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Monico DA, Calori IR, Souza C, Espreafico EM, Bi H, Tedesco AC. Melanoma spheroid-containing artificial dermis as an alternative approach to in vivo models. Exp Cell Res 2022; 417:113207. [PMID: 35580698 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma spheroid-loaded 3D skin models allow for the study of crucial tumor characteristics and factors at a superior level because the neoplastic cells are integrated into essential human skin components, permitting tumor-skin model communication. Herein, we designed a melanoma-containing artificial dermis by inserting multicellular tumor spheroids from the metastatic phase of WM 1617 melanoma cells into an artificial dermis. We cultured multicellular melanoma spheroids by hanging drop method (250 cells per drop) with a size of 420 μm in diameter after incubation for 14 days. These spheroids were integrated into the dermal equivalents that had been previously preparedwith a type-I collagen matrix and healthy fibroblasts. The melanoma spheroid cells invaded and proliferated in the artificial dermis. Spheroids treated with a 1.0 μmol/L aluminum chloride phthalocyanine nanoemulsion in the absence of light showed high cell viability. In contrast, under irradiation with visible red light (660 nm) at 25 J/cm2, melanoma cells were killed and the healthy tissue was preserved, indicating that photodynamic therapy is effective in such a model. Therefore, the 3D skin melanoma model has potential to promote research in full-thickness skin model targeting optimized preclinical assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielli Azevedo Monico
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering -Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Italo Rodrigo Calori
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering -Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Carla Souza
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering -Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Enilza Maria Espreafico
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Hong Bi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Antonio Claudio Tedesco
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering -Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14040-901, Brazil; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China.
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Zhang Q, Wang P, Fang X, Lin F, Fang J, Xiong C. Collagen gel contraction assays: From modelling wound healing to quantifying cellular interactions with three-dimensional extracellular matrices. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151253. [PMID: 35785635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells respond to and actively remodel the extracellular matrix (ECM). The dynamic and bidirectional interaction between cells and ECM, especially their mechanical interactions, has been found to play an essential role in triggering a series of complex biochemical and biomechanical signal pathways and in regulating cellular functions and behaviours. The collagen gel contraction assay (CGCA) is a widely used method to investigate cell-ECM interactions in 3D environments and provides a mechanically associated readout reflecting 3D cellular contractility. In this review, we summarize various versions of CGCA, with an emphasis on recent high-throughput and low-consumption CGCA techniques. More importantly, we focus on the technique of force monitoring during the contraction of collagen gel, which provides a quantitative characterization of the overall forces generated by all the resident cells in the collagen hydrogel. Accordingly, we present recent biological applications of the CGCA, which have expanded from the initial wound healing model to other studies concerning cell-ECM interactions, including fibrosis, cancer, tissue repair and the preparation of biomimetic microtissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Pudi Wang
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xu Fang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Feng Lin
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Jing Fang
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chunyang Xiong
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325000, China.
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3
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Castro PR, Bittencourt LFF, Larochelle S, Andrade SP, Mackay CR, Slevin M, Moulin VJ, Barcelos LS. GPR43 regulates sodium butyrate-induced angiogenesis and matrix remodeling. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 320:H1066-H1079. [PMID: 33356962 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00515.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Butyrate is a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) derived from microbiota and is involved in a range of cell processes in a concentration-dependent manner. Low concentrations of sodium butyrate (NaBu) were shown to be proangiogenic. However, the mechanisms associated with these effects are not yet fully known. Here, we investigated the contribution of the SCFA receptor GPR43 in the proangiogenic effects of local treatment with NaBu and its effects on matrix remodeling using the sponge-induced fibrovascular tissue model in mice lacking the Gpr43 gene (Gpr43-KO) and the wild-type (WT) mice. We demonstrated that NaBu (0.2 mM intraimplant) treatment enhanced the neovascularization process, blood flow, and VEGF levels in a GPR43-dependent manner in the implants. Moreover, NaBu was able to modulate matrix remodeling aspects of the granulation tissue such as proteoglycan production, collagen deposition, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression in vivo, besides increasing transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 levels in the fibrovascular tissue, in a GPR43-dependent manner. Interestingly, NaBu directly stimulated L929 murine fibroblast migration and TGF-β1 and collagen production in vitro. GPR43 was found to be expressed in human dermal fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and endothelial cells. Overall, our findings evidence that the metabolite-sensing receptor GPR43 contributes to the effects of low dose of NaBu in inducing angiogenesis and matrix remodeling during granulation tissue formation. These data provide important insights for the proposition of new therapeutic approaches based on NaBu, beyond the highly explored intestinal, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer purposes, as a local treatment to improve tissue repair, particularly, by modulating granulation tissue components.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our data show the contribution of the metabolite-sensing receptor GPR43 in the effects of low dose of sodium butyrate (NaBu) on stimulating angiogenesis and extracellular matrix remodeling in a model of granulation tissue formation in mice. We also show that human dermal fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and endothelial cells express the receptor GPR43. These data provide important insights for the use of NaBu in local therapeutic approaches applicable to tissue repair in sites other than the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pollyana Ribeiro Castro
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lucas Felipe Fernandes Bittencourt
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Sébastien Larochelle
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Silvia Passos Andrade
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Mark Slevin
- School of Healthcare Science, GMBC, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Véronique J Moulin
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lucíola Silva Barcelos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Jimenez-Vergara AC, Van Drunen R, Cagle T, Munoz-Pinto DJ. Modeling the effects of hyaluronic acid degradation on the regulation of human astrocyte phenotype using multicomponent interpenetrating polymer networks (mIPNs). Sci Rep 2020; 10:20734. [PMID: 33244148 PMCID: PMC7691997 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77655-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a highly abundant component in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and a fundamental element to the architecture and the physiology of the central nervous system (CNS). Often, HA degradation occurs when an overreactive inflammatory response, derived from tissue trauma or neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, causes the ECM in the CNS to be remodeled. Herein, we studied the effects of HA content as a key regulator of human astrocyte (HAf) reactivity using multicomponent interpenetrating polymer networks (mIPNs) comprised of Collagen I, HA and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate. The selected platform facilities the modulation of HA levels independently of matrix rigidity. Total astrocytic processes length, number of endpoints, the expression of the quiescent markers: Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 Family Member L1 (ALDH1L1) and Glutamate Aspartate Transporter (GLAST); the reactive markers: Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) and S100 Calcium-Binding Protein β (S100β); and the inflammatory markers: Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), Interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNFα), were assessed. Cumulatively, our results demonstrated that the decrease in HA concentration elicited a reduction in the total length of astrocytic processes and an increase in the expression of HAf reactive and inflammatory markers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel Van Drunen
- Neuroscience Program, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX, 78212, USA
| | - Tyler Cagle
- Neuroscience Program, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX, 78212, USA
| | - Dany J Munoz-Pinto
- Engineering Science Department, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX, 78212, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX, 78212, USA.
- Department of Engineering Science, Neuroscience Program, Center for the Sciences and Innovation, CSI 470C, Trinity University, One Trinity Place, San Antonio, TX, 78212, USA.
