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Odanga JJ, Anderson SM, Breathwaite EK, Presnell SC, LeCluyse EL, Chen J, Weaver JR. Characterization of diseased primary human hepatocytes in an all-human cell-based triculture system. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6772. [PMID: 38514705 PMCID: PMC10957907 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57463-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases, including NAFLD, are a growing worldwide health concern. Currently, there is a lack of suitable in vitro models that sustain basic primary human hepatocyte (PHH) morphology and functionality while supporting presentation of disease-associated phenotypic characteristics such as lipid accumulation and inflammasome activation. In TruVivo, an all-human triculture system (hTCS), basic metabolic functions were characterized in PHHs isolated from normal or diseased livers during two-weeks of culture. Decreases in albumin and urea levels and CYP3A4 activity were seen in diseased-origin PHHs compared to normal PHHs along with higher CYP2E1 expression. Positive expression of the macrophage markers CD68 and CD163 were seen in the diseased PHH preparations. Elevated levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and MCP-1 and the fibrotic markers CK-18 and TGF-β were also measured. Gene expression of FASN, PCK1, and G6PC in the diseased PHHs was decreased compared to the normal PHHs. Further characterization revealed differences in lipogenesis and accumulation of intracellular lipids in normal and diseased PHHs when cultured with oleic acid and high glucose. TruVivo represents a promising new platform to study lipogenic mechanisms in normal and diseased populations due to the preservation of phenotypic differences over a prolonged culture period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J Odanga
- Institute of Regenerative Med., LifeNet Health, 1864 Concert Dr., Virginia Beach, VA, USA
| | - Sharon M Anderson
- Institute of Regenerative Med., LifeNet Health, 1864 Concert Dr., Virginia Beach, VA, USA
| | - Erick K Breathwaite
- Institute of Regenerative Med., LifeNet Health, 1864 Concert Dr., Virginia Beach, VA, USA
| | - Sharon C Presnell
- Institute of Regenerative Med., LifeNet Health, 1864 Concert Dr., Virginia Beach, VA, USA
| | - Edward L LeCluyse
- Research and Development, LifeNet Health LifeSciences, 6 Davis Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jingsong Chen
- Institute of Regenerative Med., LifeNet Health, 1864 Concert Dr., Virginia Beach, VA, USA
| | - Jessica R Weaver
- Institute of Regenerative Med., LifeNet Health, 1864 Concert Dr., Virginia Beach, VA, USA.
- LifeSciences Product Development, LifeNet Health, 1864 Concert Drive, Virginia Beach, VA, 23453, USA.
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2
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Filipovic D, Qi W, Kana O, Marri D, LeCluyse EL, Andersen ME, Cuddapah S, Bhattacharya S. Interpretable predictive models of genome-wide aryl hydrocarbon receptor-DNA binding reveal tissue-specific binding determinants. Toxicol Sci 2023; 196:170-186. [PMID: 37707797 PMCID: PMC10682972 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is an inducible transcription factor whose ligands include the potent environmental contaminant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Ligand-activated AhR binds to DNA at dioxin response elements (DREs) containing the core motif 5'-GCGTG-3'. However, AhR binding is highly tissue specific. Most DREs in accessible chromatin are not bound by TCDD-activated AhR, and DREs accessible in multiple tissues can be bound in some and unbound in others. As such, AhR functions similarly to many nuclear receptors. Given that AhR possesses a strong core motif, it is suited for a motif-centered analysis of its binding. We developed interpretable machine learning models predicting the AhR binding status of DREs in MCF-7, GM17212, and HepG2 cells, as well as primary human hepatocytes. Cross-tissue models predicting transcription factor (TF)-DNA binding generally perform poorly. However, reasons for the low performance remain unexplored. By interpreting the results of individual within-tissue models and by examining the features leading to low cross-tissue performance, we identified sequence and chromatin context patterns correlated with AhR binding. We conclude that AhR binding is driven by a complex interplay of tissue-agnostic DRE flanking DNA sequence and tissue-specific local chromatin context. Additionally, we demonstrate that interpretable machine learning models can provide novel and experimentally testable mechanistic insights into DNA binding by inducible TFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Filipovic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science & Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Wenjie Qi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science & Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Omar Kana
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science & Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Daniel Marri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science & Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Edward L LeCluyse
- LifeSciences Division, LifeNet Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | | | - Suresh Cuddapah
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10010, USA
| | - Sudin Bhattacharya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science & Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Center for Research on Ingredient Safety, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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3
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Odanga JJ, Gianulis E, Whaley L, LeCluyse EL, Presnell S, Weaver JR. An All-Human Hepatic Culture System for Drug Development Applications. J Vis Exp 2023. [PMID: 37930008 DOI: 10.3791/65992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Finding a long-term, human-relevant culture model for primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) for pharmacological and toxicological studies remains a challenge. Current in vitro model platforms are often inconvenient and complex, lack phenotypic stability over time, and do not support multiple PHH lots, lacking experimental reproducibility and flexibility. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for the thawing, plating, and maintenance of an all-human 2D+ hepatic system (TV2D+), which takes advantage of standard two-dimensional (2D) culture techniques and equipment while maintaining the longevity and phenotypic stability over time that typically accompany more complex three-dimensional (3D) systems. The results show attachment and percent plateability in TV2D+ as a function of PHH seeding density, as well as stable functionality for at least 2 weeks in culture. A range of PHH seeding densities are assessed to achieve a successful long-term culture. When established properly, the PHHs in TV2D+ organize into hepatocyte colonies, express a hepatic-specific marker, and maintain viability, architectural integrity, and physiologically relevant levels of albumin and urea. This unique combination of attributes makes the TV2D+ system a suitable hepatic model for a variety of pharmacological and toxicological applications.
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4
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Tao TP, Maschmeyer I, LeCluyse EL, Rogers E, Brandmair K, Gerlach S, Przibilla J, Kern F, Genies C, Jacques C, Najjar A, Schepky A, Marx U, Kühnl J, Hewitt NJ. Development of a microphysiological skin-liver-thyroid Chip3 model and its application to evaluate the effects on thyroid hormones of topically applied cosmetic ingredients under consumer-relevant conditions. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1076254. [PMID: 36843954 PMCID: PMC9946709 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1076254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
All cosmetic ingredients registered in Europe must be evaluated for their safety using non-animal methods. Microphysiological systems (MPS) offer a more complex higher tier model to evaluate chemicals. Having established a skin and liver HUMIMIC Chip2 model demonstrating how dosing scenarios impact the kinetics of chemicals, we investigated whether thyroid follicles could be incorporated to evaluate the potential of topically applied chemicals to cause endocrine disruption. This combination of models in the HUMIMIC Chip3 is new; therefore, we describe here how it was optimized using two chemicals known to inhibit thyroid production, daidzein and genistein. The MPS was comprised of Phenion® Full Thickness skin, liver spheroids and thyroid follicles co-cultured in the TissUse HUMIMIC Chip3. Endocrine disruption effects were determined according to changes in thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3). A main part of the Chip3 model optimization was the replacement of freshly isolated thyroid follicles with thyrocyte-derived follicles. These were used in static incubations to demonstrate the inhibition of T4 and T3 production by genistein and daidzein over 4 days. Daidzein exhibited a lower inhibitory activity than genistein and both inhibitory activities were decreased after a 24 h preincubation with liver spheroids, indicating metabolism was via detoxification pathways. The skin-liver-thyroid Chip3 model was used to determine a consumer-relevant exposure to daidzein present in a body lotion based on thyroid effects. A "safe dose" of 0.235 μg/cm2 i.e., 0.047% applied in 0.5 mg/cm2 of body lotion was the highest concentration of daidzein which does not result in changes in T3 and T4 levels. This concentration correlated well with the value considered safe by regulators. In conclusion, the Chip3 model enabled the incorporation of the relevant exposure route (dermal), metabolism in the skin and liver, and the bioactivity endpoint (assessment of hormonal balance i.e., thyroid effects) into a single model. These conditions are closer to those in vivo than 2D cell/tissue assays lacking metabolic function. Importantly, it also allowed the assessment of repeated doses of chemical and a direct comparison of systemic and tissue concentrations with toxicodynamic effects over time, which is more realistic and relevant for safety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eda Rogers
- LifeNet Health, Virginia Beach, VA, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nicola J. Hewitt
- Cosmetics Europe, Auderghem, Belgium,*Correspondence: Nicola J. Hewitt,
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Weaver JR, Odanga JJ, Wolf KK, Piekos S, Biven M, Taub M, LaRocca J, Thomas C, Byer-Alcorace A, Chen J, Lee JB, LeCluyse EL. The morphology, functionality, and longevity of a novel all human hepatic cell-based tri-culture system. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 86:105504. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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6
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Ölander M, Wegler C, Flörkemeier I, Treyer A, Handin N, Pedersen JM, Vildhede A, Mateus A, LeCluyse EL, Urdzik J, Artursson P. Hepatocyte size fractionation allows dissection of human liver zonation. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:5885-5894. [PMID: 33452735 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Human hepatocytes show marked differences in cell size, gene expression, and function throughout the liver lobules, an arrangement termed liver zonation. However, it is not clear if these zonal size differences, and the associated phenotypic differences, are retained in isolated human hepatocytes, the "gold standard" for in vitro studies of human liver function. Here, we therefore explored size differences among isolated human hepatocytes and investigated whether separation by size can be used to study liver zonation in vitro. We used counterflow centrifugal elutriation to separate cells into different size fractions and analyzed them with label-free quantitative proteomics, which revealed an enrichment of 151 and 758 proteins (out of 5163) in small and large hepatocytes, respectively. Further analysis showed that protein abundances in different hepatocyte size fractions recapitulated the in vivo expression patterns of previously described zonal markers and biological processes. We also found that the expression of zone-specific cytochrome P450 enzymes correlated with their metabolic activity in the different fractions. In summary, our results show that differences in hepatocyte size matches zonal expression patterns, and that our size fractionation approach can be used to study zone-specific liver functions in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Ölander
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christine Wegler
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Andrea Treyer
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Niklas Handin
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Anna Vildhede
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - André Mateus
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Jozef Urdzik
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Ware BR, Brown GE, Soldatow VY, LeCluyse EL, Khetani SR. ERRATUM. Gene Expr 2020; 20:75-76. [PMID: 32522329 PMCID: PMC7284104 DOI: 10.3727/105221620x15886997679754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Testing drugs in isogenic rodent strains to satisfy regulatory requirements is insufficient for derisking organ toxicity in genetically diverse human populations; in contrast, advances in mouse genetics can help mitigate these limitations. Compared to the expensive and slower in vivo testing, in vitro cultures enable the testing of large compound libraries toward prioritizing lead compounds and selecting an animal model with human-like response to a compound. In the case of the liver, a leading cause of drug attrition, isolated primary mouse hepatocytes (PMHs) rapidly decline in function within current culture platforms, which restricts their use for assessing the effects of longer-term compound exposure. Here we addressed this challenge by fabricating mouse micropatterned cocultures (mMPCC) containing PMHs and 3T3-J2 murine embryonic fibroblasts that displayed 4 weeks of functions; mMPCCs created from either C57Bl/6J or CD-1 PMHs outperformed collagen/Matrigel™ sandwich-cultured hepatocyte monocultures by ∼143-fold, 413-fold, and 10-fold for albumin secretion, urea synthesis, and cytochrome P450 activities, respectively. Such functional longevity of mMPCCs enabled in vivo relevant comparisons across strains for CYP induction and hepatotoxicity following exposure to 14 compounds with subsequent comparison to responses in primary human hepatocytes (PHHs). In conclusion, mMPCCs display high levels of major liver functions for several weeks and can be used to assess strain- and species-specific compound effects when used in conjunction with responses in PHHs. Ultimately, mMPCCs can be used to leverage the power of mouse genetics for characterizing subpopulations sensitive to compounds, characterizing the degree of interindividual variability, and elucidating genetic determinants of severe hepatotoxicity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenton R Ware
