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Abstract
Re-investigation of the MeOH extract of the seeds of Cucumis melo L. var. reticulatus (Cucurbitaceae) led to the isolation of a new chromone derivative (5,7-dihydroxy-2-[2-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]chromone (5) and a triglyceride (1,3-di-(6 Z,9 Z)-docosa-6,9-dienoyl-2-(6 Z) hexacos-6-enoylglycerol (1), together with three known compounds; α-spinasterol (2), stigmasta-7,22,25-trien-3-ol (3), and D:B-friedoolean-5-ene-3-β-ol (4), are reported from this species for the first time. Their structures were determined by extensive 1D (1H, 13C, and DEPT) and 2D (1H-1H COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) NMR and mass spectral measurements. Compound 5 displayed significant cytotoxic activity against L5178Y cells, with an ED50 of 5 μM. The MeOH extract and 5 showed antioxidant activity using the DPPH assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrin R. M. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
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2
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Fritz M, Lokstein H, Hackenberg D, Welti R, Roth M, Zähringer U, Fulda M, Hellmeyer W, Ott C, Wolter FP, Heinz E. Channeling of eukaryotic diacylglycerol into the biosynthesis of plastidial phosphatidylglycerol. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:4613-4625. [PMID: 17158889 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m606295200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastidial glycolipids contain diacylglycerol (DAG) moieties, which are either synthesized in the plastids (prokaryotic lipids) or originate in the extraplastidial compartment (eukaryotic lipids) necessitating their transfer into plastids. In contrast, the only phospholipid in plastids, phosphatidylglycerol (PG), contains exclusively prokaryotic DAG backbones. PG contributes in several ways to the functions of chloroplasts, but it is not known to what extent its prokaryotic nature is required to fulfill these tasks. As a first step toward answering this question, we produced transgenic tobacco plants that contain eukaryotic PG in thylakoids. This was achieved by targeting a bacterial DAG kinase into chloroplasts in which the heterologous enzyme was also incorporated into the envelope fraction. From lipid analysis we conclude that the DAG kinase phosphorylated eukaryotic DAG forming phosphatidic acid, which was converted into PG. This resulted in PG with 2-3 times more eukaryotic than prokaryotic DAG backbones. In the newly formed PG the unique Delta3-trans-double bond, normally confined to 3-trans-hexadecenoic acid, was also found in sn-2-bound cis-unsaturated C18 fatty acids. In addition, a lipidomics technique allowed the characterization of phosphatidic acid, which is assumed to be derived from eukaryotic DAG precursors in the chloroplasts of the transgenic plants. The differences in lipid composition had only minor effects on measured functions of the photosynthetic apparatus, whereas the most obvious phenotype was a significant reduction in growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Fritz
- Biozentrum Klein Flottbek, Universität Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, D-22609 Hamburg, Germany; Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Generalverwaltung, Hofgartenstrasse 8, D-80539 München, Germany
| | - Heiko Lokstein
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Pflanzenphysiologie, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, D-14476 Golm, Germany
| | - Dieter Hackenberg
- Institut für Biologie/Pflanzenphysiologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, D-10099 Berlin
| | - Ruth Welti
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Kansas Lipidomics Research Center, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-4901
| | - Mary Roth
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Kansas Lipidomics Research Center, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-4901
| | - Ulrich Zähringer
- Leibniz-Zentrum für Medizin und Biowissenschaften, Forschungszentrum Borstel, Parkallee 4, D-23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Martin Fulda
- Biozentrum Klein Flottbek, Universität Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, D-22609 Hamburg, Germany; Albrecht-von-Haller-Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Biochemie der Pflanze, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany, and the.
