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Liquid-Chromatographic Methods for Carboxylic Acids in Biological Samples. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25214883. [PMID: 33105855 PMCID: PMC7660098 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25214883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Carboxyl-bearing low-molecular-weight compounds such as keto acids, fatty acids, and other organic acids are involved in a myriad of metabolic pathways owing to their high polarity and solubility in biological fluids. Various disease areas such as cancer, myeloid leukemia, heart disease, liver disease, and lifestyle diseases (obesity and diabetes) were found to be related to certain metabolic pathways and changes in the concentrations of the compounds involved in those pathways. Therefore, the quantification of such compounds provides useful information pertaining to diagnosis, pathological conditions, and disease mechanisms, spurring the development of numerous analytical methods for this purpose. This review article addresses analytical methods for the quantification of carboxylic acids, which were classified into fatty acids, tricarboxylic acid cycle and glycolysis-related compounds, amino acid metabolites, perfluorinated carboxylic acids, α-keto acids and their metabolites, thiazole-containing carboxylic acids, and miscellaneous, in biological samples from 2000 to date. Methods involving liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet, fluorescence, mass spectrometry, and electrochemical detection were summarized.
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Sun Y, Zhang X, Ji Z, Song C, Sun Z, You J. Determination of Free Fatty Acids of Chinese Coriandrum sativum L. Using Benzimidazo[2,1-b]quinazolin-12(6H)-one-5-ethyl-p-toluenesulfonate as Precolumn Labeling Reagent by LC with Fluorescence Detection. Chromatographia 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3071-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chen G, Wang C, You J, Song C, Sun Z, Li G, Kang L. NOVEL REAGENT FOR THE SENSITIVE DETERMINATION OF FREE FATTY ACIDS BY HPLC WITH FLUORESCENCE DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION WITH MASS SPECTROMETRY AND APPLICATION TO SEVERAL MEDICINAL HERBS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2012.712934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guang Chen
- a Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xining , People's Republic of China
- b Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , People's Republic of China
- c The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis , Qufu Normal University , Qufu Shandong , China
- d Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine , Qufu Normal University , Qufu Shandong , China
| | - Chengyan Wang
- c The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis , Qufu Normal University , Qufu Shandong , China
| | - Jinmao You
- a Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xining , People's Republic of China
- c The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis , Qufu Normal University , Qufu Shandong , China
- d Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine , Qufu Normal University , Qufu Shandong , China
| | - Cuihua Song
- c The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis , Qufu Normal University , Qufu Shandong , China
- d Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine , Qufu Normal University , Qufu Shandong , China
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- c The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis , Qufu Normal University , Qufu Shandong , China
- d Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine , Qufu Normal University , Qufu Shandong , China
| | - Guoliang Li
- b Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , People's Republic of China
- c The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis , Qufu Normal University , Qufu Shandong , China
| | - Li Kang
- b Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , People's Republic of China
- c The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis , Qufu Normal University , Qufu Shandong , China
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A Novel Labeling Reagent of 2-(12-Benzo[b]acridin-5-(12H)-yl)-acetohydrazide for Determination of Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Traditional Chinese Herbs by HPLC-APCI-MS. Chromatographia 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-012-2226-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Xia L, Song C, Sun Z, Li G, Suo Y, You J. Determination of Free Fatty Acids in Tibet Folk Medicine Potentilla anserina L. Using a New Labeling Reagent by LC with Fluorescence Detection and Identification with Online Atmospheric Chemical Ionization-MS Identification. Chromatographia 2010. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-010-1523-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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6
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Suo Y, Wang L. Extraction of
Nitraria tangutorum
seed lipid using different extraction methods and analysis of its fatty acids by HPLC fluorescence detection and on‐line MS identification. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200900062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yourui Suo
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, P. R. China
| | - Lingyun Wang
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, P. R. China
- Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
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Extraction of Microula sikkimensis seed oil and simultaneous analysis of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids by fluorescence detection with reversed-phase HPLC. J Food Compost Anal 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2009.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Chung TC, Su WP, Kou HS, Lin YT, Hung MY, Wu HL. A non-fluorescent derivative from derivatizing trans, trans-muconic acid with 2-(2-naphthoxy)ethyl-2-(piperidino)ethanesulfonate. J Fluoresc 2009; 20:421-4. [PMID: 19856084 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-009-0560-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
