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Taggart MS, Tchir A, Van Dieren L, Chen H, Hassan M, Taveras C, Lellouch AG, Toner M, Sandlin RD, Uygun K. Parallelized Droplet Vitrification Enables Single-Run Vitrification of the Whole Rat Liver Hepatocyte Yield. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.14.603471. [PMID: 39071342 PMCID: PMC11275928 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.14.603471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Drug discovery pipelines rely on the availability of isolated primary hepatocytes for investigating potential hepatotoxicity prior to clinical application. These hepatocytes are typically isolated from livers rejected for transplantation and subsequently cryopreserved for later usage. The gold-standard cryopreservation technique, slow-freezing, is a labor-intensive process, with significant post-storage viability loss. In this work, we introduce parallelized droplet vitrification, a technique for high-volumetric, rapid vitrification of suspended cells. We show the utility of this technique through the single-run vitrification of the whole-rate liver hepatocyte yield, resulting in a 1600% increase in single-batch vitrification and a 500% increase in droplet generation rate compared to previous droplet vitrification approaches. Additionally, we showed that these implementations maintained improved post-preservation outcomes in primary rat hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Taggart
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Shriners Children's Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Tchir
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Shriners Children's Boston, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA
| | - L Van Dieren
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Shriners Children's Boston, Boston, MA, USA
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - H Chen
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Shriners Children's Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Hassan
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Shriners Children's Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Taveras
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Shriners Children's Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A G Lellouch
- Shriners Children's Boston, Boston, MA, USA
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- INSERM UMRS 1140 Innovation Thérapeutique en Hémostase, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - M Toner
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Shriners Children's Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R D Sandlin
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - K Uygun
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Shriners Children's Boston, Boston, MA, USA
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Andres S, Bartling B, Stiensmeier V, Starke A, Schmicke M. Comparative cryopreservation of bovine and porcine primary hepatocytes. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1211135. [PMID: 37614462 PMCID: PMC10442649 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1211135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The isolation of primary hepatocytes from liver tissue of farm animals yields a very high number of cells, and a part of them can be stored by cryopreservation for future experiments. As no experience exists with the cryopreservation of hepatocytes from cattle, our study aimed at the cryopreservation of bovine hepatocytes by use of different protocols compared with the cryopreservation of hepatocytes from pig. We tested different freezing media (William's Medium E vs. University of Wisconsin solution), cryoprotectants (dimethyl sulfoxide with vs. without trehalose as additional additive), freezing systems (standard freezing container vs. controlled-rate freezer) and freezing times (4 vs. 28 d). These tests identified a general influence of species and freezing systems, whereas the influence of freezing media, trehalose additive and freezing time was less or not obvious. In this regard, we determined a mean recovery of 30% of bovine hepatocytes and 55% of porcine hepatocytes cryopreserved in a controlled-rate freezer, whereas the rates were about 10% less when hepatocytes were frozen in a standard freezing container. In accordance with this observation, the cultivation of cryopreserved hepatocytes from cattle was less effective than that of porcine hepatocytes. Hepatocytes from cattle can be successfully cryopreserved and partially cultured after cryopreservation but with lower percentage than porcine hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Andres
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Animal Health Management, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Babett Bartling
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Animal Health Management, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Vera Stiensmeier
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Animal Health Management, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Alexander Starke
- Department for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marion Schmicke
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Animal Health Management, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Clinic for Cattle, Endocrinology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
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3
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Nevi L, Cardinale V, Carpino G, Costantini D, Di Matteo S, Cantafora A, Melandro F, Brunelli R, Bastianelli C, Aliberti C, Monti M, Bosco D, Berloco PB, Panici PB, Reid L, Gaudio E, Alvaro D. Cryopreservation protocol for human biliary tree stem/progenitors, hepatic and pancreatic precursors. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6080. [PMID: 28729654 PMCID: PMC5519713 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05858-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human biliary tree stem/progenitor cells (hBTSCs) are being used for cell therapies of patients with liver cirrhosis. A cryopreservation method was established to optimize sourcing of hBTSCs for these clinical programs and that comprises serum-free Kubota’s Medium (KM) supplemented with 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 15% human serum albumin (HSA) and 0.1% hyaluronans. Cryopreserved versus freshly isolated hBTSCs were similar in vitro with respect to self-replication, stemness traits, and multipotency. They were able to differentiate to functional hepatocytes,cholangiocytes or pancreatic islets, yielding similar levels of secretion of albumin or of glucose-inducible levels of insulin. Cryopreserved versus freshly isolated hBTSCs were equally able to engraft into immunocompromised mice yielding cells with human-specific gene expression and human albumin levels in murine serum that were higher for cryopreserved than for freshly isolated hBTSCs. The successful cryopreservation of hBTSCs facilitates establishment of hBTSCs cell banking offering logistical advantages for clinical programs for treatment of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Nevi
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cardinale
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Carpino
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Costantini
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabina Di Matteo
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alfredo Cantafora
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Melandro
- Department of General Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Brunelli
- Department of Gynaecologic-Obstetric and Urologic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Bastianelli
- Department of Gynaecologic-Obstetric and Urologic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Camilla Aliberti
- Department of Gynaecologic-Obstetric and Urologic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Monti
- Department of Gynaecologic-Obstetric and Urologic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Bosco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Lola Reid
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology and Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, North Carolina, USA
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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4
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Naik S, Santangini HA, Trenkler DM, Mullon CJ, Solomon BA, Pan J, Jauregui HO. Functional Recovery of Porcine Hepatocytes after Hypothermic or Cryogenic Preservation for Liver Support Systems. Cell Transplant 2017; 6:447-54. [PMID: 9331495 DOI: 10.1177/096368979700600503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The provision of an immediate supply of isolated porcine hepatocytes for artificial liver support requires preservation techniques that will allow maintenance of cell viability and detoxification functions. By means of a simple and cost-effective cryopreservation system, porcine hepatocytes can be available for both local and distant medical treatment facilities. Additionally, cryopreservation provides an adequate period for quality control testing to be completed prior to use of any specific cell lot. We are reporting a dual approach, namely the preservation of porcine hepatocytes, at 4°C and at −196°C in liquid nitrogen (LN2). Using a combination of cryoprotectant agents with Chee's modified Eagle's culture media (CEM), collagenase isolated hepatocytes stored at 4°C for 24 h maintained 80% of the initial diazepam metabolism measured in freshly isolated cells and nearly 100% of initial function was preserved in hepatocytes stored up to 6 mo at -196°C. University of Wisconsin solution (UW) was also tested and while adequate for 4°C storage, it certainly did not match the performance of the CEM formulations for preservation of metabolic function of cells stored in liquid nitrogen. Based on our results of viability and detoxification function the combination of CEM with DMSO, polyethylene glycol and serum provided optimal protection for LN2 frozen cells. Other findings in these studies underlined the importance of the gradual introduction of DMSO in the prefreezing process, the period of osmotic equilibration, and the rapid postthaw withdrawal of this agent to minimize cytotoxic effects at these critical stages. Our freezing methodology provides the foundation for further technological developments in the cryopreservation of the large numbers of cells (billions) that are necessary for extracorporeal liver assist devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Naik
- Department of Pathology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence 02903, USA
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5
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Gouliarmou V, Pelkonen O, Coecke S. Differentiation-Promoting Medium Additives for Hepatocyte Cultivation and Cryopreservation. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1250:143-159. [PMID: 26272140 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2074-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Isolated primary hepatocytes are considered as the reference system for in vitro hepatic methods. Following the isolation of primary hepatocytes from liver tissue, an unfavorable process named dedifferentiation is initiated leading to the attenuation of the hepatocellular phenotype both at the morphological and functional level. Freshly isolated hepatocytes can be used immediately or can be cryopreserved for future purposes. Currently, a number of antidedifferentiation strategies exist to extend the life span of isolated hepatocytes. The addition of differentiation-promoting compounds to the hepatocyte culture medium is the oldest and simplest antidedifferentiation approach applied. In the present chapter, the most commonly used medium additives for cultivation and cryopreservation of primary hepatocytes are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara Gouliarmou
