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Reifen R, Blank M, Afek A, Kopilowiz Y, Sklan D, Gershwin ME, German B, Yoshida S, Shoenfeld Y. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids decrease anti-dsDNA and anti-cardiolipin antibodies production in idiotype induced mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 1998; 7:192-7. [PMID: 9607643 DOI: 10.1191/096120398678919985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of diets with different polyunsaturated fatty acid contents, including linseed oil which contains 70% omega-3 fatty acids, on autoantibody production in idiotype induced mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS Five different fats were fed to mice with induced SLE and antibody titers to anti-DNA and anti-cardiolipin were determined and histological examination of kidneys were carried out. RESULTS SLE mice fed linseed oil showed lower titers of antibodies to DNA and to cardiolipin and less severe kidney damage than mice fed other diets, including fish oil. CONCLUSION Use of linseed oil may attenuate the severity of SLE and this diet may be recommended for other auto-immune diseases as well.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic
- Antibodies, Anticardiolipin/blood
- Antibodies, Anticardiolipin/drug effects
- Antibodies, Antinuclear/blood
- Antibodies, Antinuclear/drug effects
- Body Weight/drug effects
- DNA/immunology
- Dietary Fats, Unsaturated/administration & dosage
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/administration & dosage
- Female
- Linseed Oil/administration & dosage
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/blood
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/chemically induced
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Minerals/blood
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Affiliation(s)
- R Reifen
- School of Nutritional Sciences, The Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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Björnsson S, Hardardóttir I, Gunnarsson E, Haraldsson A. Dietary fish oil supplementation increases survival in mice following Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 1998; 29:491-3. [PMID: 9435038 DOI: 10.3109/00365549709011860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The effect of dietary fish-oil supplementation on survival of NMRI mice after Klebsiella pneumoniae infection was investigated. 30 mice in each group were fed a fish-oil enriched diet, olive-oil enriched diet or standard chow diet. After 6 weeks, the mice were injected intramuscularly with Klebsiella pneumoniae. After 120 h the survival of the mice fed fish-oil enriched diet was 40%, while the survival for mice fed standard or olive-oil enriched diets was 20% and 25%, respectively. The survival curve over 120 h was significantly improved (p = 0.0034) for mice fed a fish-oil enriched diet, compared to the survival curves for mice fed the other 2 diets. The study was repeated by comparing the survival of mice fed a fish-oil enriched diet to those given a corn-oil enriched diet. After 120 h the survival curve for mice fed the fish-oil enriched diet was significantly better compared to the survival curve for mice given the corn-oil enriched diet (p = 0.01). A fish-oil enriched diet therefore increases survival in mice following Klebsiella pneumoniae infection, whether compared to a standard diet, olive-oil enriched diet or corn-oil enriched diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Björnsson
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland
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3
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Gogos CA, Ginopoulos P, Salsa B, Apostolidou E, Zoumbos NC, Kalfarentzos F. Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids plus vitamin E restore immunodeficiency and prolong survival for severely ill patients with generalized malignancy: a randomized control trial. Cancer 1998; 82:395-402. [PMID: 9445198 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19980115)82:2<403::aid-cncr21>3.0.co;2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the current prospective, randomized control study was to investigate the effect of dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids plus vitamin E on the immune status and survival of well-nourished and malnourished patients with generalized malignancy. METHODS Sixty patients with generalized solid tumors were randomized to receive dietary supplementation with either fish oil (18 g of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, PUFA) or placebo daily until death. Each group included 15 well-nourished and 15 malnourished patients. The authors measured total T cells, T-helper cells, T-suppressor cells, natural killer cells, and the synthesis of interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor by peripheral blood mononuclear cells before and on Day 40 of fish oil supplementation. Karnofsky performance status, nutritional state, and survival were also estimated. RESULTS The ratio of T-helper cells to T-suppressor cells was significantly lower in malnourished patients. Omega-3 PUFA had a considerable immunomodulating effect by increasing this ratio in the subgroup of malnourished patients. There were no significant differences in cytokine production among the various groups, except for a decrease in tumor necrosis factor production in malnourished cancer patients, which was restored by omega-3 fatty acids. The mean survival was significantly higher for the subgroup of well-nourished patients in both groups, whereas omega-3 fatty acids prolonged the survival of all the patients. CONCLUSIONS Malnutrition appears to be an important predictor of survival for patients with end stage malignant disease. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids had a significant immunomodulating effect and seemed to prolong the survival of malnourished patients with generalized malignancy.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use
- Critical Illness/therapy
- Dietary Supplements
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/administration & dosage
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/therapeutic use
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Humans
- Immunocompromised Host/drug effects
- Interleukin-1/blood
- Interleukin-6/blood
- Karnofsky Performance Status
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/pathology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Count
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasms/complications
- Neoplasms/physiopathology
- Nutrition Disorders/diet therapy
- Nutrition Disorders/drug therapy
- Nutrition Disorders/etiology
- Nutritional Status
- Placebos
- Prospective Studies
- Survival Rate
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Vitamin E/administration & dosage
- Vitamin E/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Gogos
- Department of Medicine, Patras University Medical School, Rion-Patras, Greece
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4
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Istfan NW, Wan JM, Bistrian BR. Nutrition and tumor promotion: in vivo methods for measurement of cellular proliferation and protein metabolism. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1992; 16:76S-82S. [PMID: 1287229 DOI: 10.1177/014860719201600608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The notion that tumors act as "nitrogen traps" has led to the belief that nutrition support of the cancer-bearing patient can enhance tumor growth. Proponents of this theory consider the provision of energy and essential nutrients as well as the influence of hormones and growth factors as responsible for this effect. On the other hand, nutrition administration in the debilitated cancer patient may improve antitumor host defense mechanisms and reduce tumor growth. This paper reviews methodologic issues related to the study of nutrition and cancer growth with emphasis on in vivo methods for measuring tumor protein turnover and cytokinetics. Using this combined approach, we previously demonstrated that dietary fat may significantly regulate tumor growth during chronic feeding as well as with short-term intravenous nutrition support in experimental models. Although the mechanism of this effect remains unclear, we have reasoned that by altering arachidonic acid metabolism and prostaglandin synthesis, omega-3 fatty acids could change tumor protein breakdown rates and inhibit the proliferation potential of these tumors. Acknowledging alternative hypotheses, we now present cytokinetic evidence that intracellular protein degradation may regulate tumor cell proliferation. Additional studies relating dietary fat, tumor protein metabolism and tumor proliferation potential are currently in progress. We propose that the effect of nutrition administration on tumor growth is complex and involves several regulatory systems. Thus, based on available evidence, an a priori tumor-enhancing effect for nutrition support is clearly not warranted. Intracellular protein breakdown and host defense mechanisms, both of which are energy dependent, are important loci at which nutrition and tumor growth regulation could interact.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- N W Istfan
- Nutrition/Infection Laboratory, New England Deaconess Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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5
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Huang SC, Fritsche KL. Alteration in mouse splenic phospholipid fatty acid composition and lymphoid cell populations by dietary fat. Lipids 1992; 27:25-32. [PMID: 1608299 DOI: 10.1007/bf02537054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The fatty acid composition of diacyl- and alkylacylglycerophosphocholine (PC), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylserine (PS), alkenylacyl-glycerophosphoethanolamine (aPE), and diacyl- and alkylacyl-glycerophosphoethanolamine (dPE) was assessed in isolated splenocytes from C3H/Hen mice fed one of four purified isocaloric diets for six weeks. Diets contained 20% by weight of either a high-linoleate sunflower oil (Hi 18:2), a high-oleate sunflower oil (Hi 18:1), a mixture of 17% menhaden fish oil and 3% high-linoleate sunflower oil (Hi n-3), or a mixture of 17% coconut oil and 3% high-linoleate sunflower oil (Hi SFA). Spleen