1
|
Gomes AC, Baraniak IA, Lankina A, Moulder Z, Holenya P, Atkinson C, Tang G, Mahungu T, Kern F, Griffiths PD, Reeves MB. The cytomegalovirus gB/MF59 vaccine candidate induces antibodies against an antigenic domain controlling cell-to-cell spread. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1041. [PMID: 36823200 PMCID: PMC9950427 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36683-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination against human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection remains high priority. A recombinant form of a protein essential for CMV entry, glycoprotein B (gB), demonstrated partial protection in a clinical trial (NCT00299260) when delivered with the MF59 adjuvant. Although the antibody titre against gB correlated with protection poor neutralising responses against the 5 known antigenic domains (AD) of gB were evident. Here, we show that vaccination of CMV seronegative patients induces an antibody response against a region of gB we term AD-6. Responses to the polypeptide AD-6 are detected in >70% of vaccine recipients yet in <5% of naturally infected people. An AD-6 antibody binds to gB and to infected cells but not the virion directly. Consistent with this, the AD-6 antibody is non-neutralising but, instead, prevents cell-cell spread of CMV in vitro. The discovery of AD-6 responses has the potential to explain part of the protection mediated by gB vaccines against CMV following transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A C Gomes
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, UCL, London, NW3 2PP, United Kingdom
| | - I A Baraniak
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, UCL, London, NW3 2PP, United Kingdom
| | - A Lankina
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, UCL, London, NW3 2PP, United Kingdom
| | - Z Moulder
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, UCL, London, NW3 2PP, United Kingdom
| | - P Holenya
- JPT Peptide Technologies GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - C Atkinson
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, UCL, London, NW3 2PP, United Kingdom
| | - G Tang
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, UCL, London, NW3 2PP, United Kingdom
| | - T Mahungu
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, UCL, London, NW3 2PP, United Kingdom
| | - F Kern
- JPT Peptide Technologies GmbH, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - P D Griffiths
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, UCL, London, NW3 2PP, United Kingdom
| | - M B Reeves
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, UCL, London, NW3 2PP, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tao TP, Maschmeyer I, LeCluyse EL, Rogers E, Brandmair K, Gerlach S, Przibilla J, Kern F, Genies C, Jacques C, Najjar A, Schepky A, Marx U, Kühnl J, Hewitt NJ. Development of a microphysiological skin-liver-thyroid Chip3 model and its application to evaluate the effects on thyroid hormones of topically applied cosmetic ingredients under consumer-relevant conditions. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1076254. [PMID: 36843954 PMCID: PMC9946709 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1076254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
All cosmetic ingredients registered in Europe must be evaluated for their safety using non-animal methods. Microphysiological systems (MPS) offer a more complex higher tier model to evaluate chemicals. Having established a skin and liver HUMIMIC Chip2 model demonstrating how dosing scenarios impact the kinetics of chemicals, we investigated whether thyroid follicles could be incorporated to evaluate the potential of topically applied chemicals to cause endocrine disruption. This combination of models in the HUMIMIC Chip3 is new; therefore, we describe here how it was optimized using two chemicals known to inhibit thyroid production, daidzein and genistein. The MPS was comprised of Phenion® Full Thickness skin, liver spheroids and thyroid follicles co-cultured in the TissUse HUMIMIC Chip3. Endocrine disruption effects were determined according to changes in thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3). A main part of the Chip3 model optimization was the replacement of freshly isolated thyroid follicles with thyrocyte-derived follicles. These were used in static incubations to demonstrate the inhibition of T4 and T3 production by genistein and daidzein over 4 days. Daidzein exhibited a lower inhibitory activity than genistein and both inhibitory activities were decreased after a 24 h preincubation with liver spheroids, indicating metabolism was via detoxification pathways. The skin-liver-thyroid Chip3 model was used to determine a consumer-relevant exposure to daidzein present in a body lotion based on thyroid effects. A "safe dose" of 0.235 μg/cm2 i.e., 0.047% applied in 0.5 mg/cm2 of body lotion was the highest concentration of daidzein which does not result in changes in T3 and T4 levels. This concentration correlated well with the value considered safe by regulators. In conclusion, the Chip3 model enabled the incorporation of the relevant exposure route (dermal), metabolism in the skin and liver, and the bioactivity endpoint (assessment of hormonal balance i.e., thyroid effects) into a single model. These conditions are closer to those in vivo than 2D cell/tissue assays lacking metabolic function. Importantly, it also allowed the assessment of repeated doses of chemical and a direct comparison of systemic and tissue concentrations with toxicodynamic effects over time, which is more realistic and relevant for safety assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eda Rogers
