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Nandy A, Richards A, Thapa S, Akhmetshina A, Narayani N, Rendina-Ruedy E. Altered Osteoblast Metabolism with Aging Results in Lipid Accumulation and Oxidative Stress Mediated Bone Loss. Aging Dis 2024; 15:767-786. [PMID: 37548937 PMCID: PMC10917552 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular aging is associated with dysfunction of numerous tissues affecting multiple organ systems. A striking example of this is related to age-related bone loss, or osteoporosis, increasing fracture incidence. Interestingly, the two compartments of bone, cortical and cancellous or trabecular, rely on different mechanisms for development and maintenance during 'normal' aging. At a cellular level, the aging process disturbs a multitude of intracellular pathways. In particular, alterations in cellular metabolic functions thereby impacting cellular bioenergetics have been implicated in multiple tissues. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize how metabolic processes were altered in bone forming osteoblasts in aged mice compared to young mice. Metabolic flux analyses demonstrated both stromal cells and mature, matrix secreting osteoblasts from aged mice exhibited mitochondrial dysfunction. This was also accompanied by a lack of adaptability or metabolic flexibility to utilize exogenous substrates compared to osteoblasts cultured from young mice. Additionally, lipid droplets accumulated in both early stromal cells and mature osteoblasts from aged mice, which was further depicted as increased lipid content within the bone cortex of aged mice. Global transcriptomic analysis of the bone further supported these metabolic data as enhanced oxidative stress genes were up-regulated in aged mice, while osteoblast-related genes were down-regulated when compared to the young mice. Collectively, these data suggest that aging results in altered osteoblast metabolic handling of both exogenous and endogenous substrates which could contribute to age-related osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Nandy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Alison Richards
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Santosh Thapa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Alena Akhmetshina
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Nikita Narayani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Rendina-Ruedy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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Castillo EJ, Croft S, Jiron JM, Aguirre JI. Bone Structural, Biomechanical and Histomorphometric Characteristics of the Hindlimb Skeleton in the Marsh Rice Rat (Oryzomys palustris). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2022; 305:3133-3149. [PMID: 35090092 PMCID: PMC10394686 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The rice rat (Oryzomys palustris) is a non-conventional laboratory rodent species used to model some human bone disorders. However, no studies have been conducted to characterize the postcranial skeleton. Therefore, we aimed to investigate age- and gender-related features of the hindlimb skeleton of this species. METHODS We used femurs and tibiae from 94 rats of both genders aged 4-28 wks. Bone mineral content (BMC), volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), and biomechanical properties were determined in femurs. In addition, bone histomorphometry of tibiae was conducted to assess bone cell activities and bone turnover over time. RESULTS Bone length, total metaphysis BMC and vBMD, mid-diaphyseal BMC and vBMD, cortical thickness, and cortical area progressively augmented with age. Whereas the increase in these parameters plateaued at age 16-22 wks in female rats, they continued to rise to age 28 wks in male rats. Furthermore, bone strength parameters increased with age, with few differences between genders. We also observed a rapid decrease in longitudinal growth between ages 4-16 wks. Whereas young rats had a greater bone formation rate and bone turnover, older rice rats had greater bone volume and trabecular thickness, with no differences between genders. CONCLUSIONS 1) Sexual dimorphism in the rice rat becomes grossly evident at age 16 wks; 2) the age-related increases in bone mass, structural cortical parameters, and in some biomechanical property parameters plateau at an older age in male than in female rats; and 3) bone growth and remodeling significantly decreased with age irrespective of the gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Castillo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida (UF), Gainesville, FL
| | - S Croft
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida (UF), Gainesville, FL
| | - J M Jiron
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida (UF), Gainesville, FL
| | - J I Aguirre
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida (UF), Gainesville, FL
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Cheng YH, Liu SF, Dong JC, Bian Q. Transcriptomic alterations underline aging of osteogenic bone marrow stromal cells. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:128-138. [PMID: 33584984 PMCID: PMC7859986 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i1.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multipotent bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) are adult stem cells that form functional osteoblasts and play a critical role in bone remodeling. During aging, an increase in bone loss and reduction in structural integrity lead to osteoporosis and result in an increased risk of fracture. We examined age-dependent histological changes in murine vertebrae and uncovered that bone loss begins as early as the age of 1 mo.
AIM To identify the functional alterations and transcriptomic dynamics of BMSCs during early bone loss.
METHODS We collected BMSCs from mice at early to middle ages and compared their self-renewal and differentiation potential. Subsequently, we obtained the transcriptomic profiles of BMSCs at 1 mo, 3 mo, and 7 mo.
RESULTS The colony-forming and osteogenic commitment capacity showed a comparable finding that decreased at the age of 1 mo. The transcriptomic analysis showed the enrichment of osteoblastic regulation genes at 1 mo and loss of osteogenic features at 3 mo. The BMSCs at 7 mo showed enrichment of adipogenic and DNA repair features. Moreover, we demonstrated that the WNT and MAPK signaling pathways were upregulated at 1 mo, followed by increased pro-inflammatory and apoptotic features.
