1
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Charoo NA, Akanji O, Rahman Z, Khan AA, Badshah A. Risk-Based Approach for Defining Retest Dates for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Excipients. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:903. [PMID: 39065753 PMCID: PMC11280389 DOI: 10.3390/ph17070903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Drug substances and excipients must be stored in recommended storage conditions and should comply with their specifications during the retest period for their use in the manufacture of drug products. The ICH (International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use) and WHO (World Health Organization) regulatory guidelines mandate that after the retest period, the drug substances must be retested for compliance with the specification and then used immediately in the manufacture of the finished product. Although these substances can be retested multiple times, an emphasis is placed on immediate use following a retest and compliance with standards. The phrase "used immediately" is ambiguous and is left for interpretation. In this article, we will look at the various processes that must be completed to determine the retest date. In addition, we present a risk-based method for establishing retest dates and the time during which material can be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naseem A. Charoo
- Aramed, 216, Laboratory Complex, Dubai Science Park, Dubai P.O. Box 478861, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Omotayo Akanji
- Katchey Laboratories, 26, Adeniyi, Adeniyi Jones Ave, Ogba, Ikeja 101233, Nigeria;
| | - Ziyaur Rahman
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Aqeel A. Khan
- Adcan Pharma LLC, ICAD, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 9824, United Arab Emirates; (A.A.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Aqal Badshah
- Adcan Pharma LLC, ICAD, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 9824, United Arab Emirates; (A.A.K.); (A.B.)
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2
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Wei Y, Pence IJ, Wiatrowski A, Slade JB, Evans CL. Quantitative analysis of drug tablet aging by fast hyper-spectral stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. Analyst 2024; 149:1436-1446. [PMID: 38050860 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01527k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical development of solid-state formulations requires testing active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) and excipients for uniformity and stability. Solid-state properties such as component distribution and grain size are crucial factors that influence the dissolution profile, which greatly affect drug efficacy and toxicity, and can only be analyzed spatially by chemical imaging (CI) techniques. Current CI techniques such as near infrared microscopy and confocal Raman spectroscopy are capable of high chemical and spatial resolution but cannot achieve the measurement speeds necessary for integration into the pharmaceutical production and quality assurance processes. To fill this gap, we demonstrate fast chemical imaging by epi-detected sparse spectral sampling stimulated Raman scattering to quantify API and excipient degradation and distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Wei
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 260 Longwood Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Isaac J Pence
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
| | - Anna Wiatrowski
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
| | - Julia B Slade
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
| | - Conor L Evans
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
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Figuera-Figuera A, Suñé-Pou M, Pérez-Lozano P, García-Montoya E, Amela-Navarro J, Suñé-Negre JM. SeDeM as a Tool to Validate Drug Substance Manufacturing Processes and Assess Scalability and Suitability for Direct Compression: Supplier Screening. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2034. [PMID: 37631248 PMCID: PMC10457849 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
During the development of an oral solid form of a drug substance, a thorough understanding of the critical material attributes is necessary, as the physical properties of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) can profoundly influence the drug product's manufacturability, critical quality attributes, and bioavailability. The objective of this study was to validate the manufacturing process of the drug Linezolid from three different sources at both the pilot and industrial scale and to identify differences in critical material attributes between the API manufacturers. Furthermore, the scalability factor between the pilot and industrial scale and the suitability of a process for direct compression were also evaluated. In the present study, the different sources of API were characterized by SeDeM methodology, particle size distribution, and scanning electron microscopy determinations. The statistical analysis revealed that no statistically significant differences were found for any of the parameters under study for the same API source analyzed on both scales. On the other hand, for most of the parameters evaluated, statistical differences were observed between the different sources. It was concluded that SeDeM was able to successfully validate the API manufacturing process, assess scalability, and distinguish between sources. Therefore, it could be highly valuable in the formulation phase to select the best API source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Figuera-Figuera
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Physico-Chemical Department, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.F.-F.); (P.P.-L.); (E.G.-M.); (J.A.-N.); (J.M.S.-N.)
| | - Marc Suñé-Pou
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Physico-Chemical Department, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.F.-F.); (P.P.-L.); (E.G.-M.); (J.A.-N.); (J.M.S.-N.)
- IDIBELL-UB Research Group, Pharmacotherapy, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Avinguda Granvia, 199-203, 08908 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Pilar Pérez-Lozano
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Physico-Chemical Department, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.F.-F.); (P.P.-L.); (E.G.-M.); (J.A.-N.); (J.M.S.-N.)
- IDIBELL-UB Research Group, Pharmacotherapy, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Avinguda Granvia, 199-203, 08908 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Encarna García-Montoya
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Physico-Chemical Department, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.F.-F.); (P.P.-L.); (E.G.-M.); (J.A.-N.); (J.M.S.-N.)
- IDIBELL-UB Research Group, Pharmacotherapy, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Avinguda Granvia, 199-203, 08908 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Joaquim Amela-Navarro
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Physico-Chemical Department, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.F.-F.); (P.P.-L.); (E.G.-M.); (J.A.-N.); (J.M.S.-N.)
| | - Josep M. Suñé-Negre
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Physico-Chemical Department, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.F.-F.); (P.P.-L.); (E.G.-M.); (J.A.-N.); (J.M.S.-N.)
