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Podlacha M, Grabowski Ł, Kosznik-Kawśnicka K, Zdrojewska K, Stasiłojć M, Węgrzyn G, Węgrzyn A. Interactions of Bacteriophages with Animal and Human Organisms-Safety Issues in the Light of Phage Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8937. [PMID: 34445641 PMCID: PMC8396182 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages are viruses infecting bacterial cells. Since there is a lack of specific receptors for bacteriophages on eukaryotic cells, these viruses were for a long time considered to be neutral to animals and humans. However, studies of recent years provided clear evidence that bacteriophages can interact with eukaryotic cells, significantly influencing the functions of tissues, organs, and systems of mammals, including humans. In this review article, we summarize and discuss recent discoveries in the field of interactions of phages with animal and human organisms. Possibilities of penetration of bacteriophages into eukaryotic cells, tissues, and organs are discussed, and evidence of the effects of phages on functions of the immune system, respiratory system, central nervous system, gastrointestinal system, urinary tract, and reproductive system are presented and discussed. Modulations of cancer cells by bacteriophages are indicated. Direct and indirect effects of virulent and temperate phages are discussed. We conclude that interactions of bacteriophages with animal and human organisms are robust, and they must be taken under consideration when using these viruses in medicine, especially in phage therapy, and in biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Podlacha
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (M.P.); (K.Z.); (M.S.); (G.W.)
| | - Łukasz Grabowski
- Laboratory of Phage Therapy, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland; (Ł.G.); (K.K.-K.)
| | - Katarzyna Kosznik-Kawśnicka
- Laboratory of Phage Therapy, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland; (Ł.G.); (K.K.-K.)
| | - Karolina Zdrojewska
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (M.P.); (K.Z.); (M.S.); (G.W.)
| | - Małgorzata Stasiłojć
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (M.P.); (K.Z.); (M.S.); (G.W.)
| | - Grzegorz Węgrzyn
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (M.P.); (K.Z.); (M.S.); (G.W.)
| | - Alicja Węgrzyn
- Laboratory of Phage Therapy, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland; (Ł.G.); (K.K.-K.)
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Buehring GC, Philpott SM, Choi KY. Humans have antibodies reactive with Bovine leukemia virus. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2003; 19:1105-13. [PMID: 14709247 DOI: 10.1089/088922203771881202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is an oncogenic retrovirus that commonly infects cattle and causes B cell leukosis in 1-5% of infected cattle. BLV-infected cells are present in marketed beef and dairy products. In the decade after the discovery of BLV in 1969, studies using agar gel immunodiffusion and complement fixation assays failed to find antibodies to BLV in human sera. This led to the prevailing opinion that exposure of humans to BLV and/or the potential for infection are not significant and therefore the virus is not a public health hazard. We reexamined this issue using more sensitive immunological techniques available today. Using immunoblotting to test the sera of 257 humans for antibodies of four isotypes (IgG1, IgM, IgA, and IgG4) to the BLV capsid antigen (p24), we detected at least one antibody isotype reactive with BLV in 74% of the human sera tested. The specificity of the reactivity was strongly suggested by competition studies and by ruling out cross-reacting antibodies to other chronic human viruses. Our results suggest that antibodies reactive with the BLV capsid antigen may serve as a biomarker for exposure to BLV and this exposure may be widespread. The results do not necessarily mean that humans are actually infected with BLV; the antibodies could be a response to heat-denatured BLV antigens consumed in food. They do, however, suggest that further studies in this area could be important.
