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Indelicato S, Di Stefano V, Avellone G, Piazzese D, Vazzana M, Mauro M, Arizza V, Bongiorno D. HPLC/HRMS and GC/MS for Triacylglycerols Characterization of Tuna Fish Oils Obtained from Green Extraction. Foods 2023; 12:foods12061193. [PMID: 36981119 PMCID: PMC10048091 DOI: 10.3390/foods12061193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Fish oil is one of the most common lipidic substances that is consumed as a dietary supplement. The high omega-3 fatty acid content in fish oil is responsible for its numerous health benefits. Fish species such as mackerel, herring, tuna, and salmon are particularly rich in these lipids, which contain two essential omega-3 fatty acids, known as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Objectives: Due to the scarcity of information in the literature, this study aimed to conduct a qualitative and quantitative characterization of triglycerides (TAGs) in crude tuna fish oil using HPLC/HRMS. Fatty acid (FA) determination was also performed using GC/MS. The tuna fish oils analyzed were produced using a green, low-temperature process from the remnants of fish production, avoiding the use of any extraction solvents. Results: The analyses led to the tentative identification and semi-quantitation of 81 TAGs. In silico saponification and comparison with fatty acid methyl ester results helped to confirm the identified TAGs and their quantities. The study found that the produced oil is rich in EPA, DHA, and erucic acid, while the negligible isomerization of fatty acids to trans-derivatives was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Indelicato
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Vita Di Stefano
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Avellone
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniela Piazzese
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences (DISTEM), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 22, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Mirella Vazzana
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Manuela Mauro
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Arizza
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - David Bongiorno
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-09123891900
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Wei H, Yang D, Mao J, Zhang Q, Cheng L, Yang X, Li P. Accurate quantification of TAGs to identify adulteration of edible oils by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Res Int 2023; 165:112544. [PMID: 36869531 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Edible oils play important roles in biological functions, and triacylglycerols (TAGs) in edible oils are complex mixtures. This makes accurate TAGs quantitation quite difficult that bring economically motivated food adulteration. Herein, we demonstrated a strategy for accurate quantification of TAGs in edible oils, which could be applied in identification of olive oil adulteration. The results showed that the proposed strategy could significantly improve the accuracy of TAG content determination, reduce the relative error of fatty acids (FAs) content determination, and present a wider accurate quantitative range than that of gas chromatography-flame ionization detection. Most important, this strategy coupled with principal component analysis could be used to identify adulteration of high-priced olive oil with cheaper soybean oils, rapeseed oils or camellia oils at a lower concentration of 2%. These findings indicated that the proposed strategy could be regarded as a potential method for edible oils quality and authenticity analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailian Wei
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Dandan Yang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Jin Mao
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing P.R. China, Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseed Products (Wuhan), Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China.
| | - Qi Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing P.R. China, Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseed Products (Wuhan), Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Cheng
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing P.R. China, Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseed Products (Wuhan), Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianglong Yang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing P.R. China, Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseed Products (Wuhan), Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Peiwu Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing P.R. China, Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseed Products (Wuhan), Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
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3
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Banstola B, Gamage PL, Jiang W, Mudalige T. Analysis of phospholipids and triacylglycerols in intravenous lipid emulsions. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 222:115112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
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4
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Byrdwell WC, Kotapati HK, Goldschmidt R. Fast chromatography of pulse triacylglycerols. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William Craig Byrdwell
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Lab, Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture Beltsville Maryland USA
| | - Hari Kiran Kotapati
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Lab, Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture Beltsville Maryland USA
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
| | - Robert Goldschmidt
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Lab, Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture Beltsville Maryland USA
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Han X, Gross RW. The foundations and development of lipidomics. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100164. [PMID: 34953866 PMCID: PMC8953652 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
For over a century, the importance of lipid metabolism in biology was recognized but difficult to mechanistically understand due to the lack of sensitive and robust technologies for identification and quantification of lipid molecular species. The enabling technological breakthroughs emerged in the 1980s with the development of soft ionization methods (Electrospray Ionization and Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization) that could identify and quantify intact individual lipid molecular species. These soft ionization technologies laid the foundations for what was to be later named the field of lipidomics. Further innovative advances in multistage fragmentation, dramatic improvements in resolution and mass accuracy, and multiplexed sample analysis fueled the early growth of lipidomics through the early 1990s. The field exponentially grew through the use of a variety of strategic approaches, which included direct infusion, chromatographic separation, and charge-switch derivatization, which facilitated access to the low abundance species of the lipidome. In this Thematic Review, we provide a broad perspective of the foundations, enabling advances, and predicted future directions of growth of the lipidomics field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianlin Han
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; Departments of Medicine - Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Richard W Gross
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Fatty Acids and Triacylglycerols Profiles from Sicilian (Cold Pressed vs. Soxhlet) Grape Seed Oils. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su132313038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Among the Sicilian economic productive sectors, that of wine production has today a considerable economic value. However, with the growth of this sector, notable was the increase in the production of waste, which to date is not only an economic damage for companies, but also a threat to the environment. It is known that waste from wine production has properties (e.g., antioxidants) which have potential reuse at cosmetic, pharmaceutical and nutritional levels to obtain economically sustainable applications. A new goal is given by the recovery of added value compounds from agri-food wastes and by-products. Grape seed oil is a promising vegetable fat and cold pressing does not involve the use of chemicals, which are harmful to health. It implies that cold-pressed seed oils may contain phytochemicals, as well as natural antioxidants, more than refined oils. In this context, this works aims at studying the chemical characterization (triglycerides profile and composition in fatty acids) of grape seed oils obtained from Soxhlet and cold pressed extraction from Sicilian red grape seeds and white grape seeds. The possibility of obtaining high yields of triglycerides and fatty acids from the waste of wine production through new extraction methods would open up new perspectives for the reuse of waste in a human and animal food context. The results of this work allow the opening up of new perspectives to reuse and then reduce these wastes, helping not only to reduce the damage to the environment and costs for companies but also to create a new product that is environmentally sustainable and with an important economic value.