- IDIBELL-UB Research Group, Pharmacotherapy, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Avinguda Granvia, 199-203, 08908 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
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4
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Ozon EA, Iuga IDM, Mititelu M, Musuc AM, Manolescu BN, Petrescu S, Cusu JP, Rusu A, Surdu VA, Oprea E, Neacșu SM, Karampelas O, Elian V. Pharmacotechnical, Physico-Chemical, and Antioxidant Evaluation of Newly Developed Capsule Formulations. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11426. [PMID: 37511185 PMCID: PMC10379583 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The excess of free radicals causes numerous imbalances in the body that lead to premature aging, the degradation of internal structures, and the appearance of numerous pathologies responsible for the increased risk of premature death. The present work aims to evaluate the physical, chemical, pharmacotechnical, and antioxidant activity of newly achieved capsule formulations. These two formulations were F1a.i., which contains melatonin:biotin:coenzyme Q10 (weight ratio of 1:2:60), and F2a.i., which contains quercetin:resveratrol:biotin:coenzyme Q10 (weight ratio of 10:10:1:10). The adequate selection of the excipient types and amounts for final capsule formulations (F1c.c., F2c.c.) was based on preformulation studies performed on the powders containing active ingredients. The antioxidant activity assessed using three methods (ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP) compared with acid ascorbic as a positive control demonstrated that the F2c.c. formulation possesses the strongest antioxidant capacity. The results confirmed the suitable formulation and the accurate selection of the types and amounts of active ingredients, as well as the auxiliary excipients used in newly developed capsule formulations as supplements with an excellent antioxidant effect on the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Adriana Ozon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020945 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Izabela Dana Maria Iuga
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Food Safety, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020945 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Magdalena Mititelu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Food Safety, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020945 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adina Magdalena Musuc
- "Ilie Murgulescu" Institute of Physical Chemistry, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Bogdan Nicolae Manolescu
- "C. Nenitescu" Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Science of Materials, University "Politehnica" of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Simona Petrescu
- "Ilie Murgulescu" Institute of Physical Chemistry, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Jeanina Pandele Cusu
- "Ilie Murgulescu" Institute of Physical Chemistry, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adriana Rusu
- "Ilie Murgulescu" Institute of Physical Chemistry, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Vasile-Adrian Surdu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University "Politehnica" of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Eliza Oprea
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 1-3 Portocalilor Way, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Oana Karampelas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020945 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Viviana Elian
- Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, INDNBM N.C. Paulescu, 5-7 Ion Movila Street, 030167 Bucharest, Romania
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Kim JY, Choi DH. Control Strategy for Excipient Variability in the Quality by Design Approach Using Statistical Analysis and Predictive Model: Effect of Microcrystalline Cellulose Variability on Design Space. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2416. [PMID: 36365234 PMCID: PMC9696966 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Although various quality by design (QbD) approaches have been used to establish a design space to obtain robust drug formulation and process parameters, the effect of excipient variability on the design space and drug product quality is unclear. In this study, the effect of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) variability on drug product quality was examined using a design space for immediate-release tablets of amlodipine besylate. MCC variability was assessed by altering the manufacturer and grade. The formulation was developed by employing the QbD approach, which was optimized using a D-optimal mixture design. Using 36 different MCCs, the effect of MCC variability on the design space was assessed. The design space was shifted by different manufacturers and grades of MCC, which resulted in associations between the physicochemical properties of MCC and critical quality attributes (CQAs). The correlation between the physicochemical properties of MCCs and CQAs was assessed through a statistical analysis. A predictive model correlating the physicochemical properties of MCCs with dissolution was established using an artificial neural network (ANN). The ANN model accurately predicted dissolution with low absolute and relative errors. The present study described a comprehensive QbD approach, statistical analysis, and ANN to comprehend and manage the effect of excipient variability on the design space.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Du Hyung Choi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae-si 621-749, Gyeongnam, Korea
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Measuring Bismuth Oxide Particle Size and Morphology in Film-Coated Tablets. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27082602. [PMID: 35458800 PMCID: PMC9030178 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The assessment of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) particle size and morphology is of great importance for the pharmaceutical industry since it is expected to significantly affect physicochemical properties. However, very few methods are published for the determination of API morphology and particle size of film-coated (FC) tablets. In the current study we provide a methodology for the measurement of API particle size and morphology which could be applied in several final products. Bismuth Oxide 120 mg FC Tabs were used for our method development, which contain bismuth oxide (as tripotassium dicitratobismuthate (bismuth subcitrate)) as the active substance. The sample preparation consists of partial excipient dissolution in different solvents. Following this procedure, the API particles were successfully extracted from the granules. Particle size and morphology identification in Bismuth Oxide 120 mg FC Tabs was conducted using micro-Raman mapping spectroscopy and ImageJ software. The proposed methodology was repeated for the raw API material and against a reference listed drug (RLD) for comparative purposes. The API particle size was found to have decreased compared to the raw API, while the API morphology was also affected from the formulation manufacturing process. Comparison with the RLD product also revealed differences, mainly in the API particle size and secondarily in the crystal morphology.
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Performance Evaluation of a Novel Biosourced Co-Processed Excipient in Direct Compression and Drug Release. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13060988. [PMID: 33807048 PMCID: PMC8004800 DOI: 10.3390/polym13060988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study exposes the potential usefulness of a new co-processed excipient, composed of alginic acid and microcrystalline cellulose (Cop AA-MCC), for the preparation of immediate drug release tablets by direct compression. Evaluation of the physical and mechanical properties as well as the disintegration behavior of Cop AA-MCC in comparison to commercial co-processed excipients (Cellactose®, Ludipress®, Prosolv® SMCC HD90 and Prosolv® ODT) and to the physical mixture of the native excipients (MCC and AA), was carried out. The obtained results illustrate the good performance of Cop AA-MCC in terms of powder flowability, tablet tensile strength, compressibility, and disintegration time. Although, this new co-processed excipient showed a slightly high lubricant sensitivity, which was explained by its more plastic than fragmentary deformation behavior, it presented a low lubricant requirement due to the remarkably low ejection force observed during compression. Compression speed and dwell time seemed not to affect significantly the tabletability of Cop AA-MCC. The study exposed evenly the performance of Cop AA-MCC compared to Prosolv® ODT, in terms of tabletability and dissolution rate of Melatonin. Cop AA-MCC presented comparable hardness, lower dilution potential, higher lubricant sensitivity, lower ejection force, and faster Melatonin's release time than Prosolv® ODT. In summary, Cop AA-MCC exhibited interesting physical, mechanical, and biopharmaceutical properties, which demonstrate its concurrence to commercially available co-processed excipients. Furthermore, the simplicity of its composition and the scalability of its elaboration makes this multifunctional excipient highly recommended for direct compression.