- EURL ECVAM, Systems Toxicology Unit, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission, Joint Research Center, Via Fermi 2749, Ispra, 21027, Italy
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6
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Godoy P, Hewitt NJ, Albrecht U, Andersen ME, Ansari N, Bhattacharya S, Bode JG, Bolleyn J, Borner C, Böttger J, Braeuning A, Budinsky RA, Burkhardt B, Cameron NR, Camussi G, Cho CS, Choi YJ, Craig Rowlands J, Dahmen U, Damm G, Dirsch O, Donato MT, Dong J, Dooley S, Drasdo D, Eakins R, Ferreira KS, Fonsato V, Fraczek J, Gebhardt R, Gibson A, Glanemann M, Goldring CEP, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Groothuis GMM, Gustavsson L, Guyot C, Hallifax D, Hammad S, Hayward A, Häussinger D, Hellerbrand C, Hewitt P, Hoehme S, Holzhütter HG, Houston JB, Hrach J, Ito K, Jaeschke H, Keitel V, Kelm JM, Kevin Park B, Kordes C, Kullak-Ublick GA, LeCluyse EL, Lu P, Luebke-Wheeler J, Lutz A, Maltman DJ, Matz-Soja M, McMullen P, Merfort I, Messner S, Meyer C, Mwinyi J, Naisbitt DJ, Nussler AK, Olinga P, Pampaloni F, Pi J, Pluta L, Przyborski SA, Ramachandran A, Rogiers V, Rowe C, Schelcher C, Schmich K, Schwarz M, Singh B, Stelzer EHK, Stieger B, Stöber R, Sugiyama Y, Tetta C, Thasler WE, Vanhaecke T, Vinken M, Weiss TS, Widera A, Woods CG, Xu JJ, Yarborough KM, Hengstler JG. Recent advances in 2D and 3D in vitro systems using primary hepatocytes, alternative hepatocyte sources and non-parenchymal liver cells and their use in investigating mechanisms of hepatotoxicity, cell signaling and ADME. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1315-530. [PMID: 23974980 PMCID: PMC3753504 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1062] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review encompasses the most important advances in liver functions and hepatotoxicity and analyzes which mechanisms can be studied in vitro. In a complex architecture of nested, zonated lobules, the liver consists of approximately 80 % hepatocytes and 20 % non-parenchymal cells, the latter being involved in a secondary phase that may dramatically aggravate the initial damage. Hepatotoxicity, as well as hepatic metabolism, is controlled by a set of nuclear receptors (including PXR, CAR, HNF-4α, FXR, LXR, SHP, VDR and PPAR) and signaling pathways. When isolating liver cells, some pathways are activated, e.g., the RAS/MEK/ERK pathway, whereas others are silenced (e.g. HNF-4α), resulting in up- and downregulation of hundreds of genes. An understanding of these changes is crucial for a correct interpretation of in vitro data. The possibilities and limitations of the most useful liver in vitro systems are summarized, including three-dimensional culture techniques, co-cultures with non-parenchymal cells, hepatospheres, precision cut liver slices and the isolated perfused liver. Also discussed is how closely hepatoma, stem cell and iPS cell-derived hepatocyte-like-cells resemble real hepatocytes. Finally, a summary is given of the state of the art of liver in vitro and mathematical modeling systems that are currently used in the pharmaceutical industry with an emphasis on drug metabolism, prediction of clearance, drug interaction, transporter studies and hepatotoxicity. One key message is that despite our enthusiasm for in vitro systems, we must never lose sight of the in vivo situation. Although hepatocytes have been isolated for decades, the hunt for relevant alternative systems has only just begun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Godoy
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Ute Albrecht
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Melvin E. Andersen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Nariman Ansari
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sudin Bhattacharya
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Johannes Georg Bode
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jennifer Bolleyn
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christoph Borner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Böttger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert A. Budinsky
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Britta Burkhardt
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Neil R. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE UK
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Yun-Jaie Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - J. Craig Rowlands
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Department of General Visceral, and Vascular Surgery, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Dirsch
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - María Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jian Dong
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dirk Drasdo
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
- INRIA (French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control), Domaine de Voluceau-Rocquencourt, B.P. 105, 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex, France
- UPMC University of Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7598, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, 4, pl. Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Rowena Eakins
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Karine Sá Ferreira
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- GRK 1104 From Cells to Organs, Molecular Mechanisms of Organogenesis, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valentina Fonsato
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Joanna Fraczek
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rolf Gebhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrew Gibson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthias Glanemann
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chris E. P. Goldring
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - María José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Geny M. M. Groothuis
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lena Gustavsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (Malmö), Center for Molecular Pathology, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 59, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christelle Guyot
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Hallifax
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Seddik Hammad
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Veterinary Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Adam Hayward
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Hoehme
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hermann-Georg Holzhütter
- Institut für Biochemie Abteilung Mathematische Systembiochemie, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Brian Houston
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | | | - Kiyomi Ito
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 202-8585 Japan
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Verena Keitel
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - B. Kevin Park
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Claus Kordes
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerd A. Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edward L. LeCluyse
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Peng Lu
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | - Anna Lutz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel J. Maltman
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
| | - Madlen Matz-Soja
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick McMullen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Irmgard Merfort
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Meyer
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jessica Mwinyi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dean J. Naisbitt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andreas K. Nussler
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Olinga
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Pampaloni
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jingbo Pi
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Linda Pluta
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Stefan A. Przyborski
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Vera Rogiers
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cliff Rowe
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Celine Schelcher
- Department of Surgery, Liver Regeneration, Core Facility, Human in Vitro Models of the Liver, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schmich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schwarz
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bijay Singh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Ernst H. K. Stelzer
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regina Stöber
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN, Yokohama Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan
| | - Ciro Tetta
- Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E. Thasler
- Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich Hospital Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas S. Weiss
- Department of Pediatrics and Juvenile Medicine, University of Regensburg Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Agata Widera
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Courtney G. Woods
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | | | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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7
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Miyamoto Y, Oishi K, Yukawa H, Noguchi H, Sasaki M, Iwata H, Hayashi S. Cryopreservation of human adipose tissue-derived stem/progenitor cells using the silk protein sericin. Cell Transplant 2012; 21:617-22. [PMID: 22793071 DOI: 10.3727/096368911x605556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue-derived stem/progenitor cells (ASCs) have attracted attention as a cell source that replaces marrow stromal cells (MSCs); ASCs may thus have applications in both regenerative medicine and cell transplantation. These medical treatments, however, require a high-quality supply of human ASCs. Therefore, the cryopreservation methods have been improved by changing a component of a cryopreservation medium. Sericin, a protein hydrolysate (with an average molecular weight of 30 kDa) is very rich in serine. The viability and the adipogenic/osteogenic potential of human ASCs were tested after freezing in a cryopreservation medium containing sericin. After thawing, the viability of the human ASCs frozen in the cryopreservation medium was found to be more than 95%. The proliferation rate of human ASCs frozen in CELLBANKER 2, and DMEM/Ham's F-12 medium (serum free) + 10% DMSO, 0.1 mol/L maltose, and 1% sericin was higher than that of the cells frozen in the maintenance medium + 10% DMSO. The adipogenic/osteogenic differentiation capabilities of frozen human ASCs were examined by Oil Red O staining/Von Kossa's method. The human ASCs were frozen using CELLBANKER 2, and DMEM/Ham's F-12 medium (serum free) + 10% DMSO, 0.1 mol/L maltose, and 1% sericin were positive. In conclusion, the cryopreservation medium containing sericin is therefore considered to have a beneficial effect on freezing human ASCs. This serum-free cryopreservation medium should be widely used in regenerative medicine, cell transplantation, and biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Miyamoto
- Department of Advanced Medicine in Biotechnology and Robotics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Higashi-ku, Nagoya, Japan.
