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Song Z, Wang Y, Li C, Tan Y, Wu J, Zhang Z. Fumigant toxicity and behavioral inhibition of garlic against red imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:1889-1897. [PMID: 35927401 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22091-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In order to control the Solenopsis invicta (S. invicta) in a safe and ecofriendly manner, this study evaluated the fumigating activity of garlic and its effect on the behavior of S. invicta. The volatile compounds and chemical constituents from garlic were collected by solid phase micro-extraction and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that garlic contains 21 compounds, and that diallyl disulfide (46.51%) and (E)-1-Allyl-2-(prop-1-en-1-yl) disulfane (34.68%) were the main constituents in garlic. In addition, garlic showed strong fumigant activity and behavioral inhibition against workers. The LC50 values of diallyl disulfide and methyl allyl disulfide against S. invicta at 12 h were 0.05 and 0.07 μg/L, respectively. The grasping and walking abilities of ants were significantly suppressed. Moreover, minor workers were more susceptible than major workers. Thus, S. invicta can be controlled with garlic and some of its compounds as an eco-friendly approach. Results from the study could provide valuable advances for future fumigant development and possible utility in fumigant use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixia Song
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Department of Environmental Horticulture and Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Apopka, FL, 32703, USA
| | - Yongqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Chao Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yuting Tan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhixiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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2
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El-Hashim AZ, Khajah MA, Orabi KY, Balakrishnan S, Sary HG, Abdelali AA. Onion Bulb Extract Downregulates EGFR/ERK1/2/AKT Signaling Pathway and Synergizes With Steroids to Inhibit Allergic Inflammation. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:551683. [PMID: 33123005 PMCID: PMC7567342 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.551683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of allergic diseases, such as asthma, with both conventional and novel therapies presents a challenge both in terms of optimal effect and cost. On the other hand, traditional therapies utilizing natural products such as onion have been in use for centuries with demonstrated efficacy and safety but without much knowledge of their mechanims of action. In this study, we investigated if the anti-inflammatory effects of onion bulb extract (OBE) are mediated via the modulation of the EGFR/ERK1/2/AKT signaling pathway, and whether OBE can synergise with steroids to produce greater anti-inflammatory actions. Treatment with OBE inhibited the house dust mite (HDM)-induced increased phosphorylation of EGFR, ERK1/2 and AKT which resulted in the inhibition of HDM-induced increase in airway cellular influx, perivascular and peribronchial inflammation, goblet cell hyper/metaplasia, and also inhibited ex vivo eosinophil chemotaxis. Moreover, treatment with a combination of a low dose OBE and low dose dexamethasone resulted in a significant inhibition of the HDM-induced cellular influx, perivascular and peribronchial inflammation, goblet cell hyper/metaplasia, and increased the pERK1/2 levels, whereas neither treatment, when given alone, had any discernible effects. This study therefore shows that inhibition of the EGFR/ERK1/2/AKT-dependent signaling pathway is one of the key mechanisms by which OBE can mediate its anti-inflammatory effects in diseases such as asthma. Importantly, this study also demonstrates that combining OBE with steroids results in significantly enhanced anti-inflammatory effects. This action may have important potential implications for future asthma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Z El-Hashim
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Maitham A Khajah
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Khaled Y Orabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Sowmya Balakrishnan
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Hanan G Sary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Ala A Abdelali
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
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Furner-Pardoe J, Anonye BO, Cain R, Moat J, Ortori CA, Lee C, Barrett DA, Corre C, Harrison F. Anti-biofilm efficacy of a medieval treatment for bacterial infection requires the combination of multiple ingredients. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12687. [PMID: 32724094 PMCID: PMC7387442 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69273-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel antimicrobials are urgently needed to combat drug-resistant bacteria and to overcome the inherent difficulties in treating biofilm-associated infections. Studying plants and other natural materials used in historical infection remedies may enable further discoveries to help fill the antibiotic discovery gap. We previously reconstructed a 1,000-year-old remedy containing onion, garlic, wine, and bile salts, known as 'Bald's eyesalve', and showed it had promising antibacterial activity. In this current paper, we have found this bactericidal activity extends to a range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive wound pathogens in planktonic culture and, crucially, that this activity is maintained against Acinetobacter baumannii, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus pyogenes in a soft-tissue wound biofilm model. While the presence of garlic in the mixture can explain the activity against planktonic cultures, garlic has no activity against biofilms. We have found the potent anti-biofilm activity of Bald's eyesalve cannot be attributed to a single ingredient and requires the combination of all ingredients to achieve full activity. Our work highlights the need to explore not only single compounds but also mixtures of natural products for treating biofilm infections and underlines the importance of working with biofilm models when exploring natural products for the anti-biofilm pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Furner-Pardoe