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Implementing Feedback Granule Size Control in a Continuous Dry Granulation Line Using Controlled Impeller Speed of the Granulation Unit, Compaction Force and Gap Width. J Pharm Innov 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-020-09524-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
In continuous manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, dry granulation is of interest because of its large throughput capacity and energy efficiency. In order to manufacture solid oral dosage forms continuously, valid control strategies for critical quality attributes should be established. To this date, there are no published control strategies for granule size distribution in continuous dry granulation.
Methods
In-line laser diffraction was used to determine the size of granules in a continuous roll compaction/dry granulation line (QbCon® dry). Different process parameters were evaluated regarding their influences on granule size. The identified critical process parameters were then incorporated into control strategies. The uncontrolled and the controlled processes were compared based on the resulting granule size. In both processes, a process parameter was changed to induce a shift in median particle size and the controller had to counteract this shift.
Results
In principle, all process parameters that affect the median particle size could also be used to control the particle size in a dry granulation process. The sieve impeller speed was found to be well suited to control the median particle size as it reacts fast and can be controlled independently of the throughput or material.
Conclusion
The median particle size in continuous roll compaction can be controlled by adjusting process parameters depending on real-time granule size measurements. The method has to be validated and explored further to identify critical requirements to the material and environmental conditions.
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De-risking excipient particle size distribution variability with automated robust mixing: Integrating quality by design and process analytical technology. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 157:9-24. [PMID: 33022392 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Particle size distribution (PSD) variability in excipients affects mixing. In response, manufacturers rely on raw material control and rigidly defined process parameters to achieve quality. However, this status quo is costly; and diverges from regulatory exceptions for process robustness. Although robustness improves cost and material usage efficiency, it remains under-adopted. METHOD To address this gap, a robust batch mixing operation that mitigated the impact of PSD variability was evaluated, with blends comprising chlorpheniramine, microcrystalline cellulose and lactose. PSD of lactose was varied to simulate commercially-relevant variability. Due to PSD-induced rheological variations, the blends had different optimal mixing speeds. For the automation study, near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy; process optimization and endpoint detection algorithms; and control hardware were integrated within a cluster of software environments. NIR spectroscopy was employed for in-line PSD characterization and blend monitoring, to modulate mixing speed and detect endpoint (feedforward and feedback control). RESULTS NIR spectroscopy rapidly detected PSD variations by the 6th-9th rotations, to activate feedforward control, which mitigated the effect of PSD variability and reduced the mixing time by 13-34%. Endpoints were correctly detected. PSD variations and blend homogeneity were accurately predicted (relative standard error of prediction ≤ 2%). CONCLUSION The automated robust mixing operation was successful. Pertinently, NIR spectrometer can be adopted for multimodal sensing. Its applicability for production-driven characterization of raw materials in batch and continuous pharmaceutical processing should be further explored. Lastly, this study laid the groundwork for end-to-end implementation of process analytical technology in robust batch processing.
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Development and Evaluation of an In-line and On-line Monitoring System for Granule Size Distributions in Continuous Roll Compaction/Dry Granulation Based on Laser Diffraction. J Pharm Innov 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-020-09443-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Roll compaction/dry granulation is established in manufacturing of solid oral dosage forms and, within the context of continuous manufacturing, it has sparked interest as material is fed, processed, and ejected continuously while also providing large possible throughputs. However, this amount of material has to be adequately controlled in real time to assure quality.
Methods
This research aimed at monitoring the critical quality attribute granule size distribution in continuous roll compaction/dry granulation (QbCon®; L.B. Bohle, Ennigerloh, Germany) using in-line and on-line laser diffraction. The influence of varying process parameters and excipient formulations was studied and evaluated with the prospect of using this technique to develop control loops. For this purpose, residence time parameters were assessed. In- and on-line data was compared with off-line laser diffraction and dynamic image analysis data.
Results
The system successfully monitored the granule size distribution in a variety of process parameters and throughputs (up to 27.5 kg/h). It was sensitive to changes in process parameters and changes in material blends, which could pose a potential threat to the final drug products’ quality. Average event propagation time from the compaction zone to the laser diffraction system of 17.7 s demonstrates the systems’ fast reaction time.
Conclusion
Results highlight laser diffraction as a valuable method of in- and on-line size determination and allow for the development of a control strategy using this principle.
