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Lim Y. The Protective Effects of Green Tea Catechin on The Bleomycin and Cyclophosphamide Induced Cytotoxicity. KOREAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.15324/kjcls.2014.46.2.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Lim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Dong-eui University, Busan 614-714, Korea
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2
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Sigurdson AJ, Jones IM, Wei Q, Wu X, Spitz MR, Stram DA, Gross MD, Huang WY, Wang LE, Gu J, Thomas CB, Reding DJ, Hayes RB, Caporaso NE. Prospective analysis of DNA damage and repair markers of lung cancer risk from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial. Carcinogenesis 2010; 32:69-73. [PMID: 20929901 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutagen challenge and DNA repair assays have been used in case-control studies for nearly three decades to assess human cancer risk. The findings still engender controversy because blood was drawn after cancer diagnosis so the results may be biased, a type called 'reverse causation'. We therefore used Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines established from prospectively collected peripheral blood samples to evaluate lung cancer risk in relation to three DNA repair assays: alkaline Comet assay, host cell reactivation (HCR) assay with the mutagen benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide and the bleomycin mutagen sensitivity assay. Cases (n = 117) were diagnosed with lung cancer between 0.3 and 6 years after blood collection and controls (n = 117) were frequency matched on calendar year and age at blood collection, gender and smoking history; all races were included. Case and control status was unknown to laboratory investigators. In unconditional logistic regression analyses, statistically significantly increased lung cancer odds ratios (OR(adjusted)) were observed for bleomycin mutagen sensitivity as quartiles of chromatid breaks/cell [relative to the lowest quartile, OR = 1.2, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.5-2.5; OR = 1.4, 95% CI: 0.7-3.1; OR = 2.1, 95% CI: 1.0-4.4, respectively, P(trend) = 0.04]. The magnitude of the association between the bleomycin assay and lung cancer risk was modest compared with those reported in previous lung cancer studies but was strengthened when we included only incident cases diagnosed more than a year after blood collection (P(trend) = 0.02), supporting the notion the assay may be a measure of cancer susceptibility. The Comet and HCR assays were unrelated to lung cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice J Sigurdson
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Abstract
The development of squamous cell carcinomas of the oropharyngeal mucosa may involve many factors, including viruses. This review examines the evidence that viruses could be involved in the etiology of oral cancer, and shows that the evidence for a role of different viruses varies from very weak to very persuasive. Papillomaviruses are probably involved in the etiology of some carcinomas, particularly those of the oropharynx, and some herpes viruses may be involved as well. On the other hand some viruses can cause cancer in experimental situations but not in humans. Thus the importance of viruses in oral cancer is not always clear and must be evaluated with care. Those viruses that are associated with the disease provide targets for therapy and for diagnostic assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Shillitoe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, 750, East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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4
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Barker PE, Wang W, Wagner PD, Pinsky P. Inter-rater agreement on chromosome 5 breakage in FISH-based mutagen sensitivity assays (MSAs). MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2004; 562:133-42. [PMID: 15279836 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2004.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2004] [Revised: 05/13/2004] [Accepted: 06/03/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In chromosome breakage assays, validated, universal criteria for selection of cells and classification of chromosome aberrations may enhance their utility for cancer susceptibility screening. To standardize a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) modification of the mutagen sensitivity assay (MSA), scoring criteria were evaluated by web-based validation. Two hundred digital FISH images were assigned random identification numbers. With this set of images, criteria for inclusion of cells and measurement of the frequency of abnormal cells were evaluated by eight observers, all of whom had five or more years of experience. Observers included doctoral and MS/BS level cytogeneticists, and were drawn from a randomized pool of 54 volunteers. Questions addressed were: (1) how uniformly were criteria applied to analysis of a standard digital FISH image set and (2) did concordance vary with educational level? These data suggest inter-rater agreement within a factor of 2 for average breakage frequency, but revealed greater variability in cell selection. These results aid in estimating the components of assay variance due to definitions, technical parameters and biological variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E Barker
- DNA Technologies Group, Biotechnology Division, Chemical Sciences and Technology Laboratory, NIST-NCI Biomarkers Validation Project, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8311, USA.