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8
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Turner RA, Mendel G, Wauthier E, Barbier C, Reid LM. Hyaluronan-supplemented buffers preserve adhesion mechanisms facilitating cryopreservation of human hepatic stem/progenitor cells. Cell Transplant 2012; 21:2257-66. [PMID: 22472355 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x637000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The supply of human hepatic stem cells (hHpSCs) and other hepatic progenitors has been constrained by the limited availability of liver tissues from surgical resections, the rejected organs from organ donation programs, and the need to use cells immediately. To facilitate accessibility to these precious tissue resources, we have established an effective method for serum-free cryopreservation of the cells, allowing them to be stockpiled and stored for use as an off-the-shelf product for experimental or clinical programs. The method involves use of buffers, some serum-free, designed for cryopreservation and further supplemented with hyaluronans (HA) that preserve adhesion mechanisms facilitating postthaw culturing of the cells and preservation of functions. Multiple cryopreservation buffers were found to yield high viabilities (80-90%) of cells on thawing of the progenitor cells. Serum-free CS10 supplemented with 0.05% hyaluronan proved the most effective, both in terms of viabilities of cells on thawing and in yielding cell attachment and formation of expanding colonies of cells that stably maintain the stem/progenitor cell phenotype. Buffers to which 0.05 or 0.1% HAs were added showed cells postthaw to be phenotypically stable as stem/progenitors, as well as having a high efficiency of attachment and expansion in culture. Success correlated with improved expression of adhesion molecules, particularly CD44, the hyaluronan receptor, E-cadherin, β4 integrin in hHpSCs, and β1 integrins in hepatoblasts. The improved methods in cryopreservation offer more efficient strategies for stem cell banking in both research and potential therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A Turner
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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9
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Miyamoto Y, Suzuki S, Nomura K, Enosawa S. Improvement of hepatocyte viability after cryopreservation by supplementation of long-chain oligosaccharide in the freezing medium in rats and humans. Cell Transplant 2007; 15:911-9. [PMID: 17299996 DOI: 10.3727/000000006783981404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Factors affecting cell viability, plating efficiency, and survival of hepatocytes after cryopreservation have been investigated. We focused especially on the effect of including trehalose and related oligosaccharides in the cryopreservation fluid. This was supplemented with either glucose, trehalose, maltotriose, or other sugars, in addition to dimethyl sulfoxide (10%) and first tested with primary rat hepatocytes cooled in a controlled rate freezer. After thawing, viability by trypan blue exclusion of cells frozen in oligosaccharide-supplemented medium was significantly higher than for those cryopreserved without oligosaccharides. Use of oligosaccharides with higher molecular weights resulted in greatest improvement in viability. Moreover, attachment and survival rates in plastic dishes were approximately 1.2-1.8-fold greater after freezing in the presence of di-, tri-, and tetrasaccharides. Human hepatocytes isolated from untransplantable liver showed the same tendency regarding viability, but cell adherence was not similarly improved by the addition of oligosaccharides. Possible reasons for these differences may be prior cell damage during extended cold ischemia of the human liver, donor age, or cell degradation caused by progression of fatty liver in humans, and/or species differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Miyamoto
- Department of Innovative Surgery, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
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10
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Oertel M, Menthena A, Chen YQ, Shafritz DA. Properties of cryopreserved fetal liver stem/progenitor cells that exhibit long-term repopulation of the normal rat liver. Stem Cells 2006; 24:2244-51. [PMID: 16778153 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2006-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We have previously achieved a high level of long-term liver replacement by transplanting freshly isolated embryonic day (ED) 14 rat fetal liver stem/progenitor cells (FLSPCs). However, for most clinical applications, it will be necessary to use cryopreserved cells that can effectively repopulate the host organ. In the present study, we report the growth and gene expression properties in culture of rat FLSPCs cryopreserved for up to 20 months and the ability of cryopreserved FLSPCs to repopulate the normal adult rat liver. After thawing and placement in culture, cryopreserved FLSPCs exhibited a high proliferation rate: 49.7% Ki-67-positive on day 1 and 34.7% Ki-67-positive on day 5. The majority of cells were also positive for both alpha-fetoprotein and cytokeratin-19 (potentially bipotent) on day 5. More than 80% of cultured cells expressed albumin, the asialoglycoprotein receptor, and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (unique hepatocyte-specific functions). Expression of glucose-6-phosphatase, carbamyl phosphate synthetase 1, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha, tyrosine aminotransferase, and oncostatin M receptor mRNAs was initially negative, but all were expressed on day 5 in culture. After transplantation into the normal adult rat liver, cryopreserved FLSPCs proliferated continuously, regenerated both hepatocytes and bile ducts, and produced up to 15.1% (mean, 12.0% +/- 2.0%) replacement of total liver mass at 6 months after cell transplantation. These results were obtained in a normal liver background under nonselective conditions. This study is the first to show a high level of long-term liver replacement with cryopreserved fetal liver cells, an essential requirement for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Oertel
- Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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11
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Stevenson DJ, Morgan C, Goldie E, Connel G, Grant MH. Cryopreservation of viable hepatocyte monolayers in cryoprotectant media with high serum content: metabolism of testosterone and kaempherol post-cryopreservation. Cryobiology 2004; 49:97-113. [PMID: 15351682 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2004.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2004] [Accepted: 05/18/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Little work in the literature focuses on the cryopreservation of primary hepatocytes as monolayer cultures, yet this technique offers many distinct advantages over other cryopreservation systems, including high recovery, high post-thaw nutrient penetration, and low numbers of trapped dead cells. This article investigates the cryopreservation of primary rat hepatocytes at -78 degrees C attached as monolayers to collagen coated culture dishes, and describes efforts to increase post-thaw viability and function through manipulation of the freeze/thaw protocol. Different concentrations of foetal calf serum (FCS) with 10% (v/v) dimethyl sulphoxide (ME2SO) were tested as cryopreservation media, and high cryoprotectant serum levels were found to be important in maintaining membrane integrity and function in the cryopreserved rat hepatocyte monolayer cultures. Cultures cryopreserved with 90% (v/v) FCS plus 10% (v/v) ME2SO maintain 79.7+/-6.5% of the monolayer area as viable cells with normal morphology (by image analysis), 112.7+/-14.2% protein concentration, 55.4+/-4.2% carboxyfluorescein diacetate de-acetylation, 27.2+/-7.5% kaempherol glucuronidation (a measure of UDP-glucuronosyl transferase activity), and 39.3+/-7.3% testosterone hydroxylation (a measure of cytochrome P-450 activity) compared with non-cryopreserved controls. This method of cryopreservation may provide a simple, convenient means of long-term storage of hepatocytes for in vitro metabolism studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Stevenson
- Bioengineering Unit, University of Strathclyde, Wolfson Centre, 106 Rottenrow, Glasgow G4 0NW, UK
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12
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Ikeda S, Mitaka T, Harada K, Sugimoto S, Hirata K, Mochizuki Y. Proliferation of rat small hepatocytes after long-term cryopreservation. J Hepatol 2002; 37:7-14. [PMID: 12076856 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(02)00069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The demand for clinical use of hepatocytes is escalating because cell transplantation will be an alternative to orthotopic liver transplantation and the shortage of liver donors is a serious problem throughout the world. However, the supply of fresh differentiated hepatocytes is limited and methods for cryopreservation of hepatocytes that can proliferate with hepatic functions are not satisfactorily established. METHODS Colonies of small hepatocytes were collected and then maintained at -80 degrees C for more than 6 months. Albumin secretion and mRNA expression of thawed cells were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and Northern blotting, respectively, and the expression of hepatic functions was examined by immunoblotting. The ultrastructure of cryopreserved cells was also examined. RESULTS About 60% of the cryopreserved colonies attached on dishes and then proliferated. The average area of small hepatocyte colonies was about 7.5 times larger at day 15 than at day 1. Albumin production increased with time in culture. In addition, the cells produced other serum proteins such as transferrin and fibrinogen, and expressed carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase. CONCLUSIONS Small hepatocytes maintain growth ability and hepatic differentiated functions even after long-term cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Ikeda
