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Battaglia M, Garrett-Sinha LA. Bacterial infections in lupus: Roles in promoting immune activation and in pathogenesis of the disease. J Transl Autoimmun 2020; 4:100078. [PMID: 33490939 PMCID: PMC7804979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2020.100078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial infections of the lung, skin, bloodstream and other tissues are common in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus) and are often more severe and invasive than similar infections in control populations. A variety of studies have explored the changes in bacterial abundance in lupus patients, the rates of infection and the influence of particular bacterial species on disease progression, using both human patient samples and mouse models of lupus. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to summarize human and mouse studies that describe changes in the bacterial microbiome in lupus, the role of a leaky gut in stimulating inflammation, identification of specific bacterial species associated with lupus, and the potential roles of certain common bacterial infections in promoting lupus progression. METHODS Information was collected using searches of the Pubmed database for articles relevant to bacterial infections in lupus and to microbiome changes associated with lupus. RESULTS The reviewed studies demonstrate significant changes in the bacterial microbiome of lupus patients as compared to control subjects and in lupus-prone mice compared to control mice. Furthermore, there is evidence supporting the existence of a leaky gut in lupus patients and in lupus-prone mice. This leaky gut may allow live bacteria or bacterial components to enter the circulation and cause inflammation. Invasive bacterial infections are more common and often more severe in lupus patients. These include infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae and mycobacteria. These bacterial infections can trigger increased immune activation and inflammation, potentially stimulating activation of autoreactive lymphocytes and leading to worsening of lupus symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Together, the evidence suggests that lupus predisposes to infection, while infection may trigger worsening lupus, leading to a feedback loop that may reinforce autoimmune symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Battaglia
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Lee Ann Garrett-Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
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Sinha AA, Sajda T. The Evolving Story of Autoantibodies in Pemphigus Vulgaris: Development of the "Super Compensation Hypothesis". Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:218. [PMID: 30155465 PMCID: PMC6102394 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging data and innovative technologies are re-shaping our understanding of the scope and specificity of the autoimmune response in Pemphigus vulgaris (PV), a prototypical humorally mediated autoimmune skin blistering disorder. Seminal studies identified the desmosomal proteins Desmoglein 3 and 1 (Dsg3 and Dsg1), cadherin family proteins which function to maintain cell adhesion, as the primary targets of pathogenic autoAbs. Consequently, pathogenesis in PV has primarily considered to be the result of anti-Dsg autoAbs alone. However, accumulating data suggesting that anti-Dsg autoAbs by themselves cannot adequately explain the loss of cell-cell adhesion seen in PV, nor account for the disease heterogeneity exhibited across PV patients has spurred the notion that additional autoAb specificities may contribute to disease. To investigate the role of non-Dsg autoAbs in PV, an increasing number of studies have attempted to characterize additional targets of PV autoAbs. The recent advent of protein microarray technology, which allows for the rapid, highly sensitive, and multiplexed assessment of autoAb specificity has facilitated the comprehensive classification of the scope and specificity of the autoAb response in PV. Such detailed deconstruction of the autoimmune response in PV, beyond simply tracking anti-Dsg autoAbs, has provided invaluable new insights concerning disease mechanisms and enhanced disease classification which could directly translate into superior tools for prognostics and clinical management, as well as the development of novel, disease specific treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Animesh A Sinha
- Department of Dermatology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Thomas Sajda
- Department of Dermatology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
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Lu Z, Rynkiewicz MJ, Madico G, Li S, Yang CY, Perkins HM, Sompuram SR, Kodela V, Liu T, Morris T, Wang D, Roche MI, Seaton BA, Sharon J. B-cell epitopes in GroEL of Francisella tularensis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99847. [PMID: 24968190 PMCID: PMC4072690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The chaperonin protein GroEL, also known as heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60), is a prominent antigen in the human and mouse antibody response to the facultative intracellular bacterium Francisella tularensis (Ft), the causative agent of tularemia. In addition to its presumed cytoplasmic location, FtGroEL has been reported to be a potential component of the bacterial surface and to be released from the bacteria. In the current study, 13 IgG2a and one IgG3 mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for FtGroEL were classified into eleven unique groups based on shared VH-VL germline genes, and seven crossblocking profiles revealing at least three non-overlapping epitope areas in competition ELISA. In a mouse model of respiratory tularemia with the highly pathogenic Ft type A strain SchuS4, the Ab64 and N200 IgG2a mAbs, which block each other’s binding to and are sensitive to the same two point mutations in FtGroEL, reduced bacterial burden indicating that they target protective GroEL B-cell epitopes. The Ab64 and N200 epitopes, as well as those of three other mAbs with different crossblocking profiles, Ab53, N3, and N30, were mapped by hydrogen/deuterium exchange–mass spectrometry (DXMS) and visualized on a homology model of FtGroEL. This model was further supported by its experimentally-validated computational docking to the X-ray crystal structures of Ab64 and Ab53 Fabs. The structural analysis and DXMS profiles of the Ab64 and N200 mAbs suggest that their protective effects may be due to induction or stabilization of a conformational change in FtGroEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohua Lu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Rynkiewicz