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Zhang H, Spitz MR, Tomlinson GE, Schabath MB, Minna JD, Wu X. Modification of lung cancer susceptibility by green tea extract as measured by the comet assay. CANCER DETECTION AND PREVENTION 2003; 26:411-8. [PMID: 12507225 DOI: 10.1016/s0361-090x(02)00127-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Green tea is widely consumed throughout the world and is known to possess various beneficial properties that may affect carcinogen metabolism, free radical scavenging, or formation of DNA adducts. Therefore, it is plausible that green tea extract may modify BPDE-induced DNA damage. In this report, we utilized the comet assay to (1) evaluate BPDE-induced DNA damage as a potential marker of cancer susceptibility and (2) assess the ability of green tea to modify BPDE-induced DNA damage. DNA damage in individual comet cells was quantified by (1) visually measuring the proportion of cells exhibiting migration versus those without and (2) the length of damaged DNA migration (comet tail). We detected a dose-response between BDPE concentration and mean comet tail length in EBV-immortalized lymphoblastiod (lymphoid) cell lines. As the concentration of BPDE increased from 0.5 to 3 microM, the length of the mean comet tail length increased proportionally in the 3590P (derived from a healthy subject) and 3640P (derived from a patient with head and neck cancer) cell lines. In separate experiments using lymphoid cells from 21 lung cancer cases and 12 healthy subjects, the mean comet tail length was significantly higher in the lung cancer cases (80.19 +/- 15.55) versus the healthy subjects (59.94 +/- 14.23) (P < 0.01). Similar findings were observed when analyzing the mean percentage of comet induced cells (84.57 +/- 8.85 and 69.04 +/- 12.50, respectively) (P < 0.01). When green tea extract was added in conjunction with BPDE, there was a notable reduction of the mean comet tail length (13.29 +/- 0.97) as compared to BPDE treatment alone (80.19 +/- 15.55) (P < 0.01) in lung cancer cases. There were no statistical differences between the baseline (no treatments) (12.74 +/- 0.63) and the green tea extract treatment (13.06 +/- 0.97) (P = 0.21). These data suggest the modification of lung cancer susceptibility by the green tea extract. Similar results were observed for the percentage of induced comet cells and the statistical trends were similar for the 12 healthy subjects. This preliminary study demonstrated that the detection of BPDE-induced DNA damage via the comet assay may be a useful biologic marker of lung cancer susceptibility. The differential effects in BPDE-induced DNA damage between lung cancer cases and healthy subjects suggests predisposed cancer susceptibility to lung cancer risk. This reports also demonstrated the chemopreventive effects of green tea extract on BPDE-induced DNA damage. These observations provide further support for the application of the comet assay in molecular epidemiologic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Box 189 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Wang TS, Hsieh LJ, Hsu TY, Chung CH, Li SY. DNA damage and repair in lymphoblastoid cell lines from normal donors and fragile X syndrome patients. Arch Med Res 2002; 33:128-35. [PMID: 11886710 DOI: 10.1016/s0188-4409(01)00376-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because lymphocytes from fragile X patients have been reported as hypersensitive to bleomycin-induced chromatid breaks and because the number of trinucleotide repeats in families with fragile X syndrome has a propensity to expand, we have investigated the possibility that fragile X cells may be hypersensitive to DNA damage and have a lower capacity for DNA repair. METHODS Lymphocytes from normal and fragile X syndrome donors were immortalized by Epstein-Barr virus transformation. Characteristics of fragile X syndrome including the folate-sensitive fragile site on chromosome Xq27.3, length of CGG repeat expansion, and FMRP expression in Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines were analyzed by standard cytogenetic methods, Southern blot, and Western blot, respectively. Analysis of DNA damage and repair induced by hydrogen peroxide, bleomycin, ethyl methanesulfonate, 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide, etoposide, and mitomycin C was carried out by single-cell gel electrophoresis assay (known as comet assay). RESULTS Lymphoblastoid cell lines from fragile X donors had a folate-sensitive fragile site on chromosome Xq27.3, no or low FMRP expression, and expansion of the CGG repeat. Results of comet assay showed that fragile X cells were not more sensitive to mutagen-induced DNA strand breaks and did not have lower DNA repair capacity in comparison with normal cells. Furthermore, one fragile X cell line showed hyposensitivity to DNA strand breaks induced by hydrogen peroxide, bleomycin, and ethyl methansulfonate. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study do not support the notion that CGG trinucleotide expansion in fragile X syndrome is caused by permanent deficiency in DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsu Shing Wang
- Department of Life Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, Republic of China (ROC).