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Byrdwell WC, Kotapati HK, Goldschmidt R, Jakubec P, Nováková L. Three-dimensional liquid chromatography with parallel second dimensions and quadruple parallel mass spectrometry for adult/infant formula analysis. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1661:462682. [PMID: 34863062 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Three dimensions of chromatographic separation, using split-flow two-dimensional liquid chromatography (SF-2D-LC) with two parallel second dimensions, LC × 2LC, combined with quadruple parallel mass spectrometry (LC3MS4) is demonstrated for analysis of NIST SRM 1849a adult/infant formula. The first dimension, 1D, was a conventional non-aqueous reversed-phase (NARP) HPLC separation using two C18 columns in series, followed by detection using an ultraviolet (UV) detector, a fluorescence detector (FLD), with flow then split to a corona charged aerosol detector (CAD), and then dual parallel mass spectrometry (MS), conducted in atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) modes. The first second dimension, 2D(1), UHPLC was conducted on a 50.0 mm C30 column using a NARP-UHPLC parallel gradient for separation of short-chain triacylglycerols (TAGs) from long-chain TAGs, with detection by UV and ESI-MS. The second dimension, 2D(2), UHPLC was conducted using a 100.0 mm C30 column with a NARP-UHPLC parallel gradient for improved separation of TAG isomers, with detection by UV, an evaporative light scattering detector, and high-resolution, accurate-mass (HRAM) ESI-MS. Transferred eluent dilution was used to refocus peaks and keep them sharp during elution in both 2Ds. The separation space in the 2D(2) was optimized using multi-cycle (aka, "constructive wraparound") elution, which employed flow rate programming. In the 1D, calibration lines for quantification of fat-soluble vitamins were constructed. A lipidomics approach to TAG identification and quantification by HRAM-ESI-MS was applied to the 2D(2). These experiments can be represented: LC1MS2 × (LC1MS1 + LC1MS1) = LC3MS4, or three-dimensional liquid chromatography with quadruple parallel mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Craig Byrdwell
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Lab, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| | - Hari K Kotapati
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Lab, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Robert Goldschmidt
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Lab, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Pavel Jakubec
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dept. of Analytical Chemistry, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Nováková
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dept. of Analytical Chemistry, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Zhang Y, Han Y, Hu W, Pan Q, Liu Z, Ling G, Shi Q, Weng R. Diacylglycerols ions as novel marker indicators for the classification of edible oils using ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry. Food Res Int 2021; 145:110422. [PMID: 34112424 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Diacylglycerols (DAGs) ions, instead of triacylglycerols (TAGs) ions, were established as marker indicators for an improved classification of edible oils using ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry (UHRMS). DAGs ions can be used not only to identify triacylglycerols (TAGs) and their embedded fatty acids (FAs), but also to distinguish positional isomers of TAGs. In this work, DAGs ions were determined in edible oils by direct infusion atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry (APCI-UHRMS), where the ultrahigh resolving power up to 500,000 FWHM (full width at half maximum) can provide accurate molecular compositions and detailed fingerprints MS spectra in a minute. A total of 146 samples belonging to 22 species of plant oils and animal fats, were characterized. Chemometric analyses were performed using principal component analysis, partial least square-discriminant analysis and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis. DAGs ions were proved to be better than TAGs ions as marker indicators in the chemometric analyses. An overall correct rate of 93.40% was achieved for the classification of tested samples. In addition, blend oils and gutter oils were also characterized by this developed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Yehua Han
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China.
| | - Wenya Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Qiong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Zhanfang Liu
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Guannan Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Quan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Rui Weng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-food Safety and Quality of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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9
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High-coverage lipidomics for functional lipid and pathway analyses. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1147:199-210. [PMID: 33485579 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rapid advances in front-end separation approaches and analytical technologies have accelerated the development of lipidomics, particularly in terms of increasing analytical coverage to encompass an expanding repertoire of lipids within a single analytical approach. Developments in lipid pathway analysis, however, have somewhat lingered behind, primarily due to (1) the lack of coherent alignment between lipid identifiers in common databases versus that generated from experiments, owing to the differing structural resolution of lipids at molecular level that is specific to the analytical approaches adopted by various laboratories; (2) the immense complexity of lipid metabolic relationships that may entail head group changes, fatty acyls modifications of various forms (e.g. elongation, desaturation, oxidation), as well as active remodeling that demands a multidimensional, panoramic view to take into account all possibilities in lipid pathway analyses. Herein, we discuss current efforts undertaken to address these challenges, as well as alternative form of "pathway analyses" that may be particularly useful for uncovering functional lipid interactions under different biological contexts. Consolidating lipid pathway analyses will be indispensable in facilitating the transition of lipidomics from its prior role of phenotype validation to a hypothesis-generating tool that uncovers novel molecular targets to drive downstream mechanistic pursuits under biomedical settings.