CONCLUSION Our study uncovered the cellular and molecular dynamics of bone aging in mice and demonstrated the contribution of BMSCs to the early stage of age-related bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hao Cheng
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Shu-Fen Liu
- Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Jing-Cheng Dong
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Qin Bian
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
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Harris D, Garrett K, Uppuganti S, Creecy A, Nyman JS. The BALB/c mouse as a preclinical model of the age-related deterioration in the lumbar vertebra. Bone 2020; 137:115438. [PMID: 32480022 PMCID: PMC7354228 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The likelihood of experiencing an osteoporotic fracture of one or more vertebral bodies increases with age, and this increase is not solely due to sex steroid deficiency. For the purpose of assessing the effectiveness of novel therapeutic strategies in the prevention of vertebral fractures among the elderly, we hypothesized that the BALB/c mouse model of aging phenocopies the age-related decrease in human VB strength. To test this hypothesis, we assessed the age-related changes in trabecular architecture of the L6 VB, with respect to those in the distal femur metaphysis, between 6-mo. (young adulthood, n = 20/sex) and 20-mo. of age (old age, n = 18/sex) and then determined how well the architectural characteristics, volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), and predicted failure force from μCT-derived finite element analysis (μFEA) with linear elastic failure criteria explained the age-related variance in VB strength, which was the ultimate force during quasi-static loading of the VB in compression. While there was a pronounced age-related deterioration in trabecular architecture in the distal femur metaphysis of female and male BALB/c mice, the decrease in trabecular bone volume fraction and trabecular number between 6-mo. and 20-mo. of age occurred in male mice, but not in female mice. As such, the VB strength was lower with age in males only. Nonetheless, BV/TV and volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) positively correlated with the ultimate compressive force of the L6 VB for both females and males. Whether using a fixed homogeneous distribution of tissue modulus (Et = 18 GPa) or a heterogeneous distribution of Et based on a positive relationship with TMD, the predicted failure force of the VB was not independent of age, thereby suggesting linear μFEA may not be a suitable replacement for mechanical-based measurements of strength with respect to age-related changes. Overall, the BALB/c mouse model of aging mimics the age-related in decline in human VB strength when comparing 6-mo. and 20-mo. old male mice. The decrease in VB strength in female mice may occur over a different age range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Harris
- Meharry Medical College, 1005 Dr. DB Todd Jr. Blvd., Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Kate Garrett
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1215 21(st) Ave. S., Suite 4200, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sasidhar Uppuganti
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1215 21(st) Ave. S., Suite 4200, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Amy Creecy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1215 21(st) Ave. S., Suite 4200, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jeffry S Nyman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1215 21(st) Ave. S., Suite 4200, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, 1310 24(th) Ave. S., Nashville, TN 37212, USA.
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Normal trabecular vertebral bone is formed via rapid transformation of mineralized spicules: A high-resolution 3D ex-vivo murine study. Acta Biomater 2019; 86:429-440. [PMID: 30605771 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
At birth, mouse vertebrae have a reticular fine spongy morphology, yet in the adult animal they exhibit elaborate trabecular architectures. Here, we characterize the physiological microstructural transformations in growing young female mice of the widely used C57BL/6 strain. Extensive architectural changes lead to the establishment of mature cancellous bone in the spine. Vertebrae were mapped in 3D by high resolution microcomputed tomography (µCT), backed by conventional histology. Three different phases are observed in the natural bony biomaterial: In a prenatal templating phase, early vertebrae are composed of foamy, loosely-packed mineralized spicules. During a consolidation phase in the first 7 days after birth, bone material condenses into struts and forms primitive trabeculae accompanied by a significant (>50%) reduction in bone volume/tissue volume ratio (BV/TV). After day 7, the trabeculae expand, reorient and increase in mineral density. Swift growth ensues such that by day 14 the young lumbar spine exhibits all morphological features observed in the mature animal. The greatly varied micro-morphologies of normal trabecular bone observed in 3D within a short timespan are typical for rodent and presumably for other mammalian forming spines. This suggests that fully structured cancellous bone emerges through rapid post-natal restructuring of a foamy mineralized scaffold. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Cancellous bone develops in stages that are not well documented. Using a mouse model, we provide an observer-independent quantification of normal bone formation in the spine. We find that within 14 days, the cancellous bone transforms in 3 phases from a scaffold of spicules into well organized, fully mineralized trabeculae in a functional spine. Detailed knowledge of the physiological restructuring of mineralized material may help to better understand bone formation and may serve as a blueprint for studies of pharmaceuticals effects, tissue healing and regeneration.
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Nallamshetty S, Wang H, Rhee EJ, Kiefer FW, Brown JD, Lotinun S, Le P, Baron R, Rosen CJ, Plutzky J. Deficiency of retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 1 induces BMP2 and increases bone mass in vivo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71307. [PMID: 23951127 PMCID: PMC3739807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of retinoids, the structural derivatives of vitamin A (retinol), on post-natal peak bone density acquisition and skeletal remodeling are complex and compartment specific. Emerging data indicates that retinoids, such as all trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and its precursor all trans retinaldehyde (Rald), exhibit distinct and divergent transcriptional effects in metabolism. Despite these observations, the role of enzymes that control retinoid metabolism in bone remains undefined. In this study, we examined the skeletal phenotype of mice deficient in retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (Aldh1a1), the enzyme responsible for converting Rald to ATRA in adult animals. Bone densitometry and micro-computed tomography (µCT) demonstrated that Aldh1a1-deficient (Aldh1a1−/−) female mice had higher trabecular and cortical bone mass compared to age and sex-matched control C57Bl/6 wild type (WT) mice at multiple time points. Histomorphometry confirmed increased cortical bone thickness and demonstrated significantly higher bone marrow adiposity in Aldh1a1−/− mice. In serum assays, Aldh1a1−/− mice also had higher serum IGF-1 levels. In vitro, primary Aldh1a1−/− mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) expressed significantly higher levels of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) and demonstrated enhanced osteoblastogenesis and adipogenesis versus WT MSCs. BMP2 was also expressed at higher levels in the femurs and tibias of Aldh1a1−/− mice with accompanying induction of BMP2-regulated responses, including expression of Runx2 and alkaline phosphatase, and Smad phosphorylation. In vitro, Rald, which accumulates in Aldh1a1−/− mice, potently induced BMP2 in WT MSCs in a retinoic acid receptor (RAR)-dependent manner, suggesting that Rald is involved in the BMP2 increases seen in Aldh1a1 deficiency in vivo. Collectively, these data implicate Aldh1a1 as a novel determinant of cortical bone density and marrow adiposity in the skeleton in vivo through modulation of BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shriram Nallamshetty
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Almeida M, O'Brien CA. Basic biology of skeletal aging: role of stress response pathways. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2013; 68:1197-208. [PMID: 23825036 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glt079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a decline in bone formation and loss of bone mass are common features of human aging, the molecular mechanisms mediating these effects have remained unclear. Evidence from pharmacological and genetic studies in mice has provided support for a deleterious effect of oxidative stress in bone and has strengthened the idea that an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) with advancing age represents a pathophysiological mechanism underlying age-related bone loss. Mesenchymal stem cells and osteocytes are long-lived cells and, therefore, are more susceptible than other types of bone cells to the molecular changes caused by aging, including increased levels of ROS and decreased autophagy. However, short-lived cells like osteoblast progenitors and mature osteoblasts and osteoclasts are also affected by the altered aged environment characterized by lower levels of sex steroids, increased endogenous glucocorticoids, and higher oxidized lipids. This article reviews current knowledge on the effects of the aging process on bone, with particular emphasis on the role of ROS and autophagy in cells of the osteoblast lineage in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Almeida
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR 72205.