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Cloos J, Temmink O, Ceelen M, Snel MHJ, Leemans CR, Braakhuis BJM. Involvement of cell cycle control in bleomycin-induced mutagen sensitivity. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2002; 40:79-84. [PMID: 12203399 DOI: 10.1002/em.10093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Bleomycin-induced chromosomal instability, generally referred to as mutagen sensitivity, is associated with an increased risk for the development of environmentally related cancer including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and lung cancer. On average, the cultured lymphocytes of patients with these types of cancer show an increased number of chromatid breaks per cell after bleomycin exposure in the late S or G2 phase of the cell cycle as compared to lymphocytes from control persons. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether cell cycle regulation is involved in mutagen sensitivity. We determined cell cycle arrest after bleomycin-induced DNA damage in 21 lymphoblastoid cell lines that varied in mutagen sensitivity score. An ataxia telangiectasia (AT) cell line was included for comparison. Using a cut-off point of 0.70 breaks per cell, eight cell lines were classified as insensitive and 13 cell lines showed the hypersensitive phenotype. Compared to insensitive cell lines, bleomycin-treated hypersensitive cells remained at a relatively high level of DNA synthesis, as measured by thymidine incorporation, and showed a decreased accumulation of cells in G2 and M phase, as measured by flow cytometry. AT cells showed an extremely high mutagen sensitivity score, a high level of DNA synthesis, and a strong G2 block. In conclusion, mutagen sensitivity is associated with "damage-resistant growth," which is indicative of impaired cell cycle arrest. By which specific pathway(s) this checkpoint defect is explained has yet to be elucidated; however, it is probably distinct from the checkpoint defect in AT cells. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 40:79-84, 2002.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Cloos
- Section Tumor Biology, Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Cheng L, Wang LE, Spitz MR, Wei Q. Cryopreserving whole blood for functional assays using viable lymphocytes in molecular epidemiology studies. Cancer Lett 2001; 166:155-63. [PMID: 11311488 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(01)00400-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing need for viable lymphocytes in performing phenotypic assays for biomarker studies. Both fresh and cryopreserved lymphocytes have been used for cell culture-based functional assays. However, fresh lymphocytes do not allow assays to be done in batches and cryopreservation of isolated lymphocytes results in a considerable loss of viable cells. To investigate the feasibility of using cryopreserved whole blood as a source of viable lymphocytes in molecular epidemiology studies, two well-established biomarkers, the host-cell reactivation (HCR) and mutagen sensitivity assays, were used to compare the method of cryopreserving whole blood with the traditional methods. In 25 paired blood samples assayed for DNA repair capacity (DRC) by the HCR assay, the DRC values of frozen whole blood (mean +/- SD, 11.59 +/- 3.07) were similar to those of frozen isolated lymphocytes (11.08 +/- 3.50). The correlation between the paired DRC values was 0.77 (P < 0.001). In 31 paired blood samples assayed for the gamma-radiation-induced chromatid breaks by the mutagen sensitivity assay, there was no significant difference between the baseline level of chromatid breaks in lymphocytes from frozen blood (0.05 +/- 0.03) and fresh blood (0.06 +/- 0.03). The blastogenic rate and mitotic index of the cells used for the two assays were compared between the different processing methods. The lymphocytes from frozen whole blood were more sensitive to gamma-radiation, with a higher mean level of chromatid breaks (0.68 +/- 0.21) than that in fresh blood (0.42 +/- 0.12, P < 0.01), and the correlation between the numbers of chromatid breaks in the paired samples was statistically significant (r = 0.61, P < 0.001). These data suggest that within the limits of the parameters investigated here, cryopreserved whole blood is a good source of viable lymphocytes for biomarker assays in molecular epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Hsu TC, Zhao YJ, Wang RY, Wu YF, Spitz MR, Hong WK. Comparative efficacy as antioxidants between ascorbic acid and epigallocatechin gallate on cells of two human lymphoblastoid lines. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2001; 124:169-71. [PMID: 11172912 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(00)00337-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Both ascorbic acid and epigallocatechin gallate, which is one of the key polyphenols contained in green tea leaves, have been considered excellent antioxidants. The present study compared the efficacy as antioxidants between the two agents on an equimolar basis. Cells of two lymphoid lines were used as test material to determine the reduction of chromosome damage induced by the radiomimetic antibiotic bleomycin. Without bleomycin, both agents, at concentrations of 10(-7), 10(-6), 10(-5), and 10(-4) M, showed chromosome damage similar to the untreated controls. With bleomycin, the weakest concentration of both showed no protective effect. At concentrations of 10(-6) and 10(-5) M, especially the latter, a significant reduction in frequencies of chromatid breaks was recorded. However, at the highest concentration, 10(-4) M, the chromatid break frequencies rose to the same level as that of cells treated with bleomycin alone, suggesting that both behaved like pro-oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Hsu