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Wang DH, Wang Z, Martinez S, Tobias HJ, Brenna JT. Fatty acid sentinels as covalently bound randomization standards for triacylglycerol (TAG) quantitative analysis. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8891. [PMID: 32658308 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Quantitative analysis of triacylglycerols (TAG) is impeded by a lack of standards and the huge number of potential TAG molecular species that may be present due to the combinatorial nature of glycerolipids. Randomization of acyl groups yields TAG mixtures with profiles predictable from fatty acid profiles; however, their use as calibration mixtures has been limited. METHODS We introduce here the principle of fatty acid isotopic sentinels that are quantitatively added prior to randomization to enable verification that randomization is complete, and that can be used as internal standards. A mixture of two isotopically labeled fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) is prepared at a ratio of 2:1 and the exact ratio is carefully measured by gas chromatography flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and randomized covalently into the acyl groups of TAG mixtures. RESULTS Reaction with catalytic amounts of NaOCH3 yields complete randomization, such that the product FAME and TAG have the same fatty acid profile. TAG mixture analysis reveals that the isotopic sentinels have been covalently incorporated into the TAG molecular species at <1% deviation from the expected proportions, thus verifying randomization within experimental error. CONCLUSIONS The sentinel principle demonstrated here as covalently incorporated internal standards verifies that randomization chemistry went to completion. It applies in general to use of combinatorial chemistry for quantitative standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hao Wang
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics, Chemistry, and Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Zhen Wang
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics, Chemistry, and Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Secilia Martinez
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics, Chemistry, and Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Herbert J Tobias
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics, Chemistry, and Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, TX, USA
| | - J Thomas Brenna
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics, Chemistry, and Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Arslan D, Ok S. Characterization of Turkish Olive Oils in Details. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2019.1630637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Derya Arslan
- Division of Food Sciences, Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Salim Ok
- Petroleum Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Safat, Kuwait
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Ono T, Sato K, Sasano Y, Yoshida K, Dairaku T, Iwabuchi Y, Kashiwagi Y. Electrochemical Detection of Triglycerides Based on an Enzymatic Reaction and Electrocatalytic Oxidation with Nortropine‐ N‐oxyl. ELECTROANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Ono
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesOhu University 31-1 Misumido Tomita-machi, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8611 Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Sato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesTohoku University 6-3 Aoba Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Yusuke Sasano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesTohoku University 6-3 Aoba Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Kentaro Yoshida
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesOhu University 31-1 Misumido Tomita-machi, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8611 Japan
| | - Takenori Dairaku
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesOhu University 31-1 Misumido Tomita-machi, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8611 Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Iwabuchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesTohoku University 6-3 Aoba Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Kashiwagi
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesOhu University 31-1 Misumido Tomita-machi, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8611 Japan
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Xu SL, Wei F, Xie Y, Lv X, Dong XY, Chen H. Research advances based on mass spectrometry for profiling of triacylglycerols in oils and fats and their applications. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:1558-1568. [PMID: 29572876 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vegetable oils and animal fats are dietary source of lipids that play critical and multiple roles in biological function. Triacylglycerols (TAGs) are the principal component of oils and fats with significant difference in profile among different oils and fats. TAG profiling is essential for nutritional evaluation, quality control and assurance of safety in oils and fats. However, analysis of TAGs is a challenging task because of the complicated composition of TAGs and their similar physicochemical properties in oils and fats. The rapid development of mass spectrometry (MS) technology in recent years makes it possible to analyze the composition, content and structure of TAGs in the study of the physical, chemical and nutritional properties of oils, fats and related products. This review described the research advancement based on MS for profiling of TAGs in oil, fat and their applications in food. The application of MS, including direct infusion strategies, and its combination with chromatography, gas chromatography-MS (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-MS (LC-MS), in the analysis of TAGs were reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of these analytical methods with relevant applications for TAGs analysis in food were also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ling Xu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China and Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Fang Wei
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China and Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Ya Xie
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China and Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Xin Lv
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China and Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Xu-Yan Dong
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China and Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Hong Chen
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China and Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan, P. R. China
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Byrdwell WC. Comprehensive Dual Liquid Chromatography with Quadruple Mass Spectrometry (LC1MS2 × LC1MS2 = LC2MS4) for Analysis of Parinari Curatellifolia and Other Seed Oil Triacylglycerols. Anal Chem 2017; 89:10537-10546. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William C. Byrdwell
- Food Composition and Methods Development
Lab, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research
Center, USDA, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Building 161, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
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15
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Byrdwell WC. The Updated Bottom Up Solution Applied to Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization and Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-015-2735-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Quantitation of triacylglycerols in edible oils by off-line comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry using a single column. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1404:60-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Byrdwell WC. The Updated Bottom Up Solution applied to mass spectrometry of soybean oil in a dietary supplement gelcap. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:5143-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8590-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Li M, Butka E, Wang X. Comprehensive quantification of triacylglycerols in soybean seeds by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry with multiple neutral loss scans. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6581. [PMID: 25301200 PMCID: PMC4192640 DOI: 10.1038/srep06581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean seeds are an important source of vegetable oil and biomaterials. The content of individual triacylglycerol species (TAG) in soybean seeds is difficult to quantify in an accurate and rapid way. The present study establishes an approach to quantify TAG species in soybean seeds utilizing an electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry with multiple neutral loss scans. Ten neutral loss scans were performed to detect the fatty acyl chains of TAG, including palmitic (P, 16:0), linolenic (Ln, 18:3), linoleic (L, 18:2), oleic (O, 18:1), stearic (S, 18:0), eicosadienoic (20:2), gadoleic (20:1), arachidic (20:0), erucic (22:1), and behenic (22:0). The abundance of ten fatty acyl chains at 46 TAG masses (mass-to-charge ratio, m/z) were determined after isotopic deconvolution and correction by adjustment factors at each TAG mass. The direct sample infusion and multiple internal standards correction allowed a rapid and accurate quantification of TAG species. Ninety-three TAG species were resolved and their levels were determined. The most abundant TAG species were LLL, OLL, LLLn, PLL, OLLn, OOL, POL, and SLL. Many new species were detected and quantified. This shotgun lipidomics approach should facilitate the study of TAG metabolism and genetic breeding of soybean seeds for desirable TAG content and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoyin Li