- School of Life Sciences, Gibbet Hill Campus, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
- Warwick Medical School, Gibbet Hill Campus, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Blessing O Anonye
- School of Life Sciences, Gibbet Hill Campus, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- School of Medicine, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Ricky Cain
- School of Life Sciences, Gibbet Hill Campus, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Evotec (U.K.) Ltd, 114 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RZ, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - John Moat
- Warwick Antimicrobial Screening Facility, School of Life Sciences, Gibbet Hill Campus, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Catherine A Ortori
- Centre for Analytical Bioscience, Advanced Materials and Healthcare Technologies Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Christina Lee
- School of English, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - David A Barrett
- Centre for Analytical Bioscience, Advanced Materials and Healthcare Technologies Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Christophe Corre
- School of Life Sciences, Gibbet Hill Campus, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Freya Harrison
- School of Life Sciences, Gibbet Hill Campus, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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Cantrell MS, Seale JT, Arispe SA, McDougal OM. Determination of Organosulfides from Onion Oil. Foods 2020; 9:foods9070884. [PMID: 32640536 PMCID: PMC7404636 DOI: 10.3390/foods9070884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis of organosulfides extracted from oil obtained by steam distillation of yellow onions was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The extraction efficiency of organosulfides from onion oil was evaluated across four solvents: dichloromethane; diethyl ether; n-pentane; and hexanes. Analysis of solvent extracted organosulfides by GC-MS provided qualitative results that support the use of dichloromethane over other solvents based on identification of 27 organosulfides from the dichloromethane extract as compared to 10 from diethyl ether; 19 from n-pentane; and 17 from hexanes. Semi-quantitative evaluation of organosulfides present in the dichloromethane extract was performed using diallyl disulfide as the internal reference standard. Three organosulfides were detected in the extract at ≥5 mg/kg; 18 organosulfides between 3-5 mg/kg; and six organosulfides at <3 mg/kg. The E/Z isomers of 1-propenyl propyl trisulfide were among the most prevalent components extracted from the onion oil across all solvents; and 3,6-diethyl-1,2,4,5-tetrathiane was among the most abundant organosulfides in all solvents except hexanes. The method described here for the extraction of organosulfides from steam distilled onion oil surveys common solvents to arrive at a qualitative and semi-quantitative method of analysis for agricultural products involving onions; onion oil; and secondary metabolites of Allium spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maranda S. Cantrell
- Biomolecular Sciences Ph.D. Program, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA;
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA;
| | - Jared T. Seale
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA;
| | - Sergio A. Arispe
- Malheur County Extension Office, Oregon State University, Ontario, OR 97914, USA;
| | - Owen M. McDougal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-208-426-3964
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Scheffler L, Sharapa C, Amar T, Buettner A. Identification and Quantification of Volatile Ramson-Derived Metabolites in Humans. Front Chem 2018; 6:410. [PMID: 30255016 PMCID: PMC6141758 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ramson (Allium ursinum) is known for its typical garlic-like aroma. Both ramson and garlic belong to the genus allium which is characterized by a high content of sulfurous compounds. However, in contrast to garlic, ramson is in general not associated with an unpleasant breath following consumption. While there is data available regarding the metabolism of volatile garlic constituents in the human body, the metabolism of ramson was not yet addressed. To elucidate if ramson has an impact on the body odor, this study aimed at identifying volatile ramson-derived metabolites in human milk and urine. Therefore, milk and urine samples were gathered before and after ramson consumption, and were analyzed sensorially by a trained human sensory panel as well as chemo-analytically applying gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/olfactometry (GC-MS/O). Sensory evaluation revealed a garlic-/cabbage like odor in milk samples obtained after ramson consumption, demonstrating