1
|
Shockey J, Parchuri P, Thyssen GN, Bates PD. Assessing the biotechnological potential of cotton type-1 and type-2 diacylglycerol acyltransferases in transgenic systems. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 196:940-951. [PMID: 36889233 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The chemical and physical properties of vegetable oils are largely dictated by the ratios of 4-6 common fatty acids contained within each oil. However, examples of plant species that accumulate from trace amounts to >90% of certain unusual fatty acids in seed triacylglycerols have been reported. Many of the general enzymatic reactions that drive both common and unusual fatty acid biosynthesis and accumulation in stored lipids are known, but which isozymes have evolved to specifically fill this role and how they coordinate in vivo is still poorly understood. Cotton (Gossypium sp.) is the very rare example of a commodity oilseed that produces biologically relevant amounts of unusual fatty acids in its seeds and other organs. In this case, unusual cyclopropyl fatty acids (named after the cyclopropane and cyclopropene moieties within the fatty acids) are found in membrane and storage glycerolipids (e.g. seed oils). Such fatty acids are useful in the synthesis of lubricants, coatings, and other types of valuable industrial feedstocks. To characterize the role of cotton acyltransferases in cyclopropyl fatty acid accumulation for bioengineering applications, we cloned and characterized type-1 and type-2 diacylglycerol acyltransferases from cotton and compared their biochemical properties to that of litchi (Litchi chinensis), another cyclopropyl fatty acid-producing plant. The results presented from transgenic microbes and plants indicate both cotton DGAT1 and DGAT2 isozymes efficiently utilize cyclopropyl fatty acid-containing substrates, which helps to alleviate biosynthetic bottlenecks and enhances total cyclopropyl fatty acid accumulation in the seed oil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jay Shockey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA, USA, 70124.
| | - Prasad Parchuri
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA, 99164
| | - Gregory N Thyssen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA, USA, 70124
| | - Philip D Bates
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA, 99164
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pariente A, Pérez-Sala Á, Ochoa R, Peláez R, Larráyoz IM. Genome-Wide Transcriptomic Analysis Identifies Pathways Regulated by Sterculic Acid in Retinal Pigmented Epithelium Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051187. [PMID: 32403229 PMCID: PMC7290791 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to its predominant role in lipid metabolism and body weight control, SCD1 has emerged recently as a potential new target for the treatment of various diseases. Sterculic acid (SA) is a cyclopropene fatty acid with numerous biological activities, generally attributed to its Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) inhibitory properties. Additional effects exerted by SA, independently of SCD inhibition, may be mediating anti-inflammatory and protective roles in retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), but the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. In order to provide insights into those mechanisms, genome-wide transcriptomic analyses were carried out in mRPE cells exposed to SA for 24 h. Integrative functional enrichment analysis of genome-wide expression data provided biological insight about the protective mechanisms induced by SA. On the one hand, pivotal genes related to fatty acid biosynthesis, steroid biosynthesis, cell death, actin-cytoskeleton reorganization and extracellular matrix-receptor interaction were significantly downregulated by exposition to SA. On the other hand, genes related to fatty acid degradation and beta-oxidation were significantly upregulated. In conclusion, SA administration to RPE cells regulates crucial pathways related to cell proliferation, inflammation and cell death that may be of interest for the treatment of ocular diseases.
Collapse
|
3
|
Sterculic Acid: The Mechanisms of Action beyond Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase Inhibition and Therapeutic Opportunities in Human Diseases. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010140. [PMID: 31936134 PMCID: PMC7016617 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In many tissues, stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) catalyzes the biosynthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAS), (i.e., palmitoleate and oleate) from their saturated fatty acid (SFA) precursors (i.e., palmitate and stearate), influencing cellular membrane physiology and signaling, leading to broad effects on human physiology. In addition to its predominant role in lipid metabolism and body weight control, SCD1 has emerged recently as a potential new target for the treatment for various diseases, such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, Alzheimer’s disease, cancer, and skin disorders. Sterculic acid (SA) is a cyclopropene fatty acid originally found in the seeds of the plant Sterculia foetida with numerous biological activities. On the one hand, its ability to inhibit stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) allows its use as a coadjuvant of several pathologies where this enzyme has been associated. On the other hand, additional effects independently of its SCD inhibitory properties, involve anti-inflammatory and protective roles in retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). This review aims to summarize the mechanisms by which SA exerts its actions and to highlight the emerging areas where this natural compound may be of help for the development of new therapies for human diseases.