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chu-Ku, S-1, W-17, Sapporo, Japan
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13
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Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Substitution of hepatocyte transplantation for whole liver transplants in selected individuals with liver disease could significantly expand the number of patients to benefit from use of scarce donor livers. However, successful hepatocyte transplantation may require that donor cells retain normal functional and proliferative capabilities and that they be readily available. Banking of cryopreserved hepatocytes would fulfill the latter requirement. Cryopreservation protocols have been developed that minimize hepatocyte injury and allow preservation of metabolic activity. The aim of this study was to assess cryopreserved hepatocyte proliferative capacity in vivo after thawing. METHODS Fresh and frozen/thawed mouse hepatocytes were transferred separately into the livers of recipient mice with transgene-induced liver disease, an environment that is permissive for clonal expansion of donor cell populations. Fresh and cryopreserved donor cells were compared for their ability to proliferate and replace damaged parenchyma. RESULTS Although cryopreservation decreased hepatocyte viability, individual viable frozen/thawed hepatocytes demonstrated clonal replicative potential identical to that of fresh hepatocytes. Even after storage for 32 months in liquid nitrogen, transplanted hepatocytes constituting 0.1% of total adult hepatocyte number could repopulate a mean of 32% of recipient liver parenchyma. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that cryopreserved hepatocytes represent an appropriate source of cells for therapeutic hepatocyte transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Z Jamal
- Division of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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14
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Abstract
Cryopreservation of freshly isolated hepatocytes is regarded the standard technique for long term storage of liver cells. Frankly, we were not successful in reproducing viability rates of about 70% of that which have been reported by most authors as results of various freezing protocols for hepatocyte suspensions. In fact, we saw mostly devastating results. We assume that intracellular ice crystal formation as well as osmotic changes during freezing and thawing of liver cells cause hazardous effects, especially on membranes of cells after enzymatic isolation, and, thus, generally result in a severe loss in number and impaired specific hepatocyte functions in subsequent culture. We tried to improve results by freezing cell cultures instead. We allowed hepatocytes to regain a more stable condition prior to storage and placed them in tissue flasks in a uniform configuration, rather than to pack cell suspensions in vials or bags under rather indefinable conditions. Porcine hepatocytes (viability 92+/-2%) were isolated from slaughterhouse organs and cultured in a double gel (sandwich) configuration. At day 3, cultures were rate controlled frozen (RCF) and stored in a cell bank for three hours (Group A) or 14 days at -80 degrees C (Group B), respectively. Non-frozen cells (NF) and cultures subjected to a linear freezing rate of -10 degrees C/min (LFR, Group C) with 3 h of storage served as controls from identical cell batches. Upon thawing, at day 2 of subsequent culture, fluorescence microscopy studies revealed a survival rate of 75+/-10% (mean+/-S.D.) in the RCF groups. Time of storage (3 h, 14 d) did not influence results. Survival in Group C was 10+/-5%. Cell integrity was measured by LDH-release, which indicated a larger damage of cells in the LFR group, and thereby resembled the morphological findings. Functional parameters, such as albumin synthesis and CYT P 450-activity were comparable to non-frozen liver cells at 48 h after thawing in the RCF groups (A + B), and showed significantly higher levels in these groups as compared to the LFR Group (C). We recommend to freeze hepatocytes in culture in a rate controlled fashion rather than cell suspensions. This way a cell bank of cryopreserved hepatocyte cultures for batch controlled investigations can be easily obtained. This could ameliorate the availability of rare (human) cell material and might also improve the quality of data generated from in vitro experiments in hepatology or pharmacology/toxicology with liver cells from identical sources. It remains to be seen whether this technique might also be of value in hybrid bioartificial liver devices to make these systems become readily available upon clinical demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Koebe
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Germany.
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15
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Abstract
1. Dog hepatocytes were cryopreserved at 6 x 10(6) viable cells/ml in a suspension buffer containing 10% DMSO and were stored in liquid nitrogen. 2. The exclusion of trypan blue dye was 96 +/- 2 and 85 +/- 9% in fresh and cryopreserved (CP) hepatocytes, respectively. Albumin synthesis was unaffected by freezing. 3. Ethoxycoumarin and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activities were equivalent in fresh and CP hepatocytes. 4. The profile of testosterone metabolism was unaffected by freezing. Total hydroxylase activities were 815 +/- 33 pmol/min/10(6) cells in freshly isolated whole hepatocytes and 463 +/- 24 pmol/min/10(6) CP whole hepatocytes, but they were equivalent in fresh and CP hepatocyte homogenates supplemented with 250 microM NADPH. 5. Phase 2 enzymes were functional in freshly thawed CP hepatocytes but they required exogenous addition of cofactors (20 microM UDPGA and 1.7 microM PAPS). 6. When placed in suspension for longer times, fresh and CP cell viabilities were 88 +/- 6 and 64 +/- 2% after 4 h. ECOD and EROD activities were equivalent in fresh and CP hepatocyte suspensions, over 4 h. Testosterone hydroxylase activities were well maintained in fresh cell suspensions but they declined to 63 +/- 6% of the initial activity after 4 h in CP hepatocytes. 7. These results indicate that CP dog hepatocytes are a suitable in vitro system for xenobiotic metabolism since enzyme functions in CP hepatocytes were stabilized. Cofactors in freshly thawed CP hepatocytes should be measured and controlled for optimal use.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Swales
- Institute of Toxicology, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
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16
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Naik S, Santangini HA, Trenkler DM, Mullon CJ, Solomon BA, Pan J, Jauregui HO. Functional recovery of porcine hepatocytes after hypothermic or cryogenic preservation for liver support systems. Cell Transplant 1997. [PMID: 9331495 DOI: 10.1016/s0963-6897(97)00054-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The provision of an immediate supply of isolated porcine hepatocytes for artificial liver support requires preservation techniques that will allow maintenance of cell viability and detoxification functions. By means of a simple and cost-effective cryopreservation system, porcine hepatocytes can be available for both local and distant medical treatment facilities. Additionally, cryopreservation provides an adequate period for quality control testing to be completed prior to use of any specific cell lot. We are reporting a dual approach, namely the preservation of porcine hepatocytes, at 4 degrees C and at -196 degrees C in liquid nitrogen (LN2). Using a combination of cryoprotectant agents with Chee's modified Eagle's culture media (CEM), collagenase isolated hepatocytes stored at 4 degrees C for 24 h maintained 80% of the initial diazepam metabolism measured in freshly isolated cells and nearly 100% of initial function was preserved in hepatocytes stored up to 6 mo at -196 degrees C. University of Wisconsin solution (UW) was also tested and while adequate for 4 degrees C storage, it certainly did not match the performance of the CEM formulations for preservation of metabolic function of cells stored in liquid nitrogen. Based on our results of viability and detoxification function the combination of CEM with DMSO, polyethylene glycol and serum provided optimal protection for LN2 frozen cells. Other findings in these studies underlined the importance of the gradual introduction of DMSO in the prefreezing process, the period of osmotic equilibration, and the rapid postthaw withdrawal of this agent to minimize cytotoxic effects at these critical stages. Our freezing methodology provides the foundation for further technological developments in the cryopreservation of the large numbers of cells (billions) that are necessary for extracorporeal liver assist devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Naik
- Department of Pathology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence 02903, USA
