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Minami T, Furuichi T. Examining infantile facial features and their influence on caretaking behaviors in free-ranging Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302412. [PMID: 38900785 PMCID: PMC11189181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Facial features of immature individuals play a pivotal role in eliciting caretaking behaviors in humans. It has been posited that non-human animals share particular infantile facial features with humans, which can elicit caregivers' attention and caretaking behaviors. Nevertheless, the empirical examination of this hypothesis is extremely limited. In this study, we investigated infantile facial features in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata), their developmental processes, and their correlation with caretaking and infant behaviors, based on 470 facial photographs from one free-ranging group. We measured the size of facial parts and evaluated these features using non-contact procedures with the animals. The results indicated that, although some partial species differences were observed, the infantile facial features in Japanese macaques were broadly consistent with those previously observed in humans and great apes. Furthermore, half of the infant subjects displayed non-linear developmental trajectories of infantile faces, similar to those suggested in humans. However, unlike previous studies in humans, infantile faces were not significantly associated with maternal or non-maternal caretaking behaviors, nor were their developmental changes correlated with infant behavioral development. These findings indicate that while many aspects of infantile facial features are shared among particular primates, humans may have evolved a uniquely elevated preference for selecting such features among the primate lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Minami
- Graduate School of Education, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Furuichi
- Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
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2
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Wu XM, Zhang J, Chen SW, Sun BH, Xia DP. Behavioral adaptation in an adoptive free-ranging female Tibetan macaque. Primates 2023; 64:469-474. [PMID: 37395860 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-023-01076-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Adoption is an important form of allomaternal care in nonhuman primates, with implications for reproductive output and infant survival. Here, we report a kidnapping that became an adoption of a 3-week-old infant by a mother with her own infant in Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana). The adoptive mother nursed her "new" infant (allonursing), the first observation of this behavior in the species. The case provided a natural experiment for comparing how a female copes with a heavier burden of care for both her biological infant and another female's infant, compared to mothers caring for only one infant. Our results showed that the adoptive female spent more time foraging and resting, and less time in group social activity compared to females with a single infant. The adoptive female showed more instances of social bridging. Although the duration of post-bridging grooming received from group members decreased, the frequency of such grooming increased. We discuss this adoption with reference to possible factors involved in the evolution of adoption and allonursing behavior in Tibetan macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Mei Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
- International Collaborative Research Center for Huangshan Biodiversity and Tibetan Macaque Behavioral Ecology, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
- International Collaborative Research Center for Huangshan Biodiversity and Tibetan Macaque Behavioral Ecology, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Shi-Wang Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
- International Collaborative Research Center for Huangshan Biodiversity and Tibetan Macaque Behavioral Ecology, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Bing-Hua Sun
- International Collaborative Research Center for Huangshan Biodiversity and Tibetan Macaque Behavioral Ecology, Hefei, 230601, China
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Dong-Po Xia
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China.
- International Collaborative Research Center for Huangshan Biodiversity and Tibetan Macaque Behavioral Ecology, Hefei, 230601, China.
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3
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Berman CM. Monkey business: A girl's once strange dream. Primates 2022; 63:463-481. [PMID: 35925423 PMCID: PMC9362339 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-022-01000-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
For close to 50 years, my research has focused on social relationships and social structure, particularly in macaques, and has been marked by a gradual broadening of scope. Supported by open-minded parents, I followed a once unconventional path into field primatology largely by ignoring distinct gender-based ideas about appropriate occupations for women that were prevalent when I was a child. Later, as Robert Hinde’s PhD advisee, I benefited enormously from his mentoring and from the transformative experience he provided. I began by examining infant social development in free-ranging rhesus monkeys and the integration of infants into the kinship and dominance structures of their groups. I gradually branched out to look at (1) kinship and dominance in additional age classes and macaque species, (2) additional aspects of social structure (reciprocity, agonistic support, tolerance, cooperation, conflict management), (3) mechanisms and organizing principles (e.g., attraction to kin and high rank, intergenerational transmission, demography, reciprocity, social style, time constraints) and (4) evolutionary underpinnings of social relationships and structure (e.g., parental investment, kin selection, socioecology, phylogeny, biological markets). For much of this journey, I have been accompanied by talented PhD students who have enriched my experience and whom I am now proud to call colleagues and friends. It is gratifying to realize that my career choice is no longer considered as unconventional as it once was.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol M Berman
- Department of Anthropology, Graduate Program in Evolution, Ecology and Behavior, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14261, USA.