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Portal-Núñez S, Manassra R, Lozano D, Acitores A, Mulero F, Villanueva-Peñacarrillo ML, De la Fuente M, Esbrit P. Characterization of skeletal alterations in a model of prematurely aging mice. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 35:383-393. [PMID: 22234865 PMCID: PMC3592965 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-011-9372-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An age-related bone loss occurs, apparently associated with the concomitant increase in an oxidative stress situation. However, the underlying mechanisms of age-related osteopenia are ill defined since these studies are time consuming and require the use of many animals (mainly rodents). Here, we aimed to characterize for the first time the bone status of prematurely aging mice (PAM), which exhibit an increased oxidative stress. Tibiae from adult (6 months) PAM show an increase in bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (assessed by bone densitometry) versus those in their normal counterparts (non-prematurely aging mice, NPAM) and similarly decreased in both kinds of mouse with age. However, at this bone site, trabecular BMD (determined by μ-computerized tomography) was similar in both adult PAM and old (18 months) NPAM. Femurs from these groups of mice present an increase in oxidative stress, inflammation, osteoclastogenic, and adipogenic markers, but a decrease in the gene expression of osteoblastic differentiation markers and of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Our findings show that adult PAM recapitulate various age-related bone features, and thus are a suitable model for premature bone senescence studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Portal-Núñez
- Bone and Mineral Metabolism Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS)-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Avda. Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Portal-Núñez S, Lozano D, de la Fuente M, Esbrit P. [Pathophysiology of aging bone]. Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol 2012; 47:125-131. [PMID: 22172573 DOI: 10.1016/j.regg.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Deterioration of organ and systems function are the principal signs of aging. Aging is also believed to be a major factor in the loss of bone mass and quality, which in turn leads to an increase in the risk of fractures. Several factors seem to contribute to this scenario, with metabolic changes related to aging in the bone tissue itself being among them. Most of the current knowledge on the mechanisms associated with osteopenia/osteoporosis during aging has been generated from research in animal models (mainly rats and mice) and cell cultures derived from subjects of different ages. In this work, we have reviewed and summarised these studies, which have begun to establish the physiological and molecular basis of the bone alterations related to aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Portal-Núñez
- Laboratorio de Metabolismo Mineral y Óseo, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, España.
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Gibon E, Ma T, Ren PG, Fritton K, Biswal S, Yao Z, Smith L, Goodman SB. Selective inhibition of the MCP-1-CCR2 ligand-receptor axis decreases systemic trafficking of macrophages in the presence of UHMWPE particles. J Orthop Res 2012; 30:547-53. [PMID: 21913218 PMCID: PMC3241865 DOI: 10.1002/jor.21548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The biological mechanisms leading to periprosthetic osteolysis involve both chemokines and the monocyte/macrophage cell lineage. Whether MCP-1 plays a major role in macrophage recruitment in the presence of wear particles is unknown. We tested two hypotheses: (1) that exogenous local delivery of MCP-1 induces systematic macrophage recruitment and (2) that blockade of the MCP-1 ligand-receptor axis decreases macrophage recruitment and osteolysis in the presence of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) particles. Six groups of nude mice were used. We used non-invasive imaging to assay macrophage recruitment and osteolysis. A murine macrophage cell line and primary wild type and CCR2 knockout murine macrophages were used as the reporter cells. Particles were infused into the femoral canal. Bioluminescence and immunohistochemical staining were used to confirm the migration of reporter cells. Locally infused MCP-1 induced systemic macrophage trafficking to bone. Injection of MCP-1 receptor antagonist significantly decreased reporter cell recruitment to bone infused with UHMWPE particles and decreased osteolysis. Systemic migration of reporter cells to infused particles was decreased when the reporter cells were deficient in the CCR2 receptor. Interruption of the MCP-1 ligand-receptor axis appears to be a viable strategy to mitigate trafficking of macrophages and osteolysis due to UHMWPE particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Gibon
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford California,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Bichat Teaching Hospital, Paris School of Medicine, Paris VII University, Paris, France
| | - Ting Ma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford California
| | - Pei-Gen Ren
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford California
| | - Kate Fritton
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford California
| | - Sandip Biswal
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford California
| | - Zhenyu Yao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford California
| | - Lane Smith
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford California
| | - Stuart B. Goodman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford California
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Cao JJ, Gregoire BR, Sheng X, Liuzzi JP. Pinto bean hull extract supplementation favorably affects markers of bone metabolism and bone structure in mice. Food Res Int 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2009.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Chen H, Zhou X, Washimi Y, Shoumura S. Three-dimensional microstructure of the bone in a hamster model of senile osteoporosis. Bone 2008; 43:494-500. [PMID: 18559297 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Revised: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Age-related bone loss, which is poorly characterized, is a major underlying cause of osteoporotic fractures in the elderly. In order to identify the morphological feature of age-related bone loss, we investigated sex and site (tibia, femur and vertebra) dependence of bone microstructure in aging hamsters from 3 to 24 months of age using micro-CT. In the proximal tibia and distal femur, trabecular bone volume (BV/TV), trabecular number (Tb.N), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) and bone mineral density (BMD) increased to a maximum at 6 or 12 months and then declined progressively from 12 to 24 months of age. Trabecular separation (Tb.Sp), trabecular bone pattern factor (TBPf) and structure model index (SMI) increased with age. As compared with male hamsters, BV/TV and Tb.N were significantly lower in females at 18 and 24 months of age. Age-related decrease of trabecular BV/TV in the vertebral body was less than that of the femoral and tibial metaphyses. In the mid-femoral diaphysis, cortical bone area remained constant from 3 to 24 months of age. Cortical thickness decreased from 12 to 24 months and cortical BMD declined significantly from 18 to 24 months of age. These findings indicate that skeletal site and sex differences exist in hamster bone structure. Age-related bone changes in hamsters resemble those in humans. We conclude that hamster may be a useful model to study at least some aspects of bone loss during human aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayue Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan.
