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Llorens E, Ginebreda A, la Farré M, Insa S, González-Trujillo JD, Munné A, Solà C, Flò M, Villagrasa M, Barceló D, Sabater S. Occurrence of regulated pollutants in populated Mediterranean basins: Ecotoxicological risk and effects on biological quality. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 747:141224. [PMID: 32771786 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chemical stressors co-occur in mixtures into watercourses and this complicates predicting their effects on their ecological status. Our knowledge of river basin specific pollutants (RBSPs) is still limited, but it remains necessary to ensure the good chemical and ecological status. We performed an exercise on Mediterranean river sites exposed to urban and industrial pressures in order to, i) prioritize the occurring chemicals, ii) assessing the site's specific chemical risk (RQsite), and iii) relating the chemical risk to the biological quality, using as evidences invertebrates and diatom indices. Mediterranean rivers suffer from strong pressures which lead to a poor dilution ability, which makes the inhabiting biota highly vulnerable. The most frequent pollutants in the 89 sites surveyed included pharmaceutical products such as the antibiotics azithromycin, clarithromycin, and erythromycin, and the anti-inflammatory diclofenac, and products of industrial origin such as perfluorinated PFOS, nickel, and nonylphenol. Both the diatom index IPS and the macroinvertebrate index IBMWP hold strong negative correlations to RQsite, indicating a significant contribution of chemicals to biological impairment. Chemical contaminants (but not nutrients or dissolved organic carbon) were associated with significant changes to the taxonomic composition of invertebrate communities, but not to that of diatom communities. Our analyses indeed reveal that the impact of co-occurring chemicals translates onto negative effects in the biological quality. Our approach may be of use to evidence impacts on water resources and water quality in rivers under strong human pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Llorens
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Antoni Ginebreda
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marinel la Farré
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Insa
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Juan David González-Trujillo
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Antoni Munné
- Catalan Water Agency, Provença 260, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolina Solà
- Catalan Water Agency, Provença 260, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mònica Flò
- Catalan Water Agency, Provença 260, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Villagrasa
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Sabater
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain.
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Saleh SM, Alminderej FM, Ali R, Abdallah OI. Optical sensor film for metribuzin pesticide detection. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 229:117971. [PMID: 31954291 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a new ratiometric and colorimetric optical sensor film for detection one of the most prevalent pesticide metribuzin. The detection proceeds within the low concentration range between 0 and 1.5 μM. The optical film is based on (a) near infrared (NIR) dye 2-[2-[2-Chloro-3-[2-[1,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-1-(4-sulfobutyl)-2H-indol-2-ylidene]-ethylidene]-1-cyclopen-ten-1-yl]-eth-enyl]-3,3-di-methyl-1-(4-sulfobutyl)-3H-indolium hydroxide and (b) upconverting nanoparticles UCNPs of the NaYF4:Yb,Er type (diameter ~40-100 nm) that can be emitted a dual (green and red) emission under 980 nm laser diode excitation. Commercially available polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was utilized as a homogeneous matrix for immobilizing NIR dye and UCNPs. The color of the NIR dye in the PVC matrix is based on the concentration of the metribuzin. When the sensor film is exposed to metribuzin the color changes from green to blue with a significant blue shift in the absorption peak (656 nm) of the NIR dye. Furthermore, the quenching of the red emission (659 nm) of the UCNPs is proceeded due to an inner filter effect. Thus, increasing the metribuzin concentration causes the red emission of UCNPs to be reduced. Conversely, the green emission (545 nm) of the UCNPs persists uninfluenced by metribuzin and can act as a reference signal. This optical sensor film provides great sensitivity based on their unique luminescence properties of UCNPs and recognition abilities within a very low detection limit for the metribuzin LOD 6.8 × 10-8 M with a linear range of 0.23 to 1.5 μM and a relative standard deviation RSDr (1%, n = 3). The novel optical sensor was applied to the detection of metribuzin in real water samples (surface and ground waters). The sensor film exhibits great selectivity in presence of different types of ions and pesticide molecules. But, atrazine pesticide interferes the analytical signal of the sensor film due to the presence of reactive amino groups in its structure. Memorably, we report the first optical chemical sensor film based on polymer film for metribuzin detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed M Saleh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia; Chemistry Branch, Department of Science and Mathematics, Faculty of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, Suez University, 43721 Suez, Egypt.