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Flow and Tableting Behaviors of Some Egyptian Kaolin Powders as Potential Pharmaceutical Excipients. MINERALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/min10010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The present work aimed at assessing the pharmaceutical tableting properties of some Egyptian kaolin samples belong to the Abu Zenima kaolin deposits (estimated at 120 million tons). Four representative samples were selected based on kaolinite richness and their structural order-disorder degree, and after purification, they were dried at 70 °C and heated from room temperature up to 400 °C (10 °C/min). Mineralogy, micromorphology, microtexture, granulometry, porosimetry, moisture content, bulk and tapped density, direct and indirect flowability, and tableting characteristics are studied. Results indicated that purified kaolin samples were made up of 95–99% kaolinite, <3% illite, 1% quartz and 1% anatase. The powder showed mesoporous character (pore diameters from 2 to 38 nm and total pore volume from 0.064 to 0.136 cm3/g) with dominance of fine nanosized particles (<1 μm–10 nm). The powder flow characteristics of both the ordered (Hinckley Index HI > 0.7, crystallite size D001 > 30 nm) and disordered (HI < 0.7, D001 < 30 nm) kaolinite-rich samples have been improved (Hausner ratio between 1.24 and 1.09) as their densities were influenced by thermal treatment (with some observed changes in the kaolinite XRD reflection profiles) and by moisture content (variable between 2.98% and 5.82%). The obtained tablets exhibited hardness between 33 and 44 N only from the dehydrated powders at 400 °C, with elastic recovery (ER) between 21.74% and 25.61%, ejection stress (ES) between 7.85 and 11.45 MPa and tensile fracture stress (TFS) between 1.85 and 2.32 MPa, which are strongly correlated with crystallinity (HI) and flowability (HR) parameters. These findings on quality indicators showed the promising pharmaceutical tabletability of the studied Egyptian kaolin powders and the optimization factors for their manufacturability and compactability.
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Szabó E, Démuth B, Galata DL, Vass P, Hirsch E, Csontos I, Marosi G, Nagy ZK. Continuous Formulation Approaches of Amorphous Solid Dispersions: Significance of Powder Flow Properties and Feeding Performance. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E654. [PMID: 31817454 PMCID: PMC6955740 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11120654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Preparation and formulation of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) are becoming more and more popular in the pharmaceutical field because the dissolution of poorly water-soluble drugs can be effectively improved this way, which can lead to increased bioavailability in many cases. During downstream processing of ASDs, technologists need to keep in mind both traditional challenges and the newest trends. In the last decade, the pharmaceutical industry began to display considerable interest in continuous processing, which can be explained with their potential advantages such as smaller footprint, easier scale-up, and more consistent product, better quality and quality assurance. Continuous downstream processing of drug-loaded ASDs opens new ways for automatic operation. Therefore, the formulation of poorly water-soluble drugs may be more effective and safe. However, developments can be challenging due to the poor flowability and feeding properties of ASDs. Consequently, this review pays special attention to these characteristics since the feeding of the components greatly influences the content uniformity in the final dosage form. The main purpose of this paper is to summarize the most important steps of the possible ASD-based continuous downstream processes in order to give a clear overview of current course lines and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zsombor K. Nagy
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME), Műegyetem rakpart 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary; (E.S.); (B.D.); (D.L.G.); (P.V.); (E.H.); (I.C.); (G.M.)
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13
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de Andrade DF, Vukosavljevic B, Hoppe JB, Pohlmann AR, Guterres SS, Windbergs M, Külkamp-Guerreiro I, Salbego CG, Beck RCR. Redispersible Spray-Dried Powder Containing Nanoencapsulated Curcumin: the Drying Process Does Not Affect Neuroprotection In vitro. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:283. [PMID: 31407115 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1501-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A redispersible spray-dried formulation containing curcumin-loaded, lipid-core nanocapsules (LNC-C) was developed for oral administration. The neuroprotective activity of curcumin after the spray-drying process was evaluated in vitro. The spray-dried powder (SD-LNC-C) was produced using a drying adjuvant composed of a blend of maltodextrin and L-leucine (90:10 w/w). Acceptable process yield (~ 70%) and drug content (6.5 ± 0.2 mg g-1) were obtained. SD-LNC-C was formed by smooth, spherical-shaped particles, and confocal Raman analysis indicated the distribution of the LNC-C on the surface of the leucine/maltodextrin agglomerates. The surface of the agglomerates was formed by a combination of LNC-C and adjuvants, and laser diffraction showed that SD-LNC-C had adequate aqueous redispersion, with no loss of controlled drug release behaviour of LNC-C. The in vitro curcumin activity against the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced proinflammatory response in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures was evaluated. Both formulations (LNC-C and SD-LNC-C) reduced TNF-α to similar levels. Therefore, neuroprotection of curcumin in vitro may be improved by nanoencapsulation followed by spray-drying, with no loss of this superior performance. Hence, the redispersible spray-dried powder proposed here represents a suitable approach for the development of innovative nanomedicines containing curcumin for the prevention/treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Near infrared spectroscopy for rapid and in-line detection of particle size distribution variability in lactose during mixing. Int J Pharm 2019; 566:454-462. [PMID: 31170478 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Particle size distribution (PSD) variability in excipients may cause unacceptable prolongation of mixing time needed to achieve blend homogeneity. Therefore, it is vital to modulate mixing through real-time monitoring of PSD variability. Notwithstanding the criticality of PSD variability, real-time measurement of PSD during mixing is relatively unexplored; and this is the focus of the present study. The model excipient was commercial grade lactose with modified PSD that conformed to the manufacturer's specifications. It was mixed with microcrystalline cellulose and chlorpheniramine in a double-cone blender. High and low dose blends were prepared and near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to collect spectral data, during mixing, for chemometric modelling of PSD. Four modelling approaches based on partial least squares regression (PLSR) were applied. The models were highly interpretable and rapidly measured PSD near the beginning of mixing (5th to 6th rotation), with accuracy (relative standard error of prediction <5.0%, r2 ≈ 1.00, slope ≈ 1.00). Therefore, NIR chemometric modelling is a viable strategy to detect variability in PSD of excipients during blending and could enable real-time control of mixing. Most significantly, this strategy is potentially transferable to the monitoring and controlling of batch and continuous processes, where PSD is either a source of process variability or a critical quality attribute.
