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Hu Y, Thaler J, Nieuwland R. Extracellular Vesicles in Human Milk. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:1050. [PMID: 34681274 PMCID: PMC8539554 DOI: 10.3390/ph14101050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk supports the growth and development of infants. An increasing number of mostly recent studies have demonstrated that milk contains a hitherto undescribed component called extracellular vesicles (EVs). This presents questions regarding why milk contains EVs and what their function is. Recently, we showed that EVs in human milk expose tissue factor, the protein that triggers coagulation or blood clotting, and that milk-derived EVs promote coagulation. Because bovine milk, which also contains EVs, completely lacks this coagulant activity, important differences are present in the biological functions of human milk-derived EVs between species. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge regarding the presence and biochemical composition of milk EVs, their function(s) and potential clinical applications such as in probiotics, and the unique problems that milk EVs encounter in vivo, including survival of the gastrointestinal conditions encountered in the newborn. The main focus of this review will be human milk-derived EVs, but when available, we will also include information regarding non-human milk for comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hu
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry and Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Thaler
- Clinical Division of Haematology and Haemostaseology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18–20, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry and Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
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Blans K, Hansen MS, Sørensen LV, Hvam ML, Howard KA, Möller A, Wiking L, Larsen LB, Rasmussen JT. Pellet-free isolation of human and bovine milk extracellular vesicles by size-exclusion chromatography. J Extracell Vesicles 2017; 6:1294340. [PMID: 28386391 PMCID: PMC5373680 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2017.1294340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have suggested that nanoscale extracellular vesicles (EV) in human and bovine milk carry immune modulatory properties which could provide beneficial health effects to infants. In order to assess the possible health effects of milk EV, it is essential to use isolates of high purity from other more abundant milk structures with well-documented bioactive properties. Furthermore, gentle isolation procedures are important for reducing the risk of generating vesicle artefacts, particularly when EV subpopulations are investigated. In this study, we present two isolation approaches accomplished in three steps based on size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) resulting in effective and reproducible EV isolation from raw milk. The approaches do not require any EV pelleting and can be applied to both human and bovine milk. We show that SEC effectively separates phospholipid membrane vesicles from the primary casein and whey protein components in two differently obtained casein reduced milk fractions, with one of the fractions obtained without the use of ultracentrifugation. Milk EV isolates were enriched in lactadherin, CD9, CD63 and CD81 compared to minimal levels of the EV-marker proteins in other relevant milk fractions such as milk fat globules. Nanoparticle tracking analysis and electron microscopy reveals the presence of heterogeneous sized vesicle structures in milk EV isolates. Lipid analysis by thin layer chromatography shows that EV isolates are devoid of triacylglycerides and presents a phospholipid profile differing from milk fat globules surrounded by epithelial cell plasma membrane. Moreover, the milk EV fractions are enriched in RNA with distinct and diverging profiles from milk fat globules. Collectively, our data supports that successful milk EV isolation can be accomplished in few steps without the use of ultracentrifugation, as the presented isolation approaches based on SEC effectively isolates EV in both human and bovine milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Blans
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Maria S Hansen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark
| | | | - Michael L Hvam
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kenneth A Howard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Arne Möller
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Lars Wiking
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University , Tjele , Denmark
| | - Lotte B Larsen
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University , Tjele , Denmark
| | - Jan T Rasmussen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark
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Membrane material in bovine skim-milk from udder quarters infused with endotoxin and pathogenic organisms. J DAIRY RES 2009. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022029900015442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SummaryThe effects of infusing endotoxin and a pathogen into different quarters of the udder of the same cow on the appearance and composition of milk membrane material were studied. Milk membrane was prepared by high-speed centrifugation of skim-milk. In samples from the control quarters only, a very thin layer covering the casein pellet was observed, whereas after the infusions it appeared as an opaque diffuse fluffy layer. The fluffy layer persisted for a maximum of 3 d after endotoxin infusion. A similar layer appeared 14 d after infusion of the pathogen and persisted, in spite of antibiotic treatment, throughout the experiment. From comparisons of (a) milk acid phosphatase activities between infused and control quarters, (b) the protein composition of milk membrane, and (c) morphological observations on the distribution of membrane material in milk, it was concluded that milk membrane originates from leucocytes, cell debris from the mammary gland, and the surface of the milk-fat globule membrane. The relative contribution made by these sources to milk membrane from healthy and infected udders is discussed.