| | - Fahad M Alminderej
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reham Ali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Suez University, 43518 Suez, Egypt
| | - Osama I Abdallah
- Pesticide Residues and Environmental Pollution Department, Central Agricultural Pesticide Laboratory, Agriculture Research Center, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
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Tasca AL, Puccini M, Fletcher A. Terbuthylazine and desethylterbuthylazine: Recent occurrence, mobility and removal techniques. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 202:94-104. [PMID: 29554512 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The herbicide terbuthylazine (TBA) has displaced atrazine in most of EU countries, becoming one of the most regularly used pesticides and, therefore, frequently detected in natural waters. The affinity of TBA for soil organic matter suggests prolonged contamination; degradation leads to the release of the metabolite desethylterbuthylazine (DET), which has higher water solubility and binds more weakly to organic matter compared to the parent compound, resulting in higher associated risk for contamination of groundwater resources. Additionally, TBA and DET are chemicals of emerging concern because of their persistence and toxicity towards aquatic organisms; moreover, they are known to have significant endocrine disruption capacity to wildlife and humans. Conventional treatments applied during drinking water production do not lead to the complete removal of these chemicals; activated carbon provides the greatest efficiency, whereas ozonation can generate by-products with comparable oestrogenic activity to atrazine. Hydrogen peroxide alone is ineffective to degrade TBA, while UV/H2O2 advanced oxidation and photocatalysis are the most effective processes for oxidation of TBA. It has been determined that direct photolysis gives the highest degradation efficiency of all UV/H2O2 treatments, while most of the photocatalytic degradation is attributed to OH radicals, and TiO2 solar-photocatalytic ozonation can lead to almost complete TBA removal in ∼30 min. Constructed wetlands provide a valuable buffer capacity, protecting downstream surface waters from contaminated runoff. TBA and DET occurrence are summarized and removal techniques are critically evaluated and compared, to provide the reader with a comprehensive guide to state-of-the-art TBA removal and potential future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Luca Tasca
- Civil and Industrial Engineering Department, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Monica Puccini
- Civil and Industrial Engineering Department, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ashleigh Fletcher
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XJ, UK
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Cruzeiro C, Rocha E, Pardal MÂ, Rocha MJ. Environmental assessment of pesticides in the Mondego River Estuary (Portugal). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 103:240-246. [PMID: 26763320 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The Mondego River estuary, located on the North Atlantic Ocean Ecoregion, is a basin affected by agricultural run-off with increasing signs of eutrophication. We evaluated the amounts and distribution of 56 priority pesticides belonging to distinct categories (insecticides, herbicides and fungicides). Temporal trends were considered and a total of 42 surface water samples were collected between 2010 and 2011. More than 55% of the GC-MS/MS-quantified pesticides were above the maximum amounts established by the European Directives (98/83/EC and 2013/39/EU). Based on the concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) models, we used a two-tiered approach to assess the hazard of the pesticide mixture, at the maximum concentration found, reflecting a potential risk. Short-term exposure using Artemia salina indicated a significant toxic effect where the locomotion of the animals was clearly affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Cruzeiro
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, Group of Histomorphology, Pathophysiology and Applied Toxicology, U.Porto - University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, P 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, Department of Microscopy, U.Porto - University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Eduardo Rocha
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, Group of Histomorphology, Pathophysiology and Applied Toxicology, U.Porto - University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, P 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, Department of Microscopy, U.Porto - University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Miguel Ângelo Pardal
- CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, UC - University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, P 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Maria João Rocha