- LifeNet Health, Virginia Beach, VA, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nicola J. Hewitt
- Cosmetics Europe, Auderghem, Belgium,*Correspondence: Nicola J. Hewitt,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Castro A, Holenya P, Eckey M, Teck T, Zerweck J, Knaute T, Schulz M, Schnatbaum K, Reimer U, Wenschuh H, Kern F. Peptide pools for target antigen identification, immune monitoring, and cellular therapy. Cytotherapy 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2020.03.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
4
|
Sharma N, Srivastava S, Kern F, Xian W, Yeoh KG, Ming T, McKeon F, Ho KY. CEACAM 6, a novel marker for the diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus. Dis Esophagus 2017; 30:1-5. [PMID: 28475729 DOI: 10.1093/dote/dox026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Barrett's esophagus (BE) is a premalignant condition associated with the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Despite the low risk of progression to EAC, evidence highlights the notably poor survival rates of this malignancy. The mainstay form of diagnosis of BE is endoscopy and biopsy sampling. However, research emphasizes limitations with regards to the histological detection of BE and associated dysplasia. The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical significance of CEACAM6 as a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of BE and beyond. Retrospective tissue samples were obtained from columnar lined esophagus without goblet cells (n = 27), BE (n = 18), BE associated dysplasia (n = 16), and EAC (n = 24). Standardized immunohistochemistry for CEACAM6 was performed followed by quantitative staining analysis. Statistical analysis across the BE spectrum for CEACAM6 was undertaken and a P value <0.05 was considered significant. CEACAM6 expression increased from columnar lined epithelium (CLE) to BE with a subsequent decrease to dysplasia and adenocarcinoma. The expression of CEACAM6 was significant from CLE to BE at p 0.001, CLE to dysplasia at p 0.001, BE to dysplasia at p 0.006, CLE to adenocarcinoma at p 0.001 and BE to adenocarcinoma at p 0.001. There was no significant difference in expression between dysplasia and adenocarcinoma (P = 0.15). Our findings highlight the increasing expression of CEACAM6 from CLE to BE with a subsequent decrease to dysplasia and adenocarcinoma. In view of this, we advocate the utilization of this marker for the enhanced diagnosis of BE and for the distinction of BE and dysplasia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Sharma
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, National University Health System
| | - S Srivastava
- Departments of Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore
| | - F Kern
- Departments of Genome Institute of Singapore, A-STAR, Singapore
| | - W Xian
- Departments of Somatic Stem Cell Centre, University of Houston, USA
| | - K G Yeoh
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, National University Health System
| | - T Ming
- Departments of Pathology, National University Health System
| | - F McKeon
- Departments of Somatic Stem Cell Centre, University of Houston, USA
| | - K Y Ho
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, National University Health System
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kern F, Wolf D, Pschera P, Lubk A. Quantitative determination of elastic and inelastic attenuation coefficients by off-axis electron holography. Ultramicroscopy 2016; 171:26-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
6
|
Milhim M, Putkaradze N, Abdulmughni A, Kern F, Hartz P, Bernhardt R. Identification of a new plasmid-encoded cytochrome P450 CYP107DY1 from Bacillus megaterium with a catalytic activity towards mevastatin. J Biotechnol 2016; 240:68-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
7
|
Kern F, Khatri Y, Litzenburger M, Bernhardt R. CYP267A1 and CYP267B1 from Sorangium cellulosum So ce56 are Highly Versatile Drug Metabolizers. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:495-504. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.068486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
8
|