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Nemeth MA, Hsu T, Pathak S. Chromosome instability in the murine melanoma cell line K-1735 is due to drug-specific mechanisms. Genet Mol Biol 2000. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572000000400010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate chromosomal instability and DNA repair by exposing clones from the murine melanoma cell line K-1735 to the radiomimetic drug bleomycin and to the DNA polymerase a inhibitor aphidicolin. Results from previous experiments conducted with human lymphocytes have suggested synergistic chromosomal damage after simultaneous exposure to these two agents. However, in the murine cell line studied here, there was no direct correlation between the effects of these two agents. Indeed, the extensive variation in the responses to aphidicolin and bleomycin suggested different mechanisms for the repair of bleomycin-induced DNA damage by the clones. Evaluation of the unexplained propensity of some bleomycin-treated metaphase cells to disintegrate suggested that this phenomenon was most likely the result of a direct action of bleomycin, rather than a potential manifestation of tumor cell instability.
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Nikolaou AC, Markou CD, Petridis DG, Daniilidis IC. Second primary neoplasms in patients with laryngeal carcinoma. Laryngoscope 2000; 110:58-64. [PMID: 10646717 DOI: 10.1097/00005537-200001000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To better define the characteristics of second primary malignancies appearing in patients suffering from head and neck cancers, and more specifically laryngeal carcinoma, and to elicit those parameters that may be of assistance in better diagnosing, treating, and predicting outcome in such patients. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective review of a group of 514 compliant subjects, examined and treated during an 8-year period until 1996. After initial diagnosis and subsequent treatment, rigorous follow-up ensured systematic screening of the subjects, who underwent standard examinations in outpatient clinics for periods of up to 56 months. RESULTS Of 514 cases followed, presence of second primary neoplasms was established in 42 or 8.17%, 8 being synchronous and 34 metachronous of the original primary lesion. CONCLUSIONS Respiratory and upper gastrointestinal localizations were primarily affected, incidence was highest in septuagenarians, and staging of the primary was found to be irrelevant to the incidence rates of second primaries. No statistical significance was attached to the fact that supraglottic primary tumors showed slightly higher second primary rates; the same applying for well-differentiated primary tumors compared with poorly differentiated ones. Modality of treatment surgery, and radiotherapy being the options in question-did not in the long run statistically influence incidence rates. Throughout, reference to current literature and this study's relevance in light of similar efforts were taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Nikolaou
- University Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Wu X, Gu J, Amos CI, Jiang H, Hong WK, Spitz MR. A parallel study of in vitro sensitivity to benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide and bleomycin in lung carcinoma cases and controls. Cancer 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19980915)83:6<1118::aid-cncr10>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Geara FB, Peters LJ, Ang KK, Garden AS, Tucker SL, Levy LB, Brown BW. Comparison between normal tissue reactions and local tumor control in head and neck cancer patients treated by definitive radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1996; 35:455-62. [PMID: 8655367 DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(96)80006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was conducted to test for the relationship between tumor and normal tissue radiosensitivity, by comparing local tumor control to the severity of acute and late normal tissue reactions in head and neck cancer patients treated by definitive radiotherapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS Two hundred eighty-six patients with head and neck cancer who were treated at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center between 1983 and 1993 were selected for the study. Of these, 124 (43%) were treated by