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, Group of Histomorphology, Pathophysiology and Applied Toxicology, U.Porto - University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, P 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, Department of Microscopy, U.Porto - University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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5
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Zhang L, Li B, Meng X, Huang L, Wang D. Degradation of four organophosphorous pesticides catalyzed by chitosan-metal coordination complexes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:15104-15112. [PMID: 26003089 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4669-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Three types of chitosan with high (3.40 × 10(6)), medium (2.11 × 10(5)), and low (5.89 × 10(4)) molecular weights were chosen as ligands to synthesize chitosan magnesium, calcium, iron(III), and zinc coordination complexes. Degradation of four organophosphorous pesticides (dichlorvos, omethoate, dimethoate, and chlorpyrifos) by the above complexes in a heterogeneous system was studied using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and gas chromatography (GC). The degradation effect is related to the different types of chitosan, metal, and organophosphorus pesticides (OPs). Complexes of transition metals and the low molecular weight chitosan showed high hydrolytic activity. The chitosan-iron(III) complex was further used to study its catalytic kinetics on the hydrolysis of OPs. At pH 7.0 and 20 °C, the half-life of dichlorvos hydrolyzed by chitosan iron(III) was 52 h, whereas that of spontaneous dichlorvos hydrolysis was 105 h. The degradation ratio of omethoate and dimethoate increased to 38 and 52 %, respectively, which were 34 and 48 % higher than the control after 6 days at pH 7.0 and 20 °C. For all tested conditions, an increase of pH and temperature resulted in a higher degradation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Bo Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xianghong Meng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Lin Huang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Dongfeng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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Azab HA, Khairy GM, Kamel RM. Time-resolved fluorescence sensing of pesticides chlorpyrifos, crotoxyphos and endosulfan by the luminescent Eu(III)-8-allyl-3-carboxycoumarin probe. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 148:114-124. [PMID: 25875033 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.03.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This work describes the application of time resolved fluorescence in microtiter plates for investigating the interactions of europium-allyl-3-carboxycoumarin with pesticides chlorpyrifos, endosulfan and crotoxyphos. Stern-Volmer studies at different temperatures for chlorpyrifos and crotoxyphos shows dynamic and static quenching mechanisms respectively. Direct methods for the determination of the pesticides under investigation have been developed using the luminescence variations of the probe in solution. The detection limits are 6.53, 0.004, 3.72 μmol/L for chlorpyrifos, endosulfan, and crotoxyphos, respectively. The binding constants and thermodynamic parameters of the pesticides with probe were evaluated. A thermodynamic analysis showed that the reaction is spontaneous with negative ΔG. Effect of some relevant interferents on the detection of pesticides has been investigated. The new method was applied to the determination of the pesticides in different types of water samples (tap, mineral, and waste water).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan A Azab
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, 41522 Ismailia, Egypt.
| | - Gasser M Khairy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, 41522 Ismailia, Egypt; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Arts, Aljouf University, P.O. Box #2014, Skaka 41421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rasha M Kamel
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Suez University, Suez, Egypt
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Zhang Z, Yu Q, Li H, Mustapha A, Lin M. Standing Gold Nanorod Arrays as Reproducible SERS Substrates for Measurement of Pesticides in Apple Juice and Vegetables. J Food Sci 2015; 80:N450-8. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Zhang
- Food Science Program; Div. of Food Systems & Bioengineering; Univ. of Missouri; Columbia MO 6521-5160 U.S.A
| | - Qingsong Yu
- Dept. of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering; Univ. of Missouri; Columbia MO 65211-5160 U.S.A
| | - Hao Li
- Dept. of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering; Univ. of Missouri; Columbia MO 65211-5160 U.S.A
| | - Azlin Mustapha
- Food Science Program; Div. of Food Systems & Bioengineering; Univ. of Missouri; Columbia MO 6521-5160 U.S.A
| | - Mengshi Lin
- Food Science Program; Div. of Food Systems & Bioengineering; Univ. of Missouri; Columbia MO 6521-5160 U.S.A