Litzenburger M, Kern F, Khatri Y, Bernhardt R. Conversions of tricyclic antidepressants and antipsychotics with selected P450s from Sorangium cellulosum So ce56. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 43:392-9. [PMID: 25550480 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.061937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytochromes P450 (P450s) play a major role in the biotransformation of drugs. The generated metabolites are important for pharmaceutical, medical, and biotechnological applications and can be used for derivatization or toxicological studies. The availability of human drug metabolites is restricted and alternative ways of production are requested. For this, microbial P450s turned out to be a useful tool for the conversion of drugs and related derivatives. Here, we used 10 P450s from the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum So ce56, which have been cloned, expressed, and purified. The P450s were investigated concerning the conversion of the antidepressant drugs amitriptyline, clomipramine, imipramine, and promethazine; the antipsychotic drugs carbamazepine, chlorpromazine, and thioridazine, as well as their precursors, iminodibenzyl and phenothiazine. Amitriptyline, chlorpromazine, clomipramine, imipramine, and thioridazine are efficiently converted during the in vitro reaction and were chosen to upscale the production by an Escherichia coli-based whole-cell bioconversion system. Two different approaches, a whole-cell system using M9CA medium and a system using resting cells in buffer, were used for the production of sufficient amounts of metabolites for NMR analysis. Amitriptyline, clomipramine, and imipramine are converted to the corresponding 10-hydroxylated products, whereas the conversion of chlorpromazine and thioridazine leads to a sulfoxidation in position 5. It is shown for the first time that myxobacterial P450s are efficient to produce known human drug metabolites in a milligram scale, revealing their ability to synthesize pharmaceutically important compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Litzenburger
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbruecken, Germany (M.L., F.K., Y.K., R.B.)
| | - Fredy Kern
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbruecken, Germany (M.L., F.K., Y.K., R.B.)
| | - Yogan Khatri
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbruecken, Germany (M.L., F.K., Y.K., R.B.)
| | - Rita Bernhardt
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbruecken, Germany (M.L., F.K., Y.K., R.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jallad S, Thomas P, Newport M, Kern F. P58. Can T-cells predict response to intravesical BCG immunotherapy in high-risk non-invasive bladder cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2014. [PMCID: PMC4072435 DOI: 10.1186/2051-1426-2-s2-p32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
10
|
Smith K, Rashid R, Frew A, Kern F, Tarzi M. Ex Vivo Identification and Phenotyping of Allergen-Specific T Helper Cells In Human Peripheral Blood based on CD154 Expression. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.12.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
11
|
Ünal N, Kern F, Öveçoğlu M, Gadow R. Influence of WC particles on the microstructural and mechanical properties of 3mol% Y2O3 stabilized ZrO2 matrix composites produced by hot pressing. Ann Ital Chir 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2011.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
12
|
Streitz M, Fuhrmann S, Martus P, Nomura L, Maecker H, Kern F. Reply to Eisenhut. J Infect Dis 2011. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|
13
|
|
14
|
Lanuti P, Fuhrmann S, Lachmann R, Marchisio M, Miscia S, Kern F. Simultaneous characterization of phospho-proteins and cell cycle in activated T cell subsets. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2009; 22:689-98. [PMID: 19822085 DOI: 10.1177/039463200902200314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-colour flow cytometry is the only technological platform that can analyse the highly complex cellular composition of the immune system in parallel and at a single cell resolution. Analysis of the T cell compartment, in particular, requires the simultaneous measurement of multiple markers in order to account for lineage, phenotype and function. Flow cytometry also enables the analysis of intracellular signalling events. By combining the expression of surface markers, intracellular cytokines, phosphorylated versus unphosphorylated kinases, cell proliferation and DNA profile, mechanistic and kinetic information of subset-specific signalling may be obtained: this has not previously been achieved. Here we present a protocol which permits all of these aspects to be explored simultaneously. By comparing basic procedures previously described we were able to optimise different variables, including the choice of antibody/fluorochrome pairs, permeabilisation, fixation and labelling time, to obtain the best DNA staining of different cell types. We applied this method to study subset-specific signalling related to cytokine production and DNA synthesis in T cells responding to specific antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Lanuti