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15
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Lee WB, Widjaja E, Heng PWS, Chan LW. Investigating the effect and mechanism of particle size distribution variability on mixing using avalanche testing and multivariate modelling. Int J Pharm 2019; 563:9-20. [PMID: 30904727 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Particle size distribution (PSD) variability in excipients is widely thought to affect the mixing process and the achievement of blend homogeneity. Yet, few studies have addressed this issue by attempting to ascertain the relationship and elucidate its mechanism. To address this, the model material, lactose, was modified to reflect commercially relevant PSD variations and mixed with microcrystalline cellulose and chlorpheniramine in a double-cone blender. Multivariate modelling and avalanche testing were applied to elucidate the relationship and mechanism. PSD variability can cause significant change in mixing time, by 8 times and 3 times (p ≈ 0.00) for high and low dose drug formulations, respectively. Achievement of blend homogeneity depended on the dispersive mixing mechanism (r2 = 0.99). Dispersive mixing was adversely affected by powder cohesiveness and powder dilation, which increased as the proportion of fine particles in lactose powder increased. This study yielded three conclusions. Firstly, PSD variability in pharmaceutical grade excipients can cause unacceptable prolongation in mixing time. Secondly, the impact of PSD variability on continuous mixing and other batch mixing of various scales, requires investigation. Lastly, the current findings can contribute to the development of robust mixing operations in the form of offline pre-emptive measures and inline process control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wee Beng Lee
- GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Effendi Widjaja
- MSD International GmbH, 50 Tuas West Drive, Singapore 638408, Singapore
| | - Paul Wan Sia Heng
- GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Lai Wah Chan
- GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
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16
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Sahputra IH, Alexiadis A, Adams MJ. Effects of Moisture on the Mechanical Properties of Microcrystalline Cellulose and the Mobility of the Water Molecules as Studied by the Hybrid Molecular Mechanics-Molecular Dynamics Simulation Method. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Iwan H. Sahputra
- School of Chemical Engineering; University of Birmingham; Birmingham United Kingdom
| | - Alessio Alexiadis
- School of Chemical Engineering; University of Birmingham; Birmingham United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Adams
- School of Chemical Engineering; University of Birmingham; Birmingham United Kingdom
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17
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Pachuau L, Dutta RS, Hauzel L, Devi TB, Deka D. Evaluation of novel microcrystalline cellulose from Ensete glaucum (Roxb.) Cheesman biomass as sustainable drug delivery biomaterial. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 206:336-343. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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Maver U, Milojević M, Štos J, Adrenšek S, Planinšek O. Matrix Tablets for Controlled Release of Drugs Incorporated Using Capillary Absorption. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:91. [PMID: 30684053 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1303-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cost and time effectiveness make direct tableting still the favored method for tablet production. Among its most noticeable limitations in application is the non-uniformity (and/or inhomogeneities) in the contents of the resulting tablets, possibly leading to inconsistencies in required tablet properties. The efficiency of direct tableting is mostly affected by surface properties of the components to be tableted, which govern the final tablet mechanical and chemical properties and can influence the liquid capillary rise that the tablets exhibit after ingestion. By using capillary rise as a driving force, we developed a simple, yet powerful procedure for filling blank tablets with a repeatable drug amount. Blank tablets were prepared by direct compression of the excipient and filled with an organic solution of hydrochlorothiazide. Tablets were characterized regarding their structure and morphology, while their applicability was monitored using in vitro drug release studies. By utilizing the mentioned filling of blank tablets, we were able to incorporate the desired dose of the drug inside while maintaining the tablets initial mechanical properties. Moreover, most of the drug was incorporated in the tablet pores and the rest was homogeneously distributed over the tablet surface in the form of small particles, by which we also eliminated content non-uniformity (homogenous drug distribution through the tablet). To sum up, we not only developed a cheap, simple, and reproducible variation of direct tableting, but were also able to eliminate some of its biggest disadvantages (e.g., segregation of components, leading to inhomogeneities in contents, and incompatibility between different base ingredients due to their different surface properties). All mentioned make the proposed approach highly interesting for future use, especially in potential therapy individualization.