that ramson consumption affected the milk aroma. Analyzes by means of GC-MS/O further confirmed excretion of three ramson-derived metabolites in milk and urine samples collected after ramson consumption, namely allyl methyl sulfide (AMS), allyl methyl sulfoxide (AMSO) and allyl methyl sulfone (AMSO2). Of these metabolites only AMS had a garlic-/cabbage-like odor, while the other two were odorless. These metabolites were subsequently quantified using stable isotope dilution assays. Nine urine sets, each comprising eight urine samples, and nine milk sets, each comprising four samples, were analyzed. In case of the urine sets a time interval of about 24 h was monitored, in case of the milk sets a time interval of up to 9 h. Despite the fact that all samples contained the same metabolites there were relevant differences found between individual subjects, especially with regard to the temporal rate of metabolite excretion. Generally, the maxima of metabolite excretion were observed in milk sets within 3 h after ramson consumption. In urine the highest AMS and AMSO amounts were observed within 2 h whereas the maximum concentration of AMSO2 was reached about 2 to 4 h after ramson ingestion. This study suggests that ramson constituents are heavily metabolized in the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Scheffler
- Chair of Aroma and Smell Research, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Constanze Sharapa
- Chair of Aroma and Smell Research, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tayyaba Amar
- Chair of Aroma and Smell Research, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andrea Buettner
- Chair of Aroma and Smell Research, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.,Department Sensory Analytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging (IVV), Freising, Germany
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6
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Krstin S, Sobeh M, Braun MS, Wink M. Anti-Parasitic Activities of Allium sativum and Allium cepa against Trypanosoma b. brucei and Leishmania tarentolae. MEDICINES 2018; 5:medicines5020037. [PMID: 29690511 PMCID: PMC6023319 DOI: 10.3390/medicines5020037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background: Garlics and onions have been used for the treatment of diseases caused by parasites and microbes since ancient times. Trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis are a concern in many areas of the world, especially in poor countries. Methods:Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Leishmania tarentolae were used to investigate the anti-parasitic effects of dichloromethane extracts of Allium sativum (garlic) and Allium cepa (onion) bulbs. As a confirmation of known antimicrobial activities, they were studied against a selection of G-negative, G-positive bacteria and two fungi. Chemical analyses were performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Results: Chemical analyses confirmed the abundance of several sulfur secondary metabolites in garlic and one (zwiebelane) in the onion extract. Both extracts killed both types of parasites efficiently and inhibited the Trypanosoma brucei trypanothione reductase irreversibly. In addition, garlic extract decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential in trypanosomes. Garlic killed the fungi C. albicans and C. parapsilosis more effectively than the positive control. The combinations of garlic and onion with common trypanocidal and leishmanicidal drugs resulted in a synergistic or additive effect in 50% of cases. Conclusion: The mechanism for biological activity of garlic and onion appears to be related to the amount and the profile of sulfur-containing compounds. It is most likely that vital substances inside the parasitic cell, like trypanothione reductase, are inhibited through disulfide bond formation between SH groups of vital redox compounds and sulfur-containing secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Krstin
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Mansour Sobeh
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Markus Santhosh Braun
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Michael Wink
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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7
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Krstin S, Sobeh M, Braun MS, Wink M. Tulbaghia violacea and Allium ursinum Extracts Exhibit Anti-Parasitic and Antimicrobial Activities. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020313. [PMID: 29393867 PMCID: PMC6017524 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Garlic has played an important role in culinary arts and remedies in the traditional medicine throughout human history. Parasitic infections represent a burden in the society of especially poor countries, causing more than 1 billion infections every year and leading to around one million deaths. In this study, we investigated the mode of anti-parasitic activity of "wild garlics" Tulbaghia violacea and Allium ursinum dichloromethane extracts against parasites Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Leishmania tarentolae with regard to their already known antimicrobial activity. We also evaluated their cytotoxic potential against human cells. Both extracts showed a relevant trypanocidal and leishmanicidal activity, although L. tarentolae was less sensitive. We determined that the probable mode of action of both extracts is the irreversible inhibition of the activity of Trypanosoma brucei trypanothione reductase enzyme. The extracts showed a mild cytotoxic activity against human keratinocytes. They also exhibited weak-in most cases comparable-antibacterial and antifungal activity. HPLC-MS/MS analysis showed that both extracts are abundant in sulfur compounds. Thus, for the first time, the ability of Allium ursinum and Tulbaghia violacea to kill Trypanosoma sp. and Leishmania sp. parasites, probably by binding to and inactivating sulfur-containing compounds essential for the survival of the parasite, is shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Krstin