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Abstract
SummaryIt has been claimed by Stewart, Puppione & Patton (1972) that milk is a valuable source of cell membrane in a ‘relatively pure’ state originating from shed mammary secretory cell microvilli and golgi vesicles. The morphological basis for this has been re-examined in this paper. It is shown that the vesicular and elongated membranous structures found in skim-milk are identical to structures present as part of the initial milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) of alveolar and expressed milk, and that both structures survive extraction with chloroform–methanol. It is therefore suggested that a major part of the skim-milk membrane is material shed from the freshly secreted milk fat globule and consists of a specialised derivative of the secretory cell plasmalemma, the initial MFGM.
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Jaje J, Wolcott HN, Fadugba O, Cripps D, Yang AJ, Mather IH, Thorpe C. A flavin-dependent sulfhydryl oxidase in bovine milk. Biochemistry 2007; 46:13031-40. [PMID: 17944490 DOI: 10.1021/bi7016975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Both metal and flavin-dependent sulfhydryl oxidases catalyze the net generation of disulfide bonds with the reduction of oxygen to hydrogen peroxide. The first mammalian sulfhydryl oxidase to be described was an iron-dependent enzyme isolated from bovine milk whey (Janolino, V.G., and Swaisgood, H.E. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 2532-2537). This protein was reported to contain 0.5 atoms of iron per 89 kDa subunit and to be completely inhibited by ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA). However the present work shows that a soluble 62 kDa FAD-linked and EDTA-insensitive sulfhydryl oxidase apparently constitutes the dominant disulfide bond-generating activity in skim milk. Unlike the metalloenzyme, the flavoprotein is not associated tightly with skim milk membranes. Sequencing of the purified bovine enzyme (>70% coverage) showed it to be a member of the Quiescin-sulfhydryl oxidase (QSOX) family. Consistent with its solubility, this bovine QSOX1 paralogue lacks the C-terminal transmembrane span of the long form of these proteins. Bovine milk QSOX1 is highly active toward reduced RNase and with the model substrate dithiothreitol. The significance of these new findings is discussed in relation to the earlier reports of metal-dependent sulfhydryl oxidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Jaje
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
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Abstract
The characteristics and possible functions of the most abundant proteins associated with the bovine milk-fat globule membrane are reviewed. Under the auspices of the Milk Protein Nomenclature Committee of the ADSA, a revised nomenclature for the major membrane proteins is proposed and discussed in relation to earlier schemes. We recommend that proteins be assigned specific names as they are identified by molecular cloning and sequencing techniques. The practice of identifying proteins according to their Mr, electrophoretic mobility, or staining characteristics should be discontinued, except for uncharacterized proteins. The properties and amino acid sequences of the following proteins are discussed in detail: MUC1, xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase, CD36, butyrophilin, adipophilin, periodic acid Schiff 6/7 (PAS 6/7), and fatty acid binding protein. In addition, a compilation of less abundant proteins associated with the bovine milk-fat globule membrane is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- I H Mather
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park 20742, USA.
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Bjørge L, Jensen TS, Kristoffersen EK, Ulstein M, Matre R. Identification of the complement regulatory protein CD59 in human colostrum and milk. Am J Reprod Immunol 1996; 35:43-50. [PMID: 8789559 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1996.tb00007.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Complement lytic activity has been demonstrated, and a potential for its activation is present in human colostrum and milk. This necessitates the presence of regulatory mechanisms protecting epithelial cells in the oropharynx and the gastrointestinal tract of the infant, the milk cellular elements, and bacteria colonizing the oropharynx and the gastrointestinal tract. Lactoferrin and C1 inhibitor have been attributed such a role. However, it is likely that additional protection against the cytolytic activity of the membrane attack complex is required. This has lead us to investigate the presence of the complement regulatory protein CD59 in human colostrum and milk, and to further characterize the source of secretion. METHOD Samples of human colostrum and milk were obtained from volunteers at different stages of lactation, and separated into fat, skim milk, and milk cellular elements by centrifugation. Normal human mammary gland tissues were obtained from patients undergoing biopsy for benign conditions. SDS-PAGE and Western blotting, and an immuno dot-blot assay were used to identify CD59 in human milk. Immunohistochemistry was performed on all tissue samples and cytospins of the milk cellular elements, using monoclonal antibodies to CD59. RESULTS CD59 was present in cell-free colostrum and milk as a 19-25 kDa glycoprotein. No variation in CD59 levels was detected between colostrum and milk. CD59 was present in great amounts in the cytoplasm and was highly expressed on the surface membrane on mammary gland acinar and ductal epithelial cells, while the milk cellular elements contained CD59 mainly in their cytoplasm. CONCLUSION The complement regulatory protein CD59 present in cell-free human colostrum and milk may exert its effects both in the mammary gland and in the oropharynx and gastrointestinal tract of the infant. The lobuloalveolar epithelial cells in the mammary gland are the likely source of secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bjørge