| | - Wiebke Hellmeyer
- Biozentrum Klein Flottbek, Universität Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, D-22609 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Ott
- Biozentrum Klein Flottbek, Universität Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, D-22609 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank P Wolter
- Biozentrum Klein Flottbek, Universität Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, D-22609 Hamburg, Germany; Bundesverband Deutscher Pflanzenzüchter, GVSmbH, Kaufmannstrasse 71-73, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ernst Heinz
- Biozentrum Klein Flottbek, Universität Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, D-22609 Hamburg, Germany
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Wolff RL, Christie WW. Structures, practical sources (gymnosperm seeds), gas-liquid chromatographic data (equivalent chain lengths), and mass spectrometric characteristics of all-cis Δ5-olefinic acids. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1438-9312(200204)104:4<234::aid-ejlt234>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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4
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Fordham PJ, Chamot-Rooke J, Giudice E, Tortajada J, Morizur J. Analysis of alkenes by copper ion chemical ionization gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 1999; 34:1007-1017. [PMID: 10510423 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9888(199910)34:10<1007::aid-jms854>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A novel chemical ionization/fast atom bombardment (CI/FAB) source was used to analyse alkenes by chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CI-MS) using copper ions as the ionizing agent. The Cu(+)-CI mass spectra showed abundant pseudomolecular adduct ions [alkene-Cu](+) and characteristic fragment ions. Mass-analysed ion kinetic energy spectroscopy was used to study the product ions resulting from the decomposition of adduct ions and to eliminate background interferences derived from the copper ions. The major fragmentations permitted the localization of double bonds and minor fragments allowed the differentiation of alkene isomers. The CI/FAB source was coupled to a gas chromatograph and simple and complex mixtures of octene isomers were analysed by gas chromatography (GC)/Cu(+)-CI-MS and GC/Cu(+)-CI-MS/MS. Copyright 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- PJ Fordham
- Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Structurale, CNRS UMR 8587, boite 45, 4 place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris cedex 05, France
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5
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Wolff RL, Christie WW, Pédrono F, Marpeau AM, Tsevegsüren N, Aitzetmüller K, Gunstone FD. Delta5-olefinic acids in the seed lipids from four Ephedra species and their distribution between the alpha and beta positions of triacylglycerols. Characteristics common to coniferophytes and cycadophytes. Lipids 1999; 34:855-64. [PMID: 10529097 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-999-0433-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The fatty acid compositions of the seed lipids from four Ephedra species, E. nevadensis, E. viridis, E. przewalskii, and E. gerardiana (four gymnosperm species belonging to the Cycadophytes), have been established with an emphasis on delta5-unsaturated polymethylene-interrupted fatty acids (delta5-UPIFA). Mass spectrometry of the picolinyl ester derivatives allowed characterization of 5,9- and 5,11-18:2; 5,9,12-18:3; 5,9,12,15-18:4; 5,11-20:2; 5,11,14-20:3; and 5,11,14,17-20:4 acids. Delta5-UPIFA with a delta11-ethylenic bond (mostly C20 acids) were in higher proportions than delta5-UPIFA with a delta9 double bond (exclusively C18 acids) in all species. The total delta5-UPIFA content was 17-31% of the total fatty acids, with 5,11,14-20:3 and 5,11,14,17-20:4 acids being the principal delta5-UPIFA isomers. The relatively high level of cis-vaccenic (11-18:1) acid found in Ephedra spp. seeds, the presence of its delta5-desaturation product, 5,11-18:2 acid (proposed trivial name: ephedrenic acid), and of its elongation product, 13-20:1 acid, were previously shown to occur in a single other species, Ginkgo biloba, among the approximately 170 gymnosperm species analyzed so far. Consequently, Ephedraceae and Coniferophytes (including Ginkgoatae), which have evolved separately since the Devonian period (approximately 300 million yr ago), have kept in common the ability to synthesize C18 and C20 delta5-UPIFA. We postulate the existence of two delta5-desaturases in gymnosperm seeds, one possibly specific for unsaturated acids with a delta9-ethylenic bond, and the other possibly specific for unsaturated acids with a delta11-ethylenic bond. Alternatively, the delta5-desaturases might be specific for the chain length with C18 unsaturated acids on the one hand and C20 unsaturated acids on the other hand. The resulting hypothetical pathways for the biosynthesis of delta5-UPIFA in gymnosperm seeds are only distinguished by the position of 11-18:1 acid. Moreover, 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the seed oil from two Ephedra species has shown that delta5-UPIFA are essentially excluded from the internal position of triacylglycerols, a characteristic common to all of the Coniferophytes analyzed so far (more than 30 species), with the possibility of an exclusive esterification at the sn-3 position. This structural feature would also date back to the Devonian period, but might have been lost in those rare angiosperm species containing delta5-UPIFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Wolff
- ISTAB, Université Bordeaux 1, Talence, France.
