducible gene 1 (RIG1)-mediated suppression of cell invasion in testis cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1823:2227-36. [PMID: 22960220 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Retinoid-inducible gene 1 (RIG1), also called tazarotene-induced gene 3, belongs to the HREV107 gene family, which contains five members in humans. RIG1 is expressed in high levels in well-differentiated tissues, but its expression is decreased in cancer tissues and cancer cell lines. We found RIG1 to be highly expressed in testicular cells. When RIG1 was expressed in NT2/D1 testicular cancer cells, neither cell death nor cell viability was affected. However, RIG1 significantly inhibited cell migration and invasion in NT2/D1 cells. We found that prostaglandin D2 synthase (PTGDS) interacted with RIG1 using yeast two-hybrid screens. Further, we found PTGDS to be co-localized with RIG1 in NT2/D1 testis cells. In RIG1-expressing cells, elevated levels of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), cAMP, and SRY-related high-mobility group box 9 (SOX9) were observed. This indicated that RIG1 can enhance PTGDS activity. Silencing of PTGDS expression significantly decreased RIG1-mediated cAMP and PGD2 production. Furthermore, silencing of PTGDS or SOX9 alleviated RIG1-mediated suppression of migration and invasion. These results suggest that RIG1 will suppress cell migration/invasion through the PGD2 signaling pathway. In conclusion, RIG1 can interact with PTGDS to enhance its function and to further suppress NT2/D1 cell migration and invasion. Our study suggests that RIG1-PGD2 signaling might play an important role in cancer cell suppression in the testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Chieh Wu
- Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 114, Taiwan
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Eicosanoid signalling pathways in the development and progression of colorectal cancer: novel approaches for prevention/intervention. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2012; 30:363-85. [PMID: 22134655 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-011-9324-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid metabolism through cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX) and cytochrome P-450 epoxygenase (EPOX) pathways leads to the generation of biologically active eicosanoids, including prostanoids, leukotrienes, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, epoxyeicosatrienoic acid and hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acids. Eicosanoid expression levels vary during tumor development and progression of a range of malignancies, including colorectal cancer. The actions of these autocoids are also directly influenced by diet, as demonstrated by recent evidence for omega-3 fatty acids in colorectal cancer (CRC) prevention and/or treatment. Eicosanoids regulate CRC development and progression, while inhibition of these pathways has generally been shown to inhibit tumor growth/progression. A progressive sequence of colorectal cancer development has been identified, ranging from normal colon, to colitis, dysplasia, and carcinoma. While both COX and LOX inhibition are both promising candidates for colorectal cancer prevention and/or treatment, there is an urgent need to understand the mechanisms through which these signalling pathways mediate their effects on tumorigenesis. This will allow identification of safer, more effective strategies for colorectal cancer prevention and/or treatment. In particular, binding to/signalling through prostanoid receptors have recently been the subject of considerable interest in this area. In this review, we discuss the role of the eicosanoid signalling pathways in the development and progression of colorectal cancer. We discuss the effects of the eicosanoids on tumor cell proliferation, their roles in cell death induction, effects on angiogenesis, migration, invasion and their regulation of the immune response. Signal transduction pathways involved in these processes are also discussed. Finally, novel approaches targeting these arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids (using pharmacological or natural agents) for chemoprevention and/or treatment of colorectal cancer are outlined.
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Induction of apoptosis in non-small cell lung carcinoma A549 cells by PGD2metabolite, 15d-PGJ2. Cell Biol Int 2011. [DOI: 10.1042/cbi20100707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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CXCR4 in Cancer and Its Regulation by PPARgamma. PPAR Res 2011; 2008:769413. [PMID: 18779872 PMCID: PMC2528256 DOI: 10.1155/2008/769413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Revised: 06/25/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are peptide mediators involved in normal development,
hematopoietic and immune regulation, wound healing, and
inflammation. Among the chemokines is CXCL12, which binds
principally to its receptor CXCR4 and regulates leukocyte
precursor homing to bone marrow and other sites. This role of
CXCL12/CXCR4 is “commandeered” by cancer cells to facilitate the
spread of CXCR4-bearing tumor cells to tissues with high CXCL12
concentrations. High CXCR4 expression by cancer cells predisposes
to aggressive spread and metastasis and ultimately to poor patient
outcomes. As well as being useful as a marker for disease
progression, CXCR4 is a potential target for anticancer therapies.