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17
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Koebe HG, Pahernik SA, Thasler WE, Schildberg FW. Porcine hepatocytes for biohybrid artificial liver devices: a comparison of hypothermic storage techniques. Artif Organs 1996; 20:1181-90. [PMID: 8908328 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.1996.tb00659.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Two hypothermic preservation techniques were investigated to assess their possible role in on-demand cell supply for bioartificial liver support devices. Porcine hepatocytes from slaughterhouse organs were isolated and either cold stored in a modified University of Wisconsin solution for up to 72 h or directly cultured in a sandwich configuration, frozen at Day 3 of culture, and stored for up to 30 days with subsequent long-term culture (14 days) in both groups. Cold storage for 72 h resulted in a decreased viability of cells (58.7 +/- 7.9%) with well preserved ultrastructures in the remainder of cells. In subsequent culture, albumin secretion was slightly increased, and cytochrome P450 IA1 dependent 7-ethoxy-coumarine deethylation activity was reduced to about 40% of control values. After cryopreservation, hepatocyte cultures revealed no severe damage to ultrastructures of cells, and functional parameters (albumin, 7-ethoxycoumarine deethylation) were comparable with controls after an initial drop in activity directly after thawing. Length of storage time did not influence results. Both hypothermic preservation protocols might eventually play an important role for bioartificial liver processing and on-demand cell supply, dependent on the individual reactor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Koebe
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Germany
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18
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Saxena AK, Ramchandani S, Dwivedi A, Sharma R, Bajpai VK, Bhardwaj KR, Balapure AK. Simplified cryopreservation of mammalian cell lines. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 1995; 31:326-9. [PMID: 7633667 DOI: 10.1007/bf02634277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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19
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Diener B, Traiser M, Arand M, Leissner J, Witsch U, Hohenfellner R, Fändrich F, Vogel I, Utesch D, Oesch F. Xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme activities in isolated and cryopreserved human liver parenchymal cells. Toxicol In Vitro 1994; 8:1161-6. [DOI: 10.1016/0887-2333(94)90105-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/1993] [Revised: 03/28/1994] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Despite more than 30 yr of research and development, an artificial liver has still not yet become clinical reality. Although previous attempts using a multiplicity of techniques including hemodialysis, hemoperfusion, plasma exchange, extracorporeal perfusion, and crosshemodialysis have shown minor improvement in patients with acute hepatic failure, limited clinical trials have failed to demonstrate any survival benefit. Encouraged by the progress on techniques that maintain long-term cultures of hepatocytes, more recent efforts have been directed at the use of hepatocytes as the basis of liver support. This review takes a critical look at past and present concepts in the development of artificial liver supports and both qualitatively and quantitatively evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of the available methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Yarmush
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
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21
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Karlsson JO, Cravalho EG, Borel Rinkes IH, Tompkins RG, Yarmush ML, Toner M. Nucleation and growth of ice crystals inside cultured hepatocytes during freezing in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide. Biophys J 1993; 65:2524-36. [PMID: 8312489 PMCID: PMC1225995 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(93)81319-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A three-part, coupled model of cell dehydration, nucleation, and crystal growth was used to study intracellular ice formation (IIF) in cultured hepatocytes frozen in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Heterogeneous nucleation temperatures were predicted as a function of DMSO concentration and were in good agreement with experimental data. Simulated freezing protocols correctly predicted and explained experimentally observed effects of cooling rate, warming rate, and storage temperature on hepatocyte function. For cells cooled to -40 degrees C, no IIF occurred for cooling rates less than 10 degrees C/min. IIF did occur at faster cooling rates, and the predicted volume of intracellular ice increased with increasing cooling rate. Cells cooled at 5 degrees C/min to -80 degrees C were shown to undergo nucleation at -46.8 degrees C, with the consequence that storage temperatures above this value resulted in high viability independent of warming rate, whereas colder storage temperatures resulted in cell injury for slow warming rates. Cell damage correlated positively with predicted intracellular ice volume, and an upper limit for the critical ice content was estimated to be 3.7% of the isotonic water content. The power of the model was limited by difficulties in estimating the cytosol viscosity and membrane permeability as functions of DMSO concentration at low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O Karlsson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139
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22
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Shaddock JG, Snawder JE, Casciano DA. Cryopreservation and long-term storage of primary rat hepatocytes: effects on substrate-specific cytochrome P450-dependent activities and unscheduled DNA synthesis. Cell Biol Toxicol 1993; 9:345-57. [PMID: 8039011 DOI: 10.1007/bf00754463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The effects of cryopreservation and long-term storage on substrate-specific cytochrome P450-dependent activities and unscheduled DNA synthesis were studied in freshly isolated and cryopreserved hepatocytes derived from adult male Fischer 344 and Sprague-Dawley rats. Primary rat hepatocytes were isolated via an in situ collagenase perfusion technique, cryopreserved at -196 degrees C, and thawed at 5 weeks and 104 and 156 weeks post-freezing. In Fischer 344 and Sprague-Dawley rats, cryopreserved hepatocytes were equivalent or similar to freshly isolated hepatocytes in substrate-specific activities for 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase and dimethylnitrosamine-N-demethylase and unscheduled DNA synthesis responses. No significant differences in activities toward 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase and dimethylnitrosamine-N-demethylase, the substrate-specific activities for cytochromes P4501A1 and P4501A2 and cytochrome P4502E1, respectively, were observed between freshly isolated and cryopreserved hepatocytes. Similar unscheduled DNA synthesis responses, a measure of DNA damage and repair, were observed after exposure to the genotoxic carcinogens 2-acetylamino-fluorene, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, and dimethylnitrosamine; although some decreases were also observed in Fischer 344 hepatocytes after 104 weeks and Sprague-Dawley hepatocytes after 156 weeks in the highest concentrations tested. These results suggest that cryopreserved hepatocytes, stored for extended periods of time in liquid nitrogen, are metabolically equivalent to freshly isolated hepatocytes in their ability to activate precarcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Shaddock
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Division of Genetic Toxicology, Jefferson, AR 72079
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23
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Zaleski J, Richburg J, Kauffman FC. Preservation of the rate and profile of xenobiotic metabolism in rat hepatocytes stored in liquid nitrogen. Biochem Pharmacol 1993; 46:111-6. [PMID: 8347122 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(93)90354-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A simple procedure for cryopreservation of rat hepatocytes that allows recovery of viable cells retaining activities of phase I and phase II drug metabolism equivalent to freshly isolated cells is described. The cooling process was initiated 30 min after incubation of freshly isolated hepatocytes at 37 degrees in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer containing 15 mM glucose to allow for metabolic equilibration. At the end of this period, hepatocyte suspensions were supplemented with 1.7% albumin, 13.3% dimethyl sulfoxide, and the synthetic buffers, 3-[N-morpholino]propanesulfonic acid (MOPS) and N-[2-hydroxyethyl]piperazine-N'-[2-ethanesulfonic acid] (HEPES). Hepatocytes were cooled in a stepwise manner to -196 degrees by holding the cells for 1 hr at -20 degrees and then for 1 hr at -70 degrees before transfer into liquid nitrogen. After thawing and removal of damaged cells by centrifugation in Percoll, the total recovery of viable hepatocytes subjected to freezing was about 42%. The contents of ATP, ADP, and AMP were not altered significantly in cells stored in liquid nitrogen. The metabolic competence of cryopreserved hepatocytes was further confirmed by their ability to synthesize urea from NH4Cl and ornithine at the same high rate that was observed in freshly isolated cells (693 +/- 68 and 740 +/- 68 nmol.mg dry wt-1 x hr-1, respectively). Similarly, cryopreservation did not affect drug-metabolizing systems as indicated by the metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene and 7-ethoxycoumarin, two model substrates. In both freshly isolated and cryopreserved hepatocytes, 7-ethoxycoumarin was O-deethylated to 7-hydroxycoumarin at essentially the same rates (8.66 +/- 0.75 and 8.25 +/- 0.53 nmol.mg dry wt-1.hr-1, respectively) and 7-hydroxycoumarin accumulated in hepatocyte suspensions almost exclusively in the conjugated form. The storage of hepatocytes in liquid nitrogen also did not affect the complex metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene to total oxygenated metabolites and, more importantly, to metabolites conjugated with glutathione, glucuronic acid, and sulfuric acid. Thus, cryopreserved hepatocytes represent a valid and convenient model to study drug biotransformation in intact cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zaleski