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Poliachik SL, Threet D, Srinivasan S, Gross TS. 32 wk old C3H/HeJ mice actively respond to mechanical loading. Bone 2008; 42:653-9. [PMID: 18280231 PMCID: PMC2366046 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2007.12.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2007] [Revised: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 12/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies indicate that C3H/HeJ (C3H) mice are mildly responsive to mechanical loading compared to C57BL/6J (C57) mice. Guided by data indicating high baseline periosteal osteoblast activity in 16 wk C3H mice, we speculated that simply allowing the C3H mice to age until basal periosteal bone formation was equivalent to that of 16 wk C57 mice would restore mechanoresponsiveness in C3H mice. We tested this hypothesis by subjecting the right tibiae of 32 wk old C3H mice and 16 wk old C57 mice to low magnitude rest-inserted loading (peak strain: 1235 mu epsilon) and then exposing the right tibiae of 32 wk C3H mice to low (1085 mu epsilon) or moderate (1875 mu epsilon) magnitude cyclic loading. The osteoblastic response to loading on the endocortical and periosteal surfaces was evaluated via dynamic histomorphometry. At 32 wk of age, C3H mice responded to low magnitude rest-inserted loading with significantly elevated periosteal mineralizing surface, mineral apposition rate and bone formation compared to unloaded contralateral bones. Surprisingly, the periosteal bone formation induced by low magnitude rest-inserted loading in C3H mice exceeded that induced in 16 wk C57 mice. At 32 wk of age, C3H mice also demonstrated an elevated response to increased magnitudes of cyclic loading. We conclude that a high level of basal osteoblast function in 16 wk C3H mice appears to overwhelm the ability of the tissue to respond to an otherwise anabolic mechanical loading stimulus. However, when basal surface osteoblast activity is equivalent to that of 16 wk C57 mice, C3H mice demonstrate a clear ability to respond to either rest-inserted or cyclic loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L Poliachik
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA.
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Mardon J, Mathey J, Kati-Coulibaly S, Puel C, Davicco MJ, Lebecque P, Horcajada MN, Coxam V. Influence of lifelong soy isoflavones consumption on bone mass in the rat. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2008; 233:229-37. [PMID: 18222978 DOI: 10.3181/0707-rm-202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Soy isoflavones (IFs) have shown a bone-sparing effect through epidemiological studies in the Asian population. However, there is no evidence as to whether such protection would result from a lifelong exposure. We investigated the impact of an early exposure to IFs on bone status. Sixty female Wistar rats were fed either a standard diet (n=30) or the same food enriched with IFs (0.87 mg/g of diet) (n=30). After 1 month, they were allowed to mate, and were kept on the same regimen during the whole gestation and lactation periods. At weaning, female pups were each assigned to one of four nutritional groups; within each experimental group, animals were split into two groups, fed either the standard or the IF-rich diet. At 2, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months after birth, 10 animals in each group were sacrificed. Femurs were collected for mechanical testing and bone mineral density (BMD) measurement. The rats perinatally or lifelong exposed to the IF-rich diet exhibited higher body weight and fat mass at 24 months of age. Peak bone mass was achieved between 6 and 12 months and did not differ between groups. In animals perinatally exposed to IF, BMD continued to increase. Thus, at 24 months, femoral total BMD (P<0.05), metaphyseal BMD (P<0.01), and failure load (P<0.05) were higher in the offspring born from mothers provided IF during pregnancy. Postnatal exposure alone did not improve bone parameters. This experiment provides evidence that perinatal exposure to phytoestrogens leads to a higher BMD later in life. It is suggested that these changes may have occurred as a consequence of programming effects, as has been shown for the endocrine and immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mardon
- Equipe Alimentation Squelette et Métabolismes, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1019, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique de Clermont-Ferrand/Theix, 63122 Saint Genès-Champanelle, France.