It is possible to interfere directly with the CXCL12:CXCR4 axis
using peptide or small-molecular-weight antagonists. A further
opportunity is offered by promoting strategies that downregulate
CXCR4 pathways: CXCR4 expression in the tumor microenvironment is
modulated by factors such as hypoxia, nucleosides, and
eicosanoids. Another promising approach is through targeting PPAR
to suppress CXCR4 expression. Endogenous PPARγ such as 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2 and synthetic agonists such as the
thiazolidinediones both cause downregulation of CXCR4 mRNA and
receptor. Adjuvant therapy using PPARγ agonists may, by
stimulating PPARγ-dependent downregulation of CXCR4 on cancer cells, slow the rate of metastasis and impact beneficially on
disease progression.
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Gustafsson A, Hansson E, Kressner U, Nordgren S, Andersson M, Lönnroth C, Lundholm K. Prostanoid receptor expression in colorectal cancer related to tumor stage, differentiation and progression. Acta Oncol 2009; 46:1107-12. [PMID: 17943472 DOI: 10.1080/02841860701403061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alterations in eicosanoid metabolism is well established in a variety of malignant tumors, particularly colorectal carcinoma. Recent studies in our laboratory have emphasized a role for EP subtype receptors in progression of colorectal cancer and disease specific mortality. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to extend our knowledge to include additional receptor expression (DP1, DP2, FP, IP, TP) for prostanoids (PGD2, TXA2, PGF2alpha, PGI2) in relationship to tumor stage, differentiation and progression of colorectal cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS Total RNA from 62 tumors and adjacent normal colon tissue (n = 48) was extracted. Quantification of receptor expression was performed by realtime PCR and related to the expression of an appropriate housekeeping gene (GAPDH). Tumors were assessed according to Dukes A-D (stage I-IV). RESULTS DP1, DP2, FP and IP receptor subtypes displayed significantly reduced overall expression in tumor tissue compared to normal colon tissue, while the TP receptor subtype showed significantly higher expression in tumor tissue. Overall expression of the prostanoid receptors in tumor tissue was not related to clinical indexes as tumor stage and tumor cell differentiation evaluated by multivariate analyses. Cultured colorectal cancer cell lines with low (HT-29) and high (HCA-7) intrinsic PGE2 production at confluent state did not express DP1 and IP receptor subtypes, but displayed low expression of DP2, FP and TP receptor subtypes. CONCLUSION The results in the present study indicate imbalanced expression of prostanoid receptors in colorectal cancer compared to normal colon tissue without clear cut relationship to disease progression. Therefore, future studies should be performed on defined cells within the tumor tissue compartment determining whether any prostanoid receptor(s) is useful as a molecular target in treatment or prevention of colorectal cancer.
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15
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Richard CL, Lowthers EL, Blay J. 15-Deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) down-regulates CXCR4 on carcinoma cells through PPARgamma- and NFkappaB-mediated pathways. Exp Cell Res 2007; 313:3446-58. [PMID: 17707368 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2007] [Revised: 06/28/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR4 plays a key role in the metastasis of colorectal cancer and its growth at metastatic sites. Here, we have investigated the mechanisms by which CXCR4 on cancer cells might be regulated by eicosanoids present within the colorectal tumor microenvironment. We show that prostaglandins PGE(2), PGA(2), PGD(2), PGJ(2) and 15dPGJ(2) each down-regulates CXCR4 receptor expression on human colorectal carcinoma cells to differing degrees. The most potent of these were PGD(2) and its metabolites PGJ(2) and 15dPGJ(2). Down-regulation was most rapid with the end-product 15dPGJ(2) and was accompanied by a marked reduction in CXCR4 mRNA. 15dPGJ(2) is known to be a ligand for the nuclear receptor PPARgamma. Down-regulation of CXCR4 was also observed with the PPARgamma agonist rosiglitazone, while 15dPGJ(2)-induced CXCR4 down-regulation was substantially diminished by the PPARgamma antagonists GW9662 and T0070907. These data support the involvement of PPARgamma. However, the 15dPGJ(2) analogue CAY10410, which can act on PPARgamma but which lacks the intrinsic cyclopentenone structure found in 15dPGJ(2), down-regulated CXCR4 substantially less potently than 15dPGJ(2). The cyclopentenone grouping is known to inhibit the activity of NFkappaB. Consistent with an additional role for NFkappaB, we found that the cyclopentenone prostaglandin PGA(2) and cyclopentenone itself could also down-regulate CXCR4. Immunolocalization studies showed that the cellular context was sufficient to trigger a focal nuclear pattern of NFkappaB p50 and that 15dPGJ(2) interfered with this p50 nuclear localization. These data suggest that 15dPGJ(2) can down-regulate CXCR4 on cancer cells through both PPARgamma and NFkappaB. 15dPGJ(2), present within the tumor microenvironment, may act to down-regulate CXCR4 and impact upon the overall process of tumor expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Lee Richard
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Sir Charles Tupper Building, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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16