trans, trans-Muconic acid (MA) is a polar metabolite of benzene and used as a biomarker for monitoring human exposure to benzene. Because MA is a trace metabolite, sensitive method is required for its detection. In addition, MA is a highly polar compound with dicarboxyl functions that could incur unfavorable adsorption on silica-based stationary phase usually used for separation. To address these problems, we planned to derivatize MA with a fluorescent reagent 2-(2-naphthoxy)ethyl-2-(piperidino)ethanesulfonate to give a naphthoxy derivative of MA for improving detection sensitivity and chromatographic properties. Surprisingly, the resulting derivative shows no fluorescent activity (lambda(ex): 226 nm; lambda(em): 350 nm). The negative results could be used as an instructive example for discussing on fluorescence quenching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tang-Chia Chung
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collage of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
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Chung TC, Chao MC, Wu HL. A sensitive liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of isovaleric and valeric acids in urine as fluorescent derivatives. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1156:259-63. [PMID: 17374376 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2006] [Revised: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 03/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive isocratic liquid chromatographic method was developed for the analysis of isovaleric and valeric acids in human urine as biomarkers in metabolic acidosis. The method is based on the derivatization of isovaleric and valeric acids with a fluorescent reagent 2-(2-naphthoxy)ethyl-2-(piperidino)ethanesulfonate for labeling the analytes with the naphthoxy fluorophore. The resulting fluorescent derivatives of isovaleric and valeric acids were separated on a phenyl-hexyl column, using a mixed solvent of methanol-water-tetrahydrofuran (55:31:14, v/v) as the mobile phase. The separated derivatives were monitored with a fluorimetric detector (excitation at 225 nm and emission at 360 nm). The linear range of the method for the determination of isovaleric acid or valeric acid derivative was over 0.2 approximately 8.0 microM. The detection limit (signal to noise ratio=3 with 10 microl injected) of isovaleric acid or valeric acid was about 0.04 microM. Application of the method to the analysis of isovaleric acid in the urine of a patient with isovaleric acidemia proved feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tang-Chia Chung
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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Zhao X, Wang H, You J, Suo Y. Determination of Free Fatty Acids in Bryophyte Plants and Soil by HPLC with Fluorescence Detection and Identification by Online MS. Chromatographia 2007. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-007-0271-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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11
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Suo Y, Zhao X, You J, Wang H, Li Y, Ding, C, Liu Y. Determination of Free Fatty Acids in Soil and Bryophyte Plants by Precolumn Derivatization via HPLC with Fluorescence Detection and Tandem Mass Spectrometry (HPLC‐MS/MS). J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070701360673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yourui Suo
- a Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xining, P. R. China
| | - Xianen Zhao
- a Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xining, P. R. China
| | - Jinmao You
- a Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xining, P. R. China
| | - Honglun Wang
- a Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xining, P. R. China
| | - Yulin Li
- a Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xining, P. R. China
| | - Chenxu Ding,
- a Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xining, P. R. China
| | - Yongjun Liu
- a Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xining, P. R. China
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You J, Zhao X, Suo Y, Li Y, Wang H, Chen G. Determination of long-chain fatty acids in bryophyte plants extracts by HPLC with fluorescence detection and identification with MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 848:283-91. [PMID: 17097358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2006] [Revised: 09/25/2006] [Accepted: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive method for the determination of long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) (>C20) using 1-[2-(p-toluenesulfonate)-ethyl]-2-phenylimidazole-[4,5-f]-9,10-phenanthrene (TSPP) as tagging reagent with fluorescence detection and identification with post-column APCI/MS has been developed. The LCFAs in bryophyte plant samples were obtained based on distillation extraction with 1:1 (v/v) chloroform/methanol as extracting solvent. TSPP could easily and quickly label LCFAs at 90 degrees C in the presence of K2CO3 catalyst in DMF. Eleven free LCFAs from the extracts of bryophyte plants were sensitively determined. Maximal labeling yields close to 100% were observed with a five-fold excess of molar reagent. Separation of the derivatized fatty acids exhibited a good baseline resolution in combination with a gradient elution on a reversed-phase Eclipse XDB-C8 column. Calculated detection limits from 1.0 pmol injection, at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3, were 26.19-76.67 fmol. Excellent linear responses were observed with coefficients of >0.9996. Good compositional data were obtained from the analysis of the extracted LCFAs containing as little as 0.2g of bryophyte plant samples. Therefore, the facile TSPP derivatization coupled with HPLC/APCI/MS analysis allowed the development of a highly sensitive method for the quantitation of trace levels of LCFAs from biological and natural environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmao You
- Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810001, PR China.