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15
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Misawa Y, Kageyama T, Moriyama K, Kurihara S, Yagasaki H, Deguchi T, Ozawa H, Sahara N. Effect of age on alveolar bone turnover adjacent to maxillary molar roots in male rats: A histomorphometric study. Arch Oral Biol 2006; 52:44-50. [PMID: 17125731 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2006.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2006] [Revised: 06/30/2006] [Accepted: 06/30/2006] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effect of age on alveolar bone turnover adjacent to maxillary molar roots of male rats was assessed histomorphometrically with special focus on bone formation and resorption. DESIGN A total of 110 male Wistar rats ranging in age from 6 to 100 weeks were used for this study. Histomorphometric parameters were measured in fluorescence-labeled undecalcified ground and paraffin-embedded decalcified sections of the alveolar wall around the disto-lingual roots of the maxillary first molars. Bone formation was measured statically by determining the percentage of the bone surface that was double-labeled surface (dLS/BS), bone formation rate (BFR/BS), and mineral apposition rate (MAR). Bone resorption was quantified statically in terms of the number of osteoclasts (N.Oc/BS) and the percentage of the bone surface covered with osteoclasts (Oc.S/BS). RESULTS For the total surface of the alveolar wall, the values obtained for all parameters of both bone formation and resorption decreased with advancing age. All these values rapidly decreased during the early part of the life span, from 6 to 30-40 weeks of age, of the rats. A site-specific difference between the distal and mesial sides of the alveolar wall was found for each age group. dLS/BS and BFR/BS were significantly greater (p < 0.0001) on the mesial side than on the distal one. On the other hand, the distal side showed significantly greater (p < 0.0001) value for N.Oc/BS and Oc.S/BS did the mesial one. However, there were no significant age-related changes in dLS/BS and BFR/BS on the distal side or in N.Oc/BS and Oc.S/BS on the mesial side throughout observation period. CONCLUSION The results of the present study demonstrate that alveolar bone turnover of male rats decreased rapidly with advancing age but that in order to maintain the integrity of the tooth function mechanical stress may still have participated in bone formation and resorption of the alveolar wall even in rats 100-week old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Misawa
- Department of Orthodontics, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan
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Cao JJ, Wronski TJ, Iwaniec U, Phleger L, Kurimoto P, Boudignon B, Halloran BP. Aging increases stromal/osteoblastic cell-induced osteoclastogenesis and alters the osteoclast precursor pool in the mouse. J Bone Miner Res 2005; 20:1659-68. [PMID: 16059637 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.050503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2005] [Revised: 04/01/2005] [Accepted: 04/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Stromal/osteoblastic cell expression of RANKL and M-CSF regulates osteoclastogenesis. We show that aging is accompanied by increased RANKL and M-CSF expression, increased stromal/osteoblastic cell-induced osteoclastogenesis, and expansion of the osteoclast precursor pool. These changes correlate with age-related alterations in the relationship between osteoblasts and osteoclasts in cancellous bone. INTRODUCTION Bone mass is maintained through a balance between osteoblast and osteoclast activity. Osteoblasts regulate the number and activity of osteoclasts through expression of RANKL, osteoprotegerin (OPG), and macrophage-colony stimulation factor (M-CSF). To determine whether age-related changes in stromal/osteoblastic cell expression of RANKL, OPG, and M-CSF are associated with stimulation of osteoclastogenesis and whether the osteoclast precursor pool changes with age, we studied cultures of stromal/osteoblastic cells and osteoclast precursor cells from animals of different ages and examined how aging influences bone cell populations in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS Osteoclast precursors from male C57BL/6 mice of 6 weeks (young), 6 months (adult), and 24 months (old) of age were either co-cultured with stromal/osteoblastic cells from young, adult, or old mice or treated with M-CSF, RANKL, and/or OPG. Osteoclast precursor pool size was determined by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), and osteoclast formation was assessed by measuring the number of multinucleated TRACP(+) cells and pit formation. The levels of mRNA for RANKL, M-CSF, and OPG were determined by quantitative RT-PCR, and transcription was measured by PCR-based run-on assays. Osteoblast and osteoclast numbers in bone were measured by histomorphometry. RESULTS Osteoclast formation increased dramatically when stromal/osteoblastic cells from old compared with young donors were used to induce osteoclastogenesis. Regardless of the origin of the stromal/osteoblastic cells, the number of osteoclasts formed from the nonadherent population of cells increased with increasing age. Stromal/osteoblastic cell expression of RANKL and M-CSF increased, whereas OPG decreased with aging. Exogenously administered RANKL and M-CSF increased, dose-dependently, osteoclast formation from all donors, but the response was greater in cells from old donors. Osteoclast formation in vitro positively, and the ratio of osteoblasts to osteoclasts in vivo negatively, correlated with the ratio of RANKL to OPG expression in stromal/osteoblastic cells for all ages. The effects of RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in vitro were blocked by OPG, suggesting a causal relationship between RANKL expression and osteoclast-inducing potential. The osteoclast precursor pool and expression of RANK and c-fms increased with age. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that aging significantly increases stromal/osteoblastic cell-induced osteoclastogenesis, promotes expansion of the osteoclast precursor pool and alters the relationship between osteoblasts and osteoclasts in cancellous bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay J Cao
- Division of Endocrinology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94121, USA
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17
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Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine changes in the long bones of male C57BL/6J mice with growth and aging, and to consider the applicability of this animal for use in studying Type II osteoporosis. Male C57BL/6J mice were aged in our colony between 4 and 104 weeks (n=9-15/group). The right femur and humeri were measured for length and subjected to mechanical testing (3-point flexure) and compositional analysis. The left femurs were embedded and thick slices at the mid-diaphysis were assessed for morphology, formation indices, and bone structure. In young mice, rapid growth was marked by substantial increases in bone size, mineral mass, and mechanical properties. Maturity occurred between 12 and 42 weeks of age with the maintenance of bone mass and mechanical properties. From peak levels, mice aged for 104 weeks experienced decreased whole femur mass (12.1 and 18.6% for dry and ash mass, respectively), percentage mineralization (7.4%), diminished whole bone stiffness (29.2%), energy to fracture (51.8%), and decreased cortical thickness (20.1%). Indices of surface-based formation decreased rapidly from the onset of the study. However, the periosteal perimeter and, consequently, the cross-sectional moments of inertia continued to increase through 104 weeks, thus maintaining structural properties. This compensated for cortical thinning and increased brittleness due to decreased mineralization and stiffness. The shape of the mid-diaphysis became increasingly less elliptical in aged mice, and endocortical resorption and evidence of subsequent formation were present in 20-50% of femurs aged > or =78 weeks. This, combined with the appearance of excessive endocortical resorption after 52 weeks, indicated a shift in normal mechanisms regulating bone shape and location, and was suggestive of remodeling. The pattern of bone loss at the femoral mid-diaphysis in this study is markedly similar to that seen in cortical bone in the human femoral neck in Type II osteoporosis. This study has thus demonstrated that the male C57BL/6J mouse is a novel and appropriate model for use in studying endogenous, aging-related osteopenia and may be a useful model for the study of Type II osteoporosis.