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Mansour Sobeh
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Markus Santhosh Braun
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Michael Wink
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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8
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D'Auria M, Racioppi R. HS-SPME-GC-MS Analysis of onion (Allium cepa L.) and shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.). FOOD RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.26656/fr.2017.5.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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9
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Analytical methods for bioactive sulfur compounds in Allium: An integrated review and future directions. J Food Compost Anal 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Scheffler L, Sauermann Y, Heinlein A, Sharapa C, Buettner A. Detection of Volatile Metabolites Derived from Garlic (Allium sativum) in Human Urine. Metabolites 2016; 6:E43. [PMID: 27916960 PMCID: PMC5192449 DOI: 10.3390/metabo6040043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolism and excretion of flavor constituents of garlic, a common plant used in flavoring foods and attributed with several health benefits, in humans is not fully understood. Likewise, the physiologically active principles of garlic have not been fully clarified to date. It is possible that not only the parent compounds present in garlic but also its metabolites are responsible for the specific physiological properties of garlic, including its influence on the characteristic body odor signature of humans after garlic consumption. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to investigate potential garlic-derived metabolites in human urine. To this aim, 14 sets of urine samples were obtained from 12 volunteers, whereby each set comprised one sample that was collected prior to consumption of food-relevant concentrations of garlic, followed by five to eight subsequent samples after garlic consumption that covered a time interval of up to 26 h. The samples were analyzed chemo-analytically using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/olfactometry (GC-MS/O), as well as sensorially by a trained human panel. The analyses revealed three different garlic-derived metabolites in urine, namely allyl methyl sulfide (AMS), allyl methyl sulfoxide (AMSO) and allyl methyl sulfone (AMSO₂), confirming our previous findings on human milk metabolite composition. The excretion rates of these metabolites into urine were strongly time-dependent with distinct inter-individual differences. These findings indicate that the volatile odorant fraction of garlic is heavily biotransformed in humans, opening up a window into substance circulation within the human body with potential wider ramifications in view of physiological effects of this aromatic plant that is appreciated by humans in their daily diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Scheffler
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestr. 9, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Yvonne Sauermann
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestr. 9, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Anja Heinlein
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestr. 9, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Constanze Sharapa
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging (IVV), Giggenhauser Str. 35, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Andrea Buettner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestr. 9, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging (IVV), Giggenhauser Str. 35, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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Detection of Volatile Metabolites of Garlic in Human Breast Milk. Metabolites 2016; 6:metabo6020018. [PMID: 27275838 PMCID: PMC4931549 DOI: 10.3390/metabo6020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The odor of human breast milk after ingestion of raw garlic at food-relevant concentrations by breastfeeding mothers was investigated for the first time chemo-analytically using gas chromatography−mass spectrometry/olfactometry (GC-MS/O), as well as sensorially using a trained human sensory panel. Sensory evaluation revealed a clear garlic/cabbage-like odor that appeared in breast milk about 2.5 h after consumption of garlic. GC-MS/O analyses confirmed the occurrence of garlic-derived metabolites in breast milk, namely allyl methyl sulfide (AMS), allyl methyl sulfoxide (AMSO) and allyl methyl sulfone (AMSO2). Of these, only AMS had a garlic-like odor whereas the other two metabolites were odorless. This demonstrates that the odor change in human milk is not related to a direct transfer of garlic odorants, as is currently believed, but rather derives from a single metabolite. The formation of these metabolites is not fully understood, but AMSO and AMSO2 are most likely formed by the oxidation of AMS in the human body. The excretion rates of these metabolites into breast milk were strongly time-dependent with large inter-individual differences.