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Gade Institute, Bergen, Norway
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Campana WM, Josephson RV, Patton S. Presence and genetic polymorphism of an epithelial mucin in milk of the goat (Capra hircus). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 103:261-6. [PMID: 1451438 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(92)90442-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
1. Analysis of individual samples of goat's milk by SDS-PAGE confirmed that they contain a polymorphic, high molecular weight (M(r) greater than 205 kDa) glycoprotein. 2. On SDS-gels, the polymorphism takes the form of two bands of variable mobility which usually stain with equal intensity. This polymorphism resembles that detected in milk mucins of other species and is best explained by an expression of codominant genes containing variable numbers of a tandemly repeated 60-base segment. 3. Analysis of milk fractions provided evidence that the goat mucin is exclusively a membrane protein, and that it can be purified from other fat globule proteins by gel filtration and peanut lectin affinity chromatography. 4. Among proteins in the goat milk fat globule, the mucin appears to be a strong immunogen but the resulting antibodies applied to Western blots only stained the cow's milk mucin mildly and the guinea pig and human milk mucins not at all.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Campana
- School of Family Studies and Consumer Sciences, San Diego State University, CA 92182
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Patton S, Hubert J. Binding of Concanavalin A to Milk Fat Globules and Release of the Lectin-Membrane Complex by Triton X-100. J Dairy Sci 1983. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(83)82087-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Long CA, Patton S. Formation of intracellular fat droplets: interrelation of newly synthesized phosphatidylcholine and triglyceride in milk. J Dairy Sci 1978; 61:1392-9. [PMID: 711960 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(78)83740-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The lipogenic system of fresh goat milk was used to investigate the relationship of lipid synthesis to formation of fat droplets. The skim milk phase was incubated with [1-carbon-14] palmitate and incorporation of activity into the glycerolipids was assayed. In two representative experiments, 44 and 56% of the label was incorporated into the lipids. Most of this activity (78 to 84%) was in triglycerides. Of 12 and 10% activity in the phospholipids, about 60% was contained in phosphatidylcholine with substantially smaller amounts in the other phospholipids. The synthesis of triglyceride and phosphatidylcholine was further investigated in relation to distribution of labeled lipids in a cream layer and a sedimenting fluff (membrane) fraction derived by centrifuging the skim milks following incubation. The correlation coefficient for the amounts of activity in phosphatidylcholine and triglyceride in the cream layer was .97. The data are consistent with synthesis of phosphatidylcholine and triglyceride to meet the requirements of surface and volume expansion, respectively, in formation of fat droplets. Our findings suggest the interesting working hypothesis that phosphatidylcholine synthesis regulates development of fat droplets.
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Nielsen CS, Bjerrum OJ. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis of bovine milk fat globule membrane protein solubilized with non-ionic detergent. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 466:496-509. [PMID: 139925 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(77)90342-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Detergent solubilized bovine milk fat globule membrane material studied by crossed immunoelectrophoresis combined with histochemical techniques revealed four major protein complexes. All four were found to bind to concanavalin A and three were identified as sialoglycoproteins. Xanthine oxidase activity was associated with the non-sialoglycoprotein precipitate. Immunoabsorption with intact milk fat globules showed an internal location of the xanthine oxidase, whereas the three other main proteins plus Mg2+-ATPase and 5'-nucleotidase were disposed on the outer membrane surface. The major proteins from milk fat globule membrane and membrane material isolated from skim milk showed immunochemical identity.
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Bachman KC, Wilcox CJ. Factors that influence milk cholesterol and lipid phosphorus: content and distribution. J Dairy Sci 1976; 59:1381-7. [PMID: 956477 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(76)84373-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Average cholesterol content of 356 raw milk samples was 152.2 mug/ml and upon centrifugation (3000 X g for 8 min), 16.9% was distributed in the skim milk phase. Lipid phosphorus averaged 19.0 mug/ml and was partitioned 50:50 between cream and skim milk phases. Weight ratios of cholesterol to lipid phosphorus for milk and skim milk were 8.30:1 and 2.94:1. When variation due to milk yield, fat percent, and somatic cell numbers (deoxyribonucleic acid percent reflectance) was accounted for by least squares, cholesterol content and distribution did not differ among breeds (Holstein, Jersey, and Guernsey). Breed differences in lipid phosphorus content of whole milk could not be detected. However, Holsteins had a significantly lower content of lipid phosphorus and a higher weight ratio for skim milk. Milk yield, fat content, and somatic cells affected responses of cholesterol and lipid phosphorus. This supports a multiple origin concept for membrane material in skim milk.