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Lucci P, Núñez O. On-line solid-phase extraction for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of pesticides. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:2929-39. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Lucci
- Department of Nutrition and Biochemistry; Faculty of Sciences; Pontificia Universidad Javeriana; Bogotà Colombia
| | - Oscar Núñez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
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Kalogridi EC, Christophoridis C, Bizani E, Drimaropoulou G, Fytianos K. Part I: temporal and spatial distribution of multiclass pesticide residues in lake waters of Northern Greece: application of an optimized SPE-UPLC-MS/MS pretreatment and analytical method. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:7239-7251. [PMID: 24696214 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2793-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The present work describes the application of an analytical procedure, utilizing ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with mass spectrometry instrumentation, for the determination of 253 multiclass pesticides, classified in six different groups. Solid phase extraction was applied for the isolation and pre-concentration of target compounds in water samples. Surface waters of the lakes located in Northern Greece (Volvi, Doirani, and Kerkini), were collected in two time periods (fall/winter 2010 and spring/summer 2011) and analyzed, applying the developed analytical methods. Spatial distribution of detected pesticides was visualized using interpolation methods and geographical information systems (GIS). Pesticides with maximum concentrations were amitrole, propoxur, simazine, chlorpyrifos, carbendazim, triazophos, disulfoton-sulfone, pyridaben, sebuthylazine, terbuthylazine, atrazine, atrazine-desethyl, bensulfuron-methyl, metobromuron, metribuzin, rotenone, pyriproxyfen, and rimsulfuron. In Lake Kerkini, mainly carbamates and triazines were determined at elevated concentrations, near the coastal point of the NW side of the lake. Seasonal variations were strong among the applied pesticide classes and determined concentrations, indicating the contribution of pesticide application patterns and rainfall. Lake Doirani exhibited organophosphate pesticides at higher concentrations mainly at coastal points, while triazines emerged as the main pollutant during spring sampling. Lake Volvi exhibited the highest pesticide concentrations, mostly triazines and ureas at the central part of the lake. The occurrence of extreme values and nonconstant seasonal variations indicated that the concentrations were increased disproportionately during the second sampling, as a result of the varying contribution of pollution sources right after the application period. In all cases, the total concentration of pesticides increased during the second sampling period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni-Chrysoula Kalogridi
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Akdogan A, Divrikli U, Elci L. Determination of Triazine Herbicides and Metabolites by Solid Phase Extraction with HPLC Analysis. ANAL LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2013.800542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Azab HA, Duerkop A, Saad EM, Awad FK, Abd El Aal RM, Kamel RM. A novel luminescent terbium-3-carboxycoumarin probe for time-resolved fluorescence sensing of pesticides methomyl, aldicarb and prometryne. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2012; 97:915-922. [PMID: 22906968 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2012.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 06/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/22/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The luminescence arising from lanthanide cations offers several advantages over organic fluorescent molecules: sharp, distinctive emission bands allow for easy resolution between multiple lanthanide signals; long emission lifetimes (μs-ms) make them excellent candidates for time-resolved measurements; and high resistance to photo bleaching allow for long or repeated experiments. A time-resolved (gated) luminescence-based method for determination of pesticides methomyl, aldicarb and prometryne in microtiterplate format using the long-lived terbium-3-carboxycoumarin in 1:3 metal:ligand ratio has been developed. The limit of detection is 1.20×10(6), 5.19×10(5) and 2.74×10(6)ng L(-1) for methomyl, prometryne and aldicarb, respectively. The quantum yield (QY=0.08) of Tb(III)-3-carboxycoumarin was determined using 3-(2-benzothiazolyl)-7-diethylamino-coumarin (coumarin 6). Stern-volmer studies at different temperatures indicate that collisional quenching dominates for methomyl, aldicarb and prometryne. Binding constants were determined at 303, 308 and 313 K by using Lineweaver-Burk equation. A thermodynamic analysis showed that the reaction is spontaneous with negative ΔG. Effect of some relevant interferents on the detection of pesticides has been investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan A Azab
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.