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5
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Derr K, Zou J, Luo K, Song MJ, Sittampalam GS, Zhou C, Michael S, Ferrer M, Derr P. Fully Three-Dimensional Bioprinted Skin Equivalent Constructs with Validated Morphology and Barrier Function. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2020; 25:334-343. [PMID: 31007132 PMCID: PMC6589501 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2018.0318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of high-throughput, reproducible, three-dimensional (3D) bioprinted skin equivalents (BPSEs) that are morphologically and functionally comparable to native skin tissue is advancing research in skin diseases, and providing a physiologically relevant platform for the development of therapeutics, transplants for regenerative medicine, and testing of skin products like cosmetics. Current protocols for the production of engineered skin grafts are limited in their ability to control 3D geometry of the structure and contraction leading to variability of skin function between constructs. In this study, we describe a method for the biofabrication of skin equivalents (SEs) that are fully bioprinted using an open-market bioprinter, made with commercially available primary cells and natural hydrogels. The unique hydrogel formulation allows for the production of a human-like SE with minimal lateral tissue contraction in a multiwell plate format, thus making them suitable for high-throughput bioprinting in a single print with fast print and relatively short incubation times. The morphology and barrier function of the fully 3D BPSEs are validated by immunohistochemistry staining, optical coherence tomography, and permeation assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy Derr
- 1 Department of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Jinyun Zou
- 2 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
| | - Keren Luo
- 2 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
| | - Min Jae Song
- 3 National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - G Sitta Sittampalam
- 1 Department of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Chao Zhou
- 2 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.,4 Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
| | - Sam Michael
- 1 Department of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Marc Ferrer
- 1 Department of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Paige Derr
- 1 Department of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
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6
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Simard-Bisson C, Parent LA, Moulin VJ, Fruteau de Laclos B. Characterization of Epidermal Lipoxygenase Expression in Normal Human Skin and Tissue-Engineered Skin Substitutes. J Histochem Cytochem 2018; 66:813-824. [PMID: 29985723 DOI: 10.1369/0022155418788117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOXs) are enzymes likely to be involved in corneocyte lipid envelope formation and skin barrier function. In humans, mutations in epidermis-type lipoxygenase 3 ( eLOX-3) and 12R-lipoxygenase ( 12R-LOX) genes are associated with autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI), whereas deletion of these genes in mice causes epidermal defects. LOXs also represent a matter of interest in psoriasis as well as in cancer research. However, their expression as well as the exact role of these enzymes in normal human skin have not been fully described. Our goal was to characterize the expression of epidermal LOXs in both normal human skin and Tissue-Engineered Skin Substitutes (TESS) and to consider TESS as a potential model for LOX functional studies. Staining for epidermal differentiation markers and LOXs was performed, in parallel, on normal human skin and TESS. Our results showed similar expression profiles in TESS when compared with native skin for e-LOX3, 12R-LOX, 12S-lipoxygenase (12S-LOX), and 15-lipoxygenase 2 (15-LOX-2) but not for 15-lipoxygenase 1 (15-LOX-1). Because of their appropriate epidermal differentiation and LOX expression, TESS represent an alternative model for future studies on LOX function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyne Simard-Bisson
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval and Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Lorraine Andrée Parent
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval and Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Véronique J Moulin
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval and Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, Québec, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Bernard Fruteau de Laclos
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval and Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, Québec, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
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7
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O’Rourke C, Drake RAL, Cameron GWW, Jane Loughlin A, Phillips JB. Optimising contraction and alignment of cellular collagen hydrogels to achieve reliable and consistent engineered anisotropic tissue. J Biomater Appl 2015; 30:599-607. [DOI: 10.1177/0885328215597818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Engineered anisotropic tissue constructs containing aligned cell and extracellular matrix structures are useful as in vitro models and for regenerative medicine. They are of particular interest for nervous system modelling and regeneration, where tracts of aligned neurons and glia are required. The self-alignment of cells and matrix due to tension within tethered collagen gels is a useful tool for generating anisotropic tissues, but requires an optimal balance between cell density, matrix concentration and time to be achieved for each specific cell type. The aim of this study was to develop an assay system based on contraction of free-floating cellular gels in 96-well plates that could be used to investigate cell–matrix interactions and to establish optimal parameters for subsequent self-alignment of cells in tethered gels. Using C6 glioma cells, the relationship between contraction and alignment was established, with 60–80% contraction in the 96-well plate assay corresponding to alignment throughout tethered gels made using the same parameters. The assay system was used to investigate the effect of C6 cell density, collagen concentration and time. It was also used to show that blocking α1 integrin reduced the contraction and self-alignment of these cells, whereas blocking α2 integrin had little effect. The approach was validated by using primary astrocytes in the assay system under culture conditions that modified their ability to contract collagen gels. This detailed investigation describes a robust assay for optimising cellular self-alignment and provides a useful reference framework for future development of self-aligned artificial tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitriona O’Rourke
- Department of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, UK
- Department of Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - A Jane Loughlin
- Department of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, UK
| | - James B Phillips
- Department of Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, UK
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8
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Hata S, Okamura K, Hatta M, Ishikawa H, Yamazaki J. Proteolytic and non-proteolytic activation of keratinocyte-derived latent TGF-β1 induces fibroblast differentiation in a wound-healing model using rat skin. J Pharmacol Sci 2014; 124:230-43. [PMID: 24492413 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.13209fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) reportedly causes the differentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts during wound healing. We investigated the mechanism underlying the activation of latent TGF-β1 released by keratinocytes in efforts to identify promising pharmacological approaches for the prevention of hypertrophic scar formation. A three-dimensional collagen gel matrix culture was prepared using rat keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts. Stratified keratinocytes promoted the TGF receptor-dependent increase in α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) immunostaining and mRNA levels in fibroblasts. Latent TGF-β1 was found to be localized suprabasally and secreted. α-SMA expression was inhibited by an anti-αv-integrin antibody and a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor, GM6001. In a two-dimensional fibroblast culture, α-SMA expression depended on the production of endogenous TGF-β1 and required αv-integrin or MMP for the response to recombinant latent TGF-β1. In keratinocyte-conditioned medium, MMP-dependent latent TGF-β1 secretion was detected. Applying this medium to the fibroblast culture enhanced α-SMA production. This effect was decreased by GM6001, the anti-αv-integrin antibody, or the preabsorption of latent TGF-β1. These results indicate that keratinocytes secrete latent TGF-β1, which is liberated to fibroblasts over distance and is activated to produce α-SMA with the aid of a positive-feedback loop. MMP inhibition was effective for targeting both keratinocytes and fibroblasts in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shozaburo Hata
- Department of Oral Growth & Development, Fukuoka Dental College, Japan
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Calabro NE, Kristofik NJ, Kyriakides TR. Thrombospondin-2 and extracellular matrix assembly. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:2396-402. [PMID: 24440155 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous proteins and small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) make up the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Assembly of individual fibrillar components in the ECM, such as collagen, elastin, and fibronectin, is understood at the molecular level. In contrast, the incorporation of non-fibrillar components and their functions in the ECM are not fully understood. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review will focus on the role of the matricellular protein thrombospondin (TSP) 2 in ECM assembly. Based on findings in TSP2-null mice and in vitro studies, we describe the participation of TSP2 in ECM assembly, cell-ECM interactions, and modulation of the levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Evidence summarized in this review suggests that TSP2 can influence collagen fibrillogenesis without being an integral component of fibrils. Altered ECM assembly and excessive breakdown of ECM can have both positive and negative consequences including increased angiogenesis during tissue repair and compromised cardiac tissue integrity, respectively. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Proper ECM assembly is critical for maintaining cell functions and providing structural support. Lack of TSP2 is associated with increased angiogenesis, in part, due to altered endothelial cell-ECM interactions. Therefore, minor changes in ECM composition can have profound effects on cell and tissue function. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Matrix-mediated cell behaviour and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Calabro
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Nina J Kristofik
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Themis R Kyriakides
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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10
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Zhang X, Xu L, Wei S, Zhai M, Li J. Stimuli responsive deswelling of radiation synthesized collagen hydrogel in simulated physiological environment. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 101:2191-201. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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11
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Enhanced secretion of TIMP-1 by human hypertrophic scar keratinocytes could contribute to fibrosis. Burns 2012; 38:421-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Minimal contraction for tissue-engineered skin substitutes when matured at the air-liquid interface. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 7:452-60. [DOI: 10.1002/term.543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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13
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Moulin VJ, Mayrand D, Messier H, Martinez MC, Lopez-Vallé CA, Genest H. Shedding of microparticles by myofibroblasts as mediator of cellular cross-talk during normal wound healing. J Cell Physiol 2010; 225:734-40. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Giraud Guille MM, Helary C, Vigier S, Nassif N. Dense fibrillar collagen matrices for tissue repair. SOFT MATTER 2010; 6:4963-4967. [PMID: 34154305 DOI: 10.1039/c0sm00260g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of dense fibrillar collagen matrices, through a sol/gel transition at variable concentrations, offers routes to produce a range of simple, non toxic materials. Concentrated hydrogels entrapping cells show enhanced properties in terms of reduced contraction and enhanced cell proliferation . Dense fibrillar matrices attain tissue like mechanical properties and show ultrastructures described in connective tissues, namely liquid crystalline cholesteric geometries. Their colonization by cells and possible association with a mineral phase in a tissue like manner validate their use as biomimetic materials for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Madeleine Giraud Guille
- University Pierre and Marie Curie-Paris 6, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, CNRS-UMR 7574, Laboratoire Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Christophe Helary
- University Pierre and Marie Curie-Paris 6, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, CNRS-UMR 7574, Laboratoire Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Sylvain Vigier
- University Pierre and Marie Curie-Paris 6, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, CNRS-UMR 7574, Laboratoire Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Nadine Nassif
- University Pierre and Marie Curie-Paris 6, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, CNRS-UMR 7574, Laboratoire Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France.