a concomitant boost regimen and 162 (57%) by hyperfractionation. All patients had at least 1 year of follow-up. The tumor stage distribution according to the 1992 American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system was as follows: T1, 3%; T2, 53%; T3, 40%; T4, 4%. The average doses delivered were 71.2 Gy and 76.2 Gy for the concomitant boost and hyperfractionation regimens, respectively, with no significant variation between patients. Acute and late reactions were recorded using the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG)/European Organization for Research on Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) grading system (0 to 4). The median follow-up period was 38 months (range: 12-107 months). The time to local tumor recurrence was analyzed in relation to the severity of acute and late reactions expressed as the maximum recorded grades, and to the time intensity of acute mucositis, expressed as the area under the curve of mucositis grade vs. time. Univariate and multivariate analyses also included T stage, N stage, and site of origin as other prognostic variables, and were carried out using a proportional hazards model. RESULTS Fifty-four patients (19%) suffered local failure. T stage was found to significantly influence local control (p = 0.009). There was a nonsignificant trend for higher failure rates in patients with maximum Grade 1 or 2 vs. those with Grade 3 or 4 acute mucositis (28 and 18%, respectively; p = 0.17). No correlation was found between the severity of late reactions and local tumor control after radiotherapy. Analysis by time intensity of mucositis revealed a wide variation between individuals with a nonsignificant trend for higher local failure rates in patients with low mucositis time intensity scores. CONCLUSIONS These clinical results suggest a possible relationship between normal tissue and tumor radiosensitivity. However, additional studies with a larger numbers of patients, and using refined normal tissue endpoints that incorporate a time function are needed to fully elucidate this question.
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Affiliation(s)
- F B Geara
- Department of Clinical Radiotherapy, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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Hsu TC, Wu X, Trizna Z. Mutagen sensitivity in humans. A comparison between two nomenclature systems for recording chromatid breaks. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1996; 87:127-32. [PMID: 8625258 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(95)00301-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there are two systems in use for recording chromatid breaks, either spontaneously occurring or induced by mutagens: The International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (ISCN) and the Chatham Barrs Inn Conference (CBIC) recommendation. The former system considers that a chromatid break is recognized only when the chromatid fragment is displaced to the other side of its sister chromatid, while all others, regardless of the distance between the two broken ends, are called chromatid gaps. The CBIC system recognizes a chromatid break when the intervening achromatic segment is longer than or equal to the diameter of the chromatid, whether the fragment is displaced or not. Minor lesions are called chromatid gaps. We conducted experiments using bleomycin treatment of human cells (primary cultures or lymphoblastoid cell lines) and read the chromatid lesions both ways. We conclude that the CBIC system appears to have more direct biologic relevance than the ISCN system.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Hsu
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
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16
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Sturgis EM, Miller RH. Second primary malignancies in the head and neck cancer patient. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1995; 104:946-54. [PMID: 7492066 DOI: 10.1177/000348949510401206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
With improvements in locoregional control, the problem of second primary malignancies is rapidly being pushed to the forefront of head and neck oncology. While the constant long-term risk for the head and neck cancer patient has been well established, efforts at prevention, early detection, and treatment have been somewhat futile. Recent advances in genetic predisposition, biomarkers, photodiagnostic imaging, and differentiation therapy may soon offer improved outcomes. The literature is reviewed and current research is presented regarding the history, epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of second primary malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Sturgis