- Laboratory for Cellular and Biochemical Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
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24
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Cryopreservation: A reliable method for long-term storage and culture of isolated non-proliferating rat hepatocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02387290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Yarmush ML, Toner M, Dunn JC, Rotem A, Hubel A, Tompkins RG. Hepatic tissue engineering. Development of critical technologies. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1992; 665:238-52. [PMID: 1416606 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb42588.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M L Yarmush
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
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26
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Dou M, de Sousa G, Lacarelle B, Placidi M, Lechene de la Porte P, Domingo M, Lafont H, Rahmani R. Thawed human hepatocytes in primary culture. Cryobiology 1992; 29:454-69. [PMID: 1395683 DOI: 10.1016/0011-2240(92)90048-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In drug metabolism studies, isolated and cultured human hepatocytes provide a useful model for overcoming the difficulty of extrapolating from animal data. In vitro studies with human hepatocytes are scarce because of the lack of livers and suitable methods of storage. After developing a new method for cryopreservation of human hepatocytes, we evaluated the effects of deep freezing storage on their viability, morphology, and functional and toxicological capabilities in classical culture conditions. Freshly isolated human hepatocytes were cryopreserved in medium containing 10% Me2SO and 20% fetal calf serum, using a Nicool ST20 programmable freezer (-1.9 degrees C/min for 18 min and -30 degrees C/min for 4 min). Cells were stored in liquid nitrogen. Viability of thawed human hepatocytes was 50-65% as assessed by erythrosin exclusion test prior to purification on a Percoll density gradient. Morphological criteria showed that thawed human hepatocytes require an adaptation period to the medium after seeding. Functional assessments showed that human hepatocytes which survive freezing and thawing preserve their protein synthesis capabilities and are able to secrete a specific protein, anionic peptidic fraction, which is involved in the hepatic uptake of bile-destined cholesterol. We then studied Midazolam biotransformation to test metabolic functions, and erythromycin toxicity by Neutral Red test (cell viability) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide test (cell metabolism). All of these experiments indicated that thawed human hepatocytes should be used 38 h after seeding for optimum recovery of their functions: membrane integrity, protein synthesis, and stabilization of drug metabolism enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dou
- INSERM U278 Faculté de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
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27
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Utesch D, Diener B, Molitor E, Oesch F, Platt KL. Characterization of cryopreserved rat liver parenchymal cells by metabolism of diagnostic substrates and activities of related enzymes. Biochem Pharmacol 1992; 44:309-15. [PMID: 1642645 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(92)90014-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The metabolism of testosterone and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) which is mediated by diverse enzymes was determined in cryopreserved rat liver parenchymal cells and compared with that found in freshly isolated cells. In addition, the activities of single xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes were measured by using specific substrates. The cytochrome P450 (P450)-mediated total metabolic conversion of testosterone was reduced to 55% in cryopreserved cells. The metabolite profile, i.e. the formation of single metabolites compared with total metabolic conversion, was however unchanged when compared with freshly isolated cells. A concomitant reduction in the activities of the involved P450 isoenzymes can therefore be postulated. The amount of detected phase I-metabolites of BaP was unaffected by the cryopreservation method. The formation of phase II-metabolites and total metabolic conversion of BaP in cryopreserved cells was however reduced to about 50-60%. The reduced glutathione S-transferase and more obviously phenol sulfotransferase activities measured in cryopreserved cells, may explain the impaired conjugation of BaP. The ratio between phase I- and phase II-metabolites was thus changed by cryopreservation. Density separation on Percoll yielded cryopreserved cells with a viability and metabolic capacity not measurably different from freshly isolated cells. To this extent, cryopreserved, Percoll-purified liver parenchymal cells are a useful in vitro system for drug metabolism studies. However due to the extensive loss in cell number during this procedure (recovery = 22% of freshly isolated cells) the application of this system is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Utesch
- Institute of Toxicology, University of Mainz, Germany
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28
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Development of an optimal method for the cryopreservation of hepatocytes and their subsequent monolayer culture. Toxicol In Vitro 1991; 5:39-50. [DOI: 10.1016/0887-2333(91)90046-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/1989] [Revised: 08/09/1990] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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29
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Koebe HG, Dunn JC, Toner M, Sterling LM, Hubel A, Cravalho EG, Yarmush ML, Tompkins RG. A new approach to the cryopreservation of hepatocytes in a sandwich culture configuration. Cryobiology 1990; 27:576-84. [PMID: 2249459 DOI: 10.1016/0011-2240(90)90045-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Current methods of cryopreservation of hepatocytes in single cell suspensions result in low overall yields of hepatocytes, demonstrating long-term preservation of hepatocellular functions. A novel culture method has recently been developed to culture liver cells in a sandwich configuration of collagen layers in order to stabilize the phenotypic expression of these cells in vitro (J. C. Y. Dunn, M. L. Yarmush, H. G. Koebe, and R. G. Tompkins, FASEB J. 3, 174, 1989). Using this culture system, rat hepatocytes were frozen with 15% (v/v) Me2SO to -70 degrees C, and stored at approximately -100 degrees C. Following rapid thawing, long-term function was assessed by measuring albumin secretion in culture for 7-14 days postfreezing. Comparison was made with cryopreservation of liver cells in single cell suspensions. Cryopreservation of liver cells in suspension resulted in only a 2% yield of cells which could be successfully cultured; albumin secretion rates in these cultured cells over 48 hr were 26-30% of secretion rates for nonfrozen hepatocytes. Freezing cultured liver cells in the sandwich configuration after 3, 7, and 11 days in culture maintained 0, 26, and 19% of the secretion rates of nonfrozen hepatocytes, respectively. Morphology of the cryopreserved cells appeared grossly similar to cells without freezing; however, this morphological result was patchy and represented approximately 30% of the cells in culture. These results represent the first demonstration of any quantitative long-term preservation of hepatocellular function by cryopreservation, suggesting that cultured hepatocytes can survive freezing and maintain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Koebe
- Surgical Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114
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30