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15
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Builles N, Bechetoille N, Justin V, André V, Barbaro V, Di Iorio E, Auxenfans C, Hulmes DJS, Damour O. Development of a hemicornea from human primary cell cultures for pharmacotoxicology testing. Cell Biol Toxicol 2007; 23:279-92. [PMID: 17380411 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-006-0191-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2006] [Accepted: 12/15/2006] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We report the reconstruction and characterization of a hemicornea (epithelialized stroma), using primary human cells, for use in research and as an alternative to the use of animals in pharmacotoxicology testing. To create a stromal equivalent, keratocytes from human corneas were cultured in collagen-glycosaminoglycan-chitosan foams. Limbal stem cell-derived epithelial cells were seeded on top of these, giving rise to hemi-corneas. The epithelium appeared morphologically similar to its physiological counterpart, as shown by the basal cell expression of p63 isoforms including, in some cases, the stem cell marker p63DeltaNalpha, and the expression of keratin 3 and 14-3-3sigma in the upper cell layers. In addition, the cuboidal basal epithelial cells were anchored to a basement membrane containing collagen IV, laminin 5, and hemidesmosomes. In the stromal part, the keratocytes colonized the porous scaffold, formed a network of interconnecting cells, and synthesized an ultrastructurally organized extracellular matrix (ECM) containing collagen types I, V, and VI. Electron microscopy showed the newly synthesized collagen fibrils to have characteristic periodic striations, with diameters and interfibril spacings similar to those found in natural corneas. Compared to existing models for corneal pharmacotoxicology testing, this new model more closely approaches physiological conditions by including the inducing effects of mesenchyme and cell-matrix interactions on epithelial cell morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Builles
- Banque de Cornées des Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
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16
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McMillan JR, Akiyama M, Tanaka M, Yamamoto S, Goto M, Abe R, Sawamura D, Shimomura M, Shimizu H. Small-diameter porous poly (epsilon-caprolactone) films enhance adhesion and growth of human cultured epidermal keratinocyte and dermal fibroblast cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 13:789-98. [PMID: 17228993 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2006.0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Autologous keratinocyte grafts provide clinical benefit by rapidly covering wounded areas, but they are fragile. We therefore developed biocompatible hexagonal-packed porous films with uniform, circular pore sizes to support human keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Cells were cultured on these porous poly (epsilon-calprolactone) films with pore sizes ranging from novel ultra-small 3 microm to 20 microm. These were compared with flat (pore-less) films. Cell growth rates, adhesion, migration, and ultrastructural morphology were examined. Human keratinocytes and fibroblasts attached to all films. Furthermore, small-pore (3-5 microm) films showed the highest levels of cell adhesion and survival and prevented migration into the pores and opposing film surface. Keratinocyte migration over small-pore film surface was inhibited. Keratinocytes optimally attached to 3-microm-pore films due to a combination of greater pore numbers (porosity), a greater circumference of the pore edge per unit surface area, and greater frequency of flat surface areas for attachment, allowing better cell-substrate and cell-cell attachment and growth. The 3-microm pore size allowed cell-cell communication, together with diffusion of soluble nutrients and factors from the culture medium or wound substrate. These characteristics are considered important in developing grafts for use in the treatment of human skin wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R McMillan
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University, Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
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17
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Ramtani S. Mechanical modelling of cell/ECM and cell/cell interactions during the contraction of a fibroblast-populated collagen microsphere: theory and model simulation. J Biomech 2005; 37:1709-18. [PMID: 15388313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2004.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The cell-derived forces generated during wound healing may be beneficial in reducing the wound size by contraction, but are also detrimental because of the high mechanical stresses in and around the scar that can cause pain, disfigurement and loss of tissue function. The fibroblasts seeded collagen matrix is regarded as an in vitro model for this process and as a suitable way to study these mechanical aspects which are poorly understood. It is proposed here, to improve the continuum theory of Murray-Oster by assuming that more than one control system may be operative in wound contraction regulation. In particular, it is suggested that the wound contraction mechanism is not exclusively due to cell/ECM interaction forces but rather that both ECM/cell and the cell/cell interactions operate together in such process.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ramtani
- Laboratoire de Biomécanique et Biomatériaux Ostéo-Articulaires, UMR CNRS 7052, Université Paris XII Val de Marne, Faculté des Sciences et Technologie, 61 Avenue du Général De Gaulle, Creteil 94010, France.
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18
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Bellemare J, Roberge CJ, Bergeron D, Lopez-Vallé CA, Roy M, Moulin VJ. Epidermis promotes dermal fibrosis: role in the pathogenesis of hypertrophic scars. J Pathol 2005; 206:1-8. [PMID: 15772942 DOI: 10.1002/path.1737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hypertrophic scarring is a pathological process characterized by fibroblastic hyperproliferation and by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix components. It has been hypothesized that abnormalities in epidermal-dermal crosstalk explain this pathology. To test this hypothesis, a tissue-engineered model of self-assembled reconstructed skin was used in this study to mimic interactions between dermal and epidermal cells in normal or pathological skin. These skin equivalents were constructed using three dermal cell types: normal wound (Wmyo) or hypertrophic wound (Hmyo) myofibroblasts and normal skin fibroblasts (Fb). Epidermis was reconstructed with normal skin keratinocytes (NK) or hypertrophic scar keratinocytes (HK). In the absence of keratinocytes, Hmyo formed a thicker dermis than Wmyo. When seeded with NK, the dermal thickness of Hmyo (121.2 +/- 31.4 microm vs 196.2 +/- 27.8 microm) and Fb (43.7 +/- 7.1 microm vs 83.6 +/- 16.3 microm) dermis was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced, while that of Wmyo (201.5 +/- 15.7 microm vs 160.7 +/- 21.1 microm) was increased. However, the presence of HK always induced significantly thicker dermis formation than observed with NK (Wmyo: 238.8 +/- 25.9 microm; Hmyo: 145.5 +/- 22.4 microm; Fb: 74.2 +/- 11.2 microm). These results correlated with collagen and MMP-1 secretion and with cell proliferation, which were increased when keratinocytes were added, except for the collagen secretion of Hmyo and Fb in the presence of NK. The level of dermal apoptosis was not different when epidermis was added to the dermis (<1% in each category). These observations strongly suggest that hypertrophic scar keratinocytes play a role in the development of pathological fibrosis by influencing the behaviour of dermal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Bellemare
- Laboratoires des grands brûlés/LOEX, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement du Centre Hospitalier Affilié Université de Québec, Québec, Canada
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19
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Mirastschijski U, Haaksma CJ, Tomasek JJ, Agren MS. Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor GM 6001 attenuates keratinocyte migration, contraction and myofibroblast formation in skin wounds. Exp Cell Res 2004; 299:465-75. [PMID: 15350544 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2003] [Revised: 04/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the impact of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) on epithelialization, granulation tissue development, wound contraction, and alpha-smooth muscle actin (ASMA) expression during cutaneous wound repair through systemic administration of the synthetic broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor GM 6001 (N-[(2R)-2-(hydroxamidocarbonylmethyl)-4-methylpentanoyl]-L-tryptophan methylamide). Four full-thickness excisional wounds (50 mm2) on the back of 22 young female Sprague-Dawley rats, 12 treated with GM 6001 100 mg/kg and 10 with vehicle, were allowed to heal by secondary intention. GM 6001-treated wounds were minimally resurfaced with neoepithelium, despite unaltered keratinocyte proliferation in wound edges, whereas control wounds were completely covered with 3-7 cell layers of parakeratinized epithelium on post-wounding day 7. Hydroxyproline concentration, a marker of collagen, and cell proliferation in granulation tissue did not differ significantly between GM 6001-treated and control groups. Impaired wound contraction (P < 0.01) was associated with a dramatic reduction of ASMA-positive myofibroblasts in granulation tissue of GM 6001 wounds. This was not due to GM6001 blocking transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1)-induced myofibroblast differentiation since GM 6001 did not inhibit TGF-beta1-induced ASMA expression and force generation in cultured rat dermal fibroblasts. The profound impairment of skin repair by the nonselective MMP inhibitor GM 6001 suggests that keratinocyte resurfacing, wound contraction, and granulation tissue organization are highly MMP-dependent processes.