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Cao J, Venton L, Sakata T, Halloran BP. Expression of RANKL and OPG correlates with age-related bone loss in male C57BL/6 mice. J Bone Miner Res 2003; 18:270-7. [PMID: 12568404 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2003.18.2.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Osteoblasts regulate the recruitment and activity of osteoclasts through expression of RANKL and osteoprotegerin (OPG). To determine whether expression of RANKL and OPG change with age and how these changes relate to the bone loss of aging, we measured bone mass and cancellous volume, and expression of RANKL, OPG, alkaline phosphatase (AP), osteocalcin (OC), and alpha I collagen (COLL) in whole bone and osteoblast-like cells in culture using 6-week- (young), 6-month- (adult), and 24-month-old (old) mice. Cancellous volume decreased by 20% from young to adult and by 52% from adult to old. RANKL mRNA levels in whole bone were 2.1-fold and 4.4-fold higher in adult and old mice, respectively, compared with young mice, whereas OPG mRNA levels decreased with age slightly. RANKL expression was negatively (r = -0.99) and OPG was positively (r = 0.92) correlated with cancellous bone volume. Expression of RANKL was higher and OPG lower in cells from older animals early in culture (day 7). With cell maturation, RANKL mRNA levels in cells from young and adult mice increased, whereas levels in cells from old animals decreased. By 21 and 28 days of culture, no differences were found in RANKL mRNA in osteoblast-like cells among different age groups. We conclude that expression of RANKL and OPG change with age in whole bone and in cultured osteoblast-like cells. These changes favor increased osteoclast over osteoblast activity, and may explain, in part, the imbalance in bone formation and resorption associated with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Cao
- Division of Endocrinology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94121, USA
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19
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Halloran BP, Ferguson VL, Simske SJ, Burghardt A, Venton LL, Majumdar S. Changes in bone structure and mass with advancing age in the male C57BL/6J mouse. J Bone Miner Res 2002; 17:1044-50. [PMID: 12054159 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2002.17.6.1044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
To determine whether the mouse loses bone with aging and whether the changes mimic those observed in human aging, we examined the changes in the tibial metaphysis and diaphysis in the male C57BL/6J mouse over its life span using microcomputed tomography (microCT). Cancellous bone volume fraction (BV/TV) decreased 60% between 6 weeks and 24 months of age. Loss was characterized by decreased trabecular number (Tb.N), increased trabecular spacing (Tb.Sp), and decreased connectivity. Anisotropy decreased while the structure model index increased with age. Cortical bone thickness increased between 6 weeks and 6 months of age and then decreased continuously to 24 months (-12%). Cortical bone area (Ct.Ar) remained constant between 6 and 24 months. Fat-free weight reached a peak at 12 months and gradually declined to 24 months. Total mass lost between 12 and 24 months reached 10%. Overall, the age-related changes in skeletal mass and architecture in the mouse were remarkably similar to those seen in human aging. Furthermore, the rapid early loss of cancellous bone suggests that bone loss is not just associated with old age in the mouse but rather occurs as a continuum from early growth. We conclude that the C57BL/6J male mouse maybe a useful model to study at least some aspects of age-related bone loss in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard P Halloran
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco 94121, USA
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20
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Schapira D, Kabala A, Raz B, Israeli E. Osteoporosis in murine systemic lupus erythematosus--a laboratory model. Lupus 2002; 10:431-8. [PMID: 11434579 DOI: 10.1191/096120301678646182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the skeletal metabolism in a murine model of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). MRL/n and MRL/l mice (respectively representing a benign and a malignant form of the disease) were observed from 1.5 to 6.5 months of life. The monthly follow-up included: biochemical and histomorphometrical studies of the femoral bone, serum biochemistry, immunoglobulins and osteocalcin, and histological evaluation of the kidney tissue. The results showed a higher femoral weight (+11.5%), calcium (+4.4%) and protein bone content (+11.4%) and a significantly higher (+77%) phosphorus bone content in the MRL/n group; significantly lower (-48.9%) bone alkaline phosphatase enzymatic activity, lower bone alkaline/acid phosphatase enzymatic activities ratio (-40.8%) and lower (-38.4%) serum osteocalcin values in the MRL/l group (which might suggest reduced bone formation in these animals); markedly smaller trabecular bone volume (BV/TV) in the femoral head (-36.2%) and femoral neck (-39.8%), and smaller cortical and femoral areas in the mid-femoral shaft (-38.8% and -38.1% respectively) in the MRL/l group; higher serum immunoglobulins, increased serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine and a higher index of activity in the kidney histology in the MRL/l group, indicating increased activity of the disease in this substrain. The MRL mice, through their two substrains, may serve as a valuable laboratory animal model for study of the skeletal changes in SLE and of the influence of the disease activity on the skeletal metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Schapira
- The B Shine Department of Rheumatology, Rambam Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa
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21