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Coundouris JA, Grant MH, Simpson JG, Hawksworth GM. Drug metabolism and viability studies in cryopreserved rat hepatocytes. Cryobiology 1990; 27:288-300. [PMID: 2379415 DOI: 10.1016/0011-2240(90)90028-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Rat hepatocytes were cryopreserved optimally by freezing them at 1 degrees C/min to -80 degrees C in cryoprotectant medium containing either 20% (v/v) dimethylsulfoxide (Me2SO) and 25% (v/v) fetal calf serum in Leibowitz L15 medium (Me2SO cryoprotectant) or 25% (v/v) vitrification solution (containing Me2SO, acetamide, propylene glycol and polyethylene glycol) in Leibowitz L15 medium (VS25). The VS25 solution was superior for maintaining viability during short-term storage (24-48 hr) but was slightly toxic during longer storage periods (7 days). Although thawed cells were 40-50% viable on ice after cryopreservation, their viability fell rapidly during incubation in suspension at 37 degrees C. This decline in viability occurred more rapidly after freezing in Me2SO cryoprotectant than in VS25 and was associated with extensive intracellular damage and cell swelling. The loss in viability at 37 degrees C does not appear to be due to ice-crystal damage as it occurred in cells stored at -10 degrees C (above the freezing point of the cryoprotectants) and it may be due to temperature/osmotic shock. Both cryoprotectant media were equally efficient at preserving enzyme activities in the hepatocytes over 7 days at -80 degrees C. Cytochrome P450 and reduced glutathione content and the activities of the microsomal enzymes responsible for aminopyrine N-demethylation and epoxide hydrolysis were well maintained over 7 days storage. In contrast, the cytosolic enzymes glutathione-S-transferase and glutathione reductase were markedly labile during cryopreservation. Cytosolic enzymes may be more susceptible to ice-crystal damage, whereas the microsomal membrane may protect the enzymes which are embedded in it.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Coundouris
- Department of Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, United Kingdom
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31
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Loretz LJ, Li AP, Flye MW, Wilson AG. Optimization of cryopreservation procedures for rat and human hepatocytes. Xenobiotica 1989; 19:489-98. [PMID: 2787566 DOI: 10.3109/00498258909042288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
1. Rat hepatocytes were cryopreserved using a number of procedures and the viability, attachment, and metabolic activity of the cryopreserved cells were compared to freshly isolated hepatocytes. Several cryopreservation agents (dimethylsulphoxide [DMSO], glycerol, polyvinylpyrrolidone [PVP], dextrans), and combinations of these agents, were examined. Other variables tested included the freezing rate, thawing rate, and the concentration of serum in the freezing medium. 2. Recovery of viable attached cells was optimal using DMSO at concentrations of 10% or higher, a slow stepwise cooling procedure, and a quick thaw. The concentration of serum in the freezing medium (0% to 90%) did not affect cryopreservation results. Using this procedure the recovery of viable hepatocytes was 70%. 3. Levels of hepatocyte ethoxycoumarin-O-deethylase (ECOD) activity did not change following cryopreservation. The rate of decline of ECOD activity with time in culture was similar in freshly isolated and cryopreserved hepatocytes. 4. Hepatocytes isolated from three human livers were cryopreserved and recovered with viabilities similar to those obtained with the rat. A preliminary experiment also showed no loss of metabolic activity in human hepatocytes following cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Loretz
- Environmental Health Laboratory, Monsanto Company, St Louis, MO 63110
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32
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Santone KS, Melder DC, Powis G. Studies of chemical toxicity to fresh and cryopreserved rat hepatocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1989; 97:370-6. [PMID: 2922764 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(89)90341-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Isolated hepatocytes are useful for studying the metabolism and mechanisms of hepatic toxicity of foreign chemicals. A problem with using human hepatocytes is the limited and irregular availability of normal human liver. Cryopreservation could provide a useful way of storing hepatocytes until they are needed. As a preliminary step to using human hepatocytes we have compared the toxic response to chemical toxicants of primary cultures of fresh rat hepatocytes and rat hepatocytes cryopreserved as previously described (G. Powis, K. S. Santone, D. C. Melder, L. Thomas, D. J. Moore, and T. J. Wilke, 1987. Drug Metab. Dispos. 15, 826). After 24 hr in culture the cryopreserved hepatocytes had a plating efficiency 75% that of noncryopreserved hepatocytes. The cultured cryopreserved hepatocytes showed a small increase in spontaneous lactate dehydrogenase release compared to that of cultured noncryopreserved hepatocytes. A similar toxic chemical-induced increase in lactate dehydrogenase release occurred in the cultured cryopreserved as in the noncryopreserved hepatocytes. The 50% effective concentrations (EC50) for lactate dehydrogenase release (+/- SE, n = 3 preparations) from cultured cryopreserved and noncryopreserved hepatocytes for chlorpromazine were 235 +/- 20 and 215 +/- 30 microM, for cadmium chloride 200 +/- 5 and 272 +/- 23 microM, and for menadione (2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) 24 +/- 7 and 44 +/- 8 microM, respectively. The EC50 values for intracellular glutathione depletion in cultured cryopreserved and noncryopreserved hepatocytes were for chlorpromazine 200 +/- 8 and 235 +/- 8 microM, for cadmium chloride 242 +/- 19 and 213 +/- 7 microM, and for menadione 22 +/- 2 and 21 +/- 3 microM, respectively. The results show that cryopreservation offers a practical way of storing rat hepatocytes for studies of chemical toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Santone
- Department of Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
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33
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Swierenga SH, Lee FJ, Hasnain SH. Use of cryopreserved hepatocytes for unscheduled DNA synthesis assays. Mutat Res 1988; 209:167-70. [PMID: 3193980 DOI: 10.1016/0165-7992(88)90036-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocytes were isolated from Fischer rats by perfusion and tested for unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) induction or cryopreserved for long-term storage at -196 degrees C. Thawed cells could be recovered at greater than 90% viabilities, and were cultured on fibronectin-coated coverslips. The cells attached and spread, and could be used for UDS assessment. Data were compared for fresh and frozen cells from the same animal. Results obtained for net nuclear grains and dose response were similar for the fresh and frozen cells, in response to the carcinogenic compounds methyl methanesulfonate and 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Swierenga
- Health and Welfare Canada, Drug Toxicology Division, Ottawa
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34
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Chesné C, Guillouzo A. Cryopreservation of isolated rat hepatocytes: a critical evaluation of freezing and thawing conditions. Cryobiology 1988; 25:323-30. [PMID: 3409706 DOI: 10.1016/0011-2240(88)90040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Various parameters, including the nature and proportion of the constituents of the cryoprotective medium, the cooling rate, and the composition of the thawing medium, were evaluated for the cryopreservation of adult rat hepatocytes. The highest percentage of cells able to survive in culture was obtained by freezing in L15 medium containing 16% dimethyl sulfoxide, at a rate of 3 degrees C/min, and by adding 0.8 M glucose to the thawing medium. More than 50% of hepatocytes capable of attachment just after cell isolation kept this property after freezing and survived in primary culture. Dead cells could be eliminated before seeding by centrifugation on a Percoll layer. In culture, frozen cells exhibited a morphology similar to that of unfrozen cells and after 24 hr their protein secretion rate was reduced by only about 40%.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chesné
- INSERM U 49, Unité de Recherches Hépatologiques, Hôpital de Pontchaillou, Rennes, France
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35
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Innes GK, Fuller BJ, Hobbs KE. Functional testing of hepatocytes following their recovery from cryopreservation. Cryobiology 1988; 25:23-30. [PMID: 3349809 DOI: 10.1016/0011-2240(88)90016-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Various tests of function have been suggested for assessing hepatocytes recovered from cryopreservation. In this study we have investigated hepatocyte attachment during tissue culture and cellular density in order to assess function and compared them with two classical dye exposure tests. The ability of hepatocytes to exclude trypan blue dye (TB) and metabolize fluorescein diacetate (FDA) was demonstrated. In populations of freshly prepared hepatocytes 88.07% were able to exclude TB and 87.31% were able to metabolize FDA. However in populations of hepatocytes recovered after cryopreservation using 1.5 M dimethyl sulfoxide as cryoprotectant only 33.44% were able to exclude TB and 31.59% able to metabolize FDA. Both of these tests gave the same estimate of functional ability. Density gradient centrifugation of hepatocytes on Percoll 400 (Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden) separated two populations of hepatocytes; one (density ca.1.07 g/ml Percoll) in which most of the cells were able to exclude TB and the second (density ca. 1.02 g/ml Percoll) in which they were stained blue. The dense population was highly enriched in dye-excluding hepatocytes: freshly prepared hepatocytes, 92.4%, and cryopreserved hepatocytes, 88.66%. When samples of these cells (2 x 10(6) dye-excluding cells per dish) were tested for their ability to attach to tissue culture dishes only 17.28% of the cryopreserved hepatocytes were able to attach compared to 55.28% of the freshly prepared cells. We conclude that cryopreservation of hepatocytes produces a population of cells which are not metabolically identical to a population of freshly prepared hepatocytes even though they appear to have the same buoyant density and dye-excluding capabilities.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Innes