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, Missouri 63121
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132
| | - Emily Butka
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, Missouri 63121
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, Missouri 63121
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132
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19
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Bono L, Seraglia R, Roverso M, Di Carro M, Magi E. Triacylglycerol profile in cocoa liquors using MALDI-TOF and LC-ESI tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2014; 49:894-899. [PMID: 25230186 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Triacylglycerols are responsible for chocolate's peculiar melting behavior: the type and position of fatty acids on the glycerol molecule strongly affect the melting range of cocoa butter. For this reason, the characterization of triglyceride composition in cocoa products is particularly important. In this work, triacylglycerols extracted from cocoa liquor samples were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (TOF) and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) coupled to liquid chromatography. Extracted samples were initially analyzed by direct injection in MS to obtain information on triglyceride molecular weights; relevant MS parameters were optimized, and the possible formation of the adducts [M + Na](+) and [M + NH(4)](+) was studied. Tandem mass experiments (both with triple quadrupole and TOF/TOF) were performed to study the fragmentation pathways (in particular, the loss of palmitic, stearic and oleic acid) and identify the triacylglycerols in cocoa liquors. Some signals of the spectra obtained with both MS techniques could indicate the presence of diacylglycerols in the cocoa extract, but different experimental evidences demonstrated that they were generated by the in-source fragmentation of triglycerides. A nonaqueous reversed-phase chromatographic separation was also developed and used to support the identification of the analytes; nine triacylglycerols were recognized in the cocoa liquor extracts. The three different batches of Ecuador cocoa liquor did not show significant differences in the triacylglycerol profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Bono
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genova, Italy
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20
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Analysis of Glycerophospholipid Hydroperoxides by Ion Spray Mass Spectrometry. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 62:160-3. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.62.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Quadruple parallel mass spectrometry for analysis of vitamin D and triacylglycerols in a dietary supplement. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1320:48-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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22
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Determination of triglycerides with special emphasis on biosensors: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 61:379-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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Classification of Turkish Monocultivar (Ayvalık and Memecik cv.) Virgin Olive Oils from North and South Zones of Aegean Region Based on Their Triacyglycerol Profiles. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-013-2308-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Kubo A, Satoh T, Itoh Y, Hashimoto M, Tamura J, Cody RB. Structural analysis of triacylglycerols by using a MALDI-TOF/TOF system with monoisotopic precursor selection. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2013; 24:684-9. [PMID: 23247968 PMCID: PMC3641297 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0513-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A new MALDI-TOF/TOF system with monoisotopic precursor selection was applied to the analysis of triacylglycerols in an olive oil sample. Monoisotopic precursor selection made it possible to obtain product-ion mass spectra without interference from species that differed by a single double bond. Complete structure determination of all triacylglycerols, including structural isomers, was made possible by interpreting the charge-remote fragmentation resulting from high-energy collision-induced dissociation (CID) of the sodiated triacylglycerols.
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25
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Lísa M, Holčapek M. Characterization of triacylglycerol enantiomers using chiral HPLC/APCI-MS and synthesis of enantiomeric triacylglycerols. Anal Chem 2013; 85:1852-9. [PMID: 23298510 DOI: 10.1021/ac303237a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the first systematic characterization of triacylglycerol (TG) enantiomers in real samples using chiral high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCI-MS) is performed. Our chiral HPLC/APCI-MS method is based on the use of two cellulose-tris-(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) columns connected in series using a gradient of hexane-2-propanol mobile phase. All TG enantiomers containing 1-8 DBs and different fatty acyl chain lengths are separated using our chiral HPLC method except for TGs having a combination of saturated and di- or triunsaturated fatty acyls in sn-1 and sn-3 positions. In our work, the randomization reaction of monoacyl TG standards is used for the preparation of all TG enantiomers and regioisomers in a mixture, while the stereospecific esterification of 1,2- or 2,3-isopropylidene-sn-glycerols by selected fatty acids is used for the synthesis of TG enantiomers. The composition of TG enantiomers and regioisomers in hazelnut oil and human plasma samples is determined. Unsaturated fatty acids are preferentially esterified in sn-2 position in hazelnut oil, while no significant preference of saturated or unsaturated fatty acyls is observed in case of human plasma sample. Fatty acids with the higher number of DBs are preferred in sn-1 position of TG enantiomers in hazelnut oil unlike to moderate sn-3 preference in human plasma. The characterization of cholesteryl esters from TG fraction of human plasma sample using our chiral HPLC/APCI-MS method is presented as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Lísa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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26
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Beppu F, Nagai T, Yoshinaga K, Mizobe H, Kojima K, Gotoh N. Quantification of Triacylglycerol Molecular Species in Cocoa Butter Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Equipped with Nano Quantity Analyte Detector. J Oleo Sci 2013; 62:789-94. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.62.789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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27
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Nagy K, Sandoz L, Destaillats F, Schafer O. Mapping the regioisomeric distribution of fatty acids in triacylglycerols by hybrid mass spectrometry. J Lipid Res 2012; 54:290-305. [PMID: 23093552 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d031484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes the use of hybrid mass spectrometry for the mapping, identification, and semi-quantitation of triacylglycerol regioisomers in fats and oils. The identification was performed based on the accurate mass and fragmentation pattern obtained by data-dependent fragmentation. Quantitation was based on the high-resolution ion chromatograms, and relative proportion of sn-1(3)/sn-2 regioisomers was calculated based on generalized fragmentation models and the relative intensities observed in the product ion spectra. The key performance features of the developed method are inter-batch mass accuracy < 1 ppm (n = 10); lower limit of detection (triggering threshold) 0.1 μg/ml (equivalent to 0.2 weight % in oil); lower limit of quantitation 0.2 μg/ml (equivalent to 0.4 weight % in oil); peak area precision 6.5% at 2 μg/ml concentration and 15% at 0.2 μM concentration; inter-batch precision of fragment intensities < 1% (n = 10) independent of the investigated concentration; and averaged accuracy using the generic calibration 3.8% in the 1-10 μg/ml range and varies between 1-23% depending on analytes. Inter-esterified fat, beef tallow, pork lard, and butter fat samples were used to show how well regioisomeric distribution of palmitic acid can be captured by this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornél Nagy
- Food Science and Technology Department; Nestlé Research Center, Nestec Ltd., Lausanne, Switzerland.