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4
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Sekizawa M, Kutsukake N. Pattern, function and constraint of infant handling in wild Japanese macaques. Ethology 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.13274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maisa Sekizawa
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems The Graduate University for Advanced Studies SOKENDAI Kanagawa Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kutsukake
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems The Graduate University for Advanced Studies SOKENDAI Kanagawa Japan
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5
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Male care in a free-ranging group of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). Primates 2021; 62:971-980. [PMID: 34546459 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-021-00948-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Among the Macaca species, adult male Japanese macaques are the least likely to perform male care (i.e., affiliative interactions between adult males and immatures, including holding, carrying, and grooming); however, they perform male care for infants, albeit infrequently. We examined 17 cases of male care observed for the first time when the immature was younger than 1 year of age. Eleven of the 31 adult males who remained as central males during the 30-year observation period performed male care. Their age and dominance rank did not influence the occurrence of male care. Most cases were first recorded between the last part of the mating season and the first part of the birth season (January-March), whereas male care was rarely observed during the mating season (October-December). In 12 of the 17 cases, male care ceased within 6 months after the first observation, whereas in the remaining cases, it continued for at least 1 year. In 15 of the 17 cases, males tended to perform male care for matrilineally unrelated female infants of low-ranking mothers. In some cases, the male and infant mother showed grooming interactions for 6 months both before and after the start of male care, whereas such grooming interactions were never recorded either before or after the start of male care in other cases. We also examined some hypotheses on male-immature associations and the probable benefits that males and infants might acquire through male care.
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6
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High levels of infant handling by adult males in Rwenzori Angolan colobus (Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii) compared to two closely related species, C. guereza and C. vellerosus. Primates 2021; 62:637-646. [PMID: 33856586 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-021-00907-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Infant handling (holding or carrying) by adult males is rare in mammals; however, high levels have been reported in some primates. Though infant handling is a costly behaviour, there are many benefits that male handlers can accrue. Infant handling by males is most conspicuous in platyrrhines and tends to be uncommon in catarrhines. In the latter species, research on male-infant interactions has focused on low-cost behaviours, such as proximity and grooming. However, to better understand the evolution of infant handling by males, more data on its occurrence across the Primate order are essential, even in species where it is relatively uncommon. We compare the occurrence of infant handling by males in three closely related species of catarrhine: Colobus vellerosus, C. guereza, and C. angolensis ruwenzorii. We collected focal animal samples on infants to quantify infant handling rates and durations, and found that adult male C. a. ruwenzorii handled infants much more frequently and for much longer than males in the other two species. We discuss how C. a. ruwenzorii's unique social organization may explain high levels of infant handling by adult males in this species. More long-term and detailed comparisons of infant handling across species and populations will shed light on how sociality has shaped the evolution of this behaviour in the Primate order.