- Academic Department of Surgery, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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36
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Loretz LJ, Wilson AG, Li AP. Promutagen activation by freshly isolated and cryopreserved rat hepatocytes. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 1988; 12:335-41. [PMID: 3139408 DOI: 10.1002/em.2860120308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic activation of promutagens by freshly isolated and cryopreserved rat hepatocytes was compared using the Chinese hamster ovary/hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase assay (CHO/HGPRT). Cryopreserved rat hepatocytes were equivalent to freshly isolated hepatocytes in their ability to metabolize dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) and dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) to active mutagens. Similar dose-response curves were observed using either freshly isolated or cryopreserved hepatocytes as activating systems after treatment with DMBA (0.1-1 micrograms/ml) and DMN (0.075-0.6 mg/ml). Our results suggest that cryopreserved hepatocytes are similar to freshly isolated hepatocytes as an experimental system for studies on promutagen activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Loretz
- Environmental Health Laboratory, Monsanto Agricultural Company, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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37
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Santone KS, Kroschel DM, Powis G. Enhanced formation of ethane and n-pentane by rat hepatocytes in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide. Biochem Pharmacol 1986; 35:1287-92. [PMID: 3008757 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(86)90273-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Incubation of rat hepatocytes with 14 mM dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) produced an increase in the formation of ethane, measured by capillary column gas chromatography, to 18.0 pmoles/hr/10(7) cells from 11.2 pmoles/hr/1-(7) cells from 5.6 pmoles/hr/10(7) cells in control hepatocytes. This was about one-third the stimulation of ethane and n-pentane formation produced by incubation of hepatocytes with 13 mM carbon tetrachloride. DMSO-stimulated ethane and n-pentane formation was inhibited up to 63% by 0.1 microM alpha-tocopherol and up to 89% by N2. Formation of dimethylsulfide from DMSO by hepatocytes was the same in air and N2. DMSO increased methane production by hepatocytes to 31.3 pmoles/hr/10(7) cells from 6.9 pmoles/hr/10(7) cells in control hepatocytes. Although DMSO apparently stimulated lipid peroxidation by hepatocytes, as measured by ethane and n-pentane formation, there was no increase in the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive material. DMSO was not toxic to hepatocytes, measured by release of cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase, over a 2-hr incubation. Possible mechanisms for the increase in alkane formation by DMSO are discussed.
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38
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Rijntjes PJ, Moshage HJ, Van Gemert PJ, De Waal R, Yap SH. Cryopreservation of adult human hepatocytes. The influence of deep freezing storage on the viability, cell seeding, survival, fine structures and albumin synthesis in primary cultures. J Hepatol 1986; 3:7-18. [PMID: 3745887 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(86)80140-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Isolated and cultured human hepatocytes provide a useful model for studies of the liver cell function in man. In vitro studies using human hepatocytes are scarce, due to the limited availability and the lack of suitable methods for storage. In this study, we report the effect of deep freezing storage on the viability, fine structures and albumin synthesis of human adult hepatocytes in classical culture conditions. Hepatocytes were isolated using collagenase perfusion (9 isolations). The cell yield was 4-37 X 10(8) with a viability of 60-87%. Cryopreservation was performed in medium containing 10% DMSO and 20% fetal calf serum using a Cryoson BV-4 programmable freezer (0 degree C for 5 min, followed by a freezing rate of 1.5 degrees C/min for 20 min and 7 degrees C/min for 10 min). The cells were stored for 25-275 days in the liquid nitrogen vapor phase (-150 degrees C). Within 16 h about 80% of viable cells from freshly isolated hepatocytes whereas after cryopreservation, 55% of viable cells as determined by Trypan Blue exclusion before the cryopreservation attached to plastic and survived. Electron microscopy showed well developed tight junctions, structures similar to bile canaliculi. Cell polarity was evident. However, 'bleb' formation, more lipid droplets and lysosomes were found in cryopreserved hepatocytes during a short period after thawing. At the 3rd week, cells detached and died. These changes were associated with increased secretion of lactate dehydrogenase, whereas the albumin secretion dropped (from 10 to 4 micrograms/micrograms DNA), regardless of whether hepatocytes were cultured from fresh preparations or after cryopreservation. These findings suggest the cryopreservation is a useful technique to preserve hepatocytes for in vitro studies. Nevertheless, an improved method is necessary to increase the efficiency of cell seeding after cryopreservation.
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39
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Jackson BA, Davies JE, Chipman JK. Cytochrome P-450 activity in hepatocytes following cryopreservation and monolayer culture. Biochem Pharmacol 1985; 34:3389-91. [PMID: 3876098 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(85)90365-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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40
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Gómez-Lechón MJ, Lopez P, Castell JV. Biochemical functionality and recovery of hepatocytes after deep freezing storage. IN VITRO 1984; 20:826-32. [PMID: 6151544 DOI: 10.1007/bf02619627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to define the conditions for optimal cryopreservation of hepatocytes. Two different freezing procedures were analyzed: a slow freezing rate (SFR) (-2 degrees C/min down to -30 degrees C and then quick freezing to -196 degrees C) and a fast freezing rate (FFR) (direct freezing of tubes to -196 degrees C: -39 degrees C/min). Cells were frozen in fetal bovine serum containing 10% Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). After rapid thawing at 37 degrees C, followed by dilution and removal of the cryoprotectant, cells were plated and several parameters were followed as criteria for optimal cryopreservation of cells. The FFR cells showed no apparent ultrastructural damage after 24 h of culture. Plating efficiency and spreading were similar as controls. Gluconeogenesis from pyruvate and fructose, tyrosine amino transferase induction by glucagon and dexamethasone, urea production, and plasma protein synthesis of FFR cells were similar to those found in control cultures. The FFR procedure, in comparison to the SFR method, seemed to render the best preserved hepatocytes.
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41
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Pogson CI, Carpenter WR, Cook JS, Fisher MJ, Lomax MA, Salter M, Stanley JC. A critical approach to the use of isolated liver cells for the study of metabolic events. Proc Nutr Soc 1984; 43:119-32. [PMID: 6147852 DOI: 10.1079/pns19840036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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42
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Houssin D, Capron M, Celier C, Cresteil T, Demaugre F, Beaune P. Evaluation of isolated human hepatocytes. Life Sci 1983; 33:1805-9. [PMID: 6645779 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(83)90688-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This preliminary study reports the functional capacities of freshly isolated human hepatocytes in regard to their energetic metabolism and monooxygenase activities. Incubated for 30 or 60 min, isolated cells maintain their membrane integrity, ATP and reduced glutathione content and redox potential estimated by means of lactate to pyruvate and beta-hydroxypyruvate to acetoacetate ratios. Three monooxygenase activities, supported by different isoenzymes of cytochrome P-450 are determined by the accumulation of unconjugated metabolites: their relative magnitudes are similar to those observed in microsomes, indicating a good preservation of hydroxylase activities during cell isolation and incubation. Although incubations did not exceed 60 min, one can conclude that human hepatocytes maintain their viability and metabolic capacities after isolation and might be considered in transplantation process for the treatment of acute hepatic failure. Isolated human hepatocytes might be also used as a tool for studying biochemical and toxicological effects of a drug.
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