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Kaar SG, Ragab AA, Kaye SJ, Kilic BA, Jinno T, Goldberg VM, Bi Y, Stewart MC, Carter JR, Greenfield EM. Rapid repair of titanium particle-induced osteolysis is dramatically reduced in aged mice. J Orthop Res 2001; 19:171-8. [PMID: 11347687 DOI: 10.1016/s0736-0266(00)00033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Aseptic loosening is the most common cause of orthopaedic implant failure. This process is thought to be due to osteolysis induced by implant-derived wear particles. Teitelbaum and colleagues have recently developed a promising murine calvarial model of wear particle-induced osteolysis. However, prior to this study, this model had only been assessed qualitatively. We now report a reproducible, quantitative version of the calvarial model of wear particle-induced osteolysis, in which the extent of osteolysis (and repair) of entire parietal bones is assessed by histomorphometry of contact microradiographs. Using this model, we found that the osteolytic response is transient and rapidly repaired in one month old mice. The extent of osteolysis peaks 7 days after particle implantation and returns to baseline levels by 13 days. A similar amount of osteolysis and even more extensive repair is observed when particles are implanted repeatedly. In contrast, aged mice develop progressive osteolysis with no detectable repair. As a result, 26 month old mice have approximately 17-fold more osteolysis than one month old mice 21 days after particle implantation. Skeletally mature, adult mice (4-16 months old) show an intermediate pattern of response. Osteolysis in these mice peaks at 7 days after particle implantation but it is repaired more slowly than in the one month old mice. Taken together, these results underscore the role of an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation in the development of aseptic loosening and suggest that agents that stimulate bone formation maybe useful in prevention or treatment of aseptic loosening.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Kaar
- Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-5000, USA
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22
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Mazzuoli GF, D'Erasmo E, Pisani D. Primary hyperparathyroidism and osteoporosis. AGING (MILAN, ITALY) 1998; 10:225-31. [PMID: 9801732 DOI: 10.1007/bf03339656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is considered a cause of secondary osteoporosis as a consequence of its known catabolic effect promoting osteoclast activity and bone resorption. However, recent in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that parathyroid hormone (PTH) may also have an anabolic effect on the mammalian skeleton. These two paradoxical effects of parathyroid hormone are discussed in the light of recent results of basic research, and of bone densitometric and histomorphometric data collected in patients affected by PHPT. Review of the literature leads to the conclusion that in PHPT skeletal damage involves prevalently cortical bone, while the mineral content of trabecular bone is preserved or even increased. On the basis of bone mineral density (BMD) measurements, osteoporosis prevalence in the early postmenopausal period seems to be significantly higher in women affected by PHPT than in the general population. As age progresses, osteoporosis prevalence seems to decrease in PHPT, while it increases exponentially with age in the general population. Similarly in PHPT, vertebral and appendicular fractures occur prevalently in the earlier decades of life with a higher frequency than in normal subjects, while with advancing age the fracture incidence becomes equal to that of the general population. When bone density is measured in lateral projection at lumbar level, BMD values in patients with mild asymptomatic PHPT are significantly higher than in controls. We conclude that PTH hypersecretion may represent a risk factor for osteoporosis and fractures in the young and in the early postmenopausal period, while it may have a protective effect on trabecular bone in elderly postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Mazzuoli
- II Clinica Medica, Policlinico Umberto I, La Sapienza University, Roma, Italy
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23
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Murray EJ, Murray SS, Grisanti M, Duarte ME, Urist MR. Effect of low dietary calcium on bone metabolism in the SENCAR mouse. J Orthop Res 1997; 15:585-92. [PMID: 9379269 DOI: 10.1002/jor.1100150415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The SENCAR (sensitive to carcinogenesis) mouse is a unique tool for investigating the interaction between a specific defect in intracellular signaling, dietary calcium, and metabolic bone disease. The SENCAR mouse was developed by selective breeding for enhanced sensitivity to two-stage carcinogenesis. Its major genetic defect, which renders it exquisitely sensitive to stimulation with diacylglycerol or phorbol esters, is in the regulatory domain of protein kinase C, one of the primary intracellular mediators of hormonal effects. At sexual maturity, SENCAR mice are large and have big bones, but our previous pharmacokinetic studies showed that they accumulate less calcium under normal conditions and lose more calcium under adverse conditions than do other, standard strains of mice. To histologically define the effect of low dietary calcium on bone metabolism, we performed histomorphometric analysis of tetracycline-labeled sections of femoral bone from male SENCAR mice maintained on calcium-sufficient and calcium-deficient diets during the critical period from 10 to 14 weeks of age. The bone volume, absolute osteoid volume, and mineral apposition rate were lower at 14 than at 10 weeks of age in SENCAR mice fed 0.02 or 0.6% calcium diets. Calcium deficiency increased the architectural disarray and the probability of observing focal discontinuities in the growth plate. Thus, characteristic features of impaired bone metabolism (low bone volume and apposition rate) develop early in SENCAR mice and are exacerbated by low dietary calcium. Detailed examinations of the histology and biochemistry of SENCAR mouse bone will provide insights into the mechanisms by which specific defects in the signal transduction of protein kinase C contribute to impaired bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Murray
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Sepulveda, CA 91343, USA.