Collapse
|
4
|
Mu Y, Zhu L, Yang A, Gao X, Zhang N, Sun L, Qi D. The effects of dietary cottonseed meal and oil supplementation on laying performance and egg quality of laying hens. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:2436-2447. [PMID: 31367373 PMCID: PMC6657814 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cottonseed meal (CSM) and cottonseed oil (CSO), two cottonseed products, are rich in protein and lipids, respectively, but their use is limited by antinutritional factors in the products. This study investigated the effect of different dietary levels of CSM and CSO supplementation on the laying performance and egg quality of laying hens. A total of 162 24-week-old Hy-Line brown laying hens were randomly assigned to diets supplemented with 0, 6%, or 12% CSM and 0, 2%, or 4% CSO in a 3 × 3 factorial design. During the 8-week feeding trial, laying performance and egg quality parameters were measured weekly. Furthermore, a texture profile analysis (TPA) of the egg yolks was conducted, and the fatty acid profiles and protein composition of the yolks were measured to further determine egg quality. CSM supplementation decreased (p < 0.01) egg production and feed efficiency and increased (p < 0.01) yolk color, eggshell rate, and shell thickness, but had no significant effects on the TPA parameters, fatty acid profiles, and protein components of egg yolks. CSO supplementation resulted in decreases (p < 0.01) in egg production, egg weight, and feed efficiency and an increase (p < 0.01) in yolk color. In addition, CSO supplementation with two weeks of cold storage changed the physical properties of boiled egg yolks, as indicated by increased (p < 0.01) hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, and chewiness. Furthermore, 4% CSO supplementation increased the ratio of saturated/monounsaturated fatty acids (SAFA/MUFA) and the protein content of egg yolks, which was accompanied by a modified protein composition. These results indicate that CSM supplementation reduces laying performance and egg quality, and CSO supplementation decreases laying performance and results in egg yolk hardening by modifying its components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Mu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- School of food and biological engineeringHubei University of TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Luo‐Yi Zhu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Ao Yang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Niya Zhang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Lvhui Sun
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Desheng Qi
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yang A, Qi M, Wang X, Wang S, Sun L, Qi D, Zhu L, Duan Y, Gao X, Ali Rajput S, Zhang N. Refined cottonseed oil as a replacement for soybean oil in broiler diet. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:1027-1034. [PMID: 30918645 PMCID: PMC6418425 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
With the shortage of common vegetable fat sources, such as soybean oil (SBO), it is urgent to find alternative oil sources for broiler producers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of refined cottonseed oil (CSO) as a replacement for SBO in broiler diets. A total of 180 chickens at 1 d of age were randomly assigned to five treatments of six replicates. One treatment was the basal diet (control), and the other four experimental diets were formulated from the basal diet by replacing (w/w) 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the SBO with refined CSO (only containing 0.2% cyclopropenoid fatty acids, and no free gossypol was detected). At the end of week 6, blood samples were obtained from the jugular vein and the breast muscle was aseptically isolated from two birds per replicate. The results showed that substitution of CSO for low-level SBO had no significant effect (p > 0.05) on broiler performance during the starter period (week 1-3), while 50% level of CSO inclusion significantly increased (p < 0.05) ADG and improved FCR compared with the control group during the finisher period (week 4-6). Broilers fed 100% CSO diets had lower (p < 0.05) levels of serum total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), cholesterol (CHO) concentrations, and serum alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity than that of the control broilers. Furthermore, the serum antioxidant status appeared to be enhanced by CSO. Additionally, high levels of CSO (75 and 100%) significantly increased the proportions of C14:0 and C18:0 but decreased the proportions of C18:1n9t, C18:2n6c, and ∑ n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in breast muscles of broilers. Overall, the SBO could be replaced with refined CSO up to 50% in diets for broilers without adversely affecting the performance, liver functions, and breast muscle fatty acid composition of these broilers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ao Yang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed ScienceCollege of Animal Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Ming Qi
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed ScienceCollege of Animal Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry ProductionKey Laboratory of Agro‐ecological Processes in Subtropical RegionInstitute of Subtropical AgricultureChinese Academy of SciencesChangshaChina
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed ScienceCollege of Animal Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed ScienceCollege of Animal Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Lvhui Sun
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed ScienceCollege of Animal Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Desheng Qi
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed ScienceCollege of Animal Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Luoyi Zhu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed ScienceCollege of Animal Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yongzhi Duan
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed ScienceCollege of Animal Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed ScienceCollege of Animal Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Shahid Ali Rajput
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed ScienceCollege of Animal Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Niya Zhang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed ScienceCollege of Animal Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhu L, Yang A, Mu Y, Zhang N, Sun L, Rajput SA, Qi D. Effects of dietary cottonseed oil and cottonseed meal supplementation on the structure, nutritional composition of egg yolk and gossypol residue in eggs. Poult Sci 2019; 98:381-392. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
7
|
Shockey J, Kuhn D, Chen T, Cao H, Freeman B, Mason C. Cyclopropane fatty acid biosynthesis in plants: phylogenetic and biochemical analysis of Litchi Kennedy pathway and acyl editing cycle genes. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2018; 37:1571-1583. [PMID: 30083958 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-018-2329-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This report describes the most extensive known gene discovery study from an oilseed that produces cyclopropane fatty acids, a novel industrial feedstock. Nature contains hundreds of examples of plant species that accumulate unusual fatty acids in seed triacylglycerols (TAG). Although lipid metabolic genes have been cloned from several exotic plant species, the underlying mechanisms that control the production of novel TAG species are still poorly understood. One such class of unusual fatty acids contain in-chain cyclopropane or cyclopropene functionalities that confer chemical and physical properties useful in the synthesis of lubricants, cosmetics, dyes, coatings, and other types of valuable industrial feedstocks. These cyclopropyl fatty acids, or CPFAs, are only produced by a small number of plants, primarily in the order Malvidae. Litchi chinensis is one member of this group; its seed oil contains at least 40 mol% CPFAs. Several genes, representing early, middle, and late steps in the Litchi fatty acid and TAG biosynthetic pathways have been cloned and characterized here. The tissue-specific and developmental transcript expression profiles and biochemical characteristics observed indicate which enzymes might play a larger role in Litchi seed TAG biosynthesis and accumulation. These data, therefore, provide insights into which genes likely represent the best targets for either silencing or overexpression, in future metabolic engineering strategies aimed at altering CPFA content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jay Shockey
- Commodity Utilization Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA.