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20
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Rosenthal E, McCrory A, Talbert M, Young G, Murphy-Ullrich J, Gladson C. Elevated expression of TGF-beta1 in head and neck cancer-associated fibroblasts. Mol Carcinog 2004; 40:116-21. [PMID: 15170816 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck cancers are characterized by a vigorous desmoplastic response, but the contribution of stromal-derived growth factors to the tumor microenvironment is poorly understood. We evaluated the expression of stromal growth factor expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in normal and tumor-associated stromal cells. Stromal tissue was isolated from epithelial cells with laser capture microdissection (LCMD) and analyzed by cDNA array for the expression of TGFalpha, TGF-beta1, HGF, PDGF-alpha, IGFII, bFGF, aFGF, VEGFC, and VEGF. Primary fibroblasts were isolated in vitro from HNSCC tumors, adjacent histologically normal mucosa, and skin in vitro. Fibroblast populations were assessed for TGF-beta1 expression by ELISA and luciferase reporter assay to assess protein expression. We identified TGF-beta1 and IGFII overexpression in normal and tumor-associated stromal cells; however, only TGF-beta1 was significantly overexpressed (3.4-fold) in tumor-associated stroma. Assessment of carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), normal dermal fibroblasts (NDFs), and normal mucosal fibroblasts (NMFs) in propagated fibroblasts demonstrated persistently elevated levels of TGF-beta1 in CAFs compared to NMF and NDF populations. Elevated levels of TGF-beta1 were identified in the stromal compartment of HNSCC tumors compared to normal mucosa by immunohistochemical analysis. These results suggest that TGF-beta1 mRNA and protein is specifically upregulated in CAFs in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eben Rosenthal
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Moulin V, Larochelle S, Langlois C, Thibault I, Lopez-Vallé CA, Roy M. Normal skin wound and hypertrophic scar myofibroblasts have differential responses to apoptotic inductors. J Cell Physiol 2004; 198:350-8. [PMID: 14755540 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.10415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
During wound healing, myofibroblasts play a central role in matrix formation and wound contraction. At the end of healing, there is evidence that myofibroblasts disappear via apoptotic pathways. Hypertrophic scars are a fibroproliferative disorder that leads to considerable morbidity. It has been postulated that a defect in myofibroblast apoptosis could be responsible for the pathological scar formation, but no evidence exists. We have isolated and cultured human normal wound (Wmyo) and hypertrophic scar (Hmyo) myofibroblasts and compared their basal apoptotic rates and their sensitivity to serum starvation and Fas antibody-induced apoptosis to that obtained for dermal fibroblasts (Fb). A higher rate of apoptosis as evidenced by morphological criteria and a propidium iodide assay was observed for Wmyo in comparison to Fb and Hmyo. These results came along with a low level of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bclx(L) in Wmyo, whereas there was an increase in the level of the pro-apoptotic molecule Bax when compared to the results obtained for Fb and Hmyo. Hmyo showed a higher level of Bcl-2 compared to Fb but no difference in the Bax or Bclx(L) level. After serum starvation, Wmyo revealed an increased apoptotic rate, whereas Hmyo and Fb did not show any difference. Anti-Fas treatment did not modify the levels of apoptosis but strongly increased the cell growth of Hmyo as compared to Wmyo. This is the first study presenting a broad vision of the apoptotic sensitivity of normal and pathological myofibroblasts. These results confirmed the hypothesis of defects in apoptosis and growth during pathological scar formation impeding myofibroblast disappearance at the end of healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Moulin
- Laboratoires des grands brûlés/LOEX, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement du Centre Hospitalier Affilié Université de Québec, Québec, Canada.
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Gentleman E, Nauman EA, Dee KC, Livesay GA. Short Collagen Fibers Provide Control of Contraction and Permeability in Fibroblast-Seeded Collagen Gels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 10:421-7. [PMID: 15165459 DOI: 10.1089/107632704323061780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering may allow for the reconstruction of breast, facial, skin, and other soft tissue defects in the human body. Cell-seeded collagen gels are a logical choice for creating soft tissues because they are biodegradable, mimic the natural tissue, and provide a three-dimensional environment for the cells. The main drawback associated with this approach, however, is the subsequent contraction of the gel by the constituent cells, which severely reduces permeability, initiates apoptosis, and precludes control of the resulting shape and size of the construct. In this study, type I collagen gels were seeded with fibroblasts and cast either with or without the addition of short collagen fibers. Gel contraction was monitored and permeability was assessed after 7 and 14 days in culture. The addition of short collagen fibers both significantly limited contraction and increased permeability of fibroblast-seeded collagen gels. The addition of short collagen fibers had no detrimental effect on cell proliferation, and there were a high number of viable fibroblasts in gels with fibers and gels without fibers. Gels containing short collagen fibers demonstrated permeabilities that were 100 to 1000 times greater than controls and also closely maintained their casting dimensions (never less than 96% of original). By limiting contraction and maintaining permeability, the incorporation of short collagen fibers should enable the creation of larger constructs by allowing for greater nutrient diffusion, and permit the creation of more complicated shapes during gel casting.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gentleman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
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23
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Larochelle S, Langlois C, Thibault I, Lopez-Vallé CA, Roy M, Moulin V. Sensitivity of myofibroblasts to H2O2-mediated apoptosis and their antioxidant cell network. J Cell Physiol 2004; 200:263-71. [PMID: 15174096 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
During wound healing, the transition from granulation to scar tissue shows a decrease in myofibroblast cellularity. Previous results have correlated the disappearance of these cells with the induction of apoptotic cell death by some unknown stimuli. In contrast, hypertrophic scar appearance after wound healing is thought to be linked to a disorder of apoptotic function which induces myofibroblast persistence in granulation tissue. Oxidative stress being an important mediator of apoptosis, we have evaluated the apoptotic response of normal and pathological wound myofibroblasts (WMyo and HMyo respectively) in their interaction with two oxidative stress inducers: hydrogen peroxide, using a high concentration as a single dose, and sodium ascorbate which induced a continuous release of H2O2 at a low concentration. Our results showed that, according to the H2O2 treatment type, HMyo were more sensitive (after ascorbate treatment) or less sensitive (after H2O2 treatment) when compared to WMyo and Fb. We next assessed the presence of several molecules known to be involved in the antioxidant network protecting cells against H2O2 injury and found HMyo to have a higher level of activity of glutathione peroxidase and a lower level of activity of catalase than WMyo. These results can help explain the contradictory responses of myofibroblasts according to the oxidative stress treatment. This is the first study linking refractory oxidative stress mediated cell death to cellular phenotype in hypertrophic myofibroblasts, and indicates a pivotal role for the antioxidant enzyme system in this type of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Larochelle
- Laboratoire des grands brûlés/LOEX, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement du Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universit de Québec, 1050 chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada
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24
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Moulin V, Plamondon M. Differential expression of collagen integrin receptor on fetal vs. adult skin fibroblasts: implication in wound contraction during healing. Br J Dermatol 2002; 147:886-92. [PMID: 12410697 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04975.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fetal skin wound healing is characterized by an absence of contraction and scar formation, two important observations associated with adult healing often leading to pathological problems. OBJECTIVES We have studied the capacity of adult and fetal human skin fibroblasts to contract collagen gels, collagen being the major structural component of dermal matrix. METHODS In parallel with collagen gel contraction studies, we have used fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis to study the levels of collagen receptors expressed at the surface of fibroblasts derived from fetal or adult skin samples. RESULTS Strong differences were detected between freshly isolated fetal and adult fibroblasts. Fetal fibroblasts had a very low capacity to contract collagen gel, whereas adult cells significantly contracted gels in the same conditions. The expression of alpha1, alpha2 and alpha3 integrin subunits was also significantly different depending of the donor age: alpha1 and alpha3 integrin subunit expression was lower in fetal cells compared with adult cells, whereas alpha2 integrin subunit expression was higher. When grown in monolayers, adult cells showed rapid changes in their contractile capacity and integrin expression while fetal cells were only affected after several passages. CONCLUSIONS These observations indicate that intrinsic differences between fetal and adult fibroblasts can strongly influence the quality of wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Moulin
- Laboratoire d'organogenèse expérimentale (LOEX), Hôpital Saint-Sacrement du Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec and Surgery Department, Laval University, Québec, Canada G1S 4L8.