- Division of Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Buser AM, Schmid D, Kern F, Erne B, Lazzati T, Schaeren-Wiemers N. The myelin protein MAL affects peripheral nerve myelination: a new player influencing p75 neurotrophin receptor expression. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 29:2276-90. [PMID: 19508690 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06785.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The myelin and lymphocyte protein (MAL) is a raft-associated membrane protein predominantly expressed by oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells. Here we show that MAL regulates myelination in the peripheral nervous system. In mice overexpressing MAL, myelination was retarded and fibers were hypomyelinated, whereas myelination in MAL knockout mice was accelerated. This was not due to impaired Schwann cell proliferation, differentiation or axonal sorting. We found that the expression level of p75 neurotrophin receptor mRNA and protein was strongly reduced in developing sciatic nerves in MAL-overexpressing mice. This reduction is well correlated with the observed alterations in myelination initiation, speed of myelination and alterations in Remak bundle development. Our results suggest a functional role for MAL in peripheral myelination by influencing the expression of membrane components that mediate axon-glia interaction during ensheathment and myelin wrapping.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Buser
- Neurobiology, Department of Biomedicine and Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sierra B, Perez A, García G, Vogt K, Schmolke K, Aguirre E, Kern F, Alvarez M, Volk H, Guzman M. Racial Variation in the Cytokines Production During Dengue Infection. Int J Infect Dis 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2008.05.785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
|
17
|
|
18
|
Affiliation(s)
- F Kern
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Volk HD, Sawitzki B, Kern F, Höflich C, Sabat R, Reinke P. Immunomodulatory therapies: challenges of individualized therapy strategies. Ernst Schering Found Symp Proc 2006:59-68. [PMID: 17824181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
"Individualized therapy strategies" involve strategies that allow treatment to be guided by patient-specific conditions. For this, robust biomarkers are needed. Examples of biomarker-guided therapies already in use are the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes (biomarker: blood glucose level) or the treatment of hypertension (biomarker: blood pressure). By contrast, most immunomodulatory therapies are given according to the patient's body weight or the patient's drug blood level rather than according to biomarkers indicating the patient's state of the immune system. Herein we report on new biomarkerguided studies in the immunosuppressive treatment of transplant patients and patients with autoimmune disease and we discuss its benefits and pitfalls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H D Volk
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Affiliation(s)
- J W Gratama
- Laboratory for Clinical and Tumor Immunology, Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC-Daniel den Hoed, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tesfa L, Volk HD, Kern F. A protocol for combining proliferation, tetramer staining and intracellular cytokine detection for the flow-cytometric analysis of antigen specific T-cells. J BIOL REG HOMEOS AG 2003; 17:366-70. [PMID: 15065768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Flow-cytometry can be used in different ways in order to analyze or enumerate antigen specific T-cells. The three basic principles are direct staining of the T-cell receptor using so called tetramer reagents, staining intracellular cytokines following antigen-specific ex vivo T-cell activation or staining with dyes that are incorporated (increase in staining) or distributed between daughter cells (decrease in staining) upon proliferation in response to a specific antigen challenge. Each system has its advantages and disadvantages. Here we demonstrate that tetramer staining, cytokine flow cytometry and staining with CFDA-SE can be combined permitting the analysis of proliferation and cytokine production with a subset of T-cells specific for a single peptide antigen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Tesfa
- Institut für Medizinische Immunologie, Berliner Hochschulmedizin Charite, Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Döcke WD, Kiessling C, Worm M, Friedrich M, Pruss A, Weitz M, Prösch S, Kern F, Volk HD, Sterry W, Asadullah K. Subclinical activation of latent cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and anti-CMV immune response in patients with atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2003; 148:954-63. [PMID: 12786826 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05263.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbiological infections are considered to be of pathophysiological importance in atopic dermatitis (AD). As yet, no information is available regarding cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in this disease. This, however, is of interest because of the high prevalence of latent infections in the general population, the frequent reactivation in inflammatory diseases, and the immunomodulating capacity of CMV. OBJECTIVES To investigate the prevalence of latent CMV infection, the frequency of active CMV infection, and the immune response to CMV in patients with moderate to severe AD. Methods To detect active infection we analysed CMV antigen expression by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 27 patients with moderate to severe AD in comparison with 53 healthy