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7
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Kuběnová B, Ostner J, Schülke O, Majolo B, Šmilauer P, Waterman J, Tkaczynski P, Konečná M. The male and female perspective in the link between male infant care and mating behaviour in Barbary macaques. Ethology 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Kuběnová
- Department of Zoology Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia České Budějovice Czech Republic
- Department of Behavioral Ecology Johann‐Friedrich‐Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology Georg August University Göttingen Göttingen Germany
- Primate Research Institute, University of Kyoto Inuyama Japan
- Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate Cognition German Primate Center & Georg August University Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Julia Ostner
- Department of Behavioral Ecology Johann‐Friedrich‐Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology Georg August University Göttingen Göttingen Germany
- Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate Cognition German Primate Center & Georg August University Göttingen Göttingen Germany
- Research Group Primate Social Evolution German Primate Centre Göttingen Germany
| | - Oliver Schülke
- Department of Behavioral Ecology Johann‐Friedrich‐Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology Georg August University Göttingen Göttingen Germany
- Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate Cognition German Primate Center & Georg August University Göttingen Göttingen Germany
- Research Group Primate Social Evolution German Primate Centre Göttingen Germany
| | | | - Petr Šmilauer
- Department of Ecosystem Biology Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | | | - Patrick Tkaczynski
- Department of Life Science University of Roehampton London UK
- Department of Primatology Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig Germany
| | - Martina Konečná
- Department of Zoology Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia České Budějovice Czech Republic
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Ogawa H, Chalise MK, Malaivijitnond S, Koirala S, Hamada Y, Wada K. Comparison of genital contact behaviors among Macaca assamensis pelops in Nepal, M. a. assamensis in Thailand, and M. thibetana in China. J ETHOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10164-019-00595-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Kuběnová B, Ostner J, Schülke O, Majolo B, Šmilauer P, Konečná M. The Effect of Dominance Rank on the Distribution of Different Types of Male–Infant–Male Interactions in Barbary Macaques (Macaca sylvanus). INT J PRIMATOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-019-00086-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Collective decision making in Tibetan macaques: how followers affect the rules and speed of group movement. Anim Behav 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Zhang D, Xia DP, Wang X, Zhang QX, Sun BH, Li JH. Bridging may help young female Tibetan macaques Macaca thibetana learn to be a mother. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16102. [PMID: 30389970 PMCID: PMC6214923 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34406-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Attraction to infants is a common feature of non-human primates. Frequent affiliative male-infant interactions have been observed in many multimale, multifemale groups of macaques, including a behaviour termed 'bridging' in which two male macaques simultaneously lift an infant. This behaviour has been suggested to serve as a positive affiliative interaction between the adult or subadult males. Female macaques display bridging in the same manner as males, but the function of this behaviour to females remains unknown. In this study, we examined evidence for the function and evolution of bridging in female Tibetan macaques within the framework of three hypotheses: the learning to mother, a side-effect of selection for appropriate maternal care, and alliance formation hypotheses. Our results showed that subadult females initiated more bridging than adult females. Females preferred to use infants for bridging when the infants were less than four weeks old. Female frequency of received bridging with higher-ranking females was not significantly different from their frequency of received bridging with lower-ranking females. Bridging frequency was not significantly different between dyads composed of related and unrelated females. Additionally, post-bridging grooming frequency was significantly higher than nonbridging grooming interactions, suggesting a social function for bridging. The results of our study supported the 'learning to mother' hypothesis, suggesting that bridging among female intrasexual dyads is a multi-functional, complex and differential evolutionary process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao Zhang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Dong-Po Xia
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Xi Wang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Qi-Xin Zhang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Bing-Hua Sun
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Jin-Hua Li
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.
- School of Life Sciences, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.