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State UniversityFort Collins, COUSA
| | - Grace E Brown
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicago, ILUSA
| | | | - Edward L LeCluyse
- The Hamner Institutes for Health SciencesResearch Triangle Park, NCUSA
| | - Salman R Khetani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State UniversityFort Collins, COUSA
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8
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McMullen PD, Bhattacharya S, Woods CG, Pendse SN, McBride MT, Soldatow VY, Deisenroth C, LeCluyse EL, Clewell RA, Andersen ME. Identifying qualitative differences in PPARα signaling networks in human and rat hepatocytes and their significance for next generation chemical risk assessment methods. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 64:104463. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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9
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Deisenroth C, Soldatow VY, Ford J, Stewart W, Brinkman C, LeCluyse EL, MacMillan DK, Thomas RS. Development of an In Vitro Human Thyroid Microtissue Model for Chemical Screening. Toxicol Sci 2020; 174:63-78. [PMID: 31808822 PMCID: PMC8061085 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH) are essential for regulating a number of diverse physiological processes required for normal growth, development, and metabolism. The US EPA Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP) has identified several molecular thyroid targets relevant to hormone synthesis dynamics that have been adapted to high-throughput screening (HTS) assays to rapidly evaluate the ToxCast/Tox21 chemical inventories for potential thyroid disrupting chemicals (TDCs). The uncertainty surrounding the specificity of active chemicals identified in these screens and the relevance to phenotypic effects on in vivo human TH synthesis are notable data gaps for hazard identification of TDCs. The objective of this study was to develop a medium-throughput organotypic screening assay comprised of reconstructed human thyroid microtissues to quantitatively evaluate the disruptive effects of chemicals on TH production and secretion. Primary human thyroid cells procured from qualified euthyroid donors were analyzed for retention of NK2 homeobox 1 (NKX2-1), Keratin 7 (KRT7), and Thyroglobulin (TG) protein expression by high-content image analysis to verify enrichment of follicular epithelial cells. A direct comparison of 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) 96-well culture formats was employed to characterize the morphology, differential gene expression, TG production, and TH synthesis over the course of 20 days. The results indicate that modeling human thyroid cells in the 3D format was sufficient to restore TH synthesis not observed in the 2D culture format. Inhibition of TH synthesis in an optimized 3D culture format was demonstrated with reference chemicals for key molecular targets within the thyroid gland. Implementation of the assay may prove useful for interpreting phenotypic effects of candidate TDCs identified by HTS efforts currently underway in the EDSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Deisenroth
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | | | - Jermaine Ford
- Research Cores Unit, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Wendy Stewart
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Cassandra Brinkman
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | | | - Denise K. MacMillan
- Research Cores Unit, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Russell S. Thomas
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
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10
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Ware BR, Brown GE, Soldatow VY, LeCluyse EL, Khetani SR. Long-Term Engineered Cultures of Primary Mouse Hepatocytes for Strain and Species Comparison Studies During Drug Development. Gene Expr 2019; 19:199-214. [PMID: 31340881 PMCID: PMC6827040 DOI: 10.3727/105221619x15638857793317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Testing drugs in isogenic rodent strains to satisfy regulatory requirements is insufficient for derisking organ toxicity in genetically diverse human populations; in contrast, advances in mouse genetics can help mitigate these limitations. Compared to the expensive and slower in vivo testing, in vitro cultures enable the testing of large compound libraries toward prioritizing lead compounds and selecting an animal model with human-like response to a compound. In the case of the liver, a leading cause of drug attrition, isolated primary mouse hepatocytes (PMHs) rapidly decline in function within current culture platforms, which restricts their use for assessing the effects of longer-term compound exposure. Here we addressed this challenge by fabricating mouse micropatterned cocultures (mMPCC) containing PMHs and 3T3-J2 murine embryonic fibroblasts that displayed 4 weeks of functions; mMPCCs created from either C57Bl/6J or CD-1 PMHs outperformed collagen/Matrigel™ sandwich-cultured hepatocyte monocultures by ∼143-fold, 413-fold, and 10-fold for albumin secretion, urea synthesis, and cytochrome P450 activities, respectively. Such functional longevity of mMPCCs enabled in vivo relevant comparisons across strains for CYP induction and hepatotoxicity following exposure to 14 compounds with subsequent comparison to responses in primary human hepatocytes (PHHs). In conclusion, mMPCCs display high levels of major liver functions for several weeks and can be used to assess strain- and species-specific compound effects when used in conjunction with responses in PHHs. Ultimately, mMPCCs can be used to leverage the power of mouse genetics for characterizing subpopulations sensitive to compounds, characterizing the degree of interindividual variability, and elucidating genetic determinants of severe hepatotoxicity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenton R. Ware
- *School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- †Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Grace E. Brown
- †Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Edward L. LeCluyse
- ‡The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Salman R. Khetani
- *School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- †Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- §Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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11
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Kirchner VA, Tak E, Kim K, LeCluyse EL, Niedernhofer LJ, Soldatow V, Lee J, Kim J, Tolar J, Song GW, Pruett TL. The evolving microenvironment of the human hepatocyte: Healthy vs. cirrhotic liver vs. isolated cells. Tissue Cell 2019; 62:101310. [PMID: 32433018 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2019.101310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The study of the liver microenvironment and hepatocyte's response to this environment in the setting of healthy liver, cirrhotic liver or cultured primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) addresses key questions for the development of novel liver therapies and predicts relevance of ex vivo PHHs models in liver biology. This study compared quantitative gene and protein expression of the inflammatory profile, oxidative stress response, angiogenesis and homing mechanisms in the biopsies of healthy and cirrhotic human livers and isolated PHHs. These profiles were correlated with the metabolic health of liver and PHHs defined by albumin production. The analysis demonstrated that cirrhotic liver and PHHs exhibited a distinct upregulation of the pro-inflammatory, oxidative stress and homing mechanism markers when compared to normal liver. The upregulation of the oxidative stress markers in PHHs inversely correlated with the albumin production. PHHs had diverse secretion of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors, reflective of the cellular response to non-physiological culture conditions. The current study suggests that ex vivo PHHs manifest adaptive behavior by upregulating stress mechanisms (similar to the cirrhotic liver), downregulating normal metabolic function and upregulating matrix turnover. The ex vivo profile of PHHs may limit their therapeutic functionality and metabolic capacity to serve as in vitro metabolism and toxicology models.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Kirchner
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Asan-Minnesota Institute for Innovating Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - E Tak
- Department of Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea; Asan-Minnesota Institute for Innovating Transplantation, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - K Kim
- Asan-Minnesota Institute for Innovating Transplantation, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - E L LeCluyse
- LifeSciences Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - L J Niedernhofer
- The Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - V Soldatow
- LifeSciences Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - J Lee
- Asan-Minnesota Institute for Innovating Transplantation, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - J Kim
- Asan-Minnesota Institute for Innovating Transplantation, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - J Tolar
- Asan-Minnesota Institute for Innovating Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, MN 55455, USA; Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - G W Song
- Department of Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea; Asan-Minnesota Institute for Innovating Transplantation, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - T L Pruett
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Asan-Minnesota Institute for Innovating Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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12
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Baker EJ, Beck NA, Berg EL, Clayton-Jeter HD, Chandrasekera PC, Curley JL, Donzanti BA, Ewart LC, Gunther JM, Kenna JG, LeCluyse EL, Liebman MN, Pugh CL, Watkins PB, Sullivan KM. Advancing nonclinical innovation and safety in pharmaceutical testing. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:624-628. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Tikunov AP, Shim YS, Bhattarai N, Siler SQ, Soldatow V, LeCluyse EL, McDunn JE, Watkins PB, Macdonald JM. Dose-response in a high density three-dimensional liver device with real-time bioenergetic and metabolic flux quantification. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 45:119-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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14
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Sistare FD, Mattes WB, LeCluyse EL. The Promise of New Technologies to Reduce, Refine, or Replace Animal Use while Reducing Risks of Drug Induced Liver Injury in Pharmaceutical Development. ILAR J 2017; 57:186-211. [DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilw025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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15
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Rose KA, Holman NS, Green AM, Andersen ME, LeCluyse EL. Co-culture of Hepatocytes and Kupffer Cells as an In Vitro Model of Inflammation and Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:950-964. [PMID: 26869439 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3549(15)00192-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Immune-mediated drug-induced hepatotoxicity is often unrecognized as a potential mode of action due to the lack of appropriate in vitro models. We have established an in vitro rat donor-matched hepatocyte and Kupffer cell co-culture (HKCC) model to study immune-related responses to drug exposure. Optimal cell culture conditions were identified for the maintenance of co-cultures based on cell longevity, monolayer integrity, and cytokine response after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure. Hepatocyte monocultures and HKCCs were then used to test a subset of compounds associated with hepatotoxic effects with or without LPS. Cytokine levels and metabolic activity (cytochrome P450 3A [Cyp3A]) were measured after a 48-h exposure to monitor endotoxin-induced changes in acute phase and functional end points. LPS-activated HKCCs, but not hepatocyte monocultures, treated with trovafloxacin or acetaminophen, compounds associated with immune-mediated hepatotoxicity, showed LPS-dependent decreases in interleukin-6 production with concomitant increases in Cyp3A activity. Differential endotoxin- and model-dependent alterations were observed in cytokine profiles and Cyp3A activity levels that corresponded to specific compounds. These results indicate the utility of the HKCC model system to discern compound-specific effects that may lead to enhanced or mitigate hepatocellular injury due to innate or adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Rose
- The Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Natalie S Holman
- The Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; The Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514
| | - Angela M Green
- The Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Melvin E Andersen
- The Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Edward L LeCluyse
- The Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; The Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514.