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Studer E, Bertoni G, Candrian U. Detection and characterization of pestivirus contaminations in human live viral vaccines. Biologicals 2002; 30:289-96. [PMID: 12421586 DOI: 10.1006/biol.2002.0343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In view of the use of potentially contaminated foetal calf serum (FCS) in cell cultures pestiviruses may be present in live viral vaccines. Thirty-six lots of human live viral vaccines produced by three manufacturers were tested for the presence of pestiviruses. Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) RNA was detected in 33% of the vaccine lots. All positive results were caused by the mumps component of a single manufacturer. Partial sequences of the 5' untranslated region of BVD viral RNA were determined. The sequences were closely related to that of the NADL strain of BVDV. The amount of BVDV RNA in the vaccines was determined by real-time RT-PCR using the LightCycler. Between 3.3*10(2) and 6.2*10(5) RNA copies per dose were found to be present in the vaccine samples.Additionally, culture tests were done with FCS and human diploid cells used in the vaccine production of the manufacturer whose vaccines were positive by PCR. All attempts to detect virus antigen in MRC-5 human diploid cells or to infect these cells with BVDV failed. This suggests that BVDV RNA detected in human live viral vaccines represents passive carry over of BVDV from contaminated FCS rather than active virus replication in human diploid cells. Our results indicate that contamination with BVDV of FCS used in vaccine production does not appear to be of immediate concern to human health. Furthermore, our results indicate that gamma-irradiation of FCS destroys BVDV particles and is also effective in preventing the presence of BVDV RNA in the vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Studer
- Official Medicines Control Laboratory Biologika and R&D Unit, Division of Biologicals, Swiss Federal Office of Public Health, P.O. Box 3003, Bern, Switzerland
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Abstract
We examined 20 cell lines of various animal origins for the presence of pestivirus contamination by the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and found 15 (75%) cell lines were positive. The RT-PCR products of the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of pestivirus genome were sequenced and subjected to genotyping. Stem-loop structures at three variable regions in the 5' UTR render genotyping of the contaminated pestiviruses. Bovine cell lines tested were all contaminated with genotypes I, II, or III of bovine diarrhea virus (BVDV). Cell lines of canine, feline, and primate origin were contaminated with genotype II of BVDV. Cell line Ch1Es of caprine origin was contaminated with border disease virus (BDV).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Harasawa
- Animal Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Live virus vaccines against bovine and porcine diseases were examined for the presence of adventitious pestivirus RNA or pestiviruses by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Pestivirus RNA was detected in the live virus vaccines against Akabane disease, Ibaraki disease, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, porcine parvovirus infection, transmissible gastroenteritis and Japanese encephalitis. Pestivirus RNA or pestivirus in the fetal bovine serum used to grow the host cells used to prepare the bovine and swine viral vaccines is a likely source of the contamination. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the PCR products suggests that modified live virus vaccines being used for immunization of cattle against bovine viral diarrhoea was not responsible for the contamination of the vaccines examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Harasawa
- Animal Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Bolin SR, Matthews PJ, Ridpath JF. Methods for detection and frequency of contamination of fetal calf serum with bovine viral diarrhea virus and antibodies against bovine viral diarrhea virus. J Vet Diagn Invest 1991; 3:199-203. [PMID: 1655059 DOI: 10.1177/104063879100300302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods used by the National Animal Disease Center to test fetal calf serum for contamination with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and antibodies against BVDV are described. Using those methods, virus was isolated from 332 of 1,608 (20.6%) lots of raw fetal calf serum obtained specifically for the Center and 93 of 190 (49%) lots of commercially available fetal calf serum. Virus neutralization and immunoperoxidase staining tests were used to detect antibodies against BVDV in 224 of the 1,608 (13.9%) lots of raw fetal calf serum. Both BVDV and antibodies against BVDV were detected in 50 lots of raw serum. The molecular specificity of antibodies against BVDV was determined by radioimmunoprecipitation. Lots of fetal calf serum that contained BVDV-specific antibodies that did not neutralize virus were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Bolin
- Virology Cattle Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010
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Bielefeldt Ohmann H, Bloch B. Electron microscopic studies of bovine viral diarrhea virus in tissues of diseased calves and in cell cultures. Arch Virol 1982; 71:57-74. [PMID: 6279056 DOI: 10.1007/bf01315175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pathomorphological studies by electron microscopy (EM) were carried out on the intestines and lymphoid tissues, the buffy coat cells and cultured lymphocytes from calves suffering from mucosal disease (MD). This led to the detection of particles, 45--55 nm in diameter, within characteristic vesicular structures. As these findings coincided with the isolation of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) from the same tissues and demonstration of BVDV-antigen by immunocytochemical techniques in corresponding samples, the particles were tentatively identified as the BVDV. A detailed study of in vitro infected bovine cell cultures corroborated this supposition and contributed to a conjectural evaluation of the viral morphogenesis. It revealed a difference from the morphogenesis of most other togaviruses, as the presumed virions were assembled within smooth-membraned vesicles, formed during the infection. Thus, in the material examined, a budding process was not involved in the development of BVDV.