| | - David Kuhn
- Subtropical Horticulture Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Miami, FL, 33158, USA
| | - Tao Chen
- Fairy Lake Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518004, Guangdong, China
| | - Heping Cao
- Commodity Utilization Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA
| | - Barbara Freeman
- Subtropical Horticulture Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Miami, FL, 33158, USA
| | - Catherine Mason
- Commodity Utilization Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pédrono F, Boulier-Monthéan N, Boissel F, Ossemond J, Lohézic-Le Dévéhat F. The Hypotriglyceridemic Effect of Sciadonic Acid is Mediated by the Inhibition of Δ9-Desaturase Expression and Activity. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Pédrono
- Agrocampus Ouest; Rennes France
- UMR INRA 1253; Science et Technologie du Lait et de l’Œuf; équipe Bioactivité et Nutrition; Rennes France
| | - Nathalie Boulier-Monthéan
- Agrocampus Ouest; Rennes France
- UMR INRA 1253; Science et Technologie du Lait et de l’Œuf; équipe Bioactivité et Nutrition; Rennes France
| | - Françoise Boissel
- Agrocampus Ouest; Rennes France
- UMR INRA 1253; Science et Technologie du Lait et de l’Œuf; équipe Bioactivité et Nutrition; Rennes France
| | - Jordane Ossemond
- UMR INRA 1253; Science et Technologie du Lait et de l’Œuf; équipe Bioactivité et Nutrition; Rennes France
| | - Françoise Lohézic-Le Dévéhat
- UMR CNRS 6226; Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes; équipe Produits Naturels; Synthèse et Chimie Médicinale; UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques; Université de Rennes 1; Rennes France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Qi M, Sun LH, Guo J, Liu J, Duan YZ, Wang X, Zeng CP, Qi DS, Zhang NY. Abnormal characteristics of eggs laid by hens fed with high levels of cottonseed meal. J APPL POULTRY RES 2017. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfw053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
10
|
Sudakaran S, Retz F, Kikuchi Y, Kost C, Kaltenpoth M. Evolutionary transition in symbiotic syndromes enabled diversification of phytophagous insects on an imbalanced diet. ISME JOURNAL 2015; 9:2587-604. [PMID: 26023876 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2015.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary adaptations for the exploitation of nutritionally challenging or toxic host plants represent a major force driving the diversification of phytophagous insects. Although symbiotic bacteria are known to have essential nutritional roles for insects, examples of radiations into novel ecological niches following the acquisition of specific symbionts remain scarce. Here we characterized the microbiota across bugs of the family Pyrrhocoridae and investigated whether the acquisition of vitamin-supplementing symbionts enabled the hosts to diversify into the nutritionally imbalanced and chemically well-defended seeds of Malvales plants as a food source. Our results indicate that vitamin-provisioning Actinobacteria (Coriobacterium and Gordonibacter), as well as Firmicutes (Clostridium) and Proteobacteria (Klebsiella) are widespread across Pyrrhocoridae, but absent from the sister family Largidae and other outgroup taxa. Despite the consistent association with a specific microbiota, the Pyrrhocoridae phylogeny is neither congruent with a dendrogram based on the hosts' microbial community profiles nor phylogenies of individual symbiont strains, indicating frequent horizontal exchange of symbiotic partners. Phylogenetic dating analyses based on the fossil record reveal an origin of the Pyrrhocoridae core microbiota in the late Cretaceous (81.2-86.5 million years ago), following the transition from crypt-associated beta-proteobacterial symbionts to an anaerobic community localized in the M3 region of the midgut. The change in symbiotic syndromes (that is, symbiont identity and localization) and the acquisition of the pyrrhocorid core microbiota followed the evolution of their preferred host plants (Malvales), suggesting that the symbionts facilitated their hosts' adaptation to this imbalanced nutritional resource and enabled the subsequent diversification in a competition-poor ecological niche.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sailendharan Sudakaran
- Insect Symbiosis Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Franziska Retz
- Insect Symbiosis Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Yoshitomo Kikuchi
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Hokkaido, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Christian Kost
- Experimental Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Kaltenpoth
- Insect Symbiosis Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Salem H, Kreutzer E, Sudakaran S, Kaltenpoth M. Actinobacteria as essential symbionts in firebugs and cotton stainers (Hemiptera, Pyrrhocoridae). Environ Microbiol 2012; 15:1956-68. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Salem
- Insect Symbiosis Research Group; Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology; Jena; Germany
| | | | - Sailendharan Sudakaran
- Insect Symbiosis Research Group; Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology; Jena; Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sudakaran S, Salem H, Kost C, Kaltenpoth M. Geographical and ecological stability of the symbiotic mid-gut microbiota in European firebugs, Pyrrhocoris apterus (Hemiptera, Pyrrhocoridae). Mol Ecol 2012; 21:6134-51. [PMID: 23017151 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Symbiotic bacteria often play an essential nutritional role for insects, thereby allowing them to exploit novel food sources and expand into otherwise inaccessible ecological niches. Although many insects are inhabited by complex microbial communities, most studies on insect mutualists so far have focused on single endosymbionts and their interactions with the host. Here, we provide a comprehensive characterization of the gut microbiota of the red firebug (Pyrrhocoris apterus, Hemiptera, Pyrrhocoridae), a model organism for physiological and endocrinological research. A combination of several culture-independent techniques (454 pyrosequencing, quantitative PCR and cloning/sequencing) revealed a diverse