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Hollosi L, Mittendorf K, Senyuva HZ. Coupled Turbulent Flow Chromatography: LC–MS/MS Method for the Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Grapes, Baby Food and Wheat Flour Matrices. Chromatographia 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-012-2329-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Rapid narrow band elution for on-line SPE using a novel solvent plug injection technique. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:433-45. [PMID: 22669308 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6138-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Determination of trace constituents in biological and environmental samples usually requires a pre-concentration step. While solid-phase extraction (SPE) has been widely used, it is slow, labor intensive and adversely affected by analytical errors from handling. On-line SPE eliminates some of the flaws but often suffers from solvent compatibility problems with the subsequent chromatography separation. In this study, we are presenting a technical solution for overcoming some of these compatibility issues, by utilizing a fully automated, focused SPE sample transfer technique utilizing narrow-band solvent plugs, for seamless hyphenation with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or flow injection mass spectrometry (MS). A wide range of pharmaceutical compounds was studied in different sample matrices. Short plugs of high elution strength solvent were generated by means of an electrically actuated sample loop and enrichment and transfer steps monitored using on-line SPE-MS. The impact of the solvent plugs on chromatographic separation was studied using hyphenated SPE-LC-MS. By carefully examining elution profiles of solvent plugs of different compositions, optimum conditions for quantitative elution within well-defined volumes were found for all substances. In addition, the highly focused elution bands resulted in excellent retention time and peak area reproducibilities when injected on-line onto HPLC columns. Finally, to demonstrate proof-of-principle, the fully integrated on-line SPE-LC-MS system was applied to the analysis of spiked urine and river water samples.
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14
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Evaluation and single laboratory validation of an on-line turbulent flow extraction tandem mass spectrometry method for melamine in infant formula. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:4284-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Dujaković N, Grujić S, Radišić M, Vasiljević T, Laušević M. Determination of pesticides in surface and ground waters by liquid chromatography–electrospray–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 678:63-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 07/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Garcia-Ac A, Segura PA, Viglino L, Fürtös A, Gagnon C, Prévost M, Sauvé S. On-line solid-phase extraction of large-volume injections coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the quantitation and confirmation of 14 selected trace organic contaminants in drinking and surface water. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:8518-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Revised: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Rodríguez Robledo V, Smyth WF. The application of CE-MS in the trace analysis of environmental pollutants and food contaminants. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1647-60. [PMID: 19378285 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this review, selected applications of CE-MS in recent years have been highlighted for the separation, detection and determination of environmental pollutants and food contaminants in selected samples. Trace analysis by CE-MS of analytes such as low molecular mass amines, nitroaromatics, alkylphosphonic acids, azo dyes, antidepressants, and antibiotic drugs, among others, in air, sediment and water samples have been reviewed. The CE-MS analysis of pesticides such as triazolopyrimidine sulphoanilides, different types of antibiotics (sulphonamides, beta-lactones, quinolones and tetracyclines) and other exogenous compounds such as acrylamide and toxic oligopeptides in food samples has also been reviewed. The review gives details on the fragmentations, where available, that the ionic species exhibit in-source and in ion trap, triple quadrupole and ToF MS analysers. A critical evaluation is also given of these recent CE-MS analytical methods for the separation, detection and determination of trace levels of such pollutants and contaminants with analytical information on the treatment of the samples, CE separation conditions, linearity ranges, LODs and recoveries from the different matrices presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Rodríguez Robledo
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Cuidad Real, Spain
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ZHOU Q, PANG L, XIE G, XIAO J, BAI H. Determination of Atrazine and Simazine in Environmental Water Samples by Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction with High Performance Liquid Chromatography. ANAL SCI 2009; 25:73-6. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.25.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingxiang ZHOU
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Henan Normal University, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huaihe River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education
| | - Long PANG
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Henan Normal University, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huaihe River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education
| | - Guohong XIE
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Institute of Science and Technology
| | - Junping XIAO
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing
| | - Huahua BAI
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Henan Normal University, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huaihe River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education
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Itoh N, Kinumi T, Inagaki S, Yarita T. Fragmentation of a non-ester pyrethroid insecticide by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2009; 15:45-56. [PMID: 19174593 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We elucidated the mechanism of fragmentation of ethophenprox (Mw = 376), a non-ester pyrethroid insecticide, in the presence of a proton, by using tandem mass spectrometry in combination with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization technique in positive-ion mode. When methanol or acetonitrile was used as a solvent, no protonated ethophenprox ion was observed in the mass spectra even at low cone voltage (10 V), at which solvent cluster ions can exist. Instead of the protonated ion, an unexpected m/z 359 ion was strongly observed under all conditions examined. The product ion spectrum of the m/z 359 ion obtained under low collision energy (20 eV) showed that this ion can be formed through structural rearrangement involving water loss mainly via the six-centered pathway in this system, although two pathways (five-centered and six-centered) to form the m/z 359 ion are suggested in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyasu Itoh
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1, Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8563, Japan.
