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Halliwell B, Watt F, Minqin R. Iron and atherosclerosis: Lessons learned from rabbits relevant to human disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 209:165-170. [PMID: 37852545 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.10.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The role of iron in promoting atherosclerosis, and hence the cardiovascular, neurodegenerative and other diseases that result from atherosclerosis, has been fiercely controversial. Many studies have been carried out on various rodent models of atherosclerosis, especially on apoE-knockout (apoE-/-) mice, which develop atherosclerosis more readily than normal mice. These apoE-/- mouse studies generally support a role for iron in atherosclerosis development, although there are conflicting results. The purpose of the current article is to describe studies on another animal model that is not genetically manipulated; New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits fed a high-cholesterol diet. This may be a better model than the apoE-/- mice for human atherosclerosis, although it has been given much less attention. Studies on NZW rabbits support the view that iron promotes atherosclerosis, although some uncertainties remain, which need to be resolved by further experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Halliwell
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Neurobiology Research Programme, National University of Singapore, Centre for Life Sciences, #05-01A, 28 Medical Drive, 117456, Singapore.
| | - Frank Watt
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Faculty of Science, 2 Science Drive 3, Blk S12, Level 2, 117551, Singapore.
| | - Ren Minqin
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Faculty of Science, 2 Science Drive 3, Blk S12, Level 2, 117551, Singapore.
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Li H, Zhao L, Wang T, James Kang Y. Dietary Cholesterol Supplements Disturb Copper Homeostasis in Multiple Organs in Rabbits: Aorta Copper Concentrations Negatively Correlate with the Severity of Atherosclerotic Lesions. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:164-171. [PMID: 33661473 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02618-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Dietary cholesterol causes atherosclerosis along with a reduction of copper concentrations in the atherosclerosis wall. This study was to determine the relationship between aorta copper concentrations and the severity of atherosclerotic lesions as well as copper homeostasis in multiple organs in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Male New Zealand white rabbits, 10-week-old and averaged 2.0 kg, were fed a diet containing 1% (w/w) cholesterol or the same diet without cholesterol as controls. Twelve weeks after the feeding, aortic atherosclerotic lesions, serum cholesterol, and multiple organ copper concentrations were measured. Compared to controls, rabbits fed cholesterol-supplemented diet displayed higher serum cholesterol levels and developed atherosclerosis. Copper concentrations in the cholesterol-fed rabbits were increased in the serum and kidney but decreased in the atherosclerosis wall and multiple organs, including heart, liver, spleen, and lung. Furthermore, aorta copper concentrations negatively correlated, respectively, with the severity of the atherosclerotic lesion (r = - 0.64, p = 0.01), the microscope atherosclerotic lesion area (r = - 0.60, p = 0.02), and the stenosis of the lumen (r = - 0.54, p = 0.04). Dietary cholesterol not only causes atherosclerosis but also disturbs copper homeostasis in multiple organ systems. The negative correlation between aorta copper concentrations and the severity of atherosclerotic lesions suggests a vicious cycle between copper reduction and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. These changes in copper homeostasis would be additive to atherosclerosis as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualin Li
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Lijun Zhao
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Y James Kang
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
- Memphis Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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Copper and lipid metabolism: A reciprocal relationship. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1865:129979. [PMID: 34364973 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.129979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Copper and lipid metabolism are intimately linked, sharing a complex, inverse relationship in the periphery (outside of the central nervous system), which remains to be fully elucidated. SCOPE Copper and lipids have independently been implicated in the pathogenesis of diseases involving dyslipidaemia, including obesity, cardiovascular disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and also in Wilson disease, an inherited disorder of copper overload. Here we review the relationship between copper and lipid regulatory pathways, which are potential druggable targets for therapeutic intervention. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS While the inverse relationship between copper and lipids is apparent, tissue-specific roles for the copper regulatory protein, ATP7B provide further insight into the association between copper and lipid metabolism. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Understanding the relationship between copper and lipid metabolism is important for identifying druggable targets for diseases with disrupted copper and/or lipid metabolism; and may reveal similar connections within the brain and in neurological diseases with impaired copper and lipid transport.