community of likely transient bacterial taxa in the mid-gut regions M1, M2 and M4. However, the completely anoxic M3 region harboured a distinct microbiota consisting of facultative and obligate anaerobes including Actinobacteria (Coriobacterium glomerans and Gordonibacter sp.), Firmicutes (Clostri-dium sp. and Lactococcus lactis) and Proteobacteria (Klebsiella sp. and a previously undescribed Rickettsiales bacterium). Characterization of the M3 microbiota in different life stages of P. apterus indicated that the symbiotic bacterial community is vertically transmitted and becomes well defined between the second and third nymphal instar, which coincides with the initiation of feeding. Comparing the mid-gut M3 microbial communities of P. apterus individuals from five different populations and after feeding on three different diets revealed that the community composition is qualitatively and quantitatively very stable, with the six predominant taxa being consistently abundant. Our findings suggest that the firebug mid-gut microbiota constitutes a functionally important and possibly coevolved symbiotic community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sailendharan Sudakaran
- Max Planck Research Group Insect Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yu XH, Rawat R, Shanklin J. Characterization and analysis of the cotton cyclopropane fatty acid synthase family and their contribution to cyclopropane fatty acid synthesis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 11:97. [PMID: 21612656 PMCID: PMC3132707 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-11-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclopropane fatty acids (CPA) have been found in certain gymnosperms, Malvales, Litchi and other Sapindales. The presence of their unique strained ring structures confers physical and chemical properties characteristic of unsaturated fatty acids with the oxidative stability displayed by saturated fatty acids making them of considerable industrial interest. While cyclopropenoid fatty acids (CPE) are well-known inhibitors of fatty acid desaturation in animals, CPE can also inhibit the stearoyl-CoA desaturase and interfere with the maturation and reproduction of some insect species suggesting that in addition to their traditional role as storage lipids, CPE can contribute to the protection of plants from herbivory. RESULTS Three genes encoding cyclopropane synthase homologues GhCPS1, GhCPS2 and GhCPS3 were identified in cotton. Determination of gene transcript abundance revealed differences among the expression of GhCPS1, 2 and 3 showing high, intermediate and low levels, respectively, of transcripts in roots and stems; whereas GhCPS1 and 2 are both expressed at low levels in seeds. Analyses of fatty acid composition in different tissues indicate that the expression patterns of GhCPS1 and 2 correlate with cyclic fatty acid (CFA) distribution. Deletion of the N-terminal oxidase domain lowered GhCPS's ability to produce cyclopropane fatty acid by approximately 70%. GhCPS1 and 2, but not 3 resulted in the production of cyclopropane fatty acids upon heterologous expression in yeast, tobacco BY2 cell and Arabidopsis seed. CONCLUSIONS In cotton GhCPS1 and 2 gene expression correlates with the total CFA content in roots, stems and seeds. That GhCPS1 and 2 are expressed at a similar level in seed suggests both of them can be considered potential targets for gene silencing to reduce undesirable seed CPE accumulation. Because GhCPS1 is more active in yeast than the published Sterculia CPS and shows similar activity when expressed in model plant systems, it represents a strong candidate gene for CFA accumulation via heterologous expression in production plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hong Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, NY, USA
| | - Richa Rawat
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, NY, USA
| | - John Shanklin
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, NY, USA
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Muma E, Palander S, Näsi M, Pfeiffer AM, Keller T, Griinari JM. Modulation of conjugated linoleic acid-induced loss of chicken egg hatchability by dietary soybean oil. Poult Sci 2006; 85:712-20. [PMID: 16615355 DOI: 10.1093/ps/85.4.712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objective of the present study was to determine the minimum level of dietary plant oil supplementation that results in full recovery from loss of hatchability induced by conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Another objective was to define the changes in egg yolk fatty acid composition associated with the loss and recovery of hatchability. Shaver hens were assigned to groups of 8 and were fed a diet containing either no CLA plus 0.5% soybean oil (control) or 0.5% CLA (1:1 mixture of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 CLA) plus 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8% soybean oil for 15 d. Supplementation with CLA (CLA plus 0% soybean oil) resulted in complete loss of hatchability of fertile eggs. Hatchability was progressively improved by increasing doses of soybean oil, and full recovery of hatchability compared with the control levels was achieved at 6% soybean oil. There was no further improvement in hatchability when 8% soybean oil was added to the CLA-supplemented diet. Loss of hatchability was associated with a 2- to 3-fold decrease in desaturase ratios (cis-9 C16:1/C16:0 and cis-9 C18:1/C18:0) in the egg yolk total lipids, indicating marked inhibition of delta-9 desaturase in the chicken liver. In addition, the concentration of arachidonic acid was observed to decrease. Recovery of hatchability was associated with an increased proportion of linoleic acid and linolenic acid in the egg yolk. However, there was no change in desaturase ratios, suggesting that delta-9 desaturase inhibition persisted. Increased incorporation of dietary linoleic and linolenic acids might have compensated for the reduced levels of palmitoleic and oleic acid, thus allowing for the improvement in hatchability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Muma