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Particle packed columns and monolithic columns in high-performance liquid chromatography-comparison and critical appraisal. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1184:393-415. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Revised: 11/28/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Nevado JJB, Cabanillas CG, Llerena MJV, Robledo VR. Sensitive SPE GC-MS-SIM screening of endocrine-disrupting herbicides and related degradation products in natural surface waters and robustness study. Microchem J 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2007.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Wu N, Thompson R. Fast and Efficient Separations Using Reversed Phase Liquid Chromatography. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070600574903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naijun Wu
- a Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Analytical Research , Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Richard Thompson
- a Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Analytical Research , Rahway, New Jersey, USA
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Alder L, Greulich K, Kempe G, Vieth B. Residue analysis of 500 high priority pesticides: better by GC-MS or LC-MS/MS? MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2006; 25:838-65. [PMID: 16755599 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This overview evaluates the capabilities of mass spectrometry (MS) in combination with gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) for the determination of a multitude of pesticides. The selection of pesticides for this assessment is based on the status of production, the existence of regulations on maximum residue levels in food, and the frequency of residue detection. GC-MS with electron impact (EI) ionization and the combination of LC with tandem mass spectrometers (LC-MS/MS) using electrospray ionization (ESI) are identified as techniques most often applied in multi-residue methods for pesticides at present. Therefore, applicability and sensitivity obtained with GC-EI-MS and LC-ESI-MS/MS is individually compared for each of the selected pesticides. Only for one substance class only, the organochlorine pesticides, GC-MS achieves better performance. For all other classes of pesticides, the assessment shows a wider scope and better sensitivity if detection is based on LC-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Alder
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Residue Analysis Unit, Thielallee 88-92, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Li Y, George JE, McCarty CL, Wendelken SC. Compliance analysis of phenylurea and related compounds in drinking water by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry coupled with solid-phase extraction. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1134:170-6. [PMID: 16997312 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.08.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2006] [Revised: 08/24/2006] [Accepted: 08/30/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry method was reported for the compliance analysis of seven phenylurea compounds and two related herbicides (tebuthiuron and propanil) in drinking water. The volumes of the sample and final extract used in the method were 500 mL and 10 mL, respectively. The obtained method detection limits were less than 0.03 microg/L, and the mean recoveries were 74-128% with a relative standard deviation of 2.6-8.3% for all the studied compounds. The peak-to-peak signal-to-noise ratios ranged from 3.3 for cis-siduron to 34.2 for fluometuron. The accuracy and precision resulting from reagent and drinking water samples fortified at higher concentration levels were similar to these results. Several analytes were detected in the drinking water samples, including tebuthiuron at 0.5 microg/L, propanil at 0.7 microg/L, diuron at 0.1-2.1 microg/L, and linuron at 0.1-0.8 microg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongtao Li
- Underwriters Laboratories Inc., South Bend, IN 46617, USA.