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Determination of Free Fatty Acids by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection and Identification with Mass Spectrometry. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(07)60045-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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You J, Zhu F, Zhao W, Zhao X, Suo Y, Liu S. Analysis of saturated free fatty acids from pollen by HPLC with fluorescence detection. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200600224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinmao You
- College of Chemistry Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, P.R. China
- Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, P.R. China
| | - Fang Zhu
- College of Chemistry Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, P.R. China
| | - Wenchen Zhao
- College of Chemistry Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, P.R. China
| | - Xian'en Zhao
- Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, P.R. China
| | - Yourui Suo
- Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, P.R. China
| | - Sujuan Liu
- College of Chemistry Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, P.R. China
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Sun J, Chen G, Zhao X, Xu W, Zhou G, Han Y, You J. Determination of 30 Free Fatty Acids in Two Famous Tibetan Medicines by HPLC with Fluorescence Detection and Mass Spectrometric Identification. Chromatographia 2007. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-007-0171-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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16
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Lin MC, Wu HL, Kou HS, Wu SM. Simple fluorimetric liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of undecylenic acid and zinc undecylenate in pharmaceutical preparations. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1119:264-9. [PMID: 16297927 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2005] [Revised: 10/13/2005] [Accepted: 10/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A simple and selective liquid chromatographic method is described for the analysis of undecylenic acid (UA) and zinc undecylenate (ZnUA) in pharmaceutical preparations. The method is based on the derivatization of the analytes extracted from various samples with 2-(2-naphthoxy)ethyl 2-(piperidino)ethanesulfonate. The resulting derivative was analyzed by liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection. The quantitation of the method is in the range of 3.0-50.0 microM UA with a detection limit of about 0.3 microM (S/N = 3 with 10 microl injection). We found that acetonitrile is a selective solvent for differentially dissolving UA from coexisted ZnUA in compound formulation. This results in the specific analysis of UA in the presence of ZnUA and simply analyzing the coexisted ZnUA by the value of total UA (UA+ZnUA) minus that of UA. Application of the method to the analysis of undecylenic acid and zinc undecylenate in ointment, powder and solution preparations proved feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chun Lin
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
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18
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Simple and sensitive fluorimetric liquid chromatography for simultaneous analysis of chenodiol and ursodiol in pharmaceutical formulations. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(03)00871-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Rezanka T, Votruba J. Chromatography of very long-chain fatty acids from animal and plant kingdoms. Anal Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)00011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Simple derivatization method for sensitive determination of fatty acids with fluorescence detection by high-performance liquid chromatography using 9-(2-hydroxyethyl)-carbazole as derivatization reagent. Anal Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)00897-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Lu CY, Wu HL, Chen SH, Kou HS. Highly sensitive determination of long-chain free fatty acids by fluorogenic derivatization and liquid chromatography. Chromatographia 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02490337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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