- Department of Animal Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rodríguez S, Camps F, Fabriàs G. Inhibition of the acyl-CoA desaturases involved in the biosynthesis of Spodoptera littoralis sex pheromone by analogs of 10,11-methylene-10-tetradecenoic acid. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2004; 34:283-289. [PMID: 14871624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2003.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2003] [Revised: 11/06/2003] [Accepted: 11/06/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The desaturase inhibitory activity of the cyclopropenyl alcohols 9,10-methylene-9-tetradecen-1-ol (9-MTOL), 10,11-methylene-10-tetradecen-1-ol (10-MTOL) and 11,12-methylene-11-tetradecen-1-ol (11-MTOL), which are structural analogs of 10,11-methylene-10-tetradecenoic acid (10-MTA), is reported. At equimolar ratios with respect to the different substrates, the three compounds completely inhibited the three desaturation reactions involved in the biosynthesis of Spodoptera littoralis sex pheromone. The dose-dependence of inhibition was determined for 10-MTA and its alcohol derivative. Both compounds inhibited the transformation of perdeuterated palmitic acid into perdeuterated (Z)-11-hexadecenoic acid and that of (E)-11-tridecenoic acid into (Z,E)-9,11-tridecadienoic acid with similar IC(50) values. The overall results presented in this work support scattered data that neither the free carboxyl groups nor their acyl-CoA esters are a requisite for inhibition of desaturases. Since the synthesis of cyclopropenols is much more convenient than that of cyclopropene fatty acids, this finding is of economical relevance regarding the putative use of cyclopropene derivatives in pest control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Biológica, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas y Ambientales de Barcelona, CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Schäfer K, Männer K, Sagredos A, Eder K, Simon O. Incorporation of dietary linoleic and conjugated linoleic acids and related effects on eggs of laying hens. Lipids 2001; 36:1217-22. [PMID: 11795854 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-001-0835-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, laying hens received 29 g per kg diet of a preparation containing either 70% linoleic acid (LA) or approximately the same amount of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in the control and experimental treatments, respectively. The CLA preparation consisted predominantly of cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 fatty acid isomers as free fatty acids in a ratio of 1:1. The diets were fed for 8 wk to determine the effect of dietary CLA on quality characteristics of eggs. In addition, the fatty acid composition of liver and heart was analyzed. Performance parameters (egg weight, feed efficiency) were not significantly affected by feeding the diets supplemented with CLA. The overall amount of CLA that was incorporated into yolk was 7.95 g CLA/100 g total fatty acids, or approximately 400 mg CLA/egg. The transfer efficiency of the cis-9,trans-11 isomer was higher than that of the trans-10,cis-12 isomer; however, the transfer rate of CLA isomers into yolk and tissues was significantly lower than that of linoleic acid. Dietary CLA increased the concentration of saturated fatty acids in yolk and tissues at the expense of monounsaturated fatty acids. The proportions of myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids in yolk lipids were also changed by dietary CLA. Additionally, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) were decreased without changing the balance of the n-6/n-3 ratio in egg yolk. The inclusion of CLA in layer diets altered the shape of the yolk and various egg parameters (albumen height, foam index, and yolk index). The results of this study indicate that CLA induces various changes in lipid and fatty acid metabolism of laying hens and affects quality characteristics of eggs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Schäfer
- Institut für Tierernährung, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Quintana J, Barrot M, Fabrias G, Camps F. A model study on the mechanism of inhibition of fatty acyl desaturases by cyclopropene fatty acids. Tetrahedron 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(98)00611-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
18
|
Direct inhibition of (Z)-9 desaturation of (E)-11-tetradecenoic acid by methylenehexadecenoic acids in the biosynthesis of Spodoptera littoralis sex pheromone. J Lipid Res 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)39134-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
19
|
Cao J, Blond JP, Bézard J. Inhibition of fatty acid delta 6- and delta 5-desaturation by cyclopropene fatty acids in rat liver microsomes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1210:27-34. [PMID: 7903050 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(93)90045-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
delta 6-Desaturation of linoleic acid and delta 5-desaturation of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid were measured in liver microsomes from rats fed fresh Baobab seed oil containing cyclopropene fatty acids (malvalic acid and sterculic acid) or heated Baobab seed oil practically devoid of these fatty acids or control oil. The presence of cyclopropene fatty acids in the fresh Baobab oil diet highly depressed both desaturations, but delta 6- more than delta 5-desaturation. The decreased capacity of microsomes to desaturate was reflected in the lower arachidonic acid content in microsomal phospholipids from rats fed this oil. However it was also lower in rats fed heated oil although in vitro delta 6- and delta 5-desaturation were not depressed. When liver microsomes prepared from rats fed the control diet were used for the desaturation assays, the presence of free malvalic or sterculic acid in the medium, also highly depressed delta 6- and delta 5-desaturation. The incorporation of arachidonic acid, the product of delta 5-desaturation, into phospholipids was also highly depressed, while that of the precursor dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid was not. This suggests that cyclopropene fatty acids specifically inhibit incorporation of the delta 5-desaturation product into phospholipids or that they specifically inhibit desaturation of the substrate previously incorporated into a membrane phospholipid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Cao