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12
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Kalbitz J, Schülke O, Ostner J. Triadic male-infant-male interaction serves in bond maintenance in male Assamese macaques. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183981. [PMID: 29045402 PMCID: PMC5646793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While the ultimate consequences of social bonds start to be better understood, the proximate behavioural mechanisms underlying the formation and maintenance of these close affiliative relationships have received less attention. We investigated the possible function of male-infant-male interactions (MIMIs) in male-male social bonding processes by analysing about 9000h of focal animal observations collected on two groups of wild Assamese macaques. In support of an agonistic buffering function of MIMIs, after engaging in a MIMI upon approach, subordinates stayed longer in close proximity of a dominant male. Overall, the frequency of MIMIs increased the stronger the affiliative relationship between two males, suggesting that MIMIs like grooming function in relationship maintenance. We did not find support for a role of MIMIs in bond formation as the frequency of MIMIs did not affect the time a male dyad spent in proximity in the consecutive year. Our results contribute to the general debate on behaviours influencing social dynamics in group living mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Kalbitz
- Department of Behavioral Ecology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- German Primate Centre, Leibniz Institute of Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Cognitive Ethology, German Primate Centre, Leibniz Institute of Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Schülke
- Department of Behavioral Ecology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- German Primate Centre, Leibniz Institute of Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Julia Ostner
- Department of Behavioral Ecology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- German Primate Centre, Leibniz Institute of Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
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13
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Dunayer E, Berman C. Infant handling enhances social bonds in free-ranging rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). BEHAVIOUR 2017. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-00003448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Throughout the primate order, individuals are highly motivated to handle infants that are not their own. Given the differing and often conflicting interests of the various participants in handling interactions (handler, infant, and mother), most functional hypotheses are specific to particular handling roles. Here we explore one hypothesis that may apply to all participants, but that has received relatively little attention: that handling may facilitate the formation and maintenance of social bonds. Using free-ranging rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) on Cayo Santiago, we examine the relationship between infant handling in the early weeks and the strength and diversity of infant social bonds months later, when infant relationships were more independent from those of their mothers. Our results largely confirm the influence of several social characteristics (kinship, rank, sex, and age) in governing handling interactions. They also provide the first evidence that early handling is associated with later social bonds that are stronger than expected based on these social characteristics. However, the enhancement of bonds is largely confined to related handlers; frequent unrelated handlers did not generally go on to form strong bonds with infants. This suggests that kinship may be a sort of prerequisite to the enhancement of social bonds via handling. Given the adaptive benefits of strong social bonds among adult primates, future research should investigate whether early infant handling may have longer term fitness effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica S. Dunayer
- aGraduate Program in Evolution, Ecology and Behavior, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Carol M. Berman
- aGraduate Program in Evolution, Ecology and Behavior, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- bDepartment of Anthropology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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14
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Kubenova B, Konecna M, Majolo B, Smilauer P, Ostner J, Schülke O. Triadic awareness predicts partner choice in male-infant-male interactions in Barbary macaques. Anim Cogn 2016; 20:221-232. [PMID: 27734208 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-016-1041-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Social knowledge beyond one's direct relationships is a key in successfully manoeuvring the social world. Individuals gather information on the quality of social relationships between their group companions, which has been termed triadic awareness. Evidence of the use of triadic awareness in natural contexts is limited mainly to conflict management. Here we investigated triadic awareness in wild Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) in the context of bridging interactions defined as male-infant-male interactions whereby a male (initiator, holder) presents an infant to another male (receiver, non-holder) in order to initiate an affiliative interaction with that male. Analyses based on 1263 h of focal observations on ten infants of one wild social group in Morocco supported the hypothesis that males use their knowledge of the relationship between infants and other adult males when choosing a male as a partner for bridging interactions. Specifically, (i) the number of bridging interactions among holder-infant-receiver triads was positively affected by the strength of the infant-receiver relationship and (ii) when two males were available as bridging partners, a male was more likely to be chosen as the receiver the stronger his social relationship with the infant relative to the other available male. This demonstrates that non-human primates establish triadic awareness of temporary infant-male relationships and use it in a naturally occurring affiliative context. Our results contribute to the discussion about the mechanism underlying the acquisition of triadic awareness and the benefits of its usage, and lend support to hypotheses linking social complexity to the evolution of complex cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Kubenova