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16
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Norona LM, Nguyen DG, Gerber DA, Presnell SC, LeCluyse EL. Editor's Highlight: Modeling Compound-Induced Fibrogenesis In Vitro Using Three-Dimensional Bioprinted Human Liver Tissues. Toxicol Sci 2016; 154:354-367. [PMID: 27605418 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Compound-induced liver injury leading to fibrosis remains a challenge for the development of an Adverse Outcome Pathway useful for human risk assessment. Latency to detection and lack of early, systematically detectable biomarkers make it difficult to characterize the dynamic and complex intercellular interactions that occur during progressive liver injury. Here, we demonstrate the utility of bioprinted tissue constructs comprising primary hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells, and endothelial cells to model methotrexate- and thioacetamide-induced liver injury leading to fibrosis. Repeated, low-concentration exposure to these compounds enabled the detection and differentiation of multiple modes of liver injury, including hepatocellular damage, and progressive fibrogenesis characterized by the deposition and accumulation of fibrillar collagens in patterns analogous to those described in clinical samples obtained from patients with fibrotic liver injury. Transient cytokine production and upregulation of fibrosis-associated genes ACTA2 and COL1A1 mimics hallmark features of a classic wound-healing response. A surge in proinflammatory cytokines (eg, IL-8, IL-1β) during the early culture time period is followed by concentration- and treatment-dependent alterations in immunomodulatory and chemotactic cytokines such as IL-13, IL-6, and MCP-1. These combined data provide strong proof-of-concept that 3D bioprinted liver tissues can recapitulate drug-, chemical-, and TGF-β1-induced fibrogenesis at the cellular, molecular, and histological levels and underscore the value of the model for further exploration of compound-specific fibrogenic responses. This novel system will enable a more comprehensive characterization of key attributes unique to fibrogenic agents during the onset and progression of liver injury as well as mechanistic insights, thus improving compound risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah M Norona
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 .,Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599.,The Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Deborah G Nguyen
- Research and Development, Organovo, Inc, San Diego, California 92121
| | - David A Gerber
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Sharon C Presnell
- Research and Development, Organovo, Inc, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Edward L LeCluyse
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599.,The Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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17
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Holman NS, Mosedale M, Wolf KK, LeCluyse EL, Watkins PB. Subtoxic Alterations in Hepatocyte-Derived Exosomes: An Early Step in Drug-Induced Liver Injury? Toxicol Sci 2016; 151:365-75. [PMID: 26962055 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a significant clinical and economic problem in the United States, yet the mechanisms that underlie DILI remain poorly understood. Recent evidence suggests that signaling molecules released by stressed hepatocytes can trigger immune responses that may be common across DILI mechanisms. Extracellular vesicles released by hepatocytes, principally hepatocyte-derived exosomes (HDEs), may constitute one such signal. To examine HDE alterations as a function of drug-induced stress, this work utilized prototypical hepatotoxicant acetaminophen (APAP) in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, SD rat hepatocytes, and primary human hepatocytes. HDE were isolated using ExoQuick precipitation reagent and analyzed by quantification of the liver-specific RNAs albumin and microRNA-122 (miR-122). In vivo, significant elevations in circulating exosomal albumin mRNA were observed at subtoxic APAP exposures. Significant increases in exosomal albumin mRNA were also observed in primary rat hepatocytes at subtoxic APAP concentrations. In primary human hepatocytes, APAP elicited increases in both exosomal albumin mRNA and exosomal miR-122 without overt cytotoxicity. However, the number of HDE produced in vitro in response to APAP did not increase with exosomal RNA quantity. We conclude that significant drug-induced alterations in the liver-specific RNA content of HDE occur at subtoxic APAP exposures in vivo and in vitro, and that these changes appear to reflect selective packaging rather than changes in exosome number. The current findings demonstrate that translationally relevant HDE alterations occur in the absence of overt hepatocellular toxicity, and support the hypothesis that HDE released by stressed hepatocytes may mediate early immune responses in DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie S Holman
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599; Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599; Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Merrie Mosedale
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599; Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Kristina K Wolf
- Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; QPS DMPK Hepatic Biosciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Edward L LeCluyse
- *Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599; Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Paul B Watkins
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599; Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709;
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18
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Bonzo JA, Rose K, Freeman K, Deibert E, Amaral KB, Ferguson SS, Andersen ME, Witek RP, LeCluyse EL. Differential Effects of Trovafloxacin on TNF-α and IL-6 Profiles in a Rat Hepatocyte–Kupffer Cell Coculture System. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2014.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Bonzo
- Cell Biology, Thermo Fisher Scientific (Life Technologies), Frederick, Maryland
| | - Kelly Rose
- The Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Kimberly Freeman
- Primary & Stem Cell Systems, Thermo Fisher Scientific (Life Technologies), Frederick, Maryland
| | - Erica Deibert
- Primary & Stem Cell Systems, Thermo Fisher Scientific (Life Technologies), Frederick, Maryland
| | - Kirsten B. Amaral
- Primary & Stem Cell Systems, Thermo Fisher Scientific (Life Technologies), Frederick, Maryland
| | - Stephen S. Ferguson
- Primary & Stem Cell Systems, Thermo Fisher Scientific (Life Technologies), Frederick, Maryland
| | - Melvin E. Andersen
- The Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Rafal P. Witek
- Cell Biology, Thermo Fisher Scientific (Life Technologies), Frederick, Maryland
| | - Edward L. LeCluyse
- The Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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19
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Choi K, Pfund WP, Andersen ME, Thomas RS, Clewell HJ, LeCluyse EL. Development of 3D Dynamic Flow Model of Human Liver and Its Application to Prediction of Metabolic Clearance of 7-Ethoxycoumarin. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2014; 20:641-51. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2013.0562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungju Choi
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | | | - Melvin E. Andersen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Russell S. Thomas
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Harvey J. Clewell
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Edward L. LeCluyse
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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20
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McMullen PD, Bhattacharya S, Woods CG, Sun B, Yarborough K, Ross SM, Miller ME, McBride MT, LeCluyse EL, Clewell RA, Andersen ME. A map of the PPARα transcription regulatory network for primary human hepatocytes. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 209:14-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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21
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Trask OJ, Moore A, LeCluyse EL. A Micropatterned Hepatocyte Coculture Model for Assessment of Liver Toxicity Using High-Content Imaging Analysis. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2014; 12:16-27. [DOI: 10.1089/adt.2013.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- O. Joseph Trask
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | | | - Edward L. LeCluyse
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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22
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Pedersen JM, Matsson P, Bergström CAS, Hoogstraate J, Norén A, LeCluyse EL, Artursson P. Early identification of clinically relevant drug interactions with the human bile salt export pump (BSEP/ABCB11). Toxicol Sci 2013; 136:328-43. [PMID: 24014644 PMCID: PMC3858191 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive analysis was performed to investigate how inhibition of the human bile salt export pump (BSEP/ABCB11) relates to clinically observed drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Inhibition of taurocholate (TA) transport was investigated in BSEP membrane vesicles for a data set of 250 compounds, and 86 BSEP inhibitors were identified. Structure-activity modeling identified BSEP inhibition to correlate strongly with compound lipophilicity, whereas positive molecular charge was associated with a lack of inhibition. All approved drugs in the data set (n = 182) were categorized according to DILI warnings in drug labels issued by the Food and Drug Administration, and a strong correlation between BSEP inhibition and DILI was identified. As many as 38 of the 61 identified BSEP inhibitors were associated with severe DILI, including 9 drugs not previously linked to BSEP inhibition. Further, among the tested compounds, every second drug associated with severe DILI was a BSEP inhibitor. Finally, sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes (SCHH) were used to investigate the relationship between BSEP inhibition, TA transport, and clinically observed DILI in detail. BSEP inhibitors associated with severe DILI greatly reduced the TA canalicular efflux, whereas BSEP inhibitors with less severe or no DILI resulted in weak or no reduction of TA efflux in SCHH. This distinction illustrates the usefulness of SCHH in refined analysis of BSEP inhibition. In conclusion, BSEP inhibition in membrane vesicles was found to correlate to DILI severity, and altered disposition of TA in SCHH was shown to separate BSEP inhibitors associated with severe DILI from those with no or mild DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny M Pedersen
- *Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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23
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Godoy P, Hewitt NJ, Albrecht U, Andersen ME, Ansari N, Bhattacharya S, Bode JG, Bolleyn J, Borner C, Böttger J, Braeuning A, Budinsky RA, Burkhardt B, Cameron NR, Camussi G, Cho CS, Choi YJ, Craig Rowlands J, Dahmen U, Damm G, Dirsch O, Donato MT, Dong J, Dooley S, Drasdo D, Eakins R, Ferreira KS, Fonsato V, Fraczek J, Gebhardt R, Gibson A, Glanemann M, Goldring CEP, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Groothuis GMM, Gustavsson L, Guyot C, Hallifax D, Hammad S, Hayward A, Häussinger D, Hellerbrand C, Hewitt P, Hoehme S, Holzhütter HG, Houston JB, Hrach J, Ito K, Jaeschke H, Keitel V, Kelm JM, Kevin Park B, Kordes C, Kullak-Ublick GA, LeCluyse EL, Lu P, Luebke-Wheeler J, Lutz A, Maltman DJ, Matz-Soja M, McMullen P, Merfort I, Messner S, Meyer C, Mwinyi J, Naisbitt DJ, Nussler AK, Olinga P, Pampaloni F, Pi J, Pluta L, Przyborski SA, Ramachandran A, Rogiers V, Rowe C, Schelcher C, Schmich K, Schwarz M, Singh B, Stelzer EHK, Stieger B, Stöber R, Sugiyama Y, Tetta C, Thasler WE, Vanhaecke T, Vinken M, Weiss TS, Widera A, Woods CG, Xu JJ, Yarborough KM, Hengstler JG. Recent advances in 2D and 3D in vitro systems using primary hepatocytes, alternative hepatocyte sources and non-parenchymal liver cells and their use in investigating mechanisms of hepatotoxicity, cell signaling and ADME. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1315-530. [PMID: 23974980 PMCID: PMC3753504 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1042] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review encompasses the most important advances in liver functions and hepatotoxicity and analyzes which mechanisms can be studied in vitro. In a complex architecture of nested, zonated lobules, the liver consists of approximately 80 % hepatocytes and 20 % non-parenchymal cells, the latter being involved in a secondary phase that may dramatically aggravate the initial damage. Hepatotoxicity, as well as hepatic metabolism, is controlled by a set of nuclear receptors (including PXR, CAR, HNF-4α, FXR, LXR, SHP, VDR and PPAR) and signaling pathways. When isolating liver cells, some pathways are activated, e.g., the RAS/MEK/ERK pathway, whereas others are silenced (e.g. HNF-4α), resulting in up- and downregulation of hundreds of genes. An understanding of these changes is crucial for a correct interpretation of in vitro data. The possibilities and limitations of the most useful liver in vitro systems are summarized, including three-dimensional culture techniques, co-cultures with non-parenchymal cells, hepatospheres, precision cut liver slices and the isolated perfused liver. Also discussed is how closely hepatoma, stem cell and iPS cell-derived hepatocyte-like-cells resemble real hepatocytes. Finally, a summary is given of the state of the art of liver in vitro and mathematical modeling systems that are currently used in the pharmaceutical industry with an emphasis on drug metabolism, prediction of clearance, drug interaction, transporter studies and hepatotoxicity. One key message is that despite our enthusiasm for in vitro systems, we must never lose sight of the in vivo situation. Although hepatocytes have been isolated for decades, the hunt for relevant alternative systems has only just begun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Godoy
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Ute Albrecht
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Melvin E. Andersen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Nariman Ansari
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sudin Bhattacharya
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Johannes Georg Bode
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jennifer Bolleyn
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christoph Borner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Böttger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert A. Budinsky
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Britta Burkhardt
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Neil R. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE UK
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Yun-Jaie Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - J. Craig Rowlands