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28
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Lísa M, Netušilová K, Franěk L, Dvořáková H, Vrkoslav V, Holčapek M. Characterization of fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition in animal fats using silver-ion and non-aqueous reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/flame ionization detection. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:7499-510. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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Nie H, Liu R, Yang Y, Bai Y, Guan Y, Qian D, Wang T, Liu H. Lipid profiling of rat peritoneal surface layers by online normal- and reversed-phase 2D LC QToF-MS. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:2833-44. [PMID: 20526000 PMCID: PMC2918466 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d007567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An online, two-dimensional (2D) liquid chromatography (LC) quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QToF-MS) method was developed for lipid profiling of rat peritoneal surface layers, in which the lipid classes and species could be simultaneously separated in one injection with a significantly increased sensitivity. Different lipid classes were separated on a normal-phase column in the first dimension and lipid molecular species were separated on a reversed-phase column in the second dimension, so that the ion suppression effects were reduced while the detection sensitivity was improved. Identified were 721 endogenous lipid species from 12 lipid classes, in which 415 structures were confirmed using tandem mass spectra, and the other 306 lipid molecular species were identified by accurate masses. The linearity, limit of detection, and repeatability were all satisfactory. The method was applied to the investigation of the lipid changes in rat peritoneal surface layer after peritoneal dialysis, and 32 potential lipid biomarkers were identified, as their concentrations in the dosed group were 2.2-12.5 times of those in the control group. The results revealed that this 2D LC-MS system was a promising tool for lipid profiling of complex biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honggang Nie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ranran Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Youyou Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yafeng Guan
- Department of Instrumental and Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Daqing Qian
- Department of Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huwei Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, China
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30
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Loutelier-Bourhis C, Zovi O, Lecamp L, Bunel C, Lange CM. Contribution of two approaches using electrospray ionization with multi-stage mass spectrometry for the characterization of linseed oil. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:3743-3752. [PMID: 19908212 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A detailed characterization of triacylglycerols (TAGs) present in linseed oil samples from a local producer was performed using electrospray ionization and two mass spectrometric approaches; direct infusion multi-stage mass spectrometry (MS(n)) experiments and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) using non-aqueous reversed-phase chromatographic conditions. The combination of both approaches permitted the identification of 26 TAGs. Comparison of the two analytical approaches showed that discrimination of regioisomers was achieved from MS3 data while other isobaric species were separated and identified by LC/MS/MS analysis. The results we obtained were also compared with those previously reported. The TAG composition of the studied linseed oil is qualitatively identical to that of linseed oils from various sources in Europe, Canada, Argentina or India. However, a few differences were observed with regard to the proportions of some TAGs; these can be explained by variations in the culture conditions, climate, and variety of the seeds.
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31
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Holcapek M, Velínská H, Lísa M, Cesla P. Orthogonality of silver-ion and non-aqueous reversed-phase HPLC/MS in the analysis of complex natural mixtures of triacylglycerols. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:3672-80. [PMID: 19877148 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Holcapek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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32
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Pittenauer E, Allmaier G. The renaissance of high-energy CID for structural elucidation of complex lipids: MALDI-TOF/RTOF-MS of alkali cationized triacylglycerols. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2009; 20:1037-47. [PMID: 19251438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Revised: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Triacylglycerols were analyzed as cationized species (Li(+), Na(+), K(+)) by high-energy CID at 20 keV collisions utilizing MALDI-TOF/RTOF mass spectrometry. Precursor ions, based on [M + Li](+)-adduct ions exhibited incomplete fragmentation in the high and low m/z region whereas [M + K](+)-adducts did not show useful fragmentation. Only sodiated precursor ions yielded product ion spectra with structurally diagnostic product ions across the whole m/z range. The high m/z region of the CID spectra is dominated by abundant charge-remote fragmentation of the fatty acid substituents. In favorable cases also positions of double bonds or of hydroxy groups of the fatty acid alkyl chains could be determined. A-type product ions represent the end products of these charge-remote fragmentations. B- and C-type product ions yield the fatty acid composition of individual triacylglycerol species based on loss of either one neutral fatty acid or one sodium carboxylate residue, respectively. Product ions allowing fatty acid substituent positional determination were present in the low m/z range enabling identification of either the sn-1/sn-3 substituents (E-, F-, and G-type ions) or the sn-2 substituent (J-type ion). These findings were demonstrated with synthetic triacylglycerols and plant oils such as cocoa butter, olive oil, and castor bean oil. Typical features of 20 keV CID spectra of sodiated triacylglycerols obtained by MALDI-TOF/RTOF MS were an even distribution of product ions over the entire m/z range and a mass accuracy of +/-0.1 to 0.2 u. One limitation of the application of this technique is mainly the insufficient precursor ion gating after MS1 (gating window at 4 u) of species separated by 2 u.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst Pittenauer
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria.