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic. .,Department of Behavioral Ecology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg August University Göttingen, Kellnerweg 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany. .,Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, German Primate Center and Georg August University Göttingen, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Martina Konecna
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Bonaventura Majolo
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincolnshire, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK
| | - Petr Smilauer
- Department of Ecosystem Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Julia Ostner
- Department of Behavioral Ecology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg August University Göttingen, Kellnerweg 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Research Group Primate Social Evolution, German Primate Centre, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, German Primate Center and Georg August University Göttingen, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Schülke
- Department of Behavioral Ecology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg August University Göttingen, Kellnerweg 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Research Group Primate Social Evolution, German Primate Centre, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, German Primate Center and Georg August University Göttingen, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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15
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Bernstein SK, Sheeran LK, Wagner RS, Li JH, Koda H. The vocal repertoire of Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana): A quantitative classification. Am J Primatol 2016; 78:937-49. [PMID: 27243451 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Vocal repertoires are basic and essential components for describing vocal communication in animals. Studying the entire suite of vocal signals aids investigations on the variation of acoustic structure across social contexts, comparisons on the complexity of communication systems across taxa, and in exploration of the evolutionary origins of species-specific vocalizations. Here, we describe the vocal repertoire of the largest species in the macaque genus, Macaca thibetana. We extracted thirty acoustic parameters from call recordings. Post hoc validation through quantitative analyses of the a priori repertoire classified eleven call types: coo, squawk, squeal, noisy scream, growl, bark, compound squeak, leap coo, weeping, modulated tonal scream, and pant. In comparison to the rest of the genus, Tibetan macaques uttered a wider array of vocalizations in the context of copulations. Previous reports did not include modulated tonal screams and pants during harassment of copulatory dyads. Furthermore, in comparison to the rest of the genus, Tibetan macaque females emit acoustically distinct copulation calls. The vocal repertoire of Tibetan macaques contributes to the literature on the emergence of species-specific calls in the genus Macaca with potential insights from social, reproductive, and ecological comparisons across species. Am. J. Primatol. 78:937-949, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia K Bernstein
- Department of Ecology and Social Behavior, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
| | - Lori K Sheeran
- Department of Anthropology and Museum Studies, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington.,Primate Behavior and Ecology Program, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington
| | - R Steven Wagner
- Primate Behavior and Ecology Program, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington.,Department of Biological Sciences, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington
| | - Jin-Hua Li
- School of Life Science, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, China
| | - Hiroki Koda
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
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16
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De Marco A, Sanna A, Cozzolino R, Thierry B. The function of greetings in male Tonkean macaques. Am J Primatol 2014; 76:989-98. [PMID: 24719204 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Males living in multi-male groups are both strong rivals and potential allies. In several primate species they regularly interact through ritualized exchanges known as greetings. We studied five captive groups of Tonkean macaques (Macaca tonkeana) to test five hypotheses regarding the social function of greetings. We found that greetings were mostly reciprocal interactions, and that they often involved physical contact and facial displays. Although they were mostly initiated by the higher-ranking individual in each dyad, subordinates could initiate approximately one-third of greetings, which indicates that greetings do not serve as a formal acknowledgement of dominance relationships. Although greeting frequencies were negatively correlated to the frequency of supplantations and conflicts, they were not significantly influenced by age and dominance status, showing that greetings are not used to appease partners or decrease tension between males. Males most frequently greeted partners with whom they spent more time in proximity and body contact, and this is consistent with the hypothesis that greetings play a role in reinforcing social relationships. Lastly, greetings increased in frequency between individuals involved in challenges for rank, lending support to the hypothesis that males assess the state of their social relationships through greetings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna De Marco