- Unité de Recherche de Nutrition Cellulaire et Métabolique, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
|
21
|
Batterham ES, Andersen LM, Baigent DR, Darnell RE, Taverner MR. A comparison of the availability and ileal digestibility of lysine in cottonseed and soya-bean meals for grower/finisher pigs. Br J Nutr 1990; 64:663-77. [PMID: 2124923 DOI: 10.1079/bjn19900069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The availability of lysine and the ileal digestibility of amino acids in three cottonseed meals and a soya-bean meal for grower/finisher pigs were determined. The usefulness of the availability estimates for formulating diets was assessed. The availability of lysine, as assessed with a slope-ratio assay, was (proportion of total): cottonseed meal no. 1, 0.27; no. 2, 0.30; no. 3, 0.29; soya-bean meal, 0.90. Ileal digestibility of lysine in the meals (proportion of total) was: cottonseed meal no. 1, 0.58; no. 2, 0.68; no. 3, 0.72; soya-bean meal, 0.89. Pigs given diets formulated to the same available lysine concentration grew at similar rates and retained the same amount of lysine in the carcasses. The results indicate that, for meals of high availability (soya-bean meal), reduced ileal digestibility appears to be the main reason for reduced availability. However, in meals of low availability (cottonseed meal), reduced ileal digestibility only accounts for part of the reduced availability. Thus, the ileal digestibility of lysine is not a reliable indicator of lysine availability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E S Batterham
- NSW Agriculture and Fisheries, North Coast Agricultural Institute, Wollongbar, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
The artificial incubation of eggs of domesticated species can now be carried out with a high degree of success. However, advances in understanding about the problems faced by the developing embryo during incubation are still being made; and some may help "fine-tune" the incubation process. This paper deals particularly with the use of egg-cooling during incubation as a means of manipulating takeoff times, the use of water-vapor conductance monitoring by weight to predict the optimal humidity conditions for batches of eggs from different strains and species, cuticle-stripping to improve embryonic respiratory gas exchange, and some aspects of egg hygiene. Problems with hatchability usually can be traced to factors such as infertility, faulty breeder nutrition, disease status, or poor egg handling and hygiene, rather than to faulty incubation technique per se. Outlined here are the steps taken to solve an interesting but serious hatchability problem, the cause of which was traced to the presence of kapok seed meal in the breeder diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S G Tullett
- Poultry Science Department, West of Scotland College, Auchincruive, Ayr
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Affiliation(s)
- R C Noble
- Department of Nutrition and Microbiology, Scottish Agricultural College, Auchincruive
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Schmid KM, Patterson GW. Effects of cyclopropenoid fatty acids on fungal growth and lipid composition. Lipids 1988; 23:248-52. [PMID: 3131612 DOI: 10.1007/bf02535466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cyclopropenoid fatty acids (CPE) isolated from Sterculia foetida oil by urea clathration and reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were introduced into fungal cultures. Stearate levels in phospholipids and triacylglycerols from Ustilago maydis sporidia rose considerably in response to 30 microM CPE. In addition, CPE themselves were incorporated into glycerolipid fractions. Sterol composition was unaffected. Changes in lipid composition were accompanied by inhibition of dry weight accumulation and sporidial number. Treated sporidia showed irregular wall deposition and a branched morphology. Oleate alleviated CPE effects on growth and morphology. Hyphal extension by Rhizoctonia solani was inhibited somewhat by 30 microM sterculate, while Fusarium oxysporum showed no appreciable response. Although CPE appeared to inhibit fatty acid desaturation by F. oxysporum, gross increases in the proportion of stearate were limited to the triacylglycerol fraction during 30 microM treatments. The possibility that the CPE synthesized by plants serve as antifungal agents is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K M Schmid
- Department of Botany, University of Maryland, College Park 20742
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
|
26
|
Hawkins GE, Cummins KA, Silverio M, Jilek JJ. Physiological effects of whole cottonseed in the diet of lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 1985; 68:2608-14. [PMID: 3934243 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(85)81144-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
With 32 lactating Holstein cows we evaluated physiological effects of gossypol and cyclopropenoid fatty acids in diets containing 18.5% whole cottonseed (dry matter) based on corn, corn silage, and soybean meal. All cows consumed a control diet for the first 2 wk of lactation and then were assigned to either control or whole cottonseed diet for the remainder of their lactation. Milk production, milk fat and protein percentages, and daily dry matter intake were measured. Dry matter intakes were less for cows consuming the whole cottonseed diet, but net energy intake was similar for all diets. Milk fat from cows consuming whole cottonseed contained detectable concentrations of cyclopropene fatty acids. Total lipid in plasma, total serum cholesterol, serum gossypol, and apparent liver gossypol concentrations were greater in cows fed whole cottonseed. Gossypol and cyclopropenoid fatty acids appeared to be absorbed from the gut of cows fed whole cottonseed. Small amounts of gossypol in serum and liver tissue and small amounts of cyclopropene fatty acids in adipose tissue lipids and milk fat indicate a need to elucidate the significance of these physiologically active compounds in the human diet and their biological effects on lactating dairy cows.