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Liesener A, Karst U. Turbulent flow chromatography for the reduction of matrix effects in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry-based enzyme assays. J Sep Sci 2005; 28:1658-65. [PMID: 16224959 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Turbulent flow chromatography (TFC) is presented as a means to reduce ion suppression in simultaneous multianalyte mass spectrometric bioassays. In this study, the effects of enzymes present in the sample on the signal response of five analytes were simultaneously investigated over a protein content range from 0 to 38 microg/mL by means of direct flow injection MS. As model enzymes, trypsin, thrombin, and chymotrypsin were selected. Without employment of TFC, both signal suppression and signal enhancement, depending on the nature of the analyte and the amount of matrix in the sample, were observed. Generally, these matrix effects were found to be intolerably large. The deviation from the mean signal response as a measure of deterioration was found to be between 14 and 112%. The addition of an excess of methanol as means of sample clean-up was investigated and found not to be sufficient. By employing TFC for online sample preparation, it was possible to reduce the matrix effecTs to a minimum for all model systems investigated. In case of trypsin the distortion could be lowered from 41.9 to 2.6%. Thus, TFC is considered to be a highly valuable tool for improving the sensitivity and reliability in the monitoring of enzymatic conversions by means of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Liesener
- Chemical Analysis Group and MESA Research Institute, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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Chassaing C, Stafford H, Luckwell J, Wright A, Edgington A. A Parallel Micro Turbulent Flow Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for the Analysis of a Pharmaceutical Compound in Plasma. Chromatographia 2005. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-005-0562-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Kammerer B, Kahlich R, Ufer M, Laufer S, Gleiter CH. Achiral–chiral LC/LC–MS/MS coupling for determination of chiral discrimination effects in phenprocoumon metabolism. Anal Biochem 2005; 339:297-309. [PMID: 15797571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Many physiological processes show a high degree of stereoselectivity, including the metabolism of xenobiotics as catalyzed by cytochrome P450 enzymes. An analysis of these chiral discrimination effects in drug metabolism is essential for an in-depth understanding of metabolic pathways that differ between enantiomers of a given chiral drug or metabolite thereof. Achiral chromatographic separation and structural identification followed by chiral analysis of metabolites from blood specimens usually requires a time-consuming multistage analytical technique. In an effort to optimize such a complicated analytical scheme, a novel two-dimensional online achiral-chiral liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/LC-MS/MS) coupling method was developed by using a peak parking technique in combination with a makeup flow system. Metabolites were separated in the first dimension using a C18 reversed-phase system. A makeup eluent of water/methanol (95/5) was split into the flow before storing the metabolites separately on chiral cartridges. Subsequently, the metabolite enantiomers were eluted backward onto the analytical chiral column and separated, and the ratio of enantiomers was determined. The method was successfully validated with respect to limit of detection, linearity, intra- and interday accuracy, and precision. In the course of a human volunteer study investigating the influence of CYP (cytochrome) 2C9 genetic polymorphism on phenprocoumon (PPC) metabolism, we used this new two-dimensional online analytical technique for the analysis of PPC metabolites in plasma. The enantiomeric forms of 4'-, 6-, and 7-hydroxy-PPC metabolites as well as two novel metabolites were identified, and the ratio of the enantiomers was calculated. We found that the enantiomeric ratio for the different metabolites in the plasma sample of each measured individual differs markedly from a nearly 100% chiral discrimination for the two new putative metabolites. This new analytical coupling method possesses general utility in the analysis of chiral discrimination effects, particularly as it relates to pharmacokinetics and dynamics, a scientific field that is rapidly becoming an area of concern and interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Kammerer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Koal T, Deters M, Casetta B, Kaever V. Simultaneous determination of four immunosuppressants by means of high speed and robust on-line solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 805:215-22. [PMID: 15135093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2003] [Revised: 02/13/2004] [Accepted: 02/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study immunosuppressants, i.e. cyclosporin A (CyA), tacrolimus (TRL), sirolimus (SRL) and everolimus (RAD) were quantified in whole blood samples from immunosuppressant treated transplant recipients by an integrated on-line solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-HPLC-MS/MS) system. This method has been developed to improve the following characteristics: speed, robust analysis, simultaneous determination and low cost. This can be achieved by the use of a perfusion column as an extraction cartridge in combination with a short HPLC column and highly selective and sensitive atmospheric pressure ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (API-MS/MS) in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) detection mode. This high throughput technique is perfectly appropriate for routine therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of organ transplanted patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Koal
- Medical School Hannover, Institute of Pharmacology, D-30625, Germany.