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25
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Ramtani S, Fernandes-Morin E, Geiger D. Remodeled-matrix contraction by fibroblasts: numerical investigations. Comput Biol Med 2002; 32:283-96. [PMID: 11931865 DOI: 10.1016/s0010-4825(02)00018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that the fibroblast-collagen-matrix contraction model is a unique way to study mechanical interactions that regulate wound contraction of connective tissue cells. This contraction, due to cell traction, plays important roles in wound healing and pathological contractures. A continuum model initially used for the study of mesenchymal morphogenesis is revisited and numerically investigated by assuming that the extracellular matrix has adaptive-elastic properties. The set of non-linear partial differential equations is solved numerically by a finite difference method and the obtained results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ramtani
- Laboratoire de Biomécanique Biomatériaux Osseux et Articulaires-UMR CNRS 7052, Faculté des Sciences et Technologie, Université Paris XII Val de Marne, 61 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Cedex, Creteil, France.
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26
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Zhu Y, Sköld CM, Liu X, Wang H, Kohyama T, Wen FQ, Ertl RF, Rennard SI. Fibroblasts and monocyte macrophages contract and degrade three-dimensional collagen gels in extended co-culture. Respir Res 2002; 2:295-9. [PMID: 11686899 PMCID: PMC59519 DOI: 10.1186/rr72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2001] [Revised: 07/13/2001] [Accepted: 08/08/2001] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory cells are believed to play a prominent role during tissue repair and remodeling. Since repair processes develop and mature over extended time frames, the present study was designed to evaluate the effect of monocytes and fibroblasts in prolonged culture in three-dimensional collagen gels. METHODS Blood monocytes from healthy donors and human fetal lung fibroblasts were cast into type I collagen gels and maintained in floating cultures for three weeks. RESULTS Fibroblast-mediated gel contraction was initially inhibited by the presence of monocytes (P < 0.01). However, with extended co-culture, contraction of the collagen gels was greatly augmented (P < 0.01). In addition, with extended co-culture, degradation of collagen in the gels occurred. The addition of neutrophil elastase to the medium augmented both contraction and degradation (P < 0.01). Prostaglandin E2 production was significantly increased by co-culture and its presence attenuated collagen degradation. CONCLUSION The current study, therefore, demonstrates that interaction between monocytes and fibroblasts can contract and degrade extracellular matrix in extended culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunkui Zhu
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | | | - Xiangde Liu
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Hangjun Wang
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Fu-Qiang Wen
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Ronald F Ertl
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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Bessea L, Coulomb B, Lebreton-Decoster C, Giraud-Guille MM. Production of ordered collagen matrices for three-dimensional cell culture. Biomaterials 2002; 23:27-36. [PMID: 11762846 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(01)00075-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to produce collagen gels with controlled fibrillar order as matrices for cell culture. Their structural characterization and colonization by human dermal fibroblasts arc presently reported. Ordered matrices are obtained by using the property of type I collagen monomers to self-assemble in liquid crystalline arrays by slow evaporation of acidic solutions at high concentrations. Induction of fibrillogenesis concomittent with the stabilization of the supramolecular order is then obtained, within petri dishes, by gelation of the viscous preparations under ammoniac vapours. For comparison, dermal equivalents, in which collagen compaction depends on fibroblasts contraction, are made according to the method of Bell et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 76(3) (1979) 1274). The fibrillar arrangement of the collagen network in the samples is determined by polarizing optical microscopy and by transmission electron microscopy. Whereas dermal equivalents exhibit heterogeneous distributions of fibrils, two differents types of order are obtained in the stabilized liquid crystalline collagen samples, namely aligned, i.e. nematic, at 20 mg/ml, or crimped, i.e. precholesteric, at 40 mg/ml. The morphology and behaviour of fibroblasts seeded on the surface of the matrices are analysed from day 1 to day 21. The cells are viable, proliferate at the surface of ordered matrices and migrate up to 400 microm in depth. Production of concentrated and ordered collagen matrices provides new perspectives to study the behaviour of cells in a valorized three-dimensional context where the fibrillar organization becomes close to in vivo situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Bessea
- Observatoire Océanologique, Université P.&M. Curie and CNRS, UMR 7628, Banyuls-sur-mer, France.
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28
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Zhu YK, Liu XD, Sköld CM, Umino T, Wang HJ, Spurzem JR, Kohyama T, Ertl RF, Rennard SI. Synergistic neutrophil elastase-cytokine interaction degrades collagen in three-dimensional culture. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2001; 281:L868-78. [PMID: 11557590 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.2001.281.4.l868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic degradation of extracellular matrix is thought to play an important role in many lung disorders. In the current study, human lung fibroblasts were cast into type I collagen gels and floated in medium containing elastase, cytomix (combination of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, and interferon-gamma), or both. After 5 days, gel collagen content was determined by measuring hydroxyproline. Elastase alone did not result in collagen degradation, but in the presence of fibroblasts, elastase reduced hydroxyproline content to 75.2% (P < 0.01), whereas cytomix alone resulted in reduction of hydroxyproline content to 93% (P < 0.05). The combination of elastase and cytomix reduced hydroxyproline content to 5.2% (P < 0.01). alpha(1)-Proteinase inhibitor blocked this synergy. Gelatin zymography and Western blot revealed that matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, -3, and -9 were induced by cytomix and activated in the presence of elastase. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 and -2 were also induced by cytomix but were cleaved by elastase. We conclude that a synergistic interaction between cytomix and elastase, mediated through cytokine induction of MMP production and elastase-induced activation of latent MMPs and degradation of TIMPs, can result in a dramatic augmentation of collagen degradation. These findings support the notion that interaction among inflammatory mediators secreted by mononuclear cells and neutrophils can induce tissue cells to degrade extracellular matrix. Such a mechanism may contribute to the protease-anti-protease imbalance in emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Zhu
- Jincheng Hospital, Lanzhou 730050, China
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29
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Zhu YK, Liu XD, Sköld MC, Umino T, Wang H, Romberger DJ, Spurzem JR, Kohyama T, Wen FQ, Rennard SI. Cytokine inhibition of fibroblast-induced gel contraction is mediated by PGE(2) and NO acting through separate parallel pathways. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2001; 25:245-53. [PMID: 11509336 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.25.2.4383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Contraction of three-dimensional collagen gels is a model of the contraction that characterizes normal healing and remodeling after injury. In the current study, we evaluated the hypothesis that a number of inflammatory factors, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1 beta, and interferon (IFN)-gamma, modulate this process by induction of prostaglandin (PG) E(2) and nitric oxide (NO) production and that these secondary mediators function in an autocrine or paracrine manner to modulate contraction. Human fetal lung fibroblasts (HFL) were cultured in type I collagen gels and floated in medium containing TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, or IFN-gamma alone or in combination (cytomix). All cytokines inhibited the contraction significantly. The potency order was IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma. The cytomix was no more potent than was IL-1 beta alone. PGE(2) production was increased by TNF-alpha (5.0 versus 0.16 ng/ml, P < 0.01), IL-1 beta (5.3 versus 0.16 ng/ml, P < 0.01), and cytomix (5.9 versus 0.16 ng/ml, P < 0.01), and was completely inhibited by indomethacin. Indomethacin (P < 0.05) and L-NG-monomethyl arginine citrate (L-NMMA) (P < 0.05) alone both partially attenuated the inhibition of contraction caused by cytokines alone or by cytomix. Indomethacin and L-NMMA together attenuated inhibition more than either alone (P < 0.05). Exogenous PGE(2) and exogenous NO donors (DETA nononate and 5-amino-3-(4-morpholinyl)-1,2,3-oxadiazolium chloride) inhibited the contraction significantly. The protein kinase A inhibitor KT5270 and the protein kinase G inhibitor Rp-pCPT-cGMPS attenuated the inhibition induced by PGE(2) and NO, respectively. In summary, PGE(2) and NO appear to function in parallel as autocrine/paracrine mediators of cytokine-driven fibroblast inhibition of the contraction of collagen gels and may contribute to remodeling during repair and inflammation in lung disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Zhu