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Hawcroft G, Gardner SH, Hull MA. Expression of prostaglandin D2 receptors DP1 and DP2 by human colorectal cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2004; 210:81-4. [PMID: 15172124 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2004] [Accepted: 01/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The expression and function of prostaglandin (PG) D2 DP receptors during colorectal carcinogenesis has not been elucidated. Therefore, we studied expression of DP1 and DP2 receptors by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis of receptor mRNA levels in five human colorectal cancer cell lines (HT-29, HCA-7, HCT116, SW480 and SW48) and VACO-235 human colorectal adenoma cells. DP1 receptor transcripts were present only in HT-29 cells. In addition, none of the human colorectal epithelial cell lines tested expressed DP2 receptor mRNA. Therefore, PGD2 is unlikely to have direct activity on neoplastic colorectal epithelial cells via cell surface DP receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Hawcroft
- Molecular Medicine Unit, University of Leeds, Clinical Sciences Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
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17
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Wu Z, Lü Y, Wang B, Liu C, Wang ZR. Effects of bile acids on proliferation and ultrastructural alteration of pancreatic cancer cell lines. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9:2759-63. [PMID: 14669328 PMCID: PMC4612047 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v9.i12.2759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: Pancreatic cancer in the head is frequently accompanied by jaundice and high bile acid level in serum. This study focused on the direct effects of bile acids on proliferation and ultrastructural alteration of pancreatic cancer.
METHODS: Pancreatic cancer cell lines PANC-1, MIA PaCa-2 and PGHAM-1 were explored in this study. The cell lines were cultured in media supplemented with certain bile acids, CA, DCA, LCA, TCDC, TDCA and GCA. Their influence on cell growth was measured with MTT assay after 72 h of incubation. Cell cycles of PANC-1 cells in 40 μM of bile acids media were analyzed by flow cytometry. Ultrastructural alteration of PANC-1 cells induced by DCA was observed using scanning and transmission electron microscope (SEM and TEM).
RESULTS: At various concentrations of bile acids and incubation time, no enhanced effects of bile acids on cell proliferation were observed. Significant inhibitory effects were obtained in almost all media with bile acids. DCA and CA increased the percentage of G0+G1 phase cells, while GCA and TDCA elevated the S phase cell number. After 48 h of incubation in DCA medium, PANC-1 cells showed some structural damages such as loss of their microvilli and vacuolization of organelles in cytoplasm.
CONCLUSION: Bile acids can reduce proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells due to their direct cytotoxicity. This result implies that elevation of bile acids in jaundiced serum may inhibit pancreatic cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
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18
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Cheuk BLY, Chew SBC, Fiscus RR, Wong PYD. Cyclooxygenase-2 regulates apoptosis in rat epididymis through prostaglandin D2. Biol Reprod 2002; 66:374-80. [PMID: 11804951 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod66.2.374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous studies, cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 isozymes have been detected in the rat epididymis. COX-1 mediates electrolyte and fluid secretion induced by a number of peptide hormones, including bradykinin, angiotensin, and endothelin, via local formation of prostaglandin (PG) E2; however, the physiological role of COX-2 remains largely unknown. Marked apoptotic cell death in the rat epididymis following androgen depletion has been reported. Because expression of both COX isozymes is dependent on androgen, we investigated whether these isozymes control apoptosis in the epididymis. Apoptosis was detected in rat epididymal epithelial cells by in situ staining using the TUNEL method and by the presence of internucleosomal DNA fragmentation using capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. Specific COX inhibitors were used to delineate the roles of the 2 isozymes. There was no significant apoptotic cell death in normal and specific COX-1 inhibitor (SC-560)-treated epididymal cells. However, application of a specific COX-2 inhibitor (NS-398) induced apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner. A similar apoptotic effect of COX-2 inhibitor was seen in the in vivo study. The drastic DNA fragmentation induced by COX-2 inhibitor could be reversed completely by PGD2 and partially by PGE2. In addition, the protective effect of PGD2 against COX-2 inhibition was significantly blocked by a PGDP-receptor antagonist, BWA868C. These results indicate that the COX-2 products PGD2 and, to a lesser extent, PGE2 control apoptosis in cultured rat epididymal cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Y Cheuk
- Department of Physiology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
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19