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Franke WW, Lüder MR, Kartenbeck J, Zerban H, Keenan TW. Involvement of vesicle coat material in casein secretion and surface regeneration. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1976; 69:173-95. [PMID: 1254641 PMCID: PMC2110961 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.69.1.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The ultrastructure of the apical zone of lactating rat mammary epithelial cells was studied with emphasis on vesicle coat structures. Typical 40-60 nm ID "coated vesicles" were abundant, frequently associated with the internal filamentous plasma membrane coat or in direct continuity with secretory vesicles (SV) or plasma membrane proper. Bristle coats partially or totally covered membranes of secretory vesicles identified by their casein micelle content. This coat survived SV isolation. Exocytotic fusion of SV membranes and release of the casein micelles was observed. Frequently, regularly arranged bristle coat structures were identified in those regions of the plasma membrane that were involved in exocytotic processes. Both coated and uncoated surfaces of the casein-containing vesicles, as well as typical "coated vesicles", were frequently associated with microtubules and/or microfilaments. We suggest that coat materials of vesicles are related or identical to components of the internal coat of the surface membrane and that new plasma membrane and associated internal coat is produced concomitantly by fusion and integration of bristle coat moieties. Postexocytotic association of secreted casein micelles with the cell surface, mediated by finely filamentous extensions, provided a marker for the integrated vesicle membrane. An arrangement of SV with the inner surface of the plasma membrane is described which is characterized by regularly spaced, heabily stained membrane to membrane cross-bridges (pre-exocytotic attachment plaques). Such membrane-interconnecting elements may represent a form of coat structure important to recognition and interaction of membrane surfaces.
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Patton S, Jensen RG. Lipid metabolism and membrane functions of the mammary gland. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF FATS AND OTHER LIPIDS 1975; 14:163-277. [PMID: 1091947 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6832(75)90004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Anderson M, Brooker BE, Andrews AT, Alichanidis E. Membrane material isolated from milk of mastitic and normal cows. J Dairy Sci 1974; 57:1448-58. [PMID: 4443460 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(74)85088-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Dill CW, Lane GT, Hartsfield SN. Influence of repeated oxytocic treatments on composition of bovine milk fat. J Dairy Sci 1974; 57:1164-9. [PMID: 4426998 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(74)85031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Kitchen BJ. A comparison of the properties of membranes isolated from bovine skim milk and cream. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 356:257-69. [PMID: 4152380 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(74)90266-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Patton S, Plantz PE, Thoele CA. Factors influencing phospholipids and cholesterol in skim milk: effect of short interval milkings. J Dairy Sci 1973; 56:1473-6. [PMID: 4796100 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(73)85385-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Morr C, Swenson P. Milk Ultracentrifugal Opalescent Layer. 3. Yield and Casein and Lipid Composition as a Function of Centrifugation Time. J Dairy Sci 1973. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(73)85370-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Baumrucker CR, Keenan TW. Membranes of mammary gland. VII. Stability of milk fat globule membrane in secreted milk. J Dairy Sci 1973; 56:1092-4. [PMID: 4269869 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(73)85310-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Kinsella JE. Preferential labeling of phosphatidylcholine during phospholipid synthesis by bovine mammary tissue. Lipids 1973; 8:393-400. [PMID: 4353290 DOI: 10.1007/bf02531714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Patton S, McCarthy RD, Plantz PE, Lee RF. Phospholipid incorporation into plasma membrane of lactating mammary cell with special reference to sphingomyelin. NATURE: NEW BIOLOGY 1973; 241:241-2. [PMID: 4349358 DOI: 10.1038/newbio241241a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Plantz PE, Patton S. Plasma membrane fragments in bovine and caprine skin milks. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 291:51-60. [PMID: 4265274 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(73)90059-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Carlsson EI, Karlsson BW. Enzyme activities and electronmicroscopic structure of rat milk fractions obtained after centrifugation. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1972; 131:223-33. [PMID: 4672559 DOI: 10.1007/bf00306929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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