- Jincheng Hospital, Lan Zhou, China
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Moulin V, Tam BY, Castilloux G, Auger FA, O'Connor-McCourt MD, Philip A, Germain L. Fetal and adult human skin fibroblasts display intrinsic differences in contractile capacity. J Cell Physiol 2001; 188:211-22. [PMID: 11424088 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
One of the differences between fetal and adult skin healing is the unique ability of fetal wounds to heal without contracture and scar formation. Studies have shown that the ratio between the three isoforms of TGFbeta is different in adult and fetal wounds. Thus, we analyzed the capacity of adult and fetal human skin fibroblasts to contract collagen gels after stimulation with TGFbeta isoforms. In control medium, fetal fibroblasts had a contractile capacity similar to that of adult fibroblasts. However, the growth capacity of fetal fibroblasts was completely inhibited, in contrast to adult fibroblasts. When cells were treated with TGFbeta, fetal fibroblasts showed an inhibition of their contractile capacity whereas adult fibroblasts further contracted gels. The contractile response was similar for all isoforms of TGFbeta although TGFbeta3 always had the strongest effect. We considered that the regulation of cell contractile capacity by TGFbeta may be dependent on receptor expression for this cytokine, on myofibroblast differentiation of the cells, or in cell links with matrix. Since TGFbeta receptor analysis did not show differences in receptor affinity, we studied the expression of alpha-smooth muscle (SM) actin, a fibroblast contractile marker and of three integrins, the cell surface receptors specific of the attachment of the fibroblasts with collagen matrix. We observed that the expression of alpha-SM actin and alpha3 and beta1 integrin subunits was increased when TGFbeta was added to the medium of adult fibroblasts whereas the levels of the alpha1 and alpha2 subunits were unchanged. In contrast, fetal fibroblasts treated with TGFbeta showed a decrease of alpha1, alpha2, and beta1 integrin expression but no change in alpha3 integrin and in alpha-SM actin expression. These results indicate that intrinsic differences between fetal and adult fibroblasts might explain their opposite responses to TGFbeta stimuli. The variations in their alpha-SM actin and integrin expression patterns represent potentially important mechanisms used by fetal fibroblasts to regulate their response to cytokines, and likely contribute to the resultant differences in the quality of wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Moulin
- Laboratoire de recherche des grands brûlés/LOEX, Saint-Sacrement Hospital, Quebec, Canada.
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Abstract
Much research has been undertaken to improve our understanding of the processes of wound contraction. This article, the second in a two-part series, focuses on granulation tissue modulation.
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Zhu YK, Umino T, Liu XD, Wang HJ, Romberger DJ, Spurzem JR, Rennard SI. Contraction of fibroblast-containing collagen gels: initial collagen concentration regulates the degree of contraction and cell survival. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2001; 37:10-6. [PMID: 11249200 DOI: 10.1290/1071-2690(2001)037<0010:cofccg>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Remodeling of extracellular matrix involves a number of steps including the recruitment, accumulation, and eventual apoptosis of parenchymal cells as well as the production, organization, and rearrangement of extracellular matrix produced by these cells. The culture of fibroblasts in three-dimensional gels made of type I collagen has been used as a model of tissue contraction which characterizes both wound repair and fibrosis. The current study was designed to determine the effect of initial collagen concentration on the ability of fibroblasts to contract collagen gels and on cell survival. Native type I collagen was extracted from rat tail tendons and used to prepare collagen gels with varying collagen concentrations (0.75-2.0 mg/ml). Human lung fibroblasts (HFL-1) were cast into the gels and cultured in Dulbecco modified Eagle medium with 0.1% fetal calf serum for 2 wk. The gel size, collagen content, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content were determined. Gels prepared with an initial concentration of 0.75 mg/ml contracted more rapidly and to a smaller final size than gels prepared from 2 mg/ml initial collagen concentration (final size 7.1 versus 36.4% of initial size, P < 0.01). There was no significant degradation of the collagen in the gels under either condition. Hence, the dramatically increased contraction of the lower density gels resulted in a higher final density (P < 0.01). Cell density was estimated from DNA content. In low initial density gels, the final DNA content was significantly less than that in higher initial density gels (0.73 versus 1.88 microg/gel, P < 0.05). This was accompanied by an increased percentage of apoptotic cells at day 14 (43.3 versus 34.1%, P < 0.05). If the gels were maintained in the attached state which largely prevents contraction, apoptosis was significantly reduced, suggesting that contraction rather than matrix composition was a requirement for the increased apoptosis. In summary, these findings indicate that the initial matrix composition can lead to differing outcomes during fibroblast-mediated wound contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Zhu
- Department of Pulmonary Disease, Jincheng Hospital, Lan Zhou, China
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Germain L, Carrier P, Auger FA, Salesse C, Guérin SL. Can we produce a human corneal equivalent by tissue engineering? Prog Retin Eye Res 2000; 19:497-527. [PMID: 10925241 DOI: 10.1016/s1350-9462(00)00005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is progressing rapidly. Bioengineered substitutes are already available for experimental applications and some clinical purposes such as skin replacement. This review focuses on the development of reconstructed human cornea in vitro by tissue engineering. Key elements to consider in the corneal reconstruction, such as the source for epithelial cells and keratocytes, are discussed and the various steps of production are presented. Since one application of this human model is to obtain a better understanding of corneal wound healing, the mechanisms of this phenomenon as well as the function played both by membrane-bound integrins and components from the extracellular matrix have also been addressed. The analysis of integrins by immunohistofluorescence labelling of our reconstructed human cornea revealed that beta(1), alpha(3), alpha(5), and alpha(6) integrin subunits were expressed but alpha(4) was not. Laminin, type VII collagen and fibronectin were also detected. Finally, the future challenges of corneal reconstruction by tissue engineering are discussed and the tremendous applications of such tissue produced in vitro for experimental as well as clinical purposes are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Germain
- Laboratoire d'Organogénèse Expérimentale (LOEX), CHA Pavillon Saint-Sacrement, Qc, G1 S 4L8, Québec, Canada.
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Auger FA, Pouliot R, Tremblay N, Guignard R, Noël P, Juhasz J, Germain L, Goulet F. Multistep production of bioengineered skin substitutes: sequential modulation of culture conditions. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2000; 36:96-103. [PMID: 10718365 DOI: 10.1290/1071-2690(2000)036<0096:mpobss>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Many studies are being conducted to define the role of growth factors in cutaneous physiology in order to add cytokines in a timely fashion for optimal tissue engineering of skin. This study is aimed at developing a multistep approach for the production of bioengineered skin substitutes, taking into account the effects of various growth factors according to the culture time. The use of a serum-supplemented medium throughout the whole culture period of skin substitutes was compared to the sequential use of specific additives at defined culture steps. Histological analysis revealed that serum was necessary for keratinocyte proliferation and migration on dermal substitutes during the first 2 d after their seeding. However, the serum-free medium presented some advantages when supplemented with different additives at specific culture steps. Interestingly, ascorbic acid added to the dermal substitutes before and after keratinocyte seeding maintained their cuboidal morphology in the basal epidermal layer. In the absence of serum, collagen matrix degradation slowed down, and a better multilayered epidermal organization was obtained, notably with retinoic acid. Stratum corneum formation was also enhanced by fatty acids. Thus, sequential addition of exogenous factors to the medium used to produce skin substitutes can improve their structural features and functional properties in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Auger
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Sainte-Foy, Quebec, Canada.