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Boni A, Cremisini C, Magarò E, Tosi M, Vastarella W, Pilloton R. Optimized Biosensors Based on Purified Enzymes and Engineered Yeasts: Detection of Inhibitors of Cholinesterases on Grapes. ANAL LETT 2004. [DOI: 10.1081/al-120037596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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30
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Freitas LG, Götz CW, Ruff M, Singer HP, Müller SR. Quantification of the new triketone herbicides, sulcotrione and mesotrione, and other important herbicides and metabolites, at the ng/l level in surface waters using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1028:277-86. [PMID: 14989481 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.11.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The LC/ESI/MSMS method allows the trace quantification (ng/l) of the new triketone herbicides, i.e. sulcotrione and mesotrione, and important herbicides and metabolites, in natural waters. Solid phase extraction (SPE) for sample enrichment is performed with OASIS (recoveries 94-112% for parent herbicides). Neutral and acidic compounds were analyzed separately with ESI in positive and negative mode, respectively. Quantification limits varied between 0.5 and 10 ng/l. The acidic herbicides detection was improved by a neutralizing post-column addition solution. The influence of ion suppression on quantification is discussed in detail. It is shown that we could overcome this problem and achieve reliable quantification using isotope labeled internal standards (ILIS) for every single analyte. The methods performance is illustrated with samples from a lake depth profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Gomides Freitas
- Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology (EAWAG), Uberlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Fontanals N, Gali� M, Marc� RM, Borrull F. Comparison of Hydrophilic Polymeric Sorbents for On-Line Solid-Phase Extraction of Polar Compounds from Aqueous Samples. Chromatographia 2004. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-004-0419-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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32
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Proll G, Kumpf M, Mehlmann M, Tschmelak J, Griffith H, Abuknesha R, Gauglitz G. Monitoring an antibody affinity chromatography with a label-free optical biosensor technique. J Immunol Methods 2004; 292:35-42. [PMID: 15350510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2004.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the production of polyclonal antibody, a purification step is necessary which is often done by affinity chromatography. We present a biosensor system based on reflectometric interference spectroscopy (RIfS) to monitor the quantity and quality in terms of affinity and kinetic constants of the antibody during this procedure. Biosensors are rapid compared with ELISA, which is done in practice and can work fully automated. They provide additional information about the active antibody to protein concentration ratio and the affinity of the antibody. We show how to determine these values very accurate. In addition, we describe a new rapid method to monitor the affinity chromatography in process. This gives the possibility to select antibody fractions with best properties in respect to the application.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Proll
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry (IPTC), Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
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Abstract
The recent invention and successive commercial introduction of monolithic silica columns has motivated many scientists from both academia and industry to study their use in HPLC. The first paper on monolithic silica columns appeared in 1996. Currently about 200 papers have been published relating to applications and characterization of monolithic silica columns, including monolithic capillaries. This review attempts to give an overview covering various aspects of this new column type in the field of high throughput analysis of drugs and metabolites, chiral separations, analysis of pollutants and food-relevant compounds, as well as in bioanalytical separations such as in proteomics. Some of the applications are described in greater detail. The numerous publications dealing with the physicochemical and chromatographic characterization of monolithic silica columns are briefly summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Cabrera
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany.
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2003; 38:1117-1124. [PMID: 14595863 DOI: 10.1002/jms.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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