- Fondazione Ethoikos, Radicondoli, Italy; Parco Faunistico di Piano dell'Abatino, Poggio San Lorenzo, Italy; Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy
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Balasubramaniam KN, Berman CM, De Marco A, Dittmar K, Majolo B, Ogawa H, Thierry B, De Vries H. Consistency of dominance rank order: a comparison of David's Scores with I&SI and Bayesian methods in macaques. Am J Primatol 2013; 75:959-71. [PMID: 23640681 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In nonhuman primate social groups, dominance ranks are usually assigned to individuals based on outcomes of dyadic agonistic encounters. Multiple approaches have been used, but currently there is no consensus. One approach, David's Scores (DS), offers dual advantages of yielding cardinal scores that may in turn be used to compute hierarchical steepness. Here we correlate rank orders yielded by DS with those yielded by both the traditionally used I&SI approach and the recently proposed parametric Bayesian approach. We use six datasets for female macaques (three despotic and three tolerant groups), and 90 artificially generated datasets modeling macaque groups. We also use the artificial datasets to determine the impact of three characteristics (group size, interaction frequency, and directional asymmetry of aggression) on the magnitude of correlation coefficients, and assess the relative utility of two indices used to compute DS: Dij versus Pij. DS-based rank orders were strongly positively correlated with those yielded by the other two approaches for five out of the six macaque datasets, and for the majority of artificial datasets. Magnitudes of correlation coefficients were unrelated to group size or interaction frequency, but increased with directional asymmetry, suggesting methodological inconsistencies were more likely when dyads had more frequent reversals in directions of aggression. Finally, rank orders calculated using the Dij and Pij indices were similarly consistent with orders from other methods. We conclude that DS offers consistent estimates of rank orders, except perhaps in groups with very low levels of aggression asymmetry. In such "tolerant" groups, we suggest that the relatively greater methodological variability in rank orders may reflect behavioral characteristics of tolerant groups rather than computational inconsistencies between methods. We hypothesize that this quality may be quantified using posterior probability scores of Bayesian rank orders and may also index macaque social styles.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Balasubramaniam
- Graduate Program in Evolution, Ecology and Behavior, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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Xia D, Li J, Garber PA, Sun L, Zhu Y, Sun B. Grooming reciprocity in female tibetan macaques macaca thibetana. Am J Primatol 2012; 74:569-79. [PMID: 22539271 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.21985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Grooming among nonhuman primates is widespread and may represent an important service commodity that is exchanged within a biological marketplace. In this study, using focal animal sampling methods, we recorded grooming relationships among 12 adult females in a free-ranging group of Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) at Huangshan, China, to determine the influence of rank and kinship on grooming relationships, and whether females act as reciprocal traders (exchange grooming received for grooming given) or interchange traders (interchange grooming for social tolerance or other commodities). The results showed that: (1) grooming given was positively correlated with grooming received; (2) kinship did not exert a significant influence on grooming reciprocity; and (3) grooming reciprocity occurred principally between individuals of adjacent rank; however, when females of different rank groomed, females tended to groom up the hierarchy (lower ranking individuals groomed higher ranking individuals more than vice versa). Our results support the contention that both grooming reciprocity and the interchange of grooming for tolerance represent important social tactics used by female Tibetan macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongpo Xia
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, China
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Balasubramaniam KN, Dittmar K, Berman CM, Butovskaya M, Cooper MA, Majolo B, Ogawa H, Schino G, Thierry B, De Waal FBM. Hierarchical steepness, counter-aggression, and macaque social style scale. Am J Primatol 2012; 74:915-25. [PMID: 22688756 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nonhuman primates show remarkable variation in several aspects of social structure. One way to characterize this variation in the genus Macaca is through the concept of social style, which is based on the observation that several social traits appear to covary with one another in a linear or at least continuous manner. In practice, macaques are more simply characterized as fitting a four-grade scale in which species range from extremely despotic (grade 1) to extremely tolerant (grade 4). Here, we examine the fit of three core measures of social style-two measures of dominance gradients (hierarchical steepness) and another closely related measure (counter-aggression)-to this scale, controlling for phylogenetic relationships. Although raw scores for both steepness and counter-aggression correlated with social scale in predicted directions, the distributions appeared to vary by measure. Counter-aggression appeared to vary dichotomously with scale, with grade 4 species being distinct from all other grades. Steepness measures appeared more continuous. Species in grades 1 and 4 were distinct from one another on all measures, but those in the intermediate grades varied inconsistently. This confirms previous indications that covariation is more readily observable when comparing species at the extreme ends of the scale than those in intermediate positions. When behavioral measures were mapped onto phylogenetic trees, independent contrasts showed no significant consistent directional changes at nodes below which there were evolutionary changes in scale. Further, contrasts were no greater at these nodes than at neutral nodes. This suggests that correlations with the scale can be attributed largely to species' phylogenetic relationships. This could be due in turn to a structural linkage of social traits based on adaptation to similar ecological conditions in the distant past, or simply to unlinked phylogenetic closeness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna N Balasubramaniam