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19
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Charoo NA. Critical Excipient Attributes Relevant to Solid Dosage Formulation Manufacturing. J Pharm Innov 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-019-09372-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Upadhyay PP, Pudasaini N, Mishra MK, Ramamurty U, Rantanen J. Early assessment of bulk powder processability as a part of solid form screening. Chem Eng Res Des 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2018.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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21
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Sahputra IH, Alexiadis A, Adams MJ. Temperature and configurational effects on the Young’s modulus of poly (methyl methacrylate): a molecular dynamics study comparing the DREIDING, AMBER and OPLS force fields. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2018.1450983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iwan H. Sahputra
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alessio Alexiadis
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Michael J. Adams
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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22
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Stauffer F, Vanhoorne V, Pilcer G, Chavez PF, Rome S, Schubert MA, Aerts L, De Beer T. Raw material variability of an active pharmaceutical ingredient and its relevance for processability in secondary continuous pharmaceutical manufacturing. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 127:92-103. [PMID: 29452241 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) raw material variability is not always thoroughly considered during pharmaceutical process development, mainly due to low quantities of drug substance available. However, synthesis, crystallization routes and production sites evolve during product development and product life cycle leading to changes in physical material attributes which can potentially affect their processability. Recent literature highlights the need for a global approach to understand the link between material synthesis, material variability, process and product quality. The study described in this article aims at explaining the raw material variability of an API using extensive material characterization on a restricted number of representative batches using multivariate data analysis. It is part of a larger investigation trying to link the API drug substance manufacturing process, the resulting physical API raw material attributes and the drug product continuous manufacturing process. Eight API batches produced using different synthetic routes, crystallization, drying, delumping processes and processing equipment were characterized, extensively. Seventeen properties from seven characterization techniques were retained for further analysis using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Three principal components (PCs) were sufficient to explain 92.9% of the API raw material variability. The first PC was related to crystal length, agglomerate size and fraction, flowability and electrostatic charging. The second PC was driven by the span of the particle size distribution and the agglomerates strength. The third PC was related to surface energy. Additionally, the PCA allowed to summarize the API batch-to-batch variability in only three PCs which can be used in future drug product development studies to quantitatively evaluate the impact of the API raw material variability upon the drug product process. The approach described in this article could be applied to any other compound which is prone to batch-to-batch variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Stauffer
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - V Vanhoorne
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - G Pilcer
- Drug Delivery Design and Development, UCB, Braine l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - P-F Chavez
- Drug Delivery Design and Development, UCB, Braine l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - S Rome
- Analytical Sciences for Pharmaceuticals, UCB, Braine l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - M A Schubert
- Drug Delivery Design and Development, UCB, Braine l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - L Aerts
- Analytical Sciences for Pharmaceuticals, UCB, Braine l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - T De Beer
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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23
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Rajani C, Kumar DD, Jaya D, Kumar JA. Effects of granule particle size and lubricant concentration on tablet hardness containing large concentration of polymers. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902017000300149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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24
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Global sensitivity, feasibility, and flexibility analysis of continuous pharmaceutical manufacturing processes. COMPUTER AIDED CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63963-9.00008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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25
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Worku ZA, Kumar D, Gomes JV, He Y, Glennon B, Ramisetty KA, Rasmuson ÅC, O’Connell P, Gallagher KH, Woods T, Shastri NR, Healy AM. Modelling and understanding powder flow properties and compactability of selected active pharmaceutical ingredients, excipients and physical mixtures from critical material properties. Int J Pharm 2017; 531:191-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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26
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Zarmpi P, Flanagan T, Meehan E, Mann J, Fotaki N. Biopharmaceutical aspects and implications of excipient variability in drug product performance. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 111:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Ferreira AP, Olusanmi D, Sprockel O, Abebe A, Nikfar F, Tobyn M. Use of similarity scoring in the development of oral solid dosage forms. Int J Pharm 2016; 514:335-340. [PMID: 26423176 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the oral solid dosage form space, material physical properties have a strong impact on the behaviour of the formulation during processing. The ability to identify materials with similar characteristics (and thus expected to exhibit similar behaviour) within the company's portfolio can help accelerate drug development by enabling early assessment and prediction of potential challenges associated with the powder properties of a new active pharmaceutical ingredient. Such developments will aid the production of robust dosage forms, in an efficient manner. Similarity scoring metrics are widely used in a number of scientific fields. This study proposes a practical implementation of this methodology within pharmaceutical development. The developed similarity metrics is based on the Mahalanobis distance. Scanning electron microscopy was used to confirm morphological similarity between the reference material and the closest matches identified by the metrics proposed. The results show that the metrics proposed are able to successfully identify material with similar physical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Ferreira
- Drug Product Science & Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Reeds Lane, Moreton, Wirral, CH46 1QW, UK.
| | - Dolapo Olusanmi
- Drug Product Science & Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick NJ08903, USA
| | - Omar Sprockel
- Drug Product Science & Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick NJ08903, USA
| | - Admassu Abebe
- Drug Product Science & Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick NJ08903, USA
| | - Faranak Nikfar
- Drug Product Science & Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick NJ08903, USA
| | - Mike Tobyn
- Drug Product Science & Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Reeds Lane, Moreton, Wirral, CH46 1QW, UK
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28
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Mehta R, Teckoe J, Schoener C, Workentine S, Ferrizzi D, Rajabi-Siahboomi A. Investigation into the Effect of Ethylcellulose Viscosity Variation on the Drug Release of Metoprolol Tartrate and Acetaminophen Extended Release Multiparticulates-Part I. AAPS PharmSciTech 2016; 17:1366-1375. [PMID: 26743642 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-015-0465-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethylcellulose is one of the most commonly used polymers to develop reservoir type extended release multiparticulate dosage forms. For multiparticulate extended release dosage forms, the drug release is typically governed by the properties of the barrier membrane coating. The ICH Pharmaceutical Development Guideline (ICH Q8) requires an understanding of the influence of critical material attributes and critical process parameters on the drug release of a pharmaceutical product. Using this understanding, it is possible to develop robust formulations with consistent drug release characteristics. Critical material attributes for ethylcellulose were evaluated, and polymer molecular weight variation (viscosity) was considered to be the most critical attribute that can impact drug release. To investigate the effect of viscosity variation within the manufacturer's specifications of ethylcellulose, extended release multiparticulate formulations of two model drugs, metoprolol tartrate and acetaminophen, were developed using ETHOCEL™ as the rate controlling polymer. Quality by Design (QbD) samples of ETHOCEL Std. 10, 20, and 100 Premium grades representing the low, medium, and high molecular weight (viscosity) material were organically coated onto drug layered multiparticulates to a 15% weight gain (WG). The drug release was found to be similar (f 2 > 50) for both metoprolol tartrate and acetaminophen multiparticulates at different coating weight gains of ethylcellulose, highlighting consistent and robust drug release performance. The use of ETHOCEL QbD samples also serves as a means to develop multiparticulate dosage formulations according to regulatory guidelines.