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Klevay LM. Cholesterotropic and cuprotropic chemicals. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:4057. [PMID: 32323867 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A dozen or so chemicals modify both cholesterol and copper metabolism. Ascorbic acid and cadmium, etc., inhibit copper metabolism and raise cholesterol. Calcium and clofibrate, etc., enhance copper and lower cholesterol. Perhaps the doses of dietary cholesterol and fructose in this experiment were too severe to permit fenofibrate to lower cholesterol in a manner similar to clofibrate. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie M Klevay
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie M Klevay
- University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences , Grand Forks, North Dakota
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Morrell A, Tallino S, Yu L, Burkhead JL. The role of insufficient copper in lipid synthesis and fatty-liver disease. IUBMB Life 2017; 69:263-270. [PMID: 28271632 PMCID: PMC5619695 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The essential transition metal copper is important in lipid metabolism, redox balance, iron mobilization, and many other critical processes in eukaryotic organisms. Genetic diseases where copper homeostasis is disrupted, including Menkes disease and Wilson disease, indicate the importance of copper balance to human health. The severe consequences of insufficient copper supply are illustrated by Menkes disease, caused by mutation in the X-linked ATP7A gene encoding a protein that transports copper from intestinal epithelia into the bloodstream and across the blood-brain barrier. Inadequate copper supply to the body due to poor diet quality or malabsorption can disrupt several molecular level pathways and processes. Though much of the copper distribution machinery has been described and consequences of disrupted copper handling have been characterized in human disease as well as animal models, physiological consequences of sub-optimal copper due to poor nutrition or malabsorption have not been extensively studied. Recent work indicates that insufficient copper may be important in a number of common diseases including obesity, ischemic heart disease, and metabolic syndrome. Specifically, marginal copper deficiency (CuD) has been reported as a potential etiologic factor in diseases characterized by disrupted lipid metabolism such as non-alcoholic fatty-liver disease (NAFLD). In this review, we discuss the available data suggesting that a significant portion of the North American population may consume insufficient copper, the potential mechanisms by which CuD may promote lipid biosynthesis, and the interaction between CuD and dietary fructose in the etiology of NAFLD. © 2016 IUBMB Life, 69(4):263-270, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Morrell
- University of Alaska Anchorage, Department of Biological Sciences Anchorage, Alaska
| | - Savannah Tallino
- University of Alaska Anchorage, Department of Biological Sciences Anchorage, Alaska
| | - Lei Yu
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jason L. Burkhead
- University of Alaska Anchorage, Department of Biological Sciences Anchorage, Alaska
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Hung YH, Bush AI, La Fontaine S. Links between copper and cholesterol in Alzheimer's disease. Front Physiol 2013; 4:111. [PMID: 23720634 PMCID: PMC3655288 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered copper homeostasis and hypercholesterolemia have been identified independently as risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Abnormal copper and cholesterol metabolism are implicated in the genesis of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), which are two key pathological signatures of AD. Amyloidogenic processing of a sub-population of amyloid precursor protein (APP) that produces Aβ occurs in cholesterol-rich lipid rafts in copper deficient AD brains. Co-localization of Aβ and a paradoxical high concentration of copper in lipid rafts fosters the formation of neurotoxic Aβ:copper complexes. These complexes can catalytically oxidize cholesterol to generate H2O2, oxysterols and other lipid peroxidation products that accumulate in brains of AD cases and transgenic mouse models. Tau, the core protein component of NFTs, is sensitive to interactions with copper and cholesterol, which trigger a cascade of hyperphosphorylation and aggregation preceding the generation of NFTs. Here we present an overview of copper and cholesterol metabolism in the brain, and how their integrated failure contributes to development of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Hui Hung
- Oxidation Biology Laboratory, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health Parkville, VIC, Australia ; Centre for Neuroscience Research, The University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Abstract
Copper has been known to be essential for health for more than three quarters of a century. Myriad experiments with animals reveal that the cardiovascular, musculoskeletal and nervous systems are most sensitive to deficiency. Copper in the Western diet has been decreasing at least since the 1930s; half of the adult population consumes less than the amount recommended in the European Communities and the United Kingdom. At least one fourth of adults consume less than the estimated average requirement published for the United States and Canada. Hundreds of people have been reported in journals about medicine and neurology rather than nutrition to have impaired copper nutriture based on the criteria of low copper concentrations and low activities of enzymes dependent on copper in various fluids and tissues. In contrast, only 46 people have participated in depletion/repletion experiments needed to define requirements. Almost 1000 people have benefited from supplements containing copper in controlled trials. People deficient in copper are being identified increasingly; it is unknown if unusually high requirements or unusually low diets are causal. Alzheimer's disease, ischemic heart disease and osteoporosis are the most likely human illnesses from low copper intakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie M Klevay
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58201, United States.