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Department of General Visceral, and Vascular Surgery, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Dirsch
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - María Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jian Dong
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dirk Drasdo
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
- INRIA (French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control), Domaine de Voluceau-Rocquencourt, B.P. 105, 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex, France
- UPMC University of Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7598, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, 4, pl. Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Rowena Eakins
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Karine Sá Ferreira
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- GRK 1104 From Cells to Organs, Molecular Mechanisms of Organogenesis, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valentina Fonsato
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Joanna Fraczek
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rolf Gebhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrew Gibson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthias Glanemann
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chris E. P. Goldring
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - María José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Geny M. M. Groothuis
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lena Gustavsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (Malmö), Center for Molecular Pathology, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 59, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christelle Guyot
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Hallifax
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Seddik Hammad
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Veterinary Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Adam Hayward
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Hoehme
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hermann-Georg Holzhütter
- Institut für Biochemie Abteilung Mathematische Systembiochemie, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Brian Houston
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | | | - Kiyomi Ito
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 202-8585 Japan
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Verena Keitel
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - B. Kevin Park
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Claus Kordes
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerd A. Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edward L. LeCluyse
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Peng Lu
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | - Anna Lutz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel J. Maltman
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
| | - Madlen Matz-Soja
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick McMullen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Irmgard Merfort
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Meyer
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jessica Mwinyi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dean J. Naisbitt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andreas K. Nussler
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Olinga
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Pampaloni
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jingbo Pi
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Linda Pluta
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Stefan A. Przyborski
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Vera Rogiers
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cliff Rowe
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Celine Schelcher
- Department of Surgery, Liver Regeneration, Core Facility, Human in Vitro Models of the Liver, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schmich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schwarz
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bijay Singh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Ernst H. K. Stelzer
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regina Stöber
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN, Yokohama Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan
| | - Ciro Tetta
- Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E. Thasler
- Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich Hospital Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas S. Weiss
- Department of Pediatrics and Juvenile Medicine, University of Regensburg Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Agata Widera
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Courtney G. Woods
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | | | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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LeCluyse EL. Novel iPSC-derived hepatic model systems for investigating mechanisms of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Toxicol Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Dash A, Simmers MB, Deering TG, Berry DJ, Feaver RE, Hastings NE, Pruett TL, LeCluyse EL, Blackman BR, Wamhoff BR. Hemodynamic flow improves rat hepatocyte morphology, function, and metabolic activity in vitro. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 304:C1053-63. [PMID: 23485712 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00331.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In vitro primary hepatocyte systems typically elicit drug induction and toxicity responses at concentrations much higher than corresponding in vivo or clinical plasma C(max) levels, contributing to poor in vitro-in vivo correlations. This may be partly due to the absence of physiological parameters that maintain metabolic phenotype in vivo. We hypothesized that restoring hemodynamics and media transport would improve hepatocyte architecture and metabolic function in vitro compared with nonflow cultures. Rat hepatocytes were cultured for 2 wk either in nonflow collagen gel sandwiches with 48-h media changes or under controlled hemodynamics mimicking sinusoidal circulation within a perfused Transwell device. Phenotypic, functional, and metabolic parameters were assessed at multiple times. Hepatocytes in the devices exhibited polarized morphology, retention of differentiation markers [E-cadherin and hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α (HNF-4α)], the canalicular transporter [multidrug-resistant protein-2 (Mrp-2)], and significantly higher levels of liver function compared with nonflow cultures over 2 wk (albumin ~4-fold and urea ~5-fold). Gene expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes was significantly higher (fold increase over nonflow: CYP1A1: 53.5 ± 10.3; CYP1A2: 64.0 ± 15.1; CYP2B1: 15.2 ± 2.9; CYP2B2: 2.7 ± 0.8; CYP3A2: 4.0 ± 1.4) and translated to significantly higher basal enzyme activity (device vs. nonflow: CYP1A: 6.26 ± 2.41 vs. 0.42 ± 0.015; CYP1B: 3.47 ± 1.66 vs. 0.4 ± 0.09; CYP3A: 11.65 ± 4.70 vs. 2.43 ± 0.56) while retaining inducibility by 3-methylcholanthrene and dexamethasone (fold increase over DMSO: CYP1A = 27.33 and CYP3A = 4.94). These responses were observed at concentrations closer to plasma levels documented in vivo in rats. The retention of in vivo-like hepatocyte phenotype and metabolic function coupled with drug response at more physiological concentrations emphasizes the importance of restoring in vivo physiological transport parameters in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dash
- HemoShear, LLC, Charlottesville, VA 22902, USA.
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26
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Ukairo O, Kanchagar C, Moore A, Shi J, Gaffney J, Aoyama S, Rose K, Krzyzewski S, McGeehan J, Andersen ME, Khetani SR, LeCluyse EL. Long-Term Stability of Primary Rat Hepatocytes in Micropatterned Cocultures. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2013; 27:204-12. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 11/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amanda Moore
- Hepregen Corporation, Suite 1500; Medford; MA; 2155; USA
| | - Julianne Shi
- Hepregen Corporation, Suite 1500; Medford; MA; 2155; USA
| | | | - Simon Aoyama
- Hepregen Corporation, Suite 1500; Medford; MA; 2155; USA
| | - Kelly Rose
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences; Research Triangle Park; NC; 27709; USA
| | | | - Jack McGeehan
- Hepregen Corporation, Suite 1500; Medford; MA; 2155; USA
| | - Melvin E. Andersen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences; Research Triangle Park; NC; 27709; USA
| | - Salman R. Khetani
- Colorado State University; Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering; Fort Collins; CO; 80523-1374; USA
| | - Edward L. LeCluyse
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences; Research Triangle Park; NC; 27709; USA
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27
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LeCluyse EL, Witek RP, Andersen ME, Powers MJ. Organotypic liver culture models: meeting current challenges in toxicity testing. Crit Rev Toxicol 2012; 42:501-48. [PMID: 22582993 PMCID: PMC3423873 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2012.682115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Prediction of chemical-induced hepatotoxicity in humans from in vitro data continues to be a significant challenge for the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. Generally, conventional in vitro hepatic model systems (i.e. 2-D static monocultures of primary or immortalized hepatocytes) are limited by their inability to maintain histotypic and phenotypic characteristics over time in culture, including stable expression of clearance and bioactivation pathways, as well as complex adaptive responses to chemical exposure. These systems are less than ideal for longer-term toxicity evaluations and elucidation of key cellular and molecular events involved in primary and secondary adaptation to chemical exposure, or for identification of important mediators of inflammation, proliferation and apoptosis. Progress in implementing a more effective strategy for in vitro-in vivo extrapolation and human risk assessment depends on significant advances in tissue culture technology and increasing their level of biological complexity. This article describes the current and ongoing need for more relevant, organotypic in vitro surrogate systems of human liver and recent efforts to recreate the multicellular architecture and hemodynamic properties of the liver using novel culture platforms. As these systems become more widely used for chemical and drug toxicity testing, there will be a corresponding need to establish standardized testing conditions, endpoint analyses and acceptance criteria. In the future, a balanced approach between sample throughput and biological relevance should provide better in vitro tools that are complementary with animal testing and assist in conducting more predictive human risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward L LeCluyse
- The Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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Black MB, Budinsky RA, Dombkowski A, Cukovic D, LeCluyse EL, Ferguson SS, Thomas RS, Rowlands JC. Cross-species comparisons of transcriptomic alterations in human and rat primary hepatocytes exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Toxicol Sci 2012; 127:199-215. [PMID: 22298810 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A toxicogenomics approach was used to qualitatively and quantitatively compare the gene expression changes in human and rat primary hepatocytes exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Hepatocytes from five individual rats and five individual humans were exposed for 24 h to 11 concentrations of TCDD ranging from 0.00001 to 100nM and a vehicle control. Gene expression changes were analyzed using whole-genome microarrays containing 13,002 orthologs. Significant changes in expression of individual orthologs at any concentration (fold change [FC] ± 1.5 and false discovery rate < 0.05) were higher in the rat (1547) compared with human hepatocytes (475). Only 158 differentially expressed orthologs were common between rats and humans. Enrichment analysis was performed on the differentially expressed orthologs in each species with 49 and 34 enriched human and rat pathways, respectively. Only 12 enriched pathways were shared between the two species. The results demonstrate significant cross-species differences in expression at both the gene and pathway level. Benchmark dose analysis of gene expression changes showed an average 18-fold cross-species difference in potency among differentially expressed orthologs with the rat more sensitive than the human. Similar cross-species differences in potency were observed for signaling pathways. Using the maximum FC in gene expression as a measure of efficacy, the human hepatocytes showed on average a 20% lower efficacy among the individual orthologs showing differential expression. The results provide evidence for divergent cross-species gene expression changes in response to TCDD and are consistent with epidemiological and clinical evidence showing humans to be less sensitive to TCDD-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Black
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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29
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Budinsky RA, LeCluyse EL, Ferguson SS, Rowlands JC, Simon T. Human and rat primary hepatocyte CYP1A1 and 1A2 induction with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran, and 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran. Toxicol Sci 2010; 118:224-35. [PMID: 20705892 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The concentration dose response for aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)-mediated CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 messenger RNA (mRNA) induction and enzyme activity was determined in primary cultures of rat and human hepatocytes for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran, and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran. Eleven different congener concentrations from 0.00001 to 100 nM were used, thus spanning seven orders of magnitude. The Hill model was used to obtain values of EC(x) and maximal response from the individual data sets. No-observed effect concentration values were derived using several statistical methods including Dunnett's test, the Welch-Aspin test, and step-down bilinear regression. Thresholds were estimated using baseline projection methods and a "hockey stick" fitting method. Human hepatocytes were less responsive and less sensitive with respect to CYP1A1 activity and mRNA induction than rats. On the other hand, the human CYP1A2 response was more robust than the response in rats but generally less sensitive. These data allow an evaluation of relative species sensitivities for developing interspecies toxicodynamic adjustment factors, for assessing AHR activation thresholds, and for evaluating relative congener potencies. Overall, these data support the position that humans are less sensitive than rats to these AHR-dependent end points and support the use of a data-derived adjustment factor of 1.0 or less for extrapolating between rats and humans.