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33
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François I, Sandra P. Comprehensive supercritical fluid chromatography×reversed phase liquid chromatography for the analysis of the fatty acids in fish oil. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:4005-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.02.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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34
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Determination of Triacylglycerols in Butterfat by Normal-Phase HPLC and Electrospray–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Lipids 2008; 44:169-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-008-3247-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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35
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Lísa M, Holcapek M. Triacylglycerols profiling in plant oils important in food industry, dietetics and cosmetics using high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1198-1199:115-30. [PMID: 18539288 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2008] [Revised: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 05/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Optimized non-aqueous reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method using acetonitrile-2-propanol gradient elution and the column coupling in the total length of 45 cm has been applied for the high resolution separation of plant oils important in food industry, dietetics and cosmetics. Positive-ion atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry is used for the unambiguous identification and also the reliable quantitation with the response factors approach. Based on the precise determination of individual triacyglycerol concentrations, the calculation of average parameters important in the nutrition is performed, i.e. average carbon number, average double bond number, relative concentrations of essential, saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Results are reported in the form of both chromatographic fingerprints and tables containing relative concentrations for all triacylglycerols and fatty acids in individual samples. In total, 264 triacylglycerols consisting of 28 fatty acids with the alkyl chain length from 6 to 26 carbon atoms and 0 to 4 double bonds have been identified in 26 industrial important plant oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Lísa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Nám. Cs. Legií 565, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
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36
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Lopez-Hernandez A, Otero C, Hernández-Martín E, Garcia HS, Hill CG. Interesterification of sesame oil and a fully hydrogenated fat using an immobilized lipase catalyst in both batch and continuous-flow processes. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200700112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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37
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Lísa M, Lynen F, Holčapek M, Sandra P. Quantitation of triacylglycerols from plant oils using charged aerosol detection with gradient compensation. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1176:135-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.10.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2007] [Revised: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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38
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Xu Y, Brenna JT. Atmospheric pressure covalent adduct chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry for double bond localization in monoene- and diene-containing triacylglycerols. Anal Chem 2007; 79:2525-36. [PMID: 17279727 PMCID: PMC2517902 DOI: 10.1021/ac062055a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a method to elucidate the structure of triacyl-glycerols (TAGs) containing monoene or diene fatty acyl groups by atmospheric pressure covalent adduct chemical ionization (APCACI) tandem mass spectrometry using acetonitrile as an adduct formation reagent. TAGs were synthesized with the structures ABB and BAB, where A is palmitate (C16:0) and B is an isomeric C18 monoene unsaturated at position 9, 11, or 13 or an isomeric diene unsaturated at positions 9 and 11, 10 and 12, or 9 and 12. In addition to the species at m/z 54 observed in previous CI studies of fatty acid methyl esters, we also found that ions at m/z 42, 81, and 95 undergo covalent reaction with TAGs containing double bonds to yield ions at m/z 40, 54, 81, and 95 units greater than that of the parent TAG: [M + 40]+, [M + 54]+, [M + 81]+, and [M + 95]+ ions. When collisionally dissociated, these ions fragment to produce two or three diagnostic ions that locate the double bonds in the TAG. In addition, ions [RCH=C=O + 40]+ and [RCH=C=O + 54]+ formed from collisional dissociation are of strong abundance in MS/MS spectra, and collisional activation of these ions produces two intense confirmatory diagnostic ions in the MS3 spectra. Fragment ions reflecting neutral loss of an sn-1-acyl group from [M + 40]+ and [M + 54]+ are more abundant than those reflecting neutral loss of an sn-2-acyl group, analogous to previous reports for protonated TAGs. The position of each acyl group on the glycerol backbone is thus determined by the relative abundances of these ions. Under the conditions in our instrument, the [M + 40]+ adduct is at the highest signal and also yields all information about the double bond position and TAG stereochemistry. With the exception of geometries about the double bonds, racemic TAG isomers containing two monoenes or dienes and a saturate can be fully characterized by APCACI-MS/MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J. Thomas Brenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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39
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Neff WE, Byrdwell WC, List GR. TRIACYLGLYCEROL STRUCTURES OF FOOD FATS HIGH IN SATURATED ACIDS BY HPLC AND MASS SPECTROMETRY. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100103414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wm. C. Byrdwell
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Florida Atlantic University , Boca Raton, FL, 33431, U.S.A
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40
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Lísa M, Holcapek M, Rezanka T, Kabátová N. High-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection characterization of Delta5-polyenoic fatty acids in triacylglycerols from conifer seed oils. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1146:67-77. [PMID: 17307191 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2006] [Revised: 01/23/2007] [Accepted: 01/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Edible conifer seeds can serve as a source of triacylglycerols (TGs) with unusual Delta5 unsaturated polymethylene interrupted fatty acids (UPIFAs), such as cis-5,9-octadecadienoic (taxoleic), cis-5,9,12-octadecatrienoic (pinolenic), cis-5,11-eicosadienoic (keteleeronic) and cis-5,11,14-eicosatrienoic acids (sciadonic). Conifer seed oils from European Larch (Larix decidua), Norway Spruce (Picea abies) and European Silver Fir (Abies alba) have been analyzed by non-aqueous reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (NARP-HPLC) with atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI)-MS detection. The influence of different positions of double bonds in Delta5-UPIFAs on the retention and fragmentation behavior is described and used for the successful identification of TGs in each oil. TGs containing Delta5-UPIFAs have a higher retention in comparison with common TGs found in plant oils with single methylene interrupted Delta6(9)-FAs and also significantly changed relative abundances of fragment ions in APCI mass spectra. Results obtained from HPLC/MS analyses are supported by validated GC/FID analyses of fatty acid methyl esters after the transesterification. The total content of Delta5-UPIFAs is about 32% for European Larch, 27% for Norway Spruce and 20% for European Silver Fir. In total, 20 FAs with acyl chain lengths from 16 to 24 carbon atoms and from 0 to 3 double bonds have been identified in 64 triacylglycerols from 3 conifer seed oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Lísa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Czech Republic