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Ong WY, Jenner AM, Pan N, Ong CN, Halliwell B. Elevated oxidative stress, iron accumulation around microvessels and increased 4-hydroxynonenal immunostaining in zone 1 of the liver acinus in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Free Radic Res 2009; 43:241-9. [DOI: 10.1080/10715760802691455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Chetty KN, Calahan L, Oliveriii R, Chetty SN. Cholesterol-induced alteration in liver mineral concentrations in corn oil and olive oil fed rats. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2006; 13:35-7. [PMID: 16183266 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2005.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2004] [Accepted: 07/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was undertaken to compare the effects of 1% cholesterol (Ch) on some liver mineral concentrations in rats fed with corn oil (C) or olive oil (O). Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 4 per group) were fed AIN76A semi-purified diets containing either 5% corn oil or 5% olive oil replacing corn oil with or without 1% cholesterol for 21 days. The analysis of minerals: Phosphorous (P), Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg), and Sulfur (S), of liver were conducted by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectroscopic method. In the C fed rats addition of 1% cholesterol produced significant increase in P concentrations but not K, Mg, and S concentrations. In contrast, in O fed rats, 1% Ch significantly decreased Mg and S concentrations. There was no significant change in K and P concentrations. In conclusion, this study describes the interactions between dietary oils and cholesterol on certain mineral concentrations in liver of rats. The results obtained may have clinical significance and nutritional significance in cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kothapa N Chetty
- Department of Biological Sciences, Campus Box 4211, Grambling State University, Grambling LA 71245, USA.
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de Wolf ID, Fielmich-Bouman XM, Lankhorst A, den Bieman M, van Oost BA, Beynen AC, van Zutphen BFM, van Lith HA. Cholesterol and copper in the liver of rabbit inbred strains with differences in dietary cholesterol response. J Nutr Biochem 2003; 14:459-65. [PMID: 12948876 DOI: 10.1016/s0955-2863(03)00059-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate whether cholesterol intake influences the hepatic copper content of rabbits, we compared the hepatic copper content of two rabbit inbred strains after feeding the animals a control or a cholesterol-rich diet. One strain was not reactive to dietary cholesterol (IIIVO/JU), whereas the other strain was reactive to dietary cholesterol (AX/JU). The coefficient of inbreeding (F) >0.95 for both strains. Dietary cholesterol-reactive rabbits when compared with their non-reactive counterparts had a higher hepatic copper content. The consumption of a hypercholesterolemic diet decreased liver copper concentration (expressed in micro g/g dry weight) in both strains of rabbits, which was (in part) due to dietary-induced hepatomegaly. A decrease in the absolute hepatic copper content was found only in the dietary cholesterol-reactive inbred strain. It is discussed that differences in glucocorticoid levels may be responsible for the strain difference in liver copper content. The cholesterol effect on the hepatic copper content in the reactive strain might be caused by an increased bilirubin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingeborg D de Wolf
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate School of Animal Health, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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de Wolf I, Fielmich-Bouman X, Lankhorst A, van Oost B, Beynen A, Kren V, Pravenec M, van Zutphen B, van Lith H. Liver copper content of rats hypo- or hyperresponsive to dietary cholesterol. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2003; 17:177-82. [PMID: 14968930 DOI: 10.1016/s0946-672x(03)80023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The question addressed is whether cholesterol intake reduces the hepatic copper content in rats. For this purpose we have compared the hepatic copper content of two selected rat inbred strains after feeding the animals a control or a high fat, high cholesterol diet. One strain was dietary cholesterol resistant (SHR/OlaIpcv), whereas the other strain was susceptible to dietary cholesterol (BN-Lx/Cub). Dietary cholesterol-susceptible rats have a lower baseline hepatic copper content when compared with their resistant counterparts. The consumption of a hypercholesterolemic diet decreased the liver copper concentration (expressed in microg/g dry weight) to about the same extent in both strains. However, dietary cholesterol did not reduce the absolute (expressed as microg/whole liver) and relative (expressed as microg/whole liver/100 g body weight) copper store of rats. The decrease of liver copper concentration after the high fat, high cholesterol diet is probably not caused by a decrease in whole hepatic copper content, but rather due to dietary-induced hepatomegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingeborg de Wolf
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate School of Animal Health, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Kritchevsky D, Tepper SA, Kuksis A, Wright S, Czarnecki SK. Cholesterol vehicle in experimental atherosclerosis. 22. Refined, bleached, deodorized (RBD) palm oil, randomized palm oil and red palm oil. Nutr Res 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(00)00166-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstracts of Communications. Proc Nutr Soc 1994. [DOI: 10.1079/pns19940076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Klevay LM. Ischemic heart disease as copper deficiency. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1989; 258:197-208. [PMID: 2697136 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-0537-8_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a complex process beginning early in life and often leading to death from ischemic heart disease in middle age. Hundreds of factors are said to contribute to this risk. More than 50 similarities between animals deficient in copper and people with ischemic heart disease have been identified. Some of the more important characteristics of this illness have been produced in experiments in which men and women were fed diets low in copper. Diets with similarly low amounts of copper are readily available to the population at large. More aspects of the anatomy, biochemistry, chemistry, epidemiology, pathogenesis and pathophysiology of ischemic heart disease can be explained by considering this illness to be a problem of copper deficiency than by considering any of several other explanations that have been offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Klevay
- USDA, ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, N.D
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