weight and immune cell yield were significantly higher (P less than 0.05) in mice fed the Hi 18:1 or the Hi n-3 diets compared with those fed the Hi 18:2 and Hi SFA diets. Distinctive patterns of fatty acids were observed for each phospholipid in response to dietary fatty acids. Dietary fat significantly affected (P less than 0.05) total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in PC and dPE, total saturated fatty acids (SFA) in PC, total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and n-3 PUFA in all phospholipid classes examined. In mice fed the Hi n-3 diet, n-3 PUFA were significantly elevated, whereas n-6 PUFA decreased in all of the phospholipids. In these mice, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) was the predominant n-3 PUFA in PC and PI, whereas docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was the major n-3 PUFA in aPE and PS.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Huang
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia 65211
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6
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Kinsella JE. Alpha-linolenic acid: functions and effects on linoleic acid metabolism and eicosanoid-mediated reactions. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 1991; 35:1-184. [PMID: 1681826 DOI: 10.1016/s1043-4526(08)60064-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J E Kinsella
- Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis 95616
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7
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McMahon MM, Bistrian BR. The physiology of nutritional assessment and therapy in protein-calorie malnutrition. Dis Mon 1990; 36:373-417. [PMID: 2113852 DOI: 10.1016/0011-5029(90)90018-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM), in the purest sense, is the result of depleted body protein stores due to semistarvation. A review of the hormonal response to simple semistarvation illustrates the elegant adaptive ability of the body to respond to an inadequate diet. By contrast, the body's metabolic response to an injury or illness stimulus is a dynamic process orchestrated by monokines and hormones. Although the injury response, strictly speaking, is not synonymous with PCM, the resultant increased energy expenditure, anorexia, and potential for skeletal muscle breakdown can result in an even more rapid depletion of body protein stores. Ultimately, the need for nutritional support depends on the amount of recent weight loss, anticipated time of insufficient oral intake, and the degree of stress. A discussion of basic concepts of anthropometry precedes examples of advantages and disadvantages of a given anthropometric parameter for selected disease states. The effects of PCM on visceral structure and function are discussed in detail so that the reader can appreciate why the metabolic response to injury may have a very different impact on the nourished compared with the malnourished patient. Particular attention is paid to the adverse effects of PCM on immune function and its antithesis, the beneficial impact of nutritional repletion on the immune system. An approach to refeeding discusses indications for initiation of nutritional support, choice of route, design of a macronutrient and micronutrient regimen, and guidelines for monitoring. Familiarity with the metabolic alterations of refeeding is key to the mitigation of potentially life-threatening complications of sudden refeeding. Appreciation of the anticipated response to nutrition is important, as the response will vary with the degree of stress. A nearly optimal response can be expected with appropriate nutrition in the nonstressed semistarved patient, whereas inefficient repletion is to be expected in the severely stressed patient. The review concludes with a discussion of the role of nutrition as a modifier of the body's metabolic response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M McMahon
- Mayo Medical School, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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8
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Fritsche KL, Johnston PV. Effect of dietary omega-3 fatty acids on cell-mediated cytotoxic activity in BALB/c mice. Nutr Res 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(05)80067-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Gibney MJ, Connolly A. Uptake of exogenous and endogenous eicosapentaenoic acid by cultured human mononuclear cells. Br J Nutr 1988; 60:13-20. [PMID: 2841968 DOI: 10.1079/bjn19880071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
1. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from eight healthy volunteers were cultured, with or without concanavalin A (Con A), in a medium containing (ml/l) 100 normal autologous serum, 100 experimental autologous serum or 100 heterologous (fetal calf) serum. 2. The control and experimental autologous sera were obtained from the volunteers, before and after 15 d supplementation with 15 g fish oil (MaxEPA)/d to provide 1.5 g eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3)/d. The sera were frozen at -20 degrees. The level of EPA increased from trace quantities in the control autologous serum to 14.3% w/w free fatty acids and between 6.9 and 8.1% w/w lipoprotein phospholipids in the experimental autologous serum. The heterologous fetal calf serum was enriched with EPA, complexed with bovine serum albumin, to provide a final concentration of 15 micrograms/ml. All culture medium contained 10 ml fresh autologous serum/l and cells were obtained from the volunteers for the culture studies about 60 d after the end of EPA supplementation. 3. Portions of cells were removed from culture at 36, 48 and 72 h for phospholipid fatty acid analysis. 4. The level of EPA in phospholipids of cells cultured with exogenous EPA in fetal calf serum was increased significantly (P less than 0.05) at all sampling times, both with and without Con A. By 48 h the levels had peaked at 15.8 (SE 2.7) and 18.4 (SE 4.5)% w/w respectively. 5. Resting cells, i.e. with no Con A present, failed to accumulate EPA when cultured in the experimental autologous serum containing 8.6% w/w total lipids as endogenous EPA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Gibney
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Medical School, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Irish Republic
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10
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Trocki O, Heyd TJ, Waymack JP, Alexander JW. Effects of fish oil on postburn metabolism and immunity. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1987; 11:521-8. [PMID: 3480959 DOI: 10.1177/0148607187011006521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic effects and immune responses of different levels of fish oil in enteral formulas for postburn nutritional support were studied. Thirty-seven burned guinea pigs with previously placed gastrostomy feeding tubes were given diets containing 5, 15, 30, or 50% of nonprotein calories as fish oil. These diets were isonitrogenous, isocaloric, and contained identical amounts of vitamins and minerals. After 14 days of enteral feeding, there were no significant differences in resting metabolic expenditure, serum transferrin, and albumin levels. Weight loss was significantly greater in groups receiving 30 and 50% of fish oil compared to groups which received 5 and 15% of fish oil. Carcass weights and liver weights of animals in the two groups that received diets with higher lipid content were also significantly lower. Cell-mediated immunity, macrophage bactericidal indices, and opsonic indices were not different among the groups. This study confirms that diets containing lower levels of lipids are more effective for enteral nutritional support than those containing higher levels. In contrast to linoleic acid rich lipid sources, higher levels of fish oil did not show adverse effects on immunity possibly because it contained high concentrations of omega 3 fatty acids which are not precursors of immunosuppressive prostaglandin E2.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Trocki
- Shriners Burns Institute, Cincinnati, OH 45219
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11
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Erickson KL. Dietary fat modulation of immune response. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1986; 8:529-43. [PMID: 3539829 DOI: 10.1016/0192-0561(86)90023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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13
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Increased 5′ nucleotidase activity in plasma membranes from rat liver following ingestion of fish oil. Nutr Res 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(85)80005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Traill KN, Ratheiser K, Dietrich H, Sailer S, Zevenbergen JL, Wick G. Lack of correlation between serum cholesterol levels, lymphocyte plasma membrane fluidity and mitogen responsiveness in young and aged chickens. Mech Ageing Dev 1984; 28:123-38. [PMID: 6513612 DOI: 10.1016/0047-6374(84)90158-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Chickens were studied in an attempt to demonstrate correlations between serum lipid levels and peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) plasma membrane fluidity and mitogen responsiveness: (a) in the laying hen; (b) during aging; and (c) following dietary manipulation of serum cholesterol of young and aged chickens. The membrane fluidity of PBL from laying hens was significantly greater than that of immature birds. However, no direct correlation was found between serum lipid levels, nor the serum free cholesterol/phospholipid (FC/Pl) mole composition and PBL membrane fluidity in any of the age-groups tested. Likewise, no correlation was found either between serum FC/Pl mole ratio or membrane fluidity and mitogen responsiveness of PBL from birds up to 5 years of age nor was there any evidence for a decline in mitogen responsiveness up to this age. Supplementation of diets with 1% cholesterol induced hypercholesterolemia, mainly in the very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) fraction, but membrane fluidity and mitogen responsiveness remained unaffected.
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