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24
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Abstract
Animal models of osteopenia are reviewed. Endocrine excess or deficiency conditions include ovariectomy, orchidectomy, glucocorticoid excess and other endocrine states. Seasonal and reproductive cycles are usually transient and include pregnancy and lactation, egg-laying, antler formation and hibernation. Dietary conditions include calcium deficiencies, phosphate excess and vitamin C and D deficiencies. Mechanical usage effects include skeletal underloading models. Aging is also associated with osteopenia in many species.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Miller
- Division of Radiobiology, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84112, USA
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Draper
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Perkins SL, Gibbons R, Kling S, Kahn AJ. Age-related bone loss in mice is associated with an increased osteoclast progenitor pool. Bone 1994; 15:65-72. [PMID: 8024854 DOI: 10.1016/8756-3282(94)90893-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Age-associated osteopenia has been documented to occur in mice and, therefore, provides a model system whereby mechanisms of bone loss can be assessed in vivo and in vitro. One such mechanism, that could explain the increased resorptive activity seen in some forms of osteopenia, is an age-associated increase in the osteoclast precursor pool and osteoclastogenic formation. To test this hypothesis, we studied the bone marrow composition of aged (24 months) mice to determine if increased numbers of monocyte/macrophage/osteoclast precursor cells (MMOPC) were present when compared to young (4-6 months) animals. Our data show a moderate increase of 20-30% more hematopoietic cells obtained from the long bones of the aged animals. However, both liquid and semi-solid culture techniques demonstrate an approximately 2-3.5-fold increase in the numbers of plastic adherent macrophages or mononuclear colonies in bone marrow derived from the aged mice when stimulated by interleukin-3 (IL-3), granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), indicating a preferential increase in MMOPCs. In addition, cells derived from the aged mice show higher levels of cytokine stimulated incorporation of [3H]-thymidine and [3H]-leucine, with increased protein synthesis seen up to 7 days after cytokine stimulation, suggesting that these cells also have an enhanced sensitivity to cytokines.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Perkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84132
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Boss JH, Alparson M, Shajrawi I, Mendes DG. Bone defect healing in the absence and presence of a plastic catheter: an experimental study in the rabbit. CLINICAL MATERIALS 1993; 17:189-96. [PMID: 10155679 DOI: 10.1016/0267-6605(94)90035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The healing pattern of small, round, cortical defects, drilled in the upper tibial diaphysis of rabbits, was studied histologically and histomorphometrically. Group I rabbits were not further handled. In groups II and III animals, a polyethylene catheter was introduced into the medullary cavity by way of a second cortical hole and driven forward until its tip was close to the first cortical defect. Group II rabbits were not further handled. The cortical defect of group III animals was irradiated from a diode source via a fiber optic cable in the catheter. Assessment of the osseous healing of the cortical defects revealed neither qualitatively nor quantitatively significant differences among the three groups. The morphological catheter, which abuts on a cortical defect, does not hinder the normal progression of osseous bridging of the gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Boss
- Department of Pathology, Bnai-Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
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Boss JH, Shajrawi I, Soudry M, Anullah J, Solomon H, Mendes DG. Studies on a novel anterior cruciate ligament polyethylene fiber prosthesis: the histomorphological pattern of organization and bony anchorage of a polyethylene fiber prosthesis in the stifle of the goat. CLINICAL MATERIALS 1993; 15:61-7. [PMID: 10172024 DOI: 10.1016/0267-6605(94)90010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The anterior cruciate ligament of goats was substituted by a high-tensile polyethylene fiber prosthesis. The animals were sacrificed after 6-12 months. Histologically, the implants were separated from a newly formed bony shell by a thick fibrous interface membrane, which was anchored to the bone by Sharpey-like fibers. Within the joint cavity, the implants were enclosed in thick fibrous sheaths, which were continuous with the intra-osseous interface membranes. While the inner granulomatous layer of the interface membrane extended in between the polyethylene fibrils for a short distance, the bulk of the prosthesis was poorly organized. A thick central fibrous band accompanied the intra-osseous and intra-articular portions of the implants throughout their entire lengths. Oblique fibrous tracks linked the interface membranes with the central fibrous bands. The intra-osseous tunnels were considerably expanded when compared to the initially drilled tunnels.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Boss
- Department of Pathology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
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29
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Weiss A, Arbell I, Steinhagen-Thiessen E, Silbermann M. Structural changes in aging bone: osteopenia in the proximal femurs of female mice. Bone 1991; 12:165-72. [PMID: 1910958 DOI: 10.1016/8756-3282(91)90039-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A computerized image analysis system was used to quantitate age-related changes in the structure of the proximal femur in CW-1 female mice, ranging from 3 to 32 months of age. Morphological findings revealed a progressive thinning of bone trabeculae within the femoral head, accompanied by the development of marrow cavities in the cortical bone of the femoral neck and in the subchondral bone. As a result, the compact bone in senescent mice acquired an appearance similar to trabecular bone. Quantitative image analysis revealed a similarity in the pattern of changes in the three types of bone: cortical, trabecular, and subchondral. Bone density increased from 3 to 12 months of age and subsequently declined. A similar pattern was noted for the changes in the thickness of the cortical and the subchondral bone. Regression analysis revealed that the changes with age fitted a second-order model; thus it was possible to predict the age of maximal values for each parameter. Hence, the age of maximal bone density for cortical, trabecular, and subchondral bone was 12.3, 14.8, and 18.0 months, respectively. The rate of bone loss after 12 months was most prominent for trabecular bone (1.47% per month), so that by 32 months of age its overall mass had declined by 57% in comparison to peak values seen at 12 months of age (p less than 0.001). The density of the subchondral and cortical bones decreased at a slower rate (0.6% to 0.8% per month) and at the age of 32 months their values had decreased by 12% to 18% in comparison to those at 12 months (p less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A Weiss
- Laboratory for Musculoskeletal Research, Rappaport Family for Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa
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Silbermann M, Bar-Shira-Maymon B, Coleman R, Reznick A, Weisman Y, Steinhagen-Thiessen E, von der Mark H, von der Mark K. Long-term physical exercise retards trabecular bone loss in lumbar vertebrae of aging female mice. Calcif Tissue Int 1990; 46:80-93. [PMID: 2105153 DOI: 10.1007/bf02556091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the effect of long-term, moderate physical exercise on trabecular bone volume (TBV), calcium content, 3H-proline uptake, and the activities of alkaline and acid phosphatases in lumbar vertebrae of aging and senescent mice. It became apparent that if physical activity starts at an early stage of life, i.e., prior to middle age and is extended until old age, it exerts beneficial effects on trabecular bone mass and mineralization. Such a positive effect is not obtained if the training program is initiated after middle age. The training-induced reduction in bone loss was accompanied by a significant decrease in acid phosphatase activity whereas no changes took place with regard to the activity of alkaline phosphatase. Long-term physical exercise also enhanced the uptake of 3H-proline by lining cells along the bone trabecules. In spite of its moderate nature, the endured training program served as a stress factor for the involved animals, a fact that was manifested by an increase in the serum levels of corticosterone. Thus, it seems that whereas young animals respond favorably to such a stimulatory stress, older animals lose this ability of adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Silbermann
- Laboratory for Musculoskeletal Research, Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
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