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12
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An LC-MS/MS-SRM Method for Simultaneous Quantification of Four Representative Organosulfur Compounds in Garlic Products. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0535-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Kim S, Lee S, Shin D, Yoo M. Validation of a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Photo-Diode Array Method for the Temperature Effects on Alk(En)yl Sulfides in Garlic Extracts. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2015.1084317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunyoung Kim
- Food Analysis Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghee Lee
- Food Analysis Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongbin Shin
- Food Analysis Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Miyoung Yoo
- Food Analysis Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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14
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Yoo M, Lee S, Kim S, Hwang JB, Choe J, Shin D. Composition of organosulfur compounds from cool- and warm-type garlic (Allium sativum L.) in Korea. Food Sci Biotechnol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-014-0047-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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15
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Block E. Challenges and Artifact Concerns in Analysis of Volatile Sulfur Compounds. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2011-1068.ch002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Block
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222
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16
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Lanzotti V. The analysis of onion and garlic. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1112:3-22. [PMID: 16388813 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2005] [Revised: 12/01/2005] [Accepted: 12/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Onion (Allium cepa L.) and garlic (Allium sativum L.), among the oldest cultivated plants, are used both as a food and for medicinal applications. In fact, these common food plants are a rich source of several phytonutrients recognized as important elements of the Mediterranean diet, but are also used in the treatment and prevention of a number of diseases, including cancer, coronary heart disease, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes type 2, hypertension, cataract and disturbances of the gastrointestinal tract (e.g. colic pain, flatulent colic and dyspepsia). These activities are related to the thiosulfinates, volatile sulfur compounds, which are also responsible for the pungent of these vegetables. Besides these low-molecular weight compounds, onion and garlic are characterized by more polar compounds of phenolic and steroidal origin, often glycosilated, showing interesting pharmacological properties. These latter compounds, compared to the more studied thiosulfinates, present the advantages to be not pungent and more stable to cooking. Recently, there has been an increasing scientific attention on such compounds. In this paper, the literature about the major volatile and non-volatile phytoconstituents of onion and garlic has been reviewed. Particular attention was given to the different methodology developed to perform chemical analysis, including separation and structural elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Lanzotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Microbiologiche, Università del Molise, Via F. De Sanctis, I-86100 Campobasso, Italy.
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Rybak ME, Calvey EM, Harnly JM. Quantitative determination of allicin in garlic: supercritical fluid extraction and standard addition of alliin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:682-687. [PMID: 14969516 DOI: 10.1021/jf034853x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A quantitative method is described for the determination of allicin (2-propene-1-sulfinothioic acid S-2-propenyl ester) in garlic, using standard additions of alliin (l-(+)-S-allylcysteine sulfoxide) in conjunction with supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and high performance liquid chromatography analysis with UV-vis absorbance detection. Optimum CO(2)-SFE conditions provided 96% recovery for allicin with precision of 3% (RSD) for repeat samples. The incorporation of an internal standard (allyl phenyl sulfone) in the SFE step resulted in a modest improvement in recovery (99%) and precision (2% RSD). Standard additions of alliin were converted to allicin in situ by endogenous alliinase (l-(+)-S-alk(en)ylcysteine sulfoxide lyase, EC 4.4.1.4). Complete conversion of the spiked alliin to allicin was achieved by making additions after homogenization-induced conversion of the naturally occurring cysteine sulfoxides to thiosulfinates had taken place, thus eliminating the likelihood of competing reactions. Concentration values for allicin determined in samples of fresh garlic (Allium sativum L. and Allium ampeloprasum) and commercially available garlic powders (Allium sativum L.) by standard addition of alliin were found in all cases to be in statistical agreement (95% confidence interval) with values determined using a secondary allicin standard (concentration determined using published extinction coefficients). This method provides a convenient alternative for assessing the amount of allicin present in fresh and powdered garlic, as alliin is a far more stable and commercially prevalent compound than allicin and is thus more amenable for use as a standard for routine analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Rybak