volunteers. We used three monoclonal antibodies recognizing different CMV-encoded antigens and immunocytological staining (alkaline phosphatase-antialkaline phosphatase technique). RESULTS Patients with AD had a higher mean frequency of CMV-positive PBMC: 2.25 per 10 000 vs. 0.74 per 10 000 in controls (P = 0.001) as well as a higher incidence of CMV antigenaemia: 29.6% vs. 7.5% (P < 0.01). Seropositivity for anti-CMV IgG antibodies indicated subclinical activation of latent infection. Remarkably, a clearance of CMV antigenaemia was observed during anti-eczematous treatment. Significantly higher plasma levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha, which is involved in CMV reactivation, and interleukin-12, which is crucial for an antiviral cellular immune response, were observed in AD patients in comparison with healthy volunteers. Furthermore, a significantly enhanced frequency of circulating activated HLA-DR+ T cells especially in CMV-seropositive AD patients (19.3% vs. 13.5% in seronegative AD patients vs. 10.2% in controls) suggested that the active CMV infection triggers a cellular immune response. This was also supported by a high frequency of CMV-specific interferon-gamma-producing T cells in CMV-seropositive patients with AD. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that active, subclinical CMV infection is more frequent in patients with moderate to severe AD and may have immunopathophysiological relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W-D Döcke
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Charité, Berlin Humboldt University, D-10098 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cherepnev GV, Kern F, Garaev RS. [Xymedon decreases phosphatidylserine membrane expression induced by proapoptogenic deficit of serum growth factors in Jurkat T-cells]. Eksp Klin Farmakol 2002; 65:40-3. [PMID: 12227095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
The effect of xymedone, a non-glucoside analog of pyridine nucleosides, on the apoptosis of human CD4+ T cells of the Jurkat line was studied by laser flow cytometry method. Xymedone decreased the membrane expression of phosphatidylserine and suppressed the increase in permeability of the cytoplasmic membrane, thus inhibiting the onset of a degradation stage of the apoptotic cascade. Possible mechanisms of the antiapoptogenic effect of xymedone within the framework of a (cytochrome C/caspase 3)-dependent signal pathway of the apoptosis are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G V Cherepnev
- Clinical Flow Cytometry Laboratory, Republic Medical Diagnostic Center, ul. Chekhova la, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
|
25
|
Kern F. Fourteenth annual meeting of the Society for Pediatric Anesthesia, San Francisco, California, October 13, 2000. Anesth Analg 2001; 93:793-7. [PMID: 11524359 DOI: 10.1097/00000539-200109000-00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Kern
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Maecker HT, Dunn HS, Suni MA, Khatamzas E, Pitcher CJ, Bunde T, Persaud N, Trigona W, Fu TM, Sinclair E, Bredt BM, McCune JM, Maino VC, Kern F, Picker LJ. Use of overlapping peptide mixtures as antigens for cytokine flow cytometry. J Immunol Methods 2001; 255:27-40. [PMID: 11470284 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(01)00416-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular cytokine staining and flow cytometry can be used to measure T-cell responses to defined antigens. Although CD8+ T-cell responses to soluble proteins are inefficiently detected by this approach, peptides can be used as antigens. Using overlapping peptides spanning an entire protein sequence, CD8+ T-cell responses can be detected to multiple epitopes, regardless of HLA type. In this study, overlapping peptide mixes of various lengths were compared and 15 amino acid peptides with 11 amino acid overlaps were found to stimulate both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses. Such peptide mixes stimulated CD4+ T-cell responses equivalent to those observed with whole recombinant protein, while simultaneously stimulating CD8+ T-cell responses much higher than those observed with whole protein. Although 8-12 amino acid peptides produced the highest level of CD8+ T-cell responses, 15 amino acid peptides were still very effective. Peptides that were 20 amino acids in length, however, did not stimulate strong CD8+ T-cell responses at the same peptide dose. The cytokine responses to individual epitopes added up approximately to the response to the entire mix, demonstrating that large mixes can detect responses in a quantitative fashion. Unlike whole protein antigens, peptide mixes were effective at stimulating responses in both cryopreserved PBMC and blood stored for 24 h at room temperature. Thus, overlapping 15 amino acid peptide mixes may facilitate the analysis of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses by cytokine flow cytometry, using clinical specimens that include shipped blood or cryopreserved PBMC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H T Maecker