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41
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Krank J, Murphy RC, Barkley RM, Duchoslav E, McAnoy A. Qualitative Analysis and Quantitative Assessment of Changes in Neutral Glycerol Lipid Molecular Species Within Cells. Methods Enzymol 2007; 432:1-20. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(07)32001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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42
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Neff WE, Byrdwell WC, Steidley KR, List GR, Snowder G. TRIACYLGLYCEROL STRUCTURE OF ANIMAL TALLOWS, POTENTIAL FOOD FORMULATION FATS, BY HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY COUPLED WITH MASS SPECTROMETRY. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120003275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William E. Neff
- a National Center for Agricultural Research, ARS, USDA , Peoria, IL, 61604, U.S.A
| | - W. C. Byrdwell
- b Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Florida Atlantic University , Boca Raton, FL, 33431, U.S.A
| | - Kevin R. Steidley
- a National Center for Agricultural Research, ARS, USDA , Peoria, IL, 61604, U.S.A
| | - Gary R. List
- a National Center for Agricultural Research, ARS, USDA , Peoria, IL, 61604, U.S.A
| | - Gary Snowder
- c Sheep Experiment Station, ARS, USDA , Dubois, ID, 83423, U.S.A
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43
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Kemppinen A, Kalo P. Quantification of triacylglycerols in butterfat by gas chromatography-electron impact mass spectrometry using molar correction factors for [M-RCOO]+ ions. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1134:260-83. [PMID: 16996071 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.08.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2006] [Revised: 08/28/2006] [Accepted: 08/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative electron impact GC-MS method using molar correction factors (MCFs) for [M-RCOO]+ ions has been developed for determination of molecular species of triacylglycerols (TAGs). MCFs were determined by linear calibration for 226 ions of 104 TAG species with good reproducibility: on the average, coefficient of determination was 0.975 +/- 0.043 and 0.963 +/- 0.115 for saturated and unsaturated TAGs, respectively. The MCFs of the sn-1(3) regioisomers of short-chain TAGs were lower than those of sn-2 isomers indicating ca. 2-3-fold higher cleavage of butyroyl and caproyl groups from the primary positions than from the secondary position. The method enabled quantification of 139 and 135 individual TAG species of butterfat (BF) and interesterified butterfat, respectively, including several regioisomers of short-chain TAGs. The most abundant molecular species of the even-numbered TAGs in BF were butyroylpalmitoyloleoylglycerol (5.05 mol%), butyroyldipalmitoylglycerol (4.75 mol%), and palmitoyldioleoylglycerol (3.32 mol%). The method provides an alternative for elucidation of nutritional and technological properties of relatively saturated TAG mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmo Kemppinen
- Department of Food Technology, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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44
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Bártlová M, Bernásek P, Sýkora J, Sovová H. HPLC in reversed phase mode: Tool for investigation of kinetics of blackcurrant seed oil lipolysis in supercritical carbon dioxide. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 839:80-4. [PMID: 16597516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2005] [Revised: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 03/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum) seed oil is rich in alpha- and gamma-linolenic acids, the latter in particular being of potential use in medicine. The enzymatic hydrolysis of the oil was carried out in supercritical carbon dioxide using lipase Lipozyme as catalyst and changes in the composition of acylglycerols were recorded. Mono-, di-, and triacylglycerols and free fatty acids were separated by non-aqueous high-performance liquid chromatography in reversed phase mode and detected by UV diode array and 1H NMR detectors. Lipozyme was found to exert low specificity to individual fatty acids in the hydrolysed oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Bártlová
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 135, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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45
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Guy PA, Fenaille F. Contribution of mass spectrometry to assess quality of milk-based products. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2006; 25:290-326. [PMID: 16369930 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The vast knowledge of milk chemistry has been extensively used by the dairy manufacturing industry to develop and optimize the modern technology required to produce high-quality milk products to which we are accustomed. A thorough understanding of the chemistry of milk and its numerous components is essential for designing processing equipment and conditions needed for the manufacture and distribution of high-quality dairy products. Knowledge and application of milk chemistry is also indispensable for fractionating milk into its principal components for use as functional and nutritional ingredients by the food industry. For all these reasons, powerful analytical methods are required. Because of the complexity of the milk matrix, mass spectrometry, coupled or not to separation techniques, constitutes a key tool in this area. In the present manuscript, we review the contribution and potentialities of mass spectrometry-based techniques to assess quality of milk-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe A Guy
- Department of Quality and Safety Assurance, Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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46
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Li X, Collins EJ, Evans JJ. Examining the collision-induced decomposition spectra of ammoniated triglycerides as a function of fatty acid chain length and degree of unsaturation. II. The PXP/YPY series. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:171-7. [PMID: 16331741 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A series of positionally pure triglycerides (TAGs) of the form PXP and YPY, where P is the palmitate moiety and X and Y are large arrays of different fatty acid moieties, is synthesized and analyzed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. The intensities of the collision-induced decomposition (CID) products of ammoniated TAGs were examined as a function of chain length, degree of unsaturation, double-bond position, and cis/trans configuration of X and Y. The major CID products, the diglyceride (DAG) fragment ions and the MH(+) ions, are plotted as functions of chain length for the saturated and monounsaturated series of X and Y. Different trends for each of these series are observed. Trends in the intensities of these fragment ions are also characterized as a function of degree of unsaturation in the TAGs. In general, the fractional intensities of MH(+) increase with increasing degree of unsaturation in the TAGs. MH(+) is absent in the CID spectra of triglycerides containing three saturated fatty acid moieties, suggesting that the presence of double bonds fosters the formation of MH(+). Double bonds positioned close to the carbonyl carbon along the fatty acid chain promote the formation of the DAG fragment ion corresponding to the loss of the fatty acid. The collection of PXP/YPY data produced in this work is used to test the mechanisms of the formation and decomposition of ammoniated TAGs that were previously presented. The YPY data are used to predict the intensities of the fragment ions in the CID spectra of YPX-type TAGs. The limitations of the mathematical approach used in these predictions are discussed in context of a broader plan to develop a software platform for comprehensive analysis of complex TAG mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingwen Li