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Ward RL. Destruction of bacterial viruses in serum by heat and radiation under conditions that sustain the ability of serum to support growth of cells in suspended culture. J Clin Microbiol 1979; 10:650-6. [PMID: 544633 PMCID: PMC273240 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.10.5.650-656.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods for inactivating bacterial viruses in serum were developed through the use of heat and ionizing radiation, and the effects of these treatments on the growth rates of cultured cells were tested. Viruses chosen for this study were the radiation-resistant bacteriphage f2 and heat-resistant phage T4. The viabilities of these phages were reduced more than 2 and 4 orders of magnitude, respectively, by a treatment at 60 degrees C for 30 min followed by 420 krads of ionizing radiation. Simultaneous application of heat and radiation caused a considerably greater reduction in viability of both phages in serum, but also caused a significant decrease in the growth rates of L cells in medium supplemented with serum treated in this manner. Treatment of serum with these same doses but given in the sequential fashion of heat followed by radiation caused little or no change in the growth rates of L cells. Finally, it was found that simultaneous treatment of serum with these doses of heat and radiation had little effect on the growth rates of either HeLa or Chinese hamster cells.
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Babková H, Stárek M. A method for testing the growth activity of tissue culture media using suspension lymphoblastoid cells. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL STANDARDIZATION 1979; 7:275-84. [PMID: 536373 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-1157(79)80001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A new rapid method for testing the growth activity of tissue culture media using the 'Raji' and 'Simpson' strains of lymphoblastoid cells grown in suspension is described. This method has advantages for rapidly assessing the quality of a culture medium.
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Vieu JF, Horodniceanu F, Klein B, Lehérissey M. Bacteriophage contamination in calf sera collected by different methods from various sources. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL STANDARDIZATION 1978; 6:261-6. [PMID: 755822 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-1157(78)80014-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Michalski FJ, Hsiung GD. Persistent infection with bovine herpesvirus-1 (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus) in cultured hamster cells. IN VITRO 1976; 12:682-6. [PMID: 190164 DOI: 10.1007/bf02797471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus-1 infection in hamster embryo cells was found to be dependent upon input multiplicity; productive infection was achieved at input multiplicities greater than one, while persistent infection was established when input multiplicities were about 0.5. This persistence was characterized by a noncyclic, minimal degree of cytopathic effect with a low level of released virus. Maintenance of the persistently infected cultures did not require external supportive measures. Subcultivation of the persistently infected cultures led to virus replication followed by CPE and then cell regrowth. With 3 to 4 weeks after subcultivation a persistent infection was re-established. The possible mechanism for the bovine herpesvirus persistence in hamster cells is discussed.
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Orr HC, Weetall HH, Probst PG, Littlejohn DC, Chu FC, Johnson JB, Petricciani JC. Elimination of bacteriophages from tissue culture serum by affinity chromatography. J Clin Microbiol 1976; 3:402-5. [PMID: 944195 PMCID: PMC274314 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.3.4.402-405.1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of immunoadsorbents to remove bacteriophages from tissue culture serum was investigated. Immune globulins from rabbit antiserum prepared against phi V-1 phage were immobilized by covalent linkage to activated porous silica glass derivatives of p-aminoarylamine and to Sepharose-4B. Chromatographic columns of each material were used to filter samples of a fetal bovine serum into which had been introduced 8100 plaque-forming units of the phage per ml. Efficiency of removal was determined by plaque assays of phi V-1 phage recovered in the effluent fluids. Activated but uncoupled matrices nonspecifically removed from 49 to 59% of the phages introduced into the experimental serum. A reduction of 35 to 37% in phage content occurred in the serum after filtration through columns coupled to nonantibody protein. With specific immune globulins attached, the Sepharose-4B matrix reduced the concentration of phage in the serum below a detectable quantity. Noapparent alterations occurred in the growth-promoting property of serum filtered through the Sepharose-4B immunoadsorbent as measured by cloning efficiency of BHK-21, WI-38, and FRhL-2 cells. These experiments serve as a model system for use of immunoadsorbents for selective removal of bacteriophages and perhaps other extraneous microbial agents from tissue culture serum.