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Rotroff DM, Beam AL, Dix DJ, Farmer A, Freeman KM, Houck KA, Judson RS, LeCluyse EL, Martin MT, Reif DM, Ferguson SS. Xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme and transporter gene expression in primary cultures of human hepatocytes modulated by ToxCast chemicals. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 2010; 13:329-346. [PMID: 20574906 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2010.483949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Primary human hepatocyte cultures are useful in vitro model systems of human liver because when cultured under appropriate conditions the hepatocytes retain liver-like functionality such as metabolism, transport, and cell signaling. This model system was used to characterize the concentration- and time-response of the 320 ToxCast chemicals for changes in expression of genes regulated by nuclear receptors. Fourteen gene targets were monitored in quantitative nuclease protection assays: six representative cytochromes P-450, four hepatic transporters, three Phase II conjugating enzymes, and one endogenous metabolism gene involved in cholesterol synthesis. These gene targets are sentinels of five major signaling pathways: AhR, CAR, PXR, FXR, and PPARalpha. Besides gene expression, the relative potency and efficacy for these chemicals to modulate cellular health and enzymatic activity were assessed. Results demonstrated that the culture system was an effective model of chemical-induced responses by prototypical inducers such as phenobarbital and rifampicin. Gene expression results identified various ToxCast chemicals that were potent or efficacious inducers of one or more of the 14 genes, and by inference the 5 nuclear receptor signaling pathways. Significant relative risk associations with rodent in vivo chronic toxicity effects are reported for the five major receptor pathways. These gene expression data are being incorporated into the larger ToxCast predictive modeling effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Rotroff
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Center for Computational Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Sahi J, Shord SS, Lindley C, Ferguson S, LeCluyse EL. Regulation of cytochrome P450 2C9 expression in primary cultures of human hepatocytes. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2009; 23:43-58. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Shi D, Yang J, Yang D, LeCluyse EL, Black C, You L, Akhlaghi F, Yan B. Response to Comments on “Anti-Influenza Prodrug Oseltamivir Is Activated by Carboxylesterase Human Carboxylesterase 1, and the Activation Is Inhibited by Antiplatelet Agent Clopidogrel”. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.120030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Faucette SR, Zhang TC, Moore R, Sueyoshi T, Omiecinski CJ, LeCluyse EL, Negishi M, Wang H. Relative activation of human pregnane X receptor versus constitutive androstane receptor defines distinct classes of CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 inducers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 320:72-80. [PMID: 17041008 PMCID: PMC4091905 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.112136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Both the human pregnane X receptor (hPXR) and constitutive androstane receptor (hCAR) are capable of regulating CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 gene expression. However, the majority of currently identified CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 inducers are confirmed activators of hPXR but not hCAR. To compare these receptors with respect to their chemical selectivities, 16 drugs known to induce CYP3A4 and/or CYP2B expression were evaluated for relative activation of hPXR versus hCAR. Because of the high basal but low chemical-induced activation of hCAR in immortalized cells, alternative methods were used to evaluate hCAR activation potential. Thirteen of the 16 compounds were classified as moderate to strong hPXR activators. In contrast, carbamazepine (CMZ), efavirenz (EFV), and nevirapine (NVP) were classified as negligible or weak hPXR activators at concentrations associated with efficacious CYP2B6 reporter or endogenous gene induction in primary human hepatocytes, suggesting potential activation of hCAR. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that these three drugs efficiently induced nuclear accumulation of in vivo-transfected enhanced yellow fluorescent protein-hCAR and significantly increased expression of a CYP2B6 reporter gene when hCAR was expressed in CAR-/- mice. In addition, using a recently identified, chemically responsive splice variant of hCAR (hCAR3), the hCAR activation profiles of the 16 compounds were evaluated. By combining results from the hPXR- and hCAR3-based reporter gene assays, these inducers were classified as hPXR, hCAR, or hPXR/hCAR dual activators. Our results demonstrate that CMZ, EFV, and NVP induce CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 preferentially through hCAR and that hCAR3 represents a sensitive tool for in vitro prediction of chemical-mediated human CAR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R Faucette
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Shi D, Yang J, Yang D, LeCluyse EL, Black C, You L, Akhlaghi F, Yan B. Anti-influenza prodrug oseltamivir is activated by carboxylesterase human carboxylesterase 1, and the activation is inhibited by antiplatelet agent clopidogrel. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 319:1477-84. [PMID: 16966469 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.111807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oseltamivir is the main medicine recommended by the World Health Organization in anticipation of next influenza pandemic. This anti-influenza viral agent is an ester prodrug, and the antiviral activity is achieved by its hydrolytic metabolite: oseltamivir carboxylate. In this study, we report that the hydrolytic activation is catalyzed by carboxylesterase human carboxylesterase (HCE) 1. Liver microsomes rapidly hydrolyzed oseltamivir, but no hydrolysis was detected with intestinal microsomes or plasma. The overall rate of the hydrolysis varied among individual liver samples and was correlated well with the level of HCE1. Recombinant HCE1 but not HCE2 hydrolyzed this prodrug and produced similar kinetic parameters as the liver microsomes. Several HCE1 natural variants differed from the wild-type enzyme on the hydrolysis of oseltamivir. In the presence of antiplatelet agent clopidogrel, the hydrolysis of oseltamivir was inhibited by as much as 90% when the equal concentration was assayed. Given the fact that hydrolysis of oseltamivir is required for its therapeutic activity, concurrent use of both drugs would inhibit the activation of oseltamivir, thus making this antiviral agent therapeutically inactive. This is epidemiologically of significance because people who receive oseltamivir and clopidogrel simultaneously may maintain susceptibility to influenza infection or a source of spreading influenza virus if already infected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deshi Shi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
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35
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Tang M, Mukundan M, Yang J, Charpentier N, LeCluyse EL, Black C, Yang D, Shi D, Yan B. Antiplatelet agents aspirin and clopidogrel are hydrolyzed by distinct carboxylesterases, and clopidogrel is transesterificated in the presence of ethyl alcohol. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 319:1467-76. [PMID: 16943252 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.110577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) and clopidogrel are two major antithrombogenic agents that are widely used for the treatment and prevention of cerebro- and cardiovascular conditions such as stroke. Combined use produces enhanced therapeutic effect. Aspirin and clopidogrel both are esters, and hydrolysis leads to decreased or inactivated therapeutic activity. The aim of the study was to determine whether aspirin and clopidogrel are hydrolyzed by the same enzyme(s), thus reciprocally prolonging the antithrombogenic activity. To test this possibility, microsomes from the liver and intestine were assayed for the hydrolysis of aspirin and clopidogrel. In contrary to the hypothesis, aspirin and clopidogrel were hydrolyzed in a tissue-differential manner. Liver microsomes hydrolyzed both drugs, whereas intestinal microsomes hydrolyzed aspirin only. Consistent with the tissue distribution of two carboxylesterases human carboxylesterase (HCE) 1 and HCE2, recombinant HCE1 hydrolyzed clopidogrel, whereas recombinant HCE2 hydrolyzed aspirin. In addition, hydrolysis of clopidogrel among liver samples was correlated well with the level of HCE1, and hydrolysis of aspirin with HCE2. Certain natural variants differed from the wild-type enzymes on the hydrolysis of aspirin or clopidogrel. In the presence of ethyl alcohol, clopidogrel is converted to ethyl clopidogrel. Carboxylesterases are important pharmacological determinants for drugs containing ester linkages and exhibit a large interindividual variation. The isoform-specific hydrolysis of aspirin and clopidogrel suggests that these two antithrombogenic agents may have pharmacokinetic interactions with different sets of ester drugs, and the altered hydrolysis by polymorphic mutants provides a molecular explanation to the interindividual variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Tang
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
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36
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Graham RA, Tyler LO, Krol WL, Silver IS, Webster LO, Clark P, Chen L, Banks T, LeCluyse EL. Temporal kinetics and concentration–response relationships for induction of CYP1A, CYP2B, and CYP3A in primary cultures of beagle dog hepatocytes. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2006; 20:69-78. [PMID: 16615094 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Compared to other species, little information is available on the xenobiotic-induced regulation of cytochrome P450 enzymes in the beagle dog. Dogs are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry for many study types, including those that will impact decisions on compound progression. The purpose of this study was (1) to determine the temporal kinetics of drug-induced changes in canine CYP1A, CYP2B, and CYP3A mRNA and enzymatic activity, and (2) to characterize concentration-response relationships for CYP1A2, CYP2B11, and CYP3A12 using primary cultures of canine hepatocytes treated with beta-naphthoflavone (BNF), phenobarbital (PB), and rifampin (RIF), respectively. CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 mRNA exhibited maximal expression (12,700-fold and 206-fold, respectively) after 36 h of treatment with BNF. PB treatment, but not RIF treatment, caused maximal induction of CYP2B11 mRNA (149-fold) after 48 h of treatment. CYP3A12 and CYP3A26 mRNA levels were increased maximally after 72 h of treatment with PB and RIF (CYP3A12, 35-fold and 18-fold, and CYP3A26, 72-fold and 22-fold with PB and RIF treatment, respectively). Concentration-response relationships for BNF induced 7-ethoxyresorufin O-dealkylation (EROD) (EC(50) = 7.8 +/- 4.2 microM), PB induced 7-benzyloxyresorufin O-dealkylation (BROD) (EC(50) = 123 +/- 30 microM), and PB and RIF induced testosterone 6beta-hydroxylation (EC(50) = 132 +/- 28 microM and 0.98 +/- 0.16 microM) resembled the relationship for human CYP induction compared to that of rodent. Interestingly, RIF had no effect on CYP2B11 expression, which represents a species difference overlooked in previous investigations. Overall, the induction of dog CYP1A, CYP2B, and CYP3A exhibits characteristics that are intermediate to those of rodent and human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Graham