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6
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Bagneres AG, Killian A, Clement JL, Lange C. Interspecific recognition among termites of the genusReticulitermes: Evidence for a role for the cuticular hydrocarbons. J Chem Ecol 1991; 17:2397-420. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00994590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/1991] [Accepted: 08/05/1991] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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7
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Cuticular hydrocarbons and defensive compounds ofReticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) andR. santonensis (feytaud): Polymorphism and chemotaxonomy. J Chem Ecol 1990; 16:3213-44. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00982094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/1989] [Accepted: 05/31/1990] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Lange C, Basselier JJ, Bagneres AG, Escoubas P, Lemaire M, Lenoir A, Clement JL, Bonavita-Cougourdan A, Trabalon M, Campan M. Strategy for the analysis of cuticular hydrocarbon waxes from insects using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with electron impact and chemical ionization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200180924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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9
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Lange C, Celerier JP, Lhommet G, Basselier JJ, Lemaire M, Escoubas P, Clement JL. Analysis of workerMonomorium minimum ant's venom using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200180923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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Cuticular hydrocarbons of the screwworm,Cochliomyia hominivorox (Diptera: Calliphoridae). J Chem Ecol 1989; 15:2301-17. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01012083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/1988] [Accepted: 12/13/1988] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Longmuir KJ, Rossi ME, Resele-Tiden C. Determination of monoenoic fatty acid double bond position by permanganate-periodate oxidation followed by high-performance liquid chromatography of carboxylic acid phenacyl esters. Anal Biochem 1987; 167:213-21. [PMID: 2831753 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(87)90155-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This investigation was carried out to develop methods for a reverse-phase, high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of the monocarboxylic and dicarboxylic acids produced by permanganate-periodate oxidation of monoenoic fatty acids. Oxidation reactions were performed using [U-14C]oleic acid and [U-14C]oleic acid methyl ester in order to measure reaction yields and product distributions. The 14C-labeled oxidation products consisted of nearly equal amounts of monocarboxylic and dicarboxylic acid (or dicarboxylic acid monomethyl ester), with few side products (yield greater than 98%). Conversion of the carboxylic acids to phenacyl esters proceeded to completion. HPLC of carboxylic acid phenacyl esters was performed using a C18 column with a linear solvent gradient beginning with acetonitrile/water (1/1) and ending with 100% acetonitrile. Excellent resolution was achieved for all components of a mixture of C5 through C12 monocarboxylic acid phenacyl esters and C6 through C11 dicarboxylic acid phenacyl esters. Resolution was also achieved for all components of a mixture of C5 through C12 monocarboxylic acid phenacyl esters and C6 through C11 dicarboxylic acid monomethyl, monophenacyl esters. The resolution obtained by HPLC demonstrates that, for a wide range of monoenoic fatty acids, both products of a permanganate-periodate oxidation can be identified on a single chromatogram. Free fatty acids and fatty acid methyl esters were analyzed with equal success. Neither the oxidation nor the esterification reaction caused detectable hydrolysis of methyl ester. The method is illustrated for free acids and methyl esters of 14:1 (cis-9), 16:1 (cis-9), 18:1 (cis-6), 18:1 (cis-9), and 18:1 (cis-11).
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Longmuir
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine 92717
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12
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Yamaoka R, Tokoro M, Hayashiya K. Determination of geometric configuration in minute amounts of highly unsaturated termite trail pheromone by capillary gas chromatography in combination with mass spectrometry and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. J Chromatogr A 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)96128-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Leonhardt B, DeVilbiss E. Separation and double-bond determination on nanogram quantities of aliphatic monounsaturated alcohols, aldehydes and carboxylic acid methyl esters. J Chromatogr A 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)97715-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Application of methoxymercuration-demercuration followed by mass spectrometry as a convenient microanalytical technique for double-bond location in insect-derived alkenes. J Chem Ecol 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00987544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Fatty acid composition of oil in snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1979. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02909529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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18
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Janssen G, Parmentier G. Determination of double bond positions in fatty acids with conjugated double bonds. BIOMEDICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 1978; 5:439-443. [PMID: 678614 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200050704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The positions of the double bonds in fatty acids with conjugated double bonds may be determined by mass spectrometry of the methyl esters of their trimethylsilyl ether derivatives obtained by hydroxylation of the double bonds followed by silylation of the resulting polyols. The method has been applied to trans-9,trans-11- and trans-10, trans-12-octadecadienoic acid.
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Kitajima Y, Thompson GA. Self-regulation of membrane fluidity. The effect of saturated normal and methoxy fatty acid supplementation on Tetrahymena membrane physical properties and lipid composition. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 468:73-80. [PMID: 406916 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(77)90152-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tetrahymena cells elongated and desaturated massive supplements of palmitic or lauric acid at nearly twice the rates employed by unfed cells, thereby maintaining constant the physical properties of their membrane lipids. However, when a mixture of the 9- and 10-monomethoxy derivatives of stearic acid was administered, these compounds were incorporated without further metabolism. The marked fluidizing effect of the phospholipid-bound methoxy-fatty acids elicited an immediate reduction in fatty acid desaturase activity, the pattern of change being very similar to that induced by supplements of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The modulation of fatty acid desaturase activity by methoxy-acids clearly seems to be governed by membrane fluidity rather than by some form of end product inhibition of the type which might have been postulated to explain the similar effect caused by polyunsaturated fatty acids.
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Jojoba oil analysis by high pressure liquid chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1977. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02676270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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