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Guillermo Madico
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Chiou-Ying Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hillary M. Perkins
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Seshi R. Sompuram
- Medical Discovery Partners, LLC, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Vani Kodela
- Medical Discovery Partners, LLC, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Timothy Morris
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Daphne Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Marly I. Roche
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Barbara A. Seaton
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline Sharon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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McCarty MF, Al-Harbi SA. Vaccination with heat-shocked mononuclear cells as a strategy for treating neurodegenerative disorders driven by microglial inflammation. Med Hypotheses 2013; 81:773-6. [PMID: 23968572 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring T regulatory cells targeting epitopes derived from various heat shock proteins escape thymic negative selection and can be activated by vaccination with heat shock proteins; hence, vaccination with such proteins has exerted favorable effects on rodent models of autoimmune disorders. A more elegant way to achieve such vaccination, first evaluated clinically by Al-Harbi in the early 1990s, is to subject mononuclear cells to survivable heat shock ex vivo, incubate them at physiological temperature for a further 24-48 h, and then inject them subcutaneously; anecdotally, beneficial effects were observed with this strategy in a wide range of autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. There is growing evidence that M1-activated microglia play a primary or secondary role in the pathogenesis of numerous neurodegenerative diseases, as well as in major depression. T regulatory cells, by polarizing microglial toward a reparative M2 phenotype, have the potential to aid control of such disorders. It would be appropriate to test the heat-shocked mononuclear cell vaccination strategy in animal models of neurodegeneration and major depression, and to evaluate this approach clinically if such studies yield encouraging results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F McCarty
- Catalytic Longevity, 7831 Rush Rose Drive, Apt. 316, Carlsbad, California 92009, United States.
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Goloudina AR, Demidov ON, Garrido C. Inhibition of HSP70: a challenging anti-cancer strategy. Cancer Lett 2012; 325:117-24. [PMID: 22750096 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
HSP70 is a chaperone that accumulates in the cells after many different stresses promoting cell survival in response to the adverse conditions. In contrast to normal cells, most cancer cells abundantly express HSP70 at the basal level to resist to various insults at different stages of tumorigenesis and during anti-cancer treatment. This cancer cells addiction for HSP70 is the rational for its targeting in cancer therapy. Much effort has been dedicated in the last years for the active search of HSP70 inhibitors. Additionally, the recent clinical trials on highly promising inhibitors of another stress protein, HSP90, showed compensatory increase in HSP70 levels and raised the question of necessity to combine HSP90 inhibitors with simultaneous inhibition of HSP70. Here we analyzed the recent advancement in creation of novel HSP70 inhibitors and different strategies for their use in anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia R Goloudina
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
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van Eden W, van der Zee R, Prakken B. Heat-shock proteins induce T-cell regulation of chronic inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol 2005; 5:318-30. [PMID: 15803151 DOI: 10.1038/nri1593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Immune responses to certain heat-shock proteins (HSPs) develop in almost all inflammatory diseases; however, the significance of such responses is only now becoming clear. In experimental disease models, HSPs can prevent or arrest inflammatory damage, and in initial clinical trials in patients with chronic inflammatory disease, HSP-derived peptides have been shown to promote the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, indicating that HSPs have immunoregulatory potential. In this Review, we discuss the unique characteristics of HSPs that endow them with these immunoregulatory qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem van Eden
- Division of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Nieuwenhuis EE, Visser MR, Kavelaars A, Cobelens PM, Fleer A, Harmsen W, Verhoef J, Akkermans LM, Heijnen CJ. Oral antibiotics as a novel therapy for arthritis: evidence for a beneficial effect of intestinal Escherichia coli. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2000; 43:2583-9. [PMID: 11083284 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200011)43:11<2583::aid-anr28>3.0.co;2-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The intestinal flora is thought to play an important role in regulation of immune responses. We investigated the effects of changing the intestinal flora on the course of adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) and on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by the use of oral antibiotics. METHODS Oral treatment with either vancomycin or vancomycin, tobramycin, and colistin was started after AIA and EAE induction. Clinical symptoms of AIA and EAE were monitored, and microbial analysis of ileal samples was performed. RESULTS Oral vancomycin treatment after disease induction significantly decreased clinical symptoms of AIA. Simultaneously, increased concentrations of Escherichia coli were detected in the distal ileum of vancomycin-treated rats. Ileal concentrations of E coli were inversely related to disease scores in rats with AIA. Coadministration of colistin/tobramycin to prevent the increase in E coli abrogated the beneficial effect of vancomycin on AIA. Vancomycin treatment also reduced the clinical symptoms of EAE. CONCLUSION We propose oral vancomycin as a novel therapeutic strategy in autoimmune diseases.
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