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Moulin V, Auger FA, Garrel D, Germain L. Role of wound healing myofibroblasts on re-epithelialization of human skin. Burns 2000; 26:3-12. [PMID: 10630313 DOI: 10.1016/s0305-4179(99)00091-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In human skin, large burned surfaces heal using two concomitant phenomena: re-epithelialization and dermal neoformation. Numerous studies report the role of interactions between keratinocytes and fibroblasts, but the relationship between wound healing myofibroblasts and keratinocytes is not clear, even though these two cell types coexist during healing. We investigated the influence of myofibroblasts on keratinocyte growth and differentiation using an in vitro skin model. A histological study was performed to determine the speed and quality of epithelialization. When the dermis was populated with fibroblasts, a continuous epidermis was formed in 7-10 days. In contrast, with wound healing myofibroblasts or without cell in dermis, the complete reepithelialization never occurred over the 10-day period studied. After 7 further days of epidermal differentiation, histology showed an epidermis more disorganized and expression of basement membrane constituents was reduced when wound healing myofibroblasts or no cells were added in the dermis instead of fibroblasts. These results suggest that wound healing myofibroblasts are not efficient to stimulate keratinocyte growth and differentiation. Treatment of fibroblasts with TGFbeta1 induced an increase of epidermal cell differentiation as seen when myofibroblasts were present. However, this cytokine did not change re-epithelialization rate and induced an increase of basement membrane matrix deposition in opposition to myofibroblasts. Thus, TGFbeta1 action is not sufficient to explain all the different keratinocyte reactions towards fibroblasts and wound healing myofibroblasts. Our conclusion is that myofibroblasts seem to have a limited role in the re-epithelialization process and might be more associated with the increased extracellular matrix secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Moulin
- Laboratoire de Grands Brûlés/LOEX, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement and Département de chirurgie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.
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Moulin V, Garrel D, Auger FA, O'Connor-McCourt M, Castilloux G, Germain L. What's new in human wound-healing myofibroblasts? CURRENT TOPICS IN PATHOLOGY. ERGEBNISSE DER PATHOLOGIE 1999; 93:123-33. [PMID: 10339905 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-58456-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V Moulin
- Laboratoire de Recherche des Grands Brûlés/LOEX, Université Laval, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec, Canada
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Auger FA, Berthod F, Goulet F, Germain L. What is new in mechanical properties of tissue-engineered organs. CURRENT TOPICS IN PATHOLOGY. ERGEBNISSE DER PATHOLOGIE 1999; 93:87-93. [PMID: 10339901 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-58456-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F A Auger
- Laboratoire d'Organogénèse Expérimentale/LOEX, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada
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Auger FA, Rouabhia M, Goulet F, Berthod F, Moulin V, Germain L. Tissue-engineered human skin substitutes developed from collagen-populated hydrated gels: clinical and fundamental applications. Med Biol Eng Comput 1998; 36:801-12. [PMID: 10367474 DOI: 10.1007/bf02518887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The field of tissue engineering has opened several avenues in biomedical sciences, through ongoing progress. Skin substitutes are currently optimised for clinical as well as fundamental applications. The paper reviews the development of collagen-populated hydrated gels for their eventual use as a therapeutic option for the treatment of burn patients or chronic wounds: tools for pharmacological and toxicological studies, and cutaneous models for in vitro studies. These skin substitutes are produced by culturing keratinocytes on a matured dermal equivalent composed of fibroblasts included in a collagen gel. New biotechnological approaches have been developed to prevent contraction (anchoring devices) and promote epithelial cell differentiation. The impact of dermo-epidermal interactions on the differentiation and organisation of bio-engineered skin tissues has been demonstrated with human skin cells. Human skin substitutes have been adapted for percutaneous absorption studies and toxicity assessment. The evolution of these human skin substitutes has been monitored in vivo in preclinical studies showing promising results. These substitutes could also serve as in vitro models for better understanding of the immunological response and healing mechanism in human skin. Thus, such human skin substitutes present various advantages and are leading to the development of other bio-engineered tissues, such as blood vessels, ligaments and bronchi.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Auger
- Département de chirurgie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.
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Moulin V, Castilloux G, Auger FA, Garrel D, O'Connor-McCourt MD, Germain L. Modulated response to cytokines of human wound healing myofibroblasts compared to dermal fibroblasts. Exp Cell Res 1998; 238:283-93. [PMID: 9457082 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1997.3827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Myofibroblasts play an important role in normal wound healing. They are present transiently during tissue repair. Their differentiation from fibroblasts and their role in granulation tissues are most likely to be modulated by cytokines. As these cells are derived from normal fibroblasts, their responses to cytokines are assumed to be similar. Until now, however, the difficulties in obtaining and maintaining normal human wound healing myofibroblasts in vitro have hampered comparison. The present study was designed to determine the effect of TGF-beta 1 and IFN-gamma, two cytokines known to modulate fibroblast morphology, on wound healing myofibroblasts and to compare it to fibroblasts. Morphological and phenotypic changes were followed by light and electron microscopy (stress fibers) and immunofluorescence cytochemistry (alpha-SM actin). Functional parameters such as the capacity to synthesize collagen and collagen gel contraction were studied. Both cytokines induced a strong modification of growth rate and phenotypic and morphological parameters in fibroblasts whereas collagen synthesis was slightly changed. Furthermore, TGF-beta 1 increased contractile capacity of fibroblasts whereas IFN-gamma greatly decreased it. In myofibroblasts, TGF-beta 1 and IFN-gamma did not induce any variation of morphology or growth rate. Interestingly, a strong modulation of functional parameters was observed: collagen synthesis was highly modified and, as for fibroblasts, the contractile capacity was altered. However, inhibition of contraction by IFN-gamma was irreversible in myofibroblasts but not in fibroblasts. These results suggest that fibroblastic cells show modulated responses to cytokines according to their stage of differentiation during wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Moulin
- Laboratoire de recherche des grands brûlés/LOEX, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec, Canada
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40
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Moulin V, Auger FA, O'Connor-McCourt M, Germain L. Fetal and postnatal sera differentially modulate human dermal fibroblast phenotypic and functional features in vitro. J Cell Physiol 1997; 171:1-10. [PMID: 9119885 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4652(199704)171:1<1::aid-jcp1>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Fetal wounds heal without scar formation, fibrosis, or contracture. Compared with adult wounds, they are characterized by major differences in the extracellular matrix and the absence of myofibroblastic cells. The reasons for these differences are not well known and determination of factors affecting the absence of scarring in the fetus may lead to strategies for controlling adult pathological scarring. In the present study, we have assessed the effects of serum on the behavior of normal human dermal fibroblasts. Using an in vitro approach, we investigated the effects of fetal and adult serum on cell properties such as growth rate, collagen synthesis, gelatinase activities, and differentiation to myofibroblasts using biochemical, morphological, and ultrastructural parameters. We studied the induction of alpha-smooth muscle (alpha-SM) actin in fibroblasts, and its correlation with increased collagen gel contraction by the cells. Our results showed that, compared with FBS (fetal bovine serum), postnatal calf serum (PCS) decreased mitogenic activity and collagenase synthesis but not collagen synthesis. Furthermore, cells cultured with PCS differentiated to myofibroblasts with an increase in cell diameter, number of stress fibers, alpha-SM actin expression, and collagen gel contraction. To characterize the molecules involved in this differentiation process, the amount of transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) in FBS and PCS was determined and the effect of neutralizing anti-TGFbeta antibody was evaluated. It was determined that FBS contained more TGFbeta than PCS, but that essentially all the TGFbeta was latent in both sera. However, results obtained with anti-TGFbeta antibody show that active TGFbeta is present when human dermal fibroblasts are cultured with medium containing PCS. These results suggest that, in the presence of PCS but not FBS, the cells either produce active TGFbeta or an enzyme that is able to activate latent serum TGFbeta. Alternatively, sera may contain two different forms of latent TGFbeta, the PCS form being activated by the dermal fibroblast cells. A similar mechanism may be involved, at least in part, in skin wound healing and may underlie the appearance of myofibroblasts in postnatal wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Moulin
- Laboratoire de recherche des grands brûlés/LOEX, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec, Canada
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41