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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MacLeod RA, Voges M, Bryant PE, Drexler HG. Chromatid aberration dose responses and dispersal in human G2 lymphocytes treated with bleomycin: comparison with equivalent X-irradiation reveals formation of a novel class of heavily damaged cells. Mutat Res 1994; 309:73-81. [PMID: 7519735 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(94)90044-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We describe the dose responses and dispersal of chromatid (ct) aberrations in human peripheral blood lymphocytes, treated with a 5-min pulse of bleomycin (BLM) in doses ranging from 0.78 to 200 micrograms/ml during the G2 phase of the cell cycle. Damage was assessed in cells fixed at the time of peak damage 1 h after treatment. Both ct breaks and the percentages of damaged cells rose according to log BLM dose above 6.3 micrograms/ml only. Below this dose all endpoints exhibited flat responses suggestive of thresholding. A dose of 100 micrograms/ml produced similar amounts and distribution of ct breakage per cell (B/c) as a previously studied X-ray dose of 0.8 Gy, permitting future direct cytogenetic comparisons between clastogens. Within the scorable range (0-29 B/c) the dispersal of ct breakage after BLM treatment resembled that after equivalent X-irradiation; but BLM treatment alone resulted in the formation of heavily damaged cells (HDC) defined as with > or = 30 B/c, representing a cytogenetic endpoint of DNA damage reminiscent of apoptosis. At the dose producing equivalent chromatid breakage, BLM produced 7.4 times fewer exchanges than X-rays in G2.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A MacLeod
- Department of Human and Animal Cell Cultures, DSM - Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen, Braunschweig, Germany
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Trizna Z, Hsu TC, Schantz SP, Lee JJ, Hong WK. Anticlastogenic effects of 13-cis-retinoic acid in vitro. Eur J Cancer 1993; 29A:137-40. [PMID: 1280151 DOI: 10.1016/0959-8049(93)90592-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The anticlastogenic effects of 13-cis-retinoic acid were studied in four human lymphoblastoid cell lines and in primary lymphocyte cultures derived from the peripheral blood of 11 study subjects. Cells were pre-incubated with 13-cis-retinoic acid in the concentration range of 10(-8)-10(-5) mol/l for 24 h and the numbers of chromatid breaks per cell induced by bleomycin were determined. The presence of 13-cis-retinoic acid decreased the number of breaks per cell by 13.0 to 59.5% in lymphoblastoid cell lines and by 0 to 57.4% in primary lymphocyte cultures (in the concentration ranges of 10(-8)-10(-6) mol/l and of 10(-8)-10(-5) mol/l, respectively). Regression analysis showed that there was a statistically significant correlation between the presence of 13-cis-retinoic acid and protection against bleomycin-induced clastogenicity. These data give additional information to the knowledge of possible chemopreventive mechanisms of action of 13-cis-retinoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Trizna
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030
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Connor TH, Trizna Z. Pentamidine isethionate is negative in tests for microbial mutagenicity and chromosomal breakage in vitro. Toxicol Lett 1992; 63:69-74. [PMID: 1412524 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4274(92)90108-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Pentamidine isethionate, a drug used for the treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS patients, was assayed for mutagenicity in five strains of Salmonella typhimurium and for clastogenicity and mutagen-induced chromosomal breakage in five human lymphoblastoid cell lines. The mutagenicity assay employed both repair-deficient and repair-positive strains without and with the addition of rat liver S-9. There was no indication of a mutagenic response in any of the strains of Salmonella. Chromosomal breakage was measured in lymphoblastoid cell lines, both in the absence and presence of bleomycin. Following 2, 5 and 24 h of treatment, pentamidine alone did not induce clastogenicity, nor was there an increase in chromosomal breakage when the cell lines were treated with bleomycin simultaneously with, or 22 h prior to, the addition of pentamidine. From these data it can be concluded that pentamidine is not mutagenic or clastogenic in the two assays employed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Connor
- University of Texas Health Science Center, School of Public Health, Houston 77225
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Yoo H, Li L, Sacks PG, Thompson LH, Becker FF, Chan JY. Alterations in expression and structure of the DNA repair gene XRCC1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 186:900-10. [PMID: 1353960 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(92)90831-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The repair-associated gene XRCC1 was previously cloned by complementing the hamster mutant EM9, which has a high rate of spontaneous SCE and hypersensitivity to DNA damaging agents. In analyzing XRCC1 gene expression, similar levels of steady-state mRNA were found in normal cells, Bloom's syndrome cells with altered SCE, and in squamous carcinoma cells with differential X-ray sensitivity. An EcoRI restriction fragment-length polymorphism previously identified in XRCC1 did not correlate with the repair phenotypes of these cells. The mRNA of XRCC1 decreased to 20-40% after treatment of cells with a DNA damaging agent. XRCC1 also showed tissue specific expression in rats. The mRNA levels were high in testis (7-8 fold), ovary (3-4 fold) and brain (4-5 fold), when compared with those in intestine, liver and spleen (1-2 fold). These data and the high levels of XRCC1 protein detected in testis indicate that XRCC1 may play an important role in DNA processing during meiogenesis and recombination in germ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yoo