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29
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Schoener CA, Curtis-Fisk JL, Rogers TL, Tate MP. High throughput research and evaporation rate modeling for solvent screening for ethylcellulose barrier membranes in pharmaceutical applications. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2016; 42:1700-7. [PMID: 27095283 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2016.1171330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Ethylcellulose is commonly dissolved in a solvent or formed into an aqueous dispersion and sprayed onto various dosage forms to form a barrier membrane to provide controlled release in pharmaceutical formulations. Due to the variety of solvents utilized in the pharmaceutical industry and the importance solvent can play on film formation and film strength it is critical to understand how solvent can influence these parameters. OBJECTIVE To systematically study a variety of solvent blends and how these solvent blends influence ethylcellulose film formation, physical and mechanical film properties and solution properties such as clarity and viscosity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using high throughput capabilities and evaporation rate modeling, thirty-one different solvent blends composed of ethanol, isopropanol, acetone, methanol, and/or water were formulated, analyzed for viscosity and clarity, and narrowed down to four solvent blends. Brookfield viscosity, film casting, mechanical film testing and water permeation were also completed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION High throughput analysis identified isopropanol/water, ethanol, ethanol/water and methanol/acetone/water as solvent blends with unique clarity and viscosity values. Evaporation rate modeling further rank ordered these candidates from excellent to poor interaction with ethylcellulose. Isopropanol/water was identified as the most suitable solvent blend for ethylcellulose due to azeotrope formation during evaporation, which resulted in a solvent-rich phase allowing the ethylcellulose polymer chains to remain maximally extended during film formation. Consequently, the highest clarity and most ductile films were formed. CONCLUSION Employing high throughput capabilities paired with evaporation rate modeling allowed strong predictions between solvent interaction with ethylcellulose and mechanical film properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody A Schoener
- a Dow Pharma and Food Solutions, The Dow Chemical Company , Midland , MI , USA
| | | | - True L Rogers
- a Dow Pharma and Food Solutions, The Dow Chemical Company , Midland , MI , USA
| | - Michael P Tate
- b Formulation Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company , Midland , MI , USA
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30
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Ierapetritou M, Muzzio F, Reklaitis G. Perspectives on the continuous manufacturing of powder-based pharmaceutical processes. AIChE J 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.15210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marianthi Ierapetritou
- Dept. of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers; The State University of New Jersey; Piscataway NJ 08854-8058
| | - Fernando Muzzio
- Dept. of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers; The State University of New Jersey; Piscataway NJ 08854-8058
| | - Gintaras Reklaitis
- School of Chemical Engineering; Purdue University; 480 Stadium Mall Drive West Lafayette IN 47907-2100
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31
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Understanding the impact of microcrystalline cellulose physicochemical properties on tabletability. Int J Pharm 2015; 490:47-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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32
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Thoorens G, Krier F, Leclercq B, Carlin B, Evrard B. Microcrystalline cellulose, a direct compression binder in a quality by design environment—A review. Int J Pharm 2014; 473:64-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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33
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Fonteyne M, Wickström H, Peeters E, Vercruysse J, Ehlers H, Peters BH, Remon JP, Vervaet C, Ketolainen J, Sandler N, Rantanen J, Naelapää K, De Beer T. Influence of raw material properties upon critical quality attributes of continuously produced granules and tablets. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 87:252-63. [PMID: 24589422 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Continuous manufacturing gains more and more interest within the pharmaceutical industry. The International Conference of Harmonisation (ICH) states in its Q8 'Pharmaceutical Development' guideline that the manufacturer of pharmaceuticals should have an enhanced knowledge of the product performance over a range of raw material attributes, manufacturing process options and process parameters. This fits further into the Process Analytical Technology (PAT) and Quality by Design (QbD) framework. The present study evaluates the effect of variation in critical raw material properties on the critical quality attributes of granules and tablets, produced by a continuous from-powder-to-tablet wet granulation line. The granulation process parameters were kept constant to examine the differences in the end product quality caused by the variability of the raw materials properties only. Theophylline-Lactose-PVP (30-67.5-2.5%) was used as model formulation. Seven different grades of theophylline were granulated. Afterward, the obtained granules were tableted. Both the characteristics of granules and tablets were determined. The results show that differences in raw material properties both affect their processability and several critical quality attributes of the resulting granules and tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Fonteyne
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Henrika Wickström
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Elisabeth Peeters
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jurgen Vercruysse
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Henrik Ehlers
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Jean Paul Remon
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chris Vervaet
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Niklas Sandler
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Jukka Rantanen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kaisa Naelapää
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas De Beer
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Guadalupe Sánchez-González E, Yépez-Mulia L, Jesús Hernández-Abad V, Jung Cook H. The influence of polymorphism on the manufacturability andin vitrodissolution of sulindac-containing hard gelatin capsules. Pharm Dev Technol 2014; 20:306-13. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2013.862263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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35
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Iyer R, Hegde S, Zhang YE, Dinunzio J, Singhal D, Malick A, Amidon G. The impact of hot melt extrusion and spray drying on mechanical properties and tableting indices of materials used in pharmaceutical development. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:3604-13. [PMID: 23955277 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The impact of melt extrusion (HME) and spray drying (SD) on mechanical properties of hypromellose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), copovidone, and their formulated blends was studied and compared with that of reference excipients. Tensile strength (TS), compression pressure (CP), elastic modulus (E), and dynamic hardness (Hd ) were determined along with Hiestand indices using compacts prepared at a solid fraction of ∼0.85. HPMCAS and copovidone exhibited lower Hd , lower CP, and lower E than the reference excipients and moderate TS. HPMCAS was found to be highly brittle based on brittle fracture index values. The CP was 24% and 61% higher for HPMCAS after SD and HME, respectively, than for unprocessed material along with a higher Hd . Furthermore, the TS of HPMCAS and copovidone decreased upon HME. Upon blending melt-extruded HPMCAS with plastic materials such as microcrystalline cellulose, the TS increased. These results suggest that SD and HME could impact reworkability by reducing deformation of materials and in case of HME, likely by increasing density due to heating and shear stress in a screw extruder. A somewhat similar effect was observed for the dynamic binding index (BId ) of the excipients and formulated blends. Such data can be used to quantitate the impact of processing on mechanical properties of materials during tablet formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Iyer