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López Valle CA, Germain L, Rouabhia M, Xu W, Guignard R, Goulet F, Auger FA. Grafting on nude mice of living skin equivalents produced using human collagens. Transplantation 1996; 62:317-23. [PMID: 8779676 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199608150-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Autologous epidermal transplantation for human burn management is an example of a significant breakthrough in tissue engineering. However, the main drawback with this treatment remains the fragility of these grafts during and after surgery. A new human bilayered skin equivalent (hSE) was produced in our laboratory to overcome this problem. The aim of the present work was to study skin regeneration after hSE grafting onto nude mice. A comparative study was carried out over a period of 90 days, between anchored bovine skin equivalent, hSE and hSE+, the latter containing additional matrix components included at concentrations similar to those in human skin in vivo. The addition of a dermal layer to the epidermal sheet led to successful graft take, enhanced healing, and provided mechanical resistance to the grafts after transplantation. In situ analysis of the grafts showed good ultrastructural organization, including the deposition of a continuous basement membrane 1 week after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A López Valle
- Laboratoire de Recherche des Grands Brûlés/LOEX, Saint-Sacrement Hospital, Quebec, Canada
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Moulin V, Castilloux G, Jean A, Garrel DR, Auger FA, Germain L. In vitro models to study wound healing fibroblasts. Burns 1996; 22:359-62. [PMID: 8840034 DOI: 10.1016/0305-4179(95)00167-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic and contractile properties of human fibroblasts from dermis and from an experimental wound model were studied in vitro. When cultured in monolayer, dermal fibroblasts had an elongated spindle shape, were small in diameter and grew at a high rate. Wound fibroblasts grew slowly and were large, star shaped and had cytoplasmic stress fibres. Smooth muscle alpha actin was detected in 10 percent of dermal cells, whereas 20-80 per cent of wound fibroblasts contained this protein in their cytoplasm. The contractile property of cells was evaluated using a three-dimensional cell culture model. Our results show that wound fibroblasts contract collagen gels during the first days more strongly than dermal fibroblasts. These results show that, in vitro, wound fibroblasts have greater contractile capacity than dermal cells. The significant proportion of wound fibroblasts containing alpha-smooth muscle actin suggests that alpha-smooth muscle actin ratio may be related to wound contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Moulin
- Laboratoire de Recherche des Grands Brûlés/LOEX, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec, Canada
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Lafrance H, Guillot M, Germain L, Auger FA. A method for the evaluation of tensile properties of skin equivalents. Med Eng Phys 1995; 17:537-43. [PMID: 7489127 DOI: 10.1016/1350-4533(95)00012-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In vitro production of anchored skin equivalent is a new therapeutical option for burn patients. A skin equivalent is a combined culture of dermal and epidermal layers. The dermal layer provides important mechanical properties, such as tensile resistance and nonlinear elasticity, to the skin equivalent during its development. Prior to any in vivo human transplantation, the tensile properties of cutaneous equivalents have to be evaluated as a function of its structural components, in view of establishing the culture conditions leading to the best mechanical resistance and stretchability characteristics. However, the handling and clamping of skin equivalents are frequent causes of tearing and lack of repeatability in the measuring of tensile properties. A new indentation method involving a specially designed culture dish has been developed to minimize the risk of damage. Using this new culture dish, cutaneous equivalents were installed on an indentation apparatus. The central loading of a spherical tip was transmitted to the central area of a circular anchored cutaneous equivalent and was recorded with tip position. The tests were achieved at a constant low deflection rate of the tip. This new and accurate method gave repeatability in three central load-deflection characteristics of anchored dermal equivalent: the high-modulus (0.15 g mm-1), the central load of rupture (1.49 g), the rupture deflection (0.470 mm). This indentation test is expected to be an efficient tool in the evaluation of various skin equivalent models tensile properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lafrance
- Laboratoire d'Organogénèse Expérimentale, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec (Québec), Canada
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Beumer GJ, van Blitterswijk CA, Ponec M. Biocompatibility of a biodegradable matrix used as a skin substitute: an in vivo evaluation. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH 1994; 28:545-52. [PMID: 8027095 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.820280504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic biodegradable polymeric matrices, with a dense top layer and porous under-layer, made of a (poly)ether/(poly)ester (PEO:PBT) copolymer called Polyactive, and also of poly-L-lactide (PLLA), are under investigation as part of a cell-seeded skin substitute for third-degree, large-scale skin defects. The biocompatibility of subcutaneously implanted matrices representing large body surface areas, were studied at 2, 4, 13, 26, and 52 weeks in rats. To investigate local or systemic effects, the weight development of the complete animal and of their hearts, kidneys, lungs, livers, and spleens, as well as the macroscopic and histologic appearance of the implants and organs, were monitored. Early inflammatory response was associated with surgical implantation trauma. All matrices showed neovascular and fibrous tissue ingrowth into the porous underlayer within 2-4 weeks after implantation. Copolymeric and PLLA matrices increasingly fragmented and liquified. After 1 year, small polymeric fragments embedded in fibrous, vascularized tissue could be retrieved at the implantation site. No systemic effects of the implants on the organs or on the animal as a whole were observed. These results and earlier studies on (skin) cell substrate properties and physicochemical characteristics of the matrices indicate the suitability of the matrices as part of a cell-seeded skin substitute.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Beumer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Leiden, The Netherlands
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45
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Huang-Lee LL, Nimni ME. Crosslinked CNBr-activated hyaluronan-collagen matrices: effects on fibroblast contraction. Matrix Biol 1994; 14:147-57. [PMID: 8061927 DOI: 10.1016/0945-053x(94)90004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Previously we demonstrated that the contraction of collagen fibrillar matrices (CFM) by fibroblasts was significantly reduced when high concentrations (> 1 mg/ml) of hyaluronan were present in the media. This highlights the prominent role of hyaluronan in preventing scar formation during fetal wound healing. In the present study, we covalently crosslinked different concentrations of CNBr-activated hyaluronan to CFM and investigated the ability of fibroblasts to contract these matrices. Matrices are not contracted when optimal concentrations of CNBr-activated hyaluronan are crosslinked to collagen. Biochemical and cytological analysis of these matrices suggests that hyaluronan strengthens the collagen fibrils and blocks direct communication between fibroblasts and the collagen fibrils. Based on current evidence we are able to propose two molecular crosslinking models, multiple point attachment and simple point attachment between CNBr-activated hyaluronan and collagen molecules, hypotheses supported by the susceptibility of these matrices to digestion by collagenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Huang-Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
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46
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Michel M, Auger FA, Germain L. Anchored skin equivalent cultured in vitro: a new tool for percutaneous absorption studies. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 1993; 29A:834-7. [PMID: 8167896 DOI: 10.1007/bf02631358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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L'Heureux N, Germain L, Labbé R, Auger FA. In vitro construction of a human blood vessel from cultured vascular cells: A morphologic study. J Vasc Surg 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0741-5214(93)90150-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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48
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Abstract
Human fibroblasts can induce collagen gel contraction with different kinetics depending on the number of cells and on the collagen concentration within this lattice, which has been considered as a dermal equivalent. Skin equivalent is a combined culture of dermo-epidermal layers which may be of therapeutic value in the treatment of burn patients. However, the current production of the dermal equivalent component gives results that present many drawbacks for their eventual clinical use as a first step in obtaining a skin equivalent. These include: (i) final surfaces which are very small; less than 20% of the initial size (ii) excessive thickness which may hamper successful graft take (iii) fibroblasts that do not have an arrangement comparable with normal dermal tissue. We propose, as a solution to these problems, the utilization of a 5-mm-wide fibre-glass filter ring peripherally attached to the surface of the Petri dishes to prevent inordinate contraction while the fibroblasts reorganize the collagen gel. Using this technique the initial surface was preserved and the dermal equivalent contracted only in thickness. Histological analysis of these anchored equivalents confirmed an alignment of fibroblasts and collagen fibres resembling normal dermal tissue. We consider this method useful in the development of dermo-epidermal sheets for clinical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A López Valle
- Skin Culture Laboratory, Saint-Sacrement Hospital, Quebec, Canada
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