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Lu Y, Onda M, Uchida E, Yamamura S, Yanagi K, Matsushita A, Kobayashi T, Fukuhara M, Aida K, Tajiri T. The cytotoxic effects of bile acids in crude bile on human pancreatic cancer cell lines. Surg Today 2001; 30:903-9. [PMID: 11059730 DOI: 10.1007/s005950070042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer frequently causes extrahepatic cholestasis. To identify the direct effects of bile acids in jaundiced serum on pancreatic cancer, the proliferation of PANC-1 and MIA PaCa-2 cells as well as the ultrastructural alteration of PANC-1 cells cultured in crude bile modified media were studied. The growth of these cells in the RPMI-1640 media with or without 1%, 2%, and 4% of the refined crude bile was assessed after 48 and 96 h of incubation. The ultrastructure of PANC-1 cells was investigated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy after 24 and 48 h of incubation. The proliferation of both cell lines in the bile-treated media was greatly inhibited. The inhibitory rates of bile on PANC-1 ranged from 24.1% +/- 3.3% to 66.9% +/- 6.6% (P < 0.01) and those on MIA PaCa-2 ranged from 16.7% +/- 3.8% to 50.7% +/- 5.5%. (P < 0.01). When the bile-added media were replaced, the cells were able to restore their proliferating ability. The PANC-1 cells incubated in the bile-supplied media indicated that the mirovilli, mitochondria, and other organelles had thus been injured. These results suggest that bile acids appear to inhibit the proliferation of PANC-1 and MIA PaCa-2 cells, and the probable inhibitory mechanism is mainly considered to be due to the cytotoxicity of such bile acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Lu
- First Department of Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Grossman EM, Longo WE, Panesar N, Mazuski JE, Kaminski DL. The role of cyclooxygenase enzymes in the growth of human gall bladder cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2000. [PMID: 10874020 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/21.7.1403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Information suggests that the cyclooxygenase (COX) metabolites, the prostanoids, play a role in gall bladder physiology and disease. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs which inhibit COX enzymes have been shown in vivo and in vitro to alter the growth patterns of intestinal epithelial cells, and specific COX-2 inhibitors have been shown to decrease mitogenesis in intestinal epithelial cells. The present study was intended to evaluate the effect of specific COX inhibitors on the growth patterns of gall bladder cancer cells. Employing a human gall bladder cancer cell line, mitogenesis, apoptosis and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) formation were evaluated in response to serum and hepatocyte growth factor and transforming growth factor alpha stimulation in the presence and absence of specific COX-1 and -2 inhibitors. The effect of the mitogens on COX enzyme expression was also evaluated. Serum and the growth factors increased COX enzyme expression and mitogenesis, and decreased apoptosis as evaluated by the percentage of cells that were floating in culture media rather than attached. There was more DNA degradation in floating than in attached cells. The specific COX-2 inhibitor, but not the COX-1 inhibitor, decreased mitogenesis and increased gall bladder cell apoptosis as evaluated by the number of floating versus attached cells and the number of floating cells in the terminal phase of apoptosis or dead. The inhibition of mitogenesis and the increased apoptosis produced by the COX-2 inhibitor was associated with decreased PGE(2) production. The inhibition of replication of gall bladder cancer cells and the increase in apoptosis produced by the selective COX-2 inhibitor suggests that the COX enzymes and the prostanoids may play a role in the development of gall bladder cancer and that the COX-2 inhibitors may have a therapeutic role in the prevention of gall bladder neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Grossman
- Department of Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Theodore Cooper Surgical Research Institute, Grand Boulevard at Vista Avenue, PO Box 15250, St Louis, MO 63110-0250, USA
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Alvarez-Dolado M, González-Sancho JM, Navarro-Yubero C, García-Fernández LF, Muñoz A. Retinoic acid and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibit tenascin-C expression in rat glioma C6 cells. J Neurosci Res 1999; 58:293-300. [PMID: 10502285 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4547(19991015)58:2<293::aid-jnr9>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tenascin-C (Tn-C) is an extracellular matrix protein with growth-, invasive-, and angiogenesis-promoting activities. Tn-C is upregulated during wound healing, tumorigenesis, and other pathological conditions. Highly malignant gliomas with poor prognosis exhibit high levels of Tn-C expression. Here we demonstrate that Tn-C RNA expression in glioma C6 cells is inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by retinoic acid (RA) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-D3). No additive or synergistic effects were found. Inhibition is maximum 24 hr after RA or 1,25-D3 treatment, prior to a delayed cytotoxic effect starting at day 4-5 of treatment, and correlates with a reduction in the synthesis of Tn-C protein. Tn-C expression is also inhibited, but to a lesser extent by prostaglandin D2 (PGD2). Furthermore, both RA and 1,25-D3, but not PGD2 abolish the induction of Tn-C by the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate. The inhibition of Tn-C expression might be relevant for the anti-cancer activity of RA and 1,25-D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alvarez-Dolado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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