- Chemistry Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
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47
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Otero C, López-Hernandez A, García HS, Hernández-Martín E, Hill CG. Continuous enzymatic transesterification of sesame oil and a fully hydrogenated fat: Effects of reaction conditions on product characteristics. Biotechnol Bioeng 2006; 94:877-87. [PMID: 16718681 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An immobilized lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TL IM) was employed to mediate the continuous transesterification of sesame oil and fully hydrogenated soybean oil (FHSBO) in a packed-bed reactor operating at 70 degrees C. Reactions between sesame oil (rich in LLL (15.97%), LOL (31.56%), and OLO (21.15%) [L = linoleic; O = oleic]) and the fully hydrogenated fat ((73.7% SSS, 26.3% SPS) [S = stearic; P = palmitic]) produced semi-solid fats. These products are complex mixtures of triacylglycerol (TAG) species whose compositions depend on reaction conditions. The dependence of the steady state product TAG profile on space time was determined for four initial weight ratios of sesame oil to hydrogenated fat (90:10, 80:20, 70:30, and 60:40). Except for the trial involving a weight ratio of sesame oil to FHSBO of 60:40, near equilibrium conditions were achieved at space times of 30 min-1 h. The chemical, physical, and functional properties of the product semi-solid fats were characterized. The predominant TAG species in the quasi-equilibrium products obtained from the mixture initially containing 90% (w/w) sesame oil and 10% FHSBO were LOL (26.22%) and OLO (21.92%). For transesterification of 80% sesame oil and 20% FHSBO, the major product species were OOP (21.27%), LOL (17.46%), and OLO (13.93%). OOP (24.38%) was the major product for reaction of 70% sesame oil with 30% FHSBO. Appropriate choices of reaction conditions and initial ratios of sesame oil to FHSBO lead to TAG with melting profiles and solid fat contents (SFC) similar to those of a variety of commercial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Otero
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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48
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Fliszar KA, Wuelfing WP, Li Z, Reed RA. Profiling of medium chain glycerides used in pharmaceutical formulation development by reversed-phase HPLC. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 40:896-900. [PMID: 16257166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2005] [Revised: 08/22/2005] [Accepted: 08/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Medium chain length (C8, C10) mono-, di- and triacylglycerols (MCGs) are used in pharmaceutical formulation development of poorly soluble compounds, as a means to increase their oral bioavailability. The ratios of C8 and C10 fatty acid components along with the ratio of monoglycerides, diglycerides and triglycerides can significantly impact overall solubilizing characteristics both in vitro and in vivo. Existing literature methods either do not have the desired selectivity or simplicity to adequately characterize these MCGs. A reversed-phase HPLC method has been developed utilizing a Waters Symmetry C18 (150 mm x 4.6 mm, 3.5 microm particle size) column with a gradient of acetonitrile and water. The effluent was monitored using a UV detector at 220 nm and relative response factors were determined for all components with available standards to allow for accurate quantitation. The RP-HPLC method was optimized for selectivity, sensitivity and efficiency and was successfully applied to the characterization of commercial samples yielding superior sensitivity and ease of preparation compared to existing compendial methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Fliszar
- Merck and Co., Sumneytown Pike, Merck Research Laboratories, WP78-210, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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Kalo P, Kemppinen A, Ollilainen V, Kuksis A. Regiospecific determination of short-chain triacylglycerols in butterfat by normal-phase HPLC with on-line electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry. Lipids 2005; 39:915-28. [PMID: 15669768 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-004-1314-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study uses normal-phase HPLC with on-line positive ion electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) to obtain quantitative compositional data on both synthetic and butterfat short-chain TAG. The product ion tandem MS of standards averaged 11.1 times lower in abundance of the ion formed by cleavage of FA from the sn-2-position for the pairs of regioisomers in the TAG classes: L/L/S-L/S/L and L/S/S-S/L/S, where L denotes long and S short acyl chain (C2-C6). The molar correction factors, determined for 42 regioisomeric pairs of short-chain TAG of 20 randomized mixture of standards, differed by 1.4-80% as the ratios varied between 0.217 and 5.847. Butterfat TAG were resolved into four fractions on short flash chromatography grade silica gel columns. Pairs of regioisomers in the TAG classes L/S/S-S/L/S with predominance of L/S/S isomers and the sole regioisomers in the TAG classes L/L(M)/S were identified by tandem MS, where M denotes either 8:0 or 10:0 acyl chain. The total proportion of L/L(M)/S isomers was estimated at 34.7 and that of L/S/S-S/L/S at 1.0 mol%, including a small proportion of S/S/S. In contrast to previous work, the present data indicate the presence of a small proportion of butyric and caproic acids in the sn-1-position. The overall distribution of the FA in the short-chain TAG of butterfat, calculated from direct MS measurements, was consistent with the results of indirect determinations based on stereospecific analyses of total butterfat.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kalo
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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50
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Holcapek M, Lísa M, Jandera P, Kabátová N. Quantitation of triacylglycerols in plant oils using HPLC with APCI-MS, evaporative light-scattering, and UV detection. J Sep Sci 2005; 28:1315-33. [PMID: 16138684 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The main constituents of plant oils are complex mixtures of TGs differing in acyl chain lengths, number and positions of double bonds, and regioisomerism. A non-aqueous reversed-phase HPLC method with acetonitrile-2-propanol gradient and 30 + 15 cm NovaPak C18 columns makes possible an unambiguous identification of the highest number of TGs ever reported for these oils, based on positive-ion APCI mass spectra. A new approach to TG quantitation is based on the use of response factors with three typical detection techniques for that purpose (APCI-MS, evaporative light-scattering detection, and UV at 205 nm). Response factors of 23 single-acid TGs (saturated TGs from C7 to C22, 7 unsaturated TGs), 4 mixed-acid TGs, diolein and monoolein are calculated from their calibration curves and related to OOO. Due to differences between saturated and unsaturated acyl chains, the use of response factors significantly improves the quantitation of TGs. 133 TGs containing 22 fatty acids with 8-25 carbon atoms and 0-3 double bonds are identified and quantified in 9 plant oils (walnut, hazelnut, cashew nut, almond, poppy seed, yellow melon, mango, fig, date) using HPLC/APCI-MS with a response factor approach. Average parameters and relative fatty acid concentrations are calculated with both HPLC/APCI-MS and GC/ FID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Holcapek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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