Collapse
|
27
|
Matlock JP, Nixon JE, Pawlowski NE. Altered lipid metabolism and impaired clearance of plasma cholesterol in mice fed cyclopropenoid fatty acids. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1985; 80:457-66. [PMID: 3929432 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(85)90390-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Swiss-Webster mice fed a diet containing 0.5% cyclopropenoid fatty acids (CPFA) for 6 weeks showed depressed growth rates and developed hypercholesteremia and increased concentrations of serum phospholipid and free cholesterol compared to control mice. No depression of cytochromes P-450 and b5 or microsomal mixed-function oxidase activities occurred to indicate impaired oxidative catabolism of serum cholesterol. Elimination of intragastrically administered [3H]cholesterol from blood was biphasic; there was no significant difference in first-order rate constants for absorption, distribution, and elimination processes between control and CPFA-fed animals. However, the area under the blood clearance curve for CPFA-fed animals was significantly increased (p less than or equal to 0.01) by 29% over controls, demonstrating a net increase in clearance time for exogenous cholesterol in CPFA-fed animals, thus contributing to their hypercholesteremia. In the CPFA-fed mice, the percentage of saturated fatty acid residues increased at the expense of monounsaturates in the cholesterol ester, triglyceride, and phosphatidyl choline fractions of serum lipids. Total polyene content of serum lipid was not altered; however, CPFA-fed animals demonstrated increased linoleic acid at the expense of arachidonic acid in all serum lipid fractions. Excessively saturated serum lipids may impede clearance of serum cholesterol in CPFA-fed animals by inhibited plasma lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) and hepatic cholesterol esterase activities.
Collapse
|
28
|
Tinsley IJ, Wilson G, Lowry RR. Tissue fatty acid changes and tumor incidence in C3H mice ingesting cottonseed oil. Lipids 1982; 17:115-7. [PMID: 6896358 DOI: 10.1007/bf02535186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of spontaneous mammary tumors in C3H mice at 35 wk was higher in mice fed rations containing cottonseed oil than in mice fed fats of comparable fatty acid composition. The time to 50% (T50) incidence was also shorter in the first group. The fatty acid composition of tissue lipids from mice fed the cottonseed oil showed changes indicating the presence of cyclopropene fatty acids-higher levels of saturates and lower oleate/stearate and palmitoleate/palmitate ratios. A possible association between the development of a spontaneous mammary tumor in the C3H mouse and the presence of cyclopropene fatty acids in the cottonseed oil is indicated.
Collapse
|
29
|
|
30
|
Pitas RE, Nelson GJ, Jaffe RM, Mahley RW. delta 15,18-tetracosadienoic acid content of sphingolipids from platelets and erythrocytes of animals fed diets high in saturated or polyunsaturated fats. Lipids 1978; 13:551-6. [PMID: 703532 DOI: 10.1007/bf02533594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
31
|
Jeffcoat R, Pollard MR. Studies on the inhibition of the desaturases by cyclopropenoid fatty acids. Lipids 1977; 12:480-5. [PMID: 18648 DOI: 10.1007/bf02535446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Unwashed rat liver microsomes were used to study the inhibition of the delta6 and delta9 desaturases by cyclopropenoid fatty acids with the ring structure about the 9,10 or 6,7 carbon atoms. The 9,10 cyclopropenoid acid (sterculic acid) is shown to be an effective inhibitor of only delta9 desaturase and then only in the presence of MgCl2 and coenzyme A (presumably due to the formation of sterculoyl-CoA). Two 6,7 cyclopropenoid acids of different chain lengths showed no marked inhibition of either the delta6 or delta9 desaturase. By the use of [3H]-sterculic acid, it has been shown that under conditions of high inhibition of the delta9 desaturase the inhibitor is not covalently attached to the enzyme at any point. This disproves older ideas on the mechanism of inhibition that assumed reaction between the cyclopropenoid ring and sulphydryl groups on the enzymes.