- Department of Molecular Pathology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030
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Trizna Z, Schantz SP, Hsu TC. Effects of N-acetyl-L-cysteine and ascorbic acid on mutagen-induced chromosomal sensitivity in patients with head and neck cancers. Am J Surg 1991; 162:294-8. [PMID: 1719835 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9610(91)90134-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The protective effect of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) and ascorbic acid on mutagen-induced chromosomal breakage was determined using human lymphoblastoid cell lines as well as freshly cultured lymphocytes from patients with head and neck malignancies and healthy control subjects. Mutagen sensitivity was determined using the previously described bleomycin exposure assay. The toxicities of different concentrations of NAC and ascorbic acid, as well as both the preincubation and dose-dependent protective effects of these two agents, were analyzed. Both test drugs proved to be effective in diminishing mutagen-induced chromatid breakage in established lymphocyte cell lines. In freshly cultured lymphocytes, NAC given in doses ranging from 0.1 to 10 mmol/L decreased the number of mutagen-induced breaks per cell in a range from 23% to 73%, and ascorbic acid decreased chromosomal breakage by 21% to 58% in a dose range from 0.01 to 1 mmol/L. The results of this study demonstrate the protective effect mediated in vitro by both NAC and ascorbic acid against mutagen-induced chromosomal damage. A similar in vivo phenomenon may explain the differences in occurrence of head and neck cancer between populations with different dietary backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Trizna
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas M. D. AndersonCancer Center, Houston
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Steele C, Shillitoe EJ. Viruses and oral cancer. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 1991; 2:153-75. [PMID: 1912147 DOI: 10.1177/10454411910020020201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Oral cancer is a disease with a complex etiology. There is evidence for important roles of smoking, drinking, and genetic susceptibility, as well as strong indications that DNA viruses could be involved. The herpes simplex virus type 1 has been associated with oral cancer by serological studies, and animal models and in vitro systems have demonstrated that it is capable of inducing oral cancer. Papillomaviruses are found in many oral cancers and are also capable of transforming cells to a malignant phenotype. However, both virus groups depend on co-factors for their carcinogenic effects. Future research on viruses and oral cancer is expected to clarify the role of these viruses, and this will lead to improvements in diagnosis and treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Steele
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston 77225
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Hsu TC, Cherry LM, Bucana C, Shirley LR, Gairola CG. Mitosis-arresting effects of cigarette smoke condensate on human lymphoid cell lines. Mutat Res 1991; 259:67-78. [PMID: 1988824 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1218(91)90110-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Whole-smoke condensates from the University of Kentucky reference cigarettes induced partial mitotic arrest in 4 human lymphoid cell lines. Treatment of cells for 3 h with 100 and 200 micrograms of cigarette-smoke condensate/ml of culture medium increased the frequency of metaphases and decreased the proportion of anaphases in the treated cell populations. Cytoskeletal studies using antitubulin immunofluorescence techniques and transmission electron microscopic studies demonstrated that in early stages of mitosis the formation of aster and the separation of centrosomes in condensate-treated cells were comparable to those of untreated control cells, but the poleward migration of centrosomes was inhibited. Arrested metaphases revealed two centrosomes surrounded by aggregated chromosomes in the center of each cell but the structure of the centrioles, microtubules and the kinetochores appeared normal. The results demonstrate the presence of antimitotic compounds in the tobacco-smoke condensate.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Hsu
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030
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