- Graduate Program in Ecology Evolution & Behavior, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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Balasubramaniam K, Dittmar K, Berman C, Butovskaya M, Cooper M, Majolo B, Ogawa H, Schino G, Thierry B, de Waal F. Hierarchical steepness and phylogenetic models: phylogenetic signals in Macaca. Anim Behav 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Fiske AP. Metarelational models: Configurations of social relationships. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Page Fiske
- Department of Anthropology; University of California; Los Angeles; USA
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Balasubramaniam K, Berman C, Ogawa H, Li J. Using biological markets principles to examine patterns of grooming exchange in Macaca thibetana. Am J Primatol 2011; 73:1269-79. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Li D, Ren B, Grueter CC, Li B, Li M. Nocturnal sleeping habits of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey in Xiangguqing, China. Am J Primatol 2010; 72:1092-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Kümmerli R, Martin RD. Patterns of infant handling and relatedness in Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) on Gibraltar. Primates 2008; 49:271-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s10329-008-0100-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 08/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Berman CM, Ionica CS, Dorner M, Li J. Postconflict Affiliation Between Former Opponents in Macaca thibetana on Mt. Huangshan, China. INT J PRIMATOL 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-006-9039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Cooper MA, Bernstein IS. Counter aggression and reconciliation in Assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis). Am J Primatol 2002; 56:215-30. [PMID: 11948638 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.1076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Patterns of aggressive and affiliative behavior, such as counter aggression and reconciliation, are said to covary in the genus Macaca; this is referred to as the systematic variation hypothesis. These behavior patterns constitute a species dominance style. Van Schaik's [1989] socioecological model explains dominance style in macaques in terms of within- and between-group contest competition. Dominance style is also said to correlate with phylogeny in macaques. The present study was undertaken to examine phylogenetic and socioecological explanations of dominance style, as well as the systematic variation hypothesis. We collected data on counter aggression and reconciliation from a habituated group of Assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis) at the Tukeswari Temple in Assam, India. The proportion of agonistic episodes that involved counter aggression was relatively low. Counter aggression, however, occurred more often among males than among females, and it was most common when females initiated aggression against males. The conciliatory tendency for this group of Assamese macaques was 11.2%. The frequency of reconciliation was low for fights among males and for fights among females, but reconciliation was particularly rare for opposite-sexed opponents. Female social relationships were consistent with the systematic variation hypothesis, and suggest a despotic dominance style. A despotic dominance style in Assamese macaques weakens the correlation between dominance style and phylogeny in macaques, but it is not inconsistent with the socioecological model. Male-female relationships were not well explained by the despotic-egalitarian framework, and males may well have more tolerant social relationships than do females. Sex differences need to be considered when categorizing species according to dominance style.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Cooper
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
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The Control of Zoo Populations with Special Reference to Primates. Anim Welf 1998. [DOI: 10.1017/s0962728600020704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AbstractModern zoos are increasingly successful in maintaining and breeding exotic species. Many of the animals bred in captivity cannot be housed in their natal zoo nor in other recognized zoos in the region. These ‘surplus ‘ animals create a problem as zoos only have limited space at their disposal. The options open in this situation are to avoid the problem by preventing the animals from breeding (sterilization or contraception) or to dispose of the surplus animals (euthanasia; or transfer either to institutions not recognized by any national zoo federation or to a zoo outside the region, possibly using the services of an animal dealer). The pros and cons of all these options are evaluated in terms of practicality, welfare and ethics. In many cases, the judicious use of a combination of contraception and euthanasia would seem the most acceptable choice from an animal welfare point of view. Nevertheless, it is believed that considerably more research is needed into the methods and welfare aspects of contraception and sterilization.
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