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Keay L. Autoclavable low cost serum-free cell culture media: the growth of established cell lines and production of viruses. Biotechnol Bioeng 1976; 18:363-82. [PMID: 1268325 DOI: 10.1002/bit.260180307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Five cell lines (BSC-1, CHO, Balb/c 3T3, HeLa, and KB) have been grown in serum-free media for several months with regular schedules of media changing and subculturing. The medium found to be successful in all cases was MEM-alpha (without the ribosides and deoxyribosides) supplemented with 1% bacteropeptone, although simple MEM (minimum essental medium (Eagle) with bacteropeptone (BP) gave fairly good growth in the case of BSC-1 and 3T3 cells. The addition of insulin was necessary for CHO, 3T3, HeLa, and KB cells. Only the BSC-1 cells grew exclusively as a stationary suspensions and the 3T3 cells growing as a combination of monalayer and suspension depending on the age of the culture and the nature of the growth surface. SV40 was produced in BSC-1 cells grown and infected in the MEM-alpha, bactopeptone medium and adenovirus-2 was produced in spinners of HeLa and KB cells grown in MEM-alpha, bactopeptone, PVP-360, and insulin. The yield of virus and infectivity of the viruses produced were about the same as those produced in conventional serum-containing systems.
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Kniazeff AJ, Wopschall LJ, Hopps HE, Morris CS. Detection of bovine viruses in fetal bovine serum used in cell culture. IN VITRO 1975; 11:400-3. [PMID: 172434 DOI: 10.1007/bf02616377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This investigation employed a viral screening method detect endogenous bovine virus contaminants in commercially supplied fetal bovine serum. Fifty-one lots of fetal bovine serum from 14 suppliers were examined. Over 30% of the lots tested were found to contain bovine viruses; they included bovine virus diarrhea virus, parainfluenza type3-like virus, bovine herpesvirus-1, bovine enterovirus type 4, and an unidentified cytopathogenic agent. Of the 51 lots, 20 had been pretested by the suppliers and were considered to be free of known viral contaminants. Our viral screening methods revealed that five of these pretested lots, or 25%, contained endogenous bovine viruses.
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Geier MR, Attallah AF, Merril CR. Characterization of Escherichia coli bacterial viruses in commercial sera,. IN VITRO 1975; 11:55-8. [PMID: 1126739 DOI: 10.1007/bf02615323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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McCracken AW, Newman JT. The current status of the laboratory diagnosis of viral diseases of man. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES 1975; 5:331-63. [PMID: 805015 DOI: 10.3109/10408367509107047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Taylor WG, Evans VJ. Preparation and use of replicate mammalian cell cultures. Methods Cell Biol 1974; 8:47-73. [PMID: 4600799 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(08)60443-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Barile MF, Hopps HE, Grabowski MW, Riggs DB, DelGiudice RA. THE IDENTIFICATION AND SOURCES OF MYCOPLASMAS ISOLATED FROM CONTAMINATED CELL CULTURES. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1973. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1973.tb45654.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chu FC, Johnson JB, Orr HC, Probst PG, Petricciani JC. Bacterial virus contamination of fetal bovine sera. IN VITRO 1973; 9:31-4. [PMID: 4201071 DOI: 10.1007/bf02615986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Lasfargues EY, Coutinho WG, Lasfargues JC, Moore DH. A serum substitute that can support the continuous growth of mammary tumor cells. IN VITRO 1973; 8:494-500. [PMID: 4737673 DOI: 10.1007/bf02615953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Chapter 6: Cell Culture Contaminants. Methods Cell Biol 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(08)60051-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Wolf K, Quimby MC. Towards a practical fail-safe system of managing poikilothermic vertebrate cell lines in culture. IN VITRO 1973; 8:316-21. [PMID: 4570887 DOI: 10.1007/bf02615913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Merril CR, Friedman TB, Attallah AF, Geier MR, Krell K, Yarkin R. Isolation of bacteriophages from commercial sera. IN VITRO 1972; 8:91-3. [PMID: 4567658 DOI: 10.1007/bf02615965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Boone CW, Mantel N, Caruso TD, Kazam E, Stevenson RE. Quality control studies on fetal bovine serum used in tissue culture. IN VITRO 1971; 7:174-89. [PMID: 4131329 DOI: 10.1007/bf02617963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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