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Microstructure Formation and Carbon Partitioning with Austenite Decomposition during Isothermal Heating Process in Fe-Si-Mn-C Steel Monitored by In Situ Time-of-Flight Neutron Diffraction. METALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/met12060957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Retained austenite is a key feature used to realize the transformation-induced plasticity in bainitic high strength steels. In this study, the authors focused on the formation of metastable austenite in Fe-0.61C-1.9Si-0.98Mn (mass%) during isothermal heating processes using in situ neutron diffraction techniques. Quantitative discussion of carbon partitioning processes is enabled by applying an in situ phase fraction analysis considering crystallographic textures, in addition to the carbon concentration estimation based on the lattice parameter of austenite. The carbon partitioning behavior is inhomogeneous, resulting in a bimodal carbon concentration distribution in austenite. The carbon enriched, high carbon austenite is stable during isothermal heating at 673 K and is retained even after cooling to room temperature. The remainder is low carbon austenite, which is gradually consumed by bainite transformation. Above 723 K, the high carbon austenite also decomposes to ferrite and cementite due to the fast diffusion of Si. Conversely, below 623 K, cementite is stabilized even without the diffusion of Si. These cementite formation mechanisms prevent the formation and retention of high carbon austenite. The inhomogeneous carbon distribution and cementite formation must be carefully considered to precisely predict the microstructure formation in Si-added bainitic steels.
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Iren D, Ackermann M, Gorfer J, Pujar G, Wesselmecking S, Krupp U, Bromuri S. Aachen-Heerlen annotated steel microstructure dataset. Sci Data 2021; 8:140. [PMID: 34040011 PMCID: PMC8154916 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-021-00926-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying steel microstructures yields important insights regarding its mechanical characteristics. Within steel, microstructures transform based on a multitude of factors including chemical composition, transformation temperatures, and cooling rates. Martensite-austenite (MA) islands in bainitic steel appear as blocky structures with abstract shapes that are difficult to identify and differentiate from other types of microstructures. In this regard, material science may benefit from machine learning models that are able to automatically and accurately detect these structures. However, the training process of the state-of-the-art machine learning models requires a large amount of high-quality data. In this dataset, we provide 1.705 scanning electron microscopy images along with a set of 8.909 expert-annotated polygons to describe the geometry of the MA islands that appear on the images. We envision that this dataset will be useful for material scientists to explore the relationship between the morphology of bainitic steel and mechanical characteristics. Moreover, computer vision researchers and practitioners may use this data for training state-of-the-art object segmentation models for abstract geometries such as MA islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Iren
- Center for Actionable Research of Open Universiteit, Valkenburgerweg 177, 6419 AT, Heerlen, The Netherlands.
| | - Marc Ackermann
- Steel Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Intzestr. 1, 52072, Aachen, Germany
| | - Julian Gorfer
- Center for Actionable Research of Open Universiteit, Valkenburgerweg 177, 6419 AT, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Gaurav Pujar
- Steel Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Intzestr. 1, 52072, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Krupp
- Steel Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Intzestr. 1, 52072, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefano Bromuri
- Center for Actionable Research of Open Universiteit, Valkenburgerweg 177, 6419 AT, Heerlen, The Netherlands
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3
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Phenomenological kinetic model of the nano-bainitic steels to characterize the dynamics of the autocatalytic nucleation process. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-2395-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Numerical Simulation of Water Quenching of Large Size Steel Forgings: Effects of Macrosegregation and Grain Size on Phase Distribution. JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING AND MATERIALS PROCESSING 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/jmmp2020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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5
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Ahmadabadi MN, Ohide T, Niyama E. Effects of Successive-stage Austempering on the Structure and Impact Strength of High-Mn Ductile Iron. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09534962.1992.11819094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - T. Ohide
- Faculty of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - E. Niyama
- Faculty of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Chen JK, Chen G, Reynolds WT. Interfacial structure and growth mechanisms of lath-shaped precipitates in Ni-45 wt° Cr. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1080/01418619808241911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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7
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Fan Z, Xiao L, Jinxiu Z. Theory of Coupled First-Order Phase Transformations: Application to Bainitic Transformations. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1996; 77:1394-1397. [PMID: 10063065 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.77.1394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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8
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The role of interface dislocations and ledges as sources/sinks for point defects in scaling reactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0956-7151(94)00296-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Wu XL, Zhang XY, Kang MK, Meng XK, Yang YQ, Han D. Displacive Mechanism of Bainitic Formation in Carbon-Depleted Region of Austenite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.2320/matertrans1989.35.782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X. L. Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University
| | - X. Y. Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University
| | - M. K. Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University
| | - X. K. Meng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University
| | - Y. Q. Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University
| | - D. Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University
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10
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Atomic mechanisms of diffusional nucleation and growth and comparisons with their counterparts in shear transformations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02657313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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The crystallography of bainite in a medium-carbon steel containing Si, Mn, and Mo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02647323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Okaguchi
- Research & Development Division, Sumitomo Metal Industries, Ltd
| | - Hiroo Ohtani
- Research & Development Division, Sumitomo Metal Industries, Ltd
| | - Yasuya Ohmori
- Research & Development Division, Sumitomo Metal Industries, Ltd
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13
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Reynolds, Jr. WT, Aaronson HI, Spanos G. A Summary of the Present Diffusionist Views on Bainite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.2320/matertrans1989.32.737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. T. Reynolds, Jr.
- Materials Engineering Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
| | - H. I Aaronson
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science, Carnegie Mellon University
| | - G. Spanos
- Physical Metallurgy Branch, Naval Research Laboratory
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaneaki Tsuzaki
- Department of Metal Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | | | - Tadashi Maki
- Department of Metal Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto University
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Enomoto M, Tsubakino H. Morphology and Thermodynamics of Bainitic Transformation in Ferrous and Non-ferrous Alloys. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.2320/matertrans1989.32.642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Enomoto
- Materials Physics Division, National Research Institute for Metals
| | - H. Tsubakino
- Department of Materials Science, Himeji Institute of Technology
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Tsuzaki K, Nakao C, Maki T. Formation Temperature of Bainitic Ferrite in Si-Containing Steels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.2320/matertrans1989.32.658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaneaki Tsuzaki
- Department of Metal Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | | | - Tadashi Maki
- Department of Metal Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto University
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Araki T, Enomoto M, Shibata K. Microstructural Aspects of Bainitic and Bainite-like Ferritic Structures of Continuously Cooled Low Carbon (<0.1%) HSLA Steels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.2320/matertrans1989.32.729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Masato Enomoto
- Department of Materials Physics, National Research Institute for Metals
| | - Koji Shibata
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tokyo
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18
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Influence of carbon concentration and reaction temperature upon bainite morphology in Fe-C-2 Pct Mn alloys. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02672559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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An investigation of the generality of incomplete transformation to bainite in Fe-C-X alloys. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02672563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Overall reaction kinetics and morphology of austenite decomposition between the upper nose and the Ms of a hypoeutectoid Fe-C-Cr alloy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02672562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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