- Pharmaceutical & Analytical R & D, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc, Nutley, New Jersey, 07110
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36
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Iyer RM, Hegde S, DiNunzio J, Singhal D, Malick W. The impact of roller compaction and tablet compression on physicomechanical properties of pharmaceutical excipients. Pharm Dev Technol 2013; 19:583-92. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2013.813541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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37
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De Kruif JK, Khoo J, Bravo R, Kuentz M. Novel Quality by Design Tools for Concentrated Drug Suspensions: Surface Energy Profiling and the Fractal Concept of Flocculation. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:994-1007. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Nalluri VR, Puchkov M, Kuentz M. Toward better understanding of powder avalanching and shear cell parameters of drug–excipient blends to design minimal weight variability into pharmaceutical capsules. Int J Pharm 2013; 442:49-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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39
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Igne B, Shi Z, Talwar S, Drennen JK, Anderson CA. Adaptive Design Space as an Integrated Component of Quality by Design. J Pharm Innov 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-012-9132-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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40
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Photometric imaging in particle size measurement and surface visualization. Int J Pharm 2011; 417:227-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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41
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Soppela I, Airaksinen S, Hatara J, Räikkönen H, Antikainen O, Yliruusi J, Sandler N. Rapid particle size measurement using 3D surface imaging. AAPS PharmSciTech 2011; 12:476-84. [PMID: 21479750 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-011-9607-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study introduces a new three-dimensional (3D) surface image analysis technique in which white light illumination from different incident angles is used to create 3D surfaces with a photometric approach. The three-dimensional features of the surface images created are then used in the characterization of particle size distributions of granules. This surface image analysis method is compared to sieve analysis and a particle sizing method based on spatial filtering technique with nearly 30 granule batches. The aim is also to evaluate the technique in flowability screening of granular materials. Overall, the new 3D imaging approach allows a rapid analysis of large amounts of sample and gives valuable visual information on the granule surfaces in terms of surface roughness and particle shape.
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Kushner J, Langdon BA, Hiller JI, Carlson GT. Examining the Impact of Excipient Material Property Variation on Drug Product Quality Attributes: A Quality-By-Design Study for a Roller Compacted, Immediate Release Tablet. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:2222-39. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Villanova JCO, Ayres E, Carvalho SM, Patrício PS, Pereira FV, Oréfice RL. Pharmaceutical acrylic beads obtained by suspension polymerization containing cellulose nanowhiskers as excipient for drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 42:406-15. [PMID: 21241802 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Direct compression is one of the most popular techniques to prepare tablets but only a few commercial excipients are well adapted for this process into controlled release formulations. In the last years, the introduction of new materials for drug delivery matrix tablets has become more important. This paper evaluated the physicochemical and flow properties of new polymeric excipient of ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate and butyl metacrylate, synthesized by suspension polymerization using cellulose nanowhiskers as co-stabilizer, to be used as direct compression for modified release tablets. Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the success of the copolymerization reaction. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that excipient was obtained how spherical beads. Thermal properties of the beads were characterized by thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. Particle size analysis of the beads with cellulose nanowhiskers (CNWB) indicated that the presence of the nanowhiskers led to a reduction of particle size and to a narrower size distribution. In vitro test showed that the nanowhiskers and beads produced are nontoxic. Parameters such as Hausner ratio, Carr's index and cotangent of angle α were employed to characterize the flow properties of CNWB beads. Furthermore, the beads are used to produce tablets by direct compression contained propranolol hydrochloride as model drug. Dissolution tests performed suggested that beads could be used as excipient in matrix tablets with a potential use in drug controlled release.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C O Villanova
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Faculdade de Engenharia, Departamento de Engenharia Metalúrgica e de Materiais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, sala 3551, Bloco 2, Pampulha, CEP: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Nalluri VR, Kuentz M. Advancing Pharmaceutical Dry Milling by Process Analytics and Robustness Testing. J Pharm Innov 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-010-9088-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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45
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Different modes of dynamic image analysis in monitoring of pharmaceutical dry milling process. Int J Pharm 2010; 391:107-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Perkins M, Bunker M, James J, Rigby-Singleton S, Ledru J, Madden-Smith C, Luk S, Patel N, Roberts C. Towards the understanding and prediction of material changes during micronisation using atomic force microscopy. Eur J Pharm Sci 2009; 38:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2009.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Revised: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Lionberger RA, Lee SL, Lee L, Raw A, Yu LX. Quality by design: concepts for ANDAs. AAPS JOURNAL 2008; 10:268-76. [PMID: 18465252 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-008-9026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 02/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Quality by design is an essential part of the modern approach to pharmaceutical quality. There is much confusion among pharmaceutical scientists in generic drug industry about the appropriate element and terminology of quality by design. This paper discusses quality by design for generic drugs and presents a summary of the key terminology. The elements of quality by design are examined and a consistent nomenclature for quality by design, critical quality attribute, critical process parameter, critical material attribute, and control strategy is proposed. Agreement on these key concepts will allow discussion of the application of these concepts to abbreviated new drug applications to progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Lionberger
- Food and Drug Administration, Office of Generic Drugs, 7519 Standish Place, Rockville, Maryland, 20855, USA
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