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
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Determination of the volatile constituents of ChineseCoriandrum sativum L. by gas chromatography—Mass spectrometry with solid-phase microextraction. Chromatographia 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02492408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Germain E, Auger J, Ginies C, Siess MH, Teyssier C. In vivo metabolism of diallyl disulphide in the rat: identification of two new metabolites. Xenobiotica 2002; 32:1127-38. [PMID: 12593760 DOI: 10.1080/0049825021000017902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
1. Diallyl disulphide (DADS), a compound formed from the organosulphur compounds present in garlic, is known for its anticarcinogenic effects in animal models. 2. The aim was to identify and analyse the metabolites produced in vivo after a single oral administration of 200 mg kg(-1) DADS to rats. The organic sulphur metabolites present in the stomach, liver, plasma and urine were measured by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry over 15 days. 3. Data indicate that DADS is absorbed and transformed into allyl mercaptan, allyl methyl sulphide, allyl methyl sulphoxide (AMSO) and allyl methyl sulphone (AMSO(2)), which are detected throughout the excretion period. Overall, the highest amounts of metabolites were measured 48-72h after the DADS administration. AMSO(2) is the most abundant and persistent of these compounds. The levels of all the sulphur compounds rapidly decline within the first week after administration and disappear during the second week. Only AMSO and AMSO(2) are significantly excreted in urine. 4. These potential metabolites are thought to be active in the target tissues. Our data warrant further studies to check this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Germain
- Unité Mixte de Recherche de Toxicologie Alimentaire, Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, BP 86510, 17 rue Sully, F-21065 Dijon cedex, France
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Cserháti T. Mass spectrometric detection in chromatography. Trends and perspectives. Biomed Chromatogr 2002; 16:303-10. [PMID: 12210503 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The newest results in the use of miscellaneous mass spectrometric detection methods in various chromatographic techniques are compiled and critically evaluated. Examples of application in clinical chemistry, health care, and in the analysis of pharmaceuticals, environmental pollutants, foods and food products are given. The benefits and drawbacks of MS detection are discussed, and future trends are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Cserháti
- Institute of Chemistry, Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, PO Box 17, 1525 Budapest, Hungary
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Mondy N, Duplat D, Christides JP, Arnault I, Auger J. Aroma analysis of fresh and preserved onions and leek by dual solid-phase microextraction-liquid extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2002; 963:89-93. [PMID: 12188005 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The lachrymatory factor (thiopropanal-S-oxide) was directly analysed on fresh onion (Allium cepa) juice by solid-phase microextraction (polyacrylate fibre) using a fast routine GC-MS method on a 10 m x 0.32 mm I.D. (4 microm thick polydimethylsiloxane film) column with splitless mode injection. The identification and quantification of thiosulphinates and zwiebelanes were obtained on the same juice extracted by diethyl ether after 80 min maceration using the same GC-MS method. Selected ion recording enhanced the differentiation possibilities and the detection limits. This dual method was used to evaluate flavour differences between onion and shallot varieties as it provides accurate profiles of all initially formed compounds. Moreover, this method allowed us to compare qualitatively and quantitatively transformed products: frozen, freeze-dried powders and sterilised products. Excepting the lachrymatory factor, frozen onion compounds were similar compared to those of fresh onion sample. Conversely, the other transformed samples have lost most of the initially formed compounds and produced mainly di- and trisulphides corresponding to the degradation of thiosulphinates and zwiebelanes. These dramatic changes can explain the very different flavours of these manufactured products compared to fresh material.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mondy
- University Francois Rabelais, Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 6035, Tours, France
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Current awareness in phytochemical analysis. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2002; 13:55-62. [PMID: 11899608 DOI: 10.1002/pca.617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2002; 37:119-132. [PMID: 11813320 DOI: 10.1002/jms.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Current awareness in flavour and fragrance. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.1082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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