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Smith CM, Faucette SR, Wang H, LeCluyse EL. Modulation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 in primary human hepatocytes by prototypical inducers. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2005; 19:96-108. [PMID: 15849716 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the modulation of UGT1A1 expression in human hepatocytes using prototypical CYP450 inducers. A bank of 16 human livers was utilized to obtain an estimate of the range of UGT1A1 protein expression and catalytic activity. Concentration-dependent changes in UGT1A1 response were evaluated in hepatocyte cultures after treatment with 3-methylchloranthrene, beta-napthoflavone, rifampicin, or phenobarbital. Pharmacodynamic analyses of UGT1A1 expression were conducted and compared to those of CYP450 after treatment with inducers in 2-3 different hepatocyte preparations. Additionally, expression of UGT1A1 mRNA and protein was evaluated in human hepatocytes treated with 14 different compounds known to activate differentially the human pregnane-X-receptor or constitutive androstane receptor. Pharmacodynamic modeling revealed EC50 values statistically significant between UGT1A1 and CYP2B6 after treatment with PB, but not statistically distinguishable between UGT1A1 and CYP's 1A2 or 3A4 after treatment with 3-methylchloranthrene or rifampicin, respectively. UGT1A1 was most responsive to the pregnane-X-receptor-agonists rifampicin, ritonavir, and clotrimazole at the mRNA level and, to a lesser extent, the constitutive androstane receptor-activators, phenobarbital and phenytoin. Pharmacodynamic analyses support a mechanism of coordinate regulation between UGT1A1 and a number of CYP450 enzymes by multiple nuclear receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia M Smith
- Division of Drug Delivery and Disposition, School of Pharmacy, CB7360, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Ferguson SS, Chen Y, LeCluyse EL, Negishi M, Goldstein JA. Human CYP2C8 Is Transcriptionally Regulated by the Nuclear Receptors Constitutive Androstane Receptor, Pregnane X Receptor, Glucocorticoid Receptor, and Hepatic Nuclear Factor 4α. Mol Pharmacol 2005; 68:747-57. [PMID: 15933212 DOI: 10.1124/mol.105.013169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes play important roles in the metabolism of endogenous and xenobiotic substrates in humans. CYP2C8 is an important member of the CYP2C subfamily, which metabolizes both endogenous compounds (i.e., arachidonic acids and retinoic acid) and xenobiotics (e.g., paclitaxel). Induction of P450 enzymes by drugs can result in tolerance as well as drug-drug interactions. CYP2C8 is the most strongly inducible member of the CYP2C subfamily in human hepatocytes, but the mechanism of induction by xenobiotics has not been delineated. To determine the mechanisms controlling the regulation of this important P450, we cloned the 5'-flanking region of CYP2C8 and investigated its transcriptional regulation by nuclear factors such as the pregnane X receptor (PXR), constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and hepatic nuclear factor 4 (HNF4alpha) that are known to be involved in the induction of other P450 enzymes using both cell lines and primary hepatocyte models. We initially identified a distal PXR/CAR-binding site in the CYP2C8 promoter that confers inducibility of CYP2C8 via the PXR agonist/ligand rifampicin and the CAR agonist/ligand CITCO [6-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole-5-carbaldehyde O-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxime]. A glucocorticoid-responsive element was identified that mediates dexamethasone induction via the GR. We finally identified an HNF4alpha-binding site within the CYP2C8 basal promoter region that is cis-activated by cotransfected HNF4alpha. In summary, the present studies show that CAR, PXR, GR, and HNF4alpha can regulate CYP2C8 expression and identify specific cis-elements within the promoter that control these regulatory pathways.
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MESH Headings
- Androstanes/metabolism
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/biosynthesis
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/genetics
- Base Sequence
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C8
- DNA Primers
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Enzyme Induction
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/physiology
- Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4
- Hepatocytes/enzymology
- Humans
- Phosphoproteins/physiology
- Pregnane X Receptor
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Receptors, Androgen/physiology
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/physiology
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/physiology
- Receptors, Steroid/physiology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transcription Factors/physiology
- Transcription, Genetic/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Ferguson
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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LeCluyse EL, Alexandre E, Hamilton GA, Viollon-Abadie C, Coon DJ, Jolley S, Richert L. Isolation and culture of primary human hepatocytes. Methods Mol Biol 2005; 290:207-29. [PMID: 15361665 DOI: 10.1385/1-59259-838-2:207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
As our knowledge of the species differences in drug metabolism and drug-induced hepatotoxicity has expanded significantly, the need for human-relevant in vitro hepatic model systems has become more apparent than ever before. Human hepatocytes have become the "gold standard" for evaluating hepatic metabolism and toxicity of drugs and other xenobiotics in vitro. In addition, they are becoming utilized more extensively for many kinds of biomedical research, including a variety of biological, pharmacological, and toxicological studies. This chapter describes methods for the isolation of primary human hepatocytes from liver tissue obtained from an encapsulated end wedge removed from patients undergoing resection for removal of liver tumors or resected segments from whole livers obtained from multiorgan donors. The maintenance of normal cellular physiology and intercellular contacts in vitro is of particular importance for optimal phenotypic gene expression and response to drugs and other xenobiotics. As such, methods are described for culturing primary hepatocytes under various matrix compositions and geometries. Differential expression of liver-selective properties occurs over time in primary hepatocytes dependent on the culture and study conditions. Overall, improved isolation and cultivation methods have allowed for exciting advances in our understanding of the pathology, biochemistry, and cellular and molecular biology of human hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward L LeCluyse
- Department of Drug Delivery and Disposition, University of North Carolina, School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, USA
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Drobná Z, Waters SB, Walton FS, LeCluyse EL, Thomas DJ, Stýblo M. Interindividual variation in the metabolism of arsenic in cultured primary human hepatocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 201:166-77. [PMID: 15541756 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2004.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2004] [Accepted: 05/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Liver is a prime site for conversion of inorganic arsenic (iAs) to methylated metabolites, including methylarsenicals (MAs) and dimethylarsenicals (DMAs). To assess interindividual variation in the capacity of liver to metabolize iAs, we examined the metabolic fate of arsenite (iAs(III)) in normal primary human hepatocytes obtained from eight donors and cultured under standard conditions. Methylation rates, yields, and distribution of arsenicals were determined for hepatocytes exposed to 0.3-30 nmol of iAs(III)/mg of protein for 24 h. Although the accumulation of arsenic (As) by cells was a linear function of the initial concentration of iAs(III) in culture, the concentration of As retained in cells varied several fold among donors. DMAs was the major methylated metabolite found in cultures exposed to low concentrations of iAs(III); at higher concentrations, MAs was always predominant. Maximal rates for methylation of iAs(III) were usually attained at 3 or 9 nmol of iAs(III)/mg of protein and varied about 7-fold among donors. For most donors, the methylation rate decreased at the highest iAs(III) concentrations. MAs was the major methylated metabolite retained in cells regardless of exposure level. DMAs was the major methylated metabolite found in medium. The interindividual differences in rates for iAs(III) methylation were not strictly associated with variations in basal mRNA levels for cyt19, an As-methyltransferase. Analysis of the coding sequence of cyt19 identified one heterozygote with Met287Thr mutation in a single allele. Thus, genetic polymorphism of cyt19 along with other cellular factors is likely responsible for interindividual differences in the capacity of primary human hepatocytes to retain and metabolize iAs(III).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Drobná
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-2 administration has been shown to decrease CYP3A enzyme activity in vivo. To determine whether IL-2 suppression of human hepatocyte CYP3A activity is direct or whether it is facilitated by the presence of Kupffer cells, primary human hepatocytes were cultured alone or cocultured with primary human Kupffer cells at physiologic hepatocyte/Kupffer cell ratios of 10:1 or 10:4. Using proinflammatory cytokines as positive controls, IL-1 (0.2-20 ng/ml) and IL-6 (2-200 ng/ml) exposure resulted in a 70 to 90% decrease in CYP3A activity after 72 h in hepatocyte cultures. In the hepatocyte/Kupffer cell cocultures, an 80% decrease in CYP3A activity was observed with IL-1 (2 ng/ml) or IL-6 (20 ng/ml), suggesting that direct suppressive effects of proinflammatory cytokines on hepatocyte CYP3A activity are not substantially altered by Kupffer cells. In contrast to the effects of these proinflammatory cytokines, no sustained suppression of CYP3A activity was observed with IL-2 (2-200 ng/ml) in hepatocyte cultures. However, in hepatocyte/Kupffer cell cocultures, a concentration-dependent 50 to 70% suppression of CYP3A activity was observed with IL-2 at 72 h. In summary, these data suggest that Kupffer cells are required to reconstitute the suppressive effects of IL-2 on CYP3A activity that are observed in vivo and that hepatocyte/Kupffer cell cocultures may provide a useful model for investigating mechanisms of CYP3A4 regulation by cytokines. Of particular relevance to certain hepatic diseases, these findings suggest potential mechanisms whereby cytokines released from infiltrating blood mononuclear cells might modulate intercellular signaling and controls on hepatocyte function by various cell types that reside in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Sunman
- School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacotherapy, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7360, USA
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Hempel N, Wang H, LeCluyse EL, McManus ME, Negishi M. The human sulfotransferase SULT1A1 gene is regulated in a synergistic manner by Sp1 and GA binding protein. Mol Pharmacol 2004; 66:1690-701. [PMID: 15383623 DOI: 10.1124/mol.104.003350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human sulfotransferase SULT1A1 is an important phase II xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme that is highly expressed in the liver and mediates the sulfonation of drugs, carcinogens, and steroids. Until this study, the transcriptional regulation of the SULT1A subfamily had been largely unexplored. Preliminary experiments in primary human hepatocytes showed that SULT1A mRNA levels were not changed in response to nuclear receptor activators, such as dexamethasone and 3-methylcolanthrene, unlike other metabolizing enzymes. Using HepG2 cells, the high activity of the TATA-less SULT1A1 promoter was shown to be dependent on the presence of Sp1 and Ets transcription factor binding sites (EBS), located within -112 nucleotides from the transcriptional start site. The homologous promoter of the closely related SULT1A3 catecholamine sulfotransferase, which is expressed at negligible levels in the adult liver, displayed 70% less activity than SULT1A1. This was shown to be caused by a two-base pair difference in the EBS. The Ets transcription factor GA binding protein (GABP) was shown to bind the SULT1A1 EBS and could transactivate the SULT1A1 promoter in Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells. Cotransfection of Sp1 could synergistically enhance GABP-mediated activation by 10-fold. Although Sp1 and GABP alone could induce SULT1A3 promoter activity, the lack of the EBS on this promoter prevented a synergistic interaction between the two factors. This study reports the first insight into the transcriptional regulation of the SULT1A1 gene and identifies a crucial difference in regulation of the closely related SULT1A3 gene, which accounts for the two enzymes' differential expression patterns observed in the adult liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Hempel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Sahi J, Stern RH, Milad MA, Rose KA, Gibson G, Zheng X, Stilgenbauer L, Sadagopan N, Jolley S, Gilbert D, LeCluyse EL. EFFECTS OF AVASIMIBE ON CYTOCHROME P450 2C9 EXPRESSION IN VITRO AND IN VIVO. Drug Metab Dispos 2004; 32:1370-6. [PMID: 15333513 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.104.000208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Avasimibe, an acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor, has been previously shown to be a potent inducer of CYP3A4 and multiple drug resistance protein 1. We have further characterized the drug interaction potential of avasimibe by studying the inductive and inhibitory effect of this compound on major drug-metabolizing enzymes. Enzymes known to be involved in the metabolism of drugs likely to be coadministered with avasimibe, such as CYP1A1/2, CYP2C, and CYP2B6, were evaluated further by microarray analysis, Western immunoblotting, and activity assays, using rifampicin and beta-naphthoflavone as positive controls. No change was observed in CYP1A1/2 mRNA or activity levels after avasimibe treatment. Differential induction of CYP2C9- and CYP2B6-immunoreactive protein and activity was observed depending on drug concentration and donor. Microarray analysis showed a similar increase in CYP2C and CYP2B6 mRNA levels. The inhibition potential of avasimibe on the major drug-metabolizing enzymes was assessed using pooled human liver microsomes. Avasimibe inhibited CYP2C9 (IC50 2.9 microM), CYP1A2 (IC50 13.9 microM), and CYP2C19 (IC50 26.5 microM). A clinical drug interaction study was conducted to determine whether avasimibe might interact with the CYP2C9 substrate warfarin. Volunteers received 750 mg of avasimibe and showed a 54.2% reduction in trough concentrations of S-warfarin and decreased prothrombin times by 12, 15, 19, and 21% on days 6 through 9, respectively. These results demonstrate that avasimibe's inductive spectrum resembles that of rifampin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasminder Sahi