Collapse
|
32
|
Cook LJ, Scott TW, Mills SC, Fogerty AC, Johnson AR. Effects of protected cyclopropene fatty acids on the composition of ruminant milk fat. Lipids 1976; 11:705-11. [PMID: 994763 DOI: 10.1007/bf02532891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Unsaturated fatty acids can be protected from ruminal hydrogenation, and when fed to lactating ruminants, the constituent acids are incorporated into milk triacylglycerols. By this means, it has been possible to reduce the melting point of milk triglycerides and to make softer butter fat. This report shows that, by feeding small amounts of protected cyclopropene fatty acids, one is also able to make harder butter fat. Sterculia foetida seed oil, a rich source of cyclopropene fatty acids, was emulsified with casein and spray dried to yield a free flowing dry powder. When this material was treated with formaldehyde and fed to lactating goats(ca. 1 g cyclopropene fatty acids per day), there were substantial increases in the proportions of stearic acid and decreases in the proportions of oleic acid in milk fat. Similar results were obtained when the formaldehyde-treated supplements were fed to lactating cows (ca. 3 g cyclopropene fatty acids per day). The effect was considerably less apparent when the S. foetida seed oil-casein supplement was not treated with formaldehyde, suggesting that cyclopropene fatty acids are hydrogenated in the rumen as are other unsaturated fatty acids. The effect of feeding protected cyclopropene fatty acids on the stearic:oleic ratio in milk fat is probably due to cyclopropene-mediated inhibition of the mammary desaturase enzymes.
Collapse
|
33
|
Struthers BJ, Wales JH, Lee DJ, Sinnhuber RO. Liver composition and histology of rainbow trout fed cyclopropenoid fatty acids. Exp Mol Pathol 1975; 23:164-70. [PMID: 1183535 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4800(75)90014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
34
|
Struthers BJ, Lee DJ, Sinnhuber RO. Altered lipid metabolism in livers of rainbow trout fed cyclopropenoid fatty acids. Exp Mol Pathol 1975; 23:181-7. [PMID: 1183537 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4800(75)90016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
35
|
Scarpelli DG. Experimental modification of the mitogenic effect of methyl sterculate on rat liver. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. B, CELL PATHOLOGY 1974; 16:211-20. [PMID: 4216141 DOI: 10.1007/bf02894076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
36
|
Bartov I, Lipstein B, Bornstein S. Differential Effects of Dietary Acidulated Soybean Oil Soapstock, Cottonseed Oil Soapstock and Tallow on Broiler Carcass Fat Characteristics. Poult Sci 1974. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.0530115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
37
|
Liver dehydrogenase levels in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, fed cyclopropenoid fatty acids and aflatoxin B1. J Lipid Res 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)36845-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
38
|
|
39
|
|
40
|
|
41
|
Chang HC, Janke J, Pusch F, Holman RT. Effect of double and triple bonds in fatty acid inhibitors upon desaturation of stearic acid by rat liver microsomes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 306:21-5. [PMID: 4703571 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(73)90203-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
42
|
Clark JR, Kircher HW. Synthesis and biological characterization of 10, 11-methylene-9-nonadecene; an analog of sterculic acid. Lipids 1972. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02533244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
43
|
Pearson JA, Fogerty AC, Johnson AR, Shenstone FS. The effect of methyl sterculate on oleic acid synthesis in the hen. Lipids 1972; 7:437-41. [PMID: 5049142 DOI: 10.1007/bf02533156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
44
|
Raju PK, Reiser R. Inhibition of Stearoyl Coenzyme A Desaturase by Sterculate in Mouse Liver Microsomes. J Biol Chem 1972. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)45198-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
45
|
Bickerstaffe R, Johnson AR. The effect of intravenous infusions of sterculic acid on milk fat synthesis. Br J Nutr 1972; 27:561-70. [PMID: 5031183 DOI: 10.1079/bjn19720126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
1. The effects of intraduodenal infusions of sterculic acid, a naturally occurring inhibitor of desaturase activity, on the yield and composition of milk were examined in a lactating goat.2. Sterculic acid administration increased the percentage of stearic acid in milk fat, reflecting inhibition of mammary desaturase activity. Milk yield was not affected, but milk fat output decreased. Possible explanations are discussed.3. No evidence was obtained for an alternative pathway of oleic acid synthesis from acetate.
Collapse
|
46
|
Fogerty AC, Johnson AR, Pearson JA. Ring position in cyclopropene fatty acids and stearic acid desaturation in hen liver. Lipids 1972; 7:335-8. [PMID: 5037150 DOI: 10.1007/bf02532651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
47
|
Yano I, Morris LJ, Nichols BW, Jams AT. The biosynthesis of cyclopropane and cyclopropene fatty acids in higher plants (Malvaceae). Lipids 1972. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02531267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
48
|
The distribution of cyclopropane and cyclopropene fatty acids in higher plants (Malvaceae). Lipids 1972. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02531266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
49
|
Pohl P, Wagner H. Fettsäuren im Pflanzen- und Tierreich (eine Übersicht) II: Trans-ungesättigte, Alkin-, Hydroxy-, Epoxy-, Oxo-, Cyclopropan- und Cyclopropen-Fettsäuren. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1972. [DOI: 10.1002/lipi.19720740907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
50
|
Lipstein B, Bornstein S, Budowski P. Studies with Acidulated Cottonseed-Oil Soapstock. Poult Sci 1970. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.0491631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|