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA.
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Hoffmaster KA, Turncliff RZ, LeCluyse EL, Kim RB, Meier PJ, Brouwer KLR. P-glycoprotein Expression, Localization, and Function in Sandwich-Cultured Primary Rat and Human Hepatocytes: Relevance to the Hepatobiliary Disposition of a Model Opioid Peptide. Pharm Res 2004; 21:1294-302. [PMID: 15290872 DOI: 10.1023/b:pham.0000033018.97745.0d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The isolation of hepatocytes from intact liver involves collagenase digestion of the tissue, resulting in loss of cell polarization and functional vectorial excretion. These studies examined repolarization, localization of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) to the canalicular domain of the hepatocyte, and re-establishment of vectorial transport in sandwich-cultured (SC) rat and human primary hepatocytes. METHODS Protein localization and expression were determined in SC hepatocytes by confocal microscopy and Western blotting, respectively. Transporter function was evaluated by measuring [D-penicillamine2,5]enkephalin (3H-DPDPE) and 5 (and 6)-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (CDF) biliary excretion in SC hepatocytes. RESULTS P-gp and the canalicular marker protein dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) co-localized by Day 3 and Day 6 in SC rat hepatocytes and SC human hepatocytes, respectively, consistent with canalicular network formation visualized by light microscopy. Co-localization of multidrug resistance associated protein 2 (MRP2) and P-gp in SC human hepatocytes was observed on Day 6 in culture. Expression levels of P-gp increased slightly in both species over days in culture; similar expression was observed for MRP2 in SC human hepatocytes. Oatp1a1 expression in SC rat hepatocytes was maintained over days in culture, whereas Oatp1a4 expression decreased. OATP1B1 expression decreased slightly on Day 3 in SC human hepatocytes. OATP1B3 expression was constant in SC human hepatocytes. In vitro biliary excretion of the opioid peptide 3H-DPDPE correlated with the proper localization of canalicular proteins in both species. Excretion of CDF in SC human hepatocytes confirmed network formation and MRP2 function. CONCLUSIONS These studies indicate that SC hepatocytes repolarize and traffic functional canalicular transport proteins to the appropriate cellular domain.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/biosynthesis
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- Animals
- Bile/drug effects
- Bile/metabolism
- Biological Transport
- Blotting, Western
- Cells, Cultured
- Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4/metabolism
- Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)-/pharmacokinetics
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Hepatocytes/drug effects
- Hepatocytes/metabolism
- Humans
- Male
- Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Models, Biological
- Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2
- Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/metabolism
- Organic Anion Transporters/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Species Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Hoffmaster
- Division of Drug Delivery and Disposition, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Abstract
During the past several years, important advances have been made in our understanding of the mechanisms that regulate the expression of genes that determine drug clearance, including phase I and phase II drug-metabolising enzymes and drug transporters. Orphan nuclear receptors have been recognised as key mediators of drug-induced changes in both metabolism and efflux mechanisms. In this review, we summarise recent findings regarding the function of nuclear receptors in regulating drug-metabolising and transport systems, and the relevance of these receptors to clinical drug-drug interactions and the development of new drugs. Emphasis is given to two newly recognised 'orphan' receptors (the pregnane X receptor [PXR] and the constitutive androstane receptor [CAR]) and their regulation of cytochrome P450 enzymes, such as CYP3A4, CYP2Cs and CYP2B6; and transporters, such as P-glycoprotein (MDR1), multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs) and organic anion transporter peptide 2 (OATP2). Although 'cross-talk' occurs between these two receptors and their target sequences, significant species differences exist between ligand-binding and activation profiles for both receptors, and PXR appears to be the predominant or 'master' regulator of hepatic drug disposition in humans. Several important physiological processes, such as cholesterol synthesis and bile acid metabolism, are also tightly controlled by certain ligand-activated orphan nuclear receptors (farnesoid X receptor [FXR] and liver X receptor [LXR]). In general, their ability to bind a broad range of ligands and regulate an extensive array of genes that are involved in drug clearance and disposition makes these orphan receptors attractive targets for drug development. Drugs have the capacity to alter nuclear receptor expression (modulators) and/or serve as ligands for the receptors (agonists or antagonists), and thus can have synergistic or antagonistic effects on the expression of drug-metabolising enzymes and transporters. Coadministration of drugs that are nuclear receptor agonists or antagonists can lead to severe toxicity, a loss of therapeutic efficacy or an imbalance in physiological substrates, providing a novel molecular mechanism for drug-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbing Wang
- Division of Drug Delivery and Disposition, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Faucette SR, Wang H, Hamilton GA, Jolley SL, Gilbert D, Lindley C, Yan B, Negishi M, LeCluyse EL. REGULATION OF CYP2B6 IN PRIMARY HUMAN HEPATOCYTES BY PROTOTYPICAL INDUCERS. Drug Metab Dispos 2004; 32:348-58. [PMID: 14977870 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.32.3.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the ability of 14 compounds, which differentially activate human pregnane X receptor (hPXR), to induce CYP2B6 expression and to compare CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 concentration- and time-dependent induction by select inducers. Three primary human hepatocyte preparations were treated daily for 3 days with three concentrations of all compounds. Additional concentration- and/or time-response studies were conducted with clotrimazole, phenytoin, phenobarbital, and rifampin in six preparations. CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 protein and activities were assessed by Western blotting, bupropion hydroxylation, and testosterone 6beta-hydroxylation, respectively. To evaluate hPXR activation by the 14 compounds, reporter gene assays were conducted using Huh7 cells cotransfected with hPXR and a CYP2B6 (NR1)5-LUC reporter plasmid. Clotrimazole, phenobarbital, rifampin, and ritonavir strongly induced CYP2B6 and activated hPXR; dexamethasone t-butylacetate and sulfinpyrazone induced CYP2B6 weakly and activated hPXR moderately; paclitaxel strongly activated hPXR but did not increase CYP2B6 expression; carbamazepine and phenytoin moderately or strongly increased CYP2B6 expression but weakly activated hPXR; and dexamethasone, methotrexate, probenecid, sulfadimidine, and troleandomycin demonstrated weak or negligible effects on CYP2B6 and hPXR. EC50 values for CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 induction by clotrimazole, phenobarbital, phenytoin, and rifampin were strongly correlated (r2 = 0.99) and were statistically indistinguishable for clotrimazole, phenytoin, and rifampin. Kinetic constants governing time-dependent induction by phenobarbital and rifampin were also similar between CYP2B6 and CYP3A4. These results indicate that CYP2B6 is highly inducible by known CYP3A4 inducers and suggest that hPXR is a major determinant of CYP2B6-inducible expression for many, but not all, compounds evaluated in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R Faucette
- Division of Drug Delivery and Disposition, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7360, USA
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Sahi J, Milad MA, Zheng X, Rose KA, Wang H, Stilgenbauer L, Gilbert D, Jolley S, Stern RH, LeCluyse EL. Avasimibe induces CYP3A4 and multiple drug resistance protein 1 gene expression through activation of the pregnane X receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 306:1027-34. [PMID: 12766253 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.050526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro and clinical studies were conducted to characterize the potential of avasimibe, an acyl-CoA/cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor to cause drug-drug interactions. Clinically, 3- and 6-fold increases in midazolam (CYP3A4 substrate) oral clearance were observed after 50 and 750 mg of avasimibe daily for 7 days, respectively. A 40% decrease in digoxin (P-glycoprotein substrate) area under the curve was observed with 750 mg of avasimibe daily for 10 days. In vitro studies were conducted to define the mechanisms of these interactions. Induction was observed in CYP3A4 activity and immunoreactive protein (EC50 of 200-400 nM) in primary human hepatocytes treated with avasimibe. Rifampin treatment yielded similar results. Microarray analysis revealed avasimibe (1 microM) increased CYP3A4 mRNA 20-fold, compared with a 23-fold increase with 50 microM rifampin. Avasimibe induced P-glycoprotein mRNA by about 2-fold and immunoreactive protein in a dose-dependent manner. Transient transfection assays showed that avasimibe is a potent activator of the human pregnane X receptor (hPXR) and more active than rifampin on an equimolar basis. Drug-drug interaction studies for CYP3A4 using pooled human hepatic microsomes and avasimibe at various concentrations, revealed IC50 values of 20.7, 1.6, and 3.1 microM using testosterone, midazolam, and felodipine as probe substrates, respectively. Our results indicate that avasimibe causes clinically significant drug-drug interactions through direct activation of hPXR and the subsequent induction of its target genes CYP3A4 and multiple drug resistance protein 1.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/biosynthesis
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- Acetamides
- Acetates/pharmacology
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/biosynthesis
- Digoxin/pharmacokinetics
- Drug Interactions
- Enzyme Induction/drug effects
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Hepatocytes/drug effects
- Hepatocytes/metabolism
- Humans
- Microsomes, Liver/drug effects
- Microsomes, Liver/metabolism
- Midazolam/pharmacokinetics
- Pregnane X Receptor
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/physiology
- Receptors, Steroid/physiology
- Sulfonamides
- Sulfonic Acids/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasminder Sahi
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Ann Arbor MI 48105, USA.
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Tippin TK, Hamilton G, Moore L, Beaudet EJ, Jolley S, Brodie TA, Andrews RC, Becherer JD, McDougald DL, Gaul MD, Hoivik DJ, Mellon-Kusibab K, Lehmann J, Kliewer S, Novick S, Laethem R, Zhao Z, LeCluyse EL. CYP3A induction by N-hydroxyformamide tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme/matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors use of a pregname X receptor activation assay and primary hepatocyte culture for assessing induction potential in humans. Drug Metab Dispos 2003; 31:870-7. [PMID: 12814963 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.31.7.870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of N-hydroxyformamide tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme (TACE)/matrix metalloprotease (MMP) inhibitors were evaluated for their potential to induce human cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A). Two in vitro assays were used: 1) a cell-based reporter gene assay for activation of the pregnane X receptor (PXR), and 2) a primary "sandwich" culture of human hepatocytes. Approximately 50 TACE/MMP inhibitors were evaluated in the human PXR assay. A range of PXR activation was observed, 0 to 150% of the activation of the known human CYP3A inducer rifampicin. Three TACE/MMP inhibitors were evaluated in rat and human hepatocytes. Significantly higher PXR activation/CYP3A induction was observed in PXR/hepatocyte models, respectively, for (2R,3S) 3-(formyl-hydroxyamino)-2-(2-methyl-1-propyl)-4-methylpentanoic acid [(1S,2S)-2-methyl-1-(2-pyridylcarbamoyl)-1-butyl]amide (GW3333) compared with (2R,3S)-6,6,6-trifluoro-3-[formyl(hydroxy)amino]-2-isobutyl-N-[(1S,2R)-2-methoxy-1-[(1,3-thiazol-2-ylamino)carbonyl]propyl]hexanamide (GW6495) and (2R)-N-[(1S)-2,2-dimethyl-1-[(methylamino)carbonyl]-propyl]-2-[(1S)-1-[formyl(hydroxy)amino]ethyl]-5-phenylpentanamide (GI4023). The CYP3A induction level achieved with GW3333 at a concentration of approximately 10 microM in human hepatocytes was comparable to that achieved with rifampicin at a concentration of 10 microM. The extent of rodent CYP3A induction caused by GW3333 was confirmed in vivo after daily oral administration for 14 days to rats. In conclusion, GW3333 is a potential inducer of CYP3A expression in vivo in humans, but other N-hydroxyformamides are less likely to induce CYP3A.
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MESH Headings
- ADAM Proteins
- ADAM17 Protein
- Administration, Oral
- Amides/administration & dosage
- Amides/pharmacokinetics
- Aminopyridines/administration & dosage
- Aminopyridines/blood
- Aminopyridines/pharmacokinetics
- Animals
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/biosynthesis
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/drug effects
- Cell Culture Techniques
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A
- Dipeptides/administration & dosage
- Dipeptides/blood
- Dipeptides/pharmacokinetics
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Evaluation
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Enzyme Induction
- Formamides/chemistry
- Formamides/pharmacology
- Hepatocytes/drug effects
- Hepatocytes/metabolism
- Humans
- Male
- Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors
- Matrix Metalloproteinases/administration & dosage
- Matrix Metalloproteinases/pharmacokinetics
- Metalloendopeptidases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating/biosynthesis
- Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating/drug effects
- Pregnane X Receptor
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/drug effects
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, Steroid/drug effects
- Receptors, Steroid/metabolism
- Thiazoles/administration & dosage
- Thiazoles/pharmacokinetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy K Tippin
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Metabolic and Viral Diseases Center of Excellence in Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Wang H, Faucette SR, Gilbert D, Jolley SL, Sueyoshi T, Negishi M, LeCluyse EL. Glucocorticoid receptor enhancement of pregnane X receptor-mediated CYP2B6 regulation in primary human hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 2003; 31:620-30. [PMID: 12695351 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.31.5.620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) facilitates the xenobiotic-induced expression of CYP2B in rodents, its role in the regulation of human CYP2B6 is unclear. In this report, the role of human GR in the regulation of CYP2B6 was evaluated using primary human hepatocytes and transfection assays with Huh7 cells. CYP2B6 expression was not induced in primary hepatocytes treated with dexamethasone (DEX) concentrations (0.01-1 microM) known to activate GR. In contrast, treatment with 0.1 microM DEX enhanced CYP2B6 induction by different pregnane X receptor (PXR) activators, including rifampin, phenytoin, clotrimazole, and phenobarbital. In Huh7 cells, cotransfection of human (h)GR and hPXR with CYP2B6-phenobarbital-responsive enhancer module (PBREM) reporter constructs revealed that all hPXR ligands induce CYP2B6 reporter gene activity, and this ligand-dependent activation is greatly enhanced by activated hGR. CYP2B6 reporter gene expression was not induced in the presence of hPXR ligands when hGR alone was cotransfected with CYP2B6 reporter construct. In hGR and human constitutive androstane receptor (hCAR) cotransfection assays, activated hGR increased the constitutive activation of PBREM reporter constructs by hCAR in the absence of inducers. In the presence of activated hGR and known inducers of CYP2B6, only PB treatment caused a further 2-fold activation of hCAR compared with control. These studies show that hGR is involved synergistically in the xenobiotic-responsive regulation of human CYP2B6 by hPXR and hCAR. Moreover, the results suggest that the GR-enhanced expression of CYP2B6 is mediated through an indirect mechanism that does not require increased expression of nuclear receptor.
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MESH Headings
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/biosynthesis
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Clotrimazole/pharmacology
- Constitutive Androstane Receptor
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism
- Dexamethasone/pharmacology
- Enzyme Induction/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Hepatocytes/metabolism
- Humans
- Hydroxylation
- Immunoblotting
- Ligands
- Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating/biosynthesis
- Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating/genetics
- Phenytoin/pharmacology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Pregnane X Receptor
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/agonists
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/genetics
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/metabolism
- Receptors, Steroid/agonists
- Receptors, Steroid/genetics
- Receptors, Steroid/metabolism
- Rifampin/pharmacology
- Transcription Factors/agonists
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbing Wang
- Division of Drug Delivery and Disposition, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Wang H, Faucette S, Sueyoshi T, Moore R, Ferguson S, Negishi M, LeCluyse EL. A novel distal enhancer module regulated by pregnane X receptor/constitutive androstane receptor is essential for the maximal induction of CYP2B6 gene expression. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:14146-52. [PMID: 12571232 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m212482200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
CYP2B6 plays an important role in the metabolism of a variety of structurally unrelated xenobiotics, including the anticancer drugs cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide. Previous studies have shown that the nuclear receptors constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and pregnane X receptor (PXR) are involved in the transcriptional regulation of CYP2B genes through the phenobarbital-responsive enhancer module (PBREM). However, for human CYP2B6 the relatively weak response of the PBREM to PXR and CAR activation in transfection assays fails to describe the potent induction observed in primary human hepatocyte cultures. In this report, a novel nuclear receptor response module located -8.5 kilobases upstream from the CYP2B6 encoding region is described. Several potential PXR/CAR binding motifs were identified within the distal regulatory cluster. In electrophoretic mobility shift assays, one DR4 motif showed the strongest binding to both PXR and CAR. Transient transfection assays in HepG2 cells demonstrated that the novel distal response cluster could be activated by PXR and CAR. In primary human hepatocytes, both PBREM and the distal responsive element were activated individually by endogenous nuclear receptors upon exposure to prototypical inducers. However, in both HepG2 cells and primary human hepatocytes maximal reporter activation was observed in a construct containing both PBREM and the distal responsive element. In mouse tail-vein injection experiments, a construct containing both the distal responsive element and the proximal PBREM exhibited a strong synergistic expression in phenobarbital-treated mice. These results show that a novel xenobiotic-responsive enhancer module in the distal region of the CYP2B6 promoter (CYP2B6-XREM) together with the PBREM mediates optimal drug-induced expression of CYP2B6.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Animals
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/biosynthesis
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/genetics
- Blotting, Western
- Cells, Cultured
- Constitutive Androstane Receptor
- Cyclophosphamide/pharmacology
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6
- Dimerization
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genes, Reporter
- Hepatocytes/metabolism
- Humans
- Ifosfamide/pharmacology
- Ligands
- Liver/metabolism
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Mice
- Microsomes, Liver/metabolism
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating/biosynthesis
- Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating/genetics
- Phenobarbital/pharmacology
- Plasmids/metabolism
- Pregnane X Receptor
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, Steroid/metabolism
- Rifampin/pharmacology
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transcriptional Activation
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Xenobiotics/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbing Wang
- Division of Drug Delivery and Disposition, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599, USA
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