- BD Biosciences, Immunocytometry Systems, 2350 Qume Drive, San Jose, CA 95131, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Babel N, Schwarzmann F, Prang N, Jaeger M, Wolf H, Kern F, Volk HD, Reinke P. Association between Epstein-Barr virus infection and late acute transplant rejection in long-term transplant patients. Transplantation 2001; 72:736-9. [PMID: 11544441 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200108270-00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recently we reported about a possible involvement of extrarenal systemic cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in graft deteriorating immune processes. We now examined whether Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) may also be associated with late renal graft injury. We analyzed the expression of early antigen-, viral capsid antigen-, and a latency-associated EBV-RNA-transcript, which is not translated into protein in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of kidney transplant patients with histologically proven late acute rejection and no signs of CMV or any other infection (A), patients with stable graft function (B), and healthy probands (C). A total of 40% in group A vs. 5 and 0% in groups B and C, respectively, expressed early antigen-mRNA (P<0.05) suggesting an activation of lytic EBV infection. Response to steroid bolus therapy in group A was comparably poor with that observed in CMV-related graft injury. Our data suggest that extrarenal lytic EBV infection may also be involved in the pathogenesis of late graft injury. A controlled ganciclovir trial may prove the significance of our observation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Babel
- Department of Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bitmansour AD, Waldrop SL, Pitcher CJ, Khatamzas E, Kern F, Maino VC, Picker LJ. Clonotypic structure of the human CD4+ memory T cell response to cytomegalovirus. J Immunol 2001; 167:1151-63. [PMID: 11466329 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.3.1151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
High steady-state frequencies of CMV-specific CD4(+) memory T cells are maintained in CMV-exposed subjects, and these cells are thought to play a key role in the immunologic control of this permanent infection. However, the essential components of this response are poorly defined. Here, we report the use of a step-wise application of flow cytometric and molecular techniques to determine the number and size of the TCR Vbeta-defined clonotypes within freshly obtained CMV-specific CD4(+) memory T cell populations of four healthy, CMV-exposed human subjects. This analysis revealed a stable clonotypic hierarchy in which 1-3 dominant clonotypes are maintained in concert with more numerous subdominant and minor clonotypes. These dominant clonotypes accounted for 10-50% of the overall CMV response, and comprised from 0.3 to 4.0% of peripheral blood CD4(+) T cells. Two subjects displayed immunodominant responses to single epitopes within the CMV matrix phosphoprotein pp65; these single epitope responses were mediated by a single dominant clonotype in one subject, and by multiple subdominant and minor clonotypes in the other. Thus, the CMV-specific CD4(+) T cell memory repertoire in normal subjects is characterized by striking clonotypic dominance and the potential for epitope focusing, suggesting that primary responsibility for immunosurveillance against CMV reactivation rests with a handful of clones recognizing a limited array of CMV determinants. These data have important implications for the understanding of mechanisms by which a genetically stable chronic viral pathogen such as CMV is controlled, and offer possible insight into the failure of such control for a genetically flexible pathogen like HIV-1.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- CD40 Ligand/biosynthesis
- Clone Cells
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytomegalovirus/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Flow Cytometry/methods
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Humans
- Immunodominant Epitopes/biosynthesis
- Immunodominant Epitopes/genetics
- Immunodominant Epitopes/immunology
- Immunologic Memory/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type
- Male
- Multigene Family/immunology
- Phosphoproteins/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/virology
- Viral Matrix Proteins/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A D Bitmansour
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Volk HD, Kern F. Insights into the specificity and function of (allo)antigen-reactive T cells. Am J Transplant 2001; 1:109-14. [PMID: 12099357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H D Volk
- Humboldt-Universität (Charité), Institut für Med Immunologie, Berlin, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sabat R, Höflich C, Döcke WD, Oppert M, Kern F, Windrich B, Rosenberger C, Kaden J, Volk HD, Reinke P. Massive elevation of procalcitonin plasma levels in the absence of infection in kidney transplant patients treated with pan-T-cell antibodies. Intensive Care Med 2001; 27:987-91. [PMID: 11497157 DOI: 10.1007/s001340100949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the value of procalcitonin (PCT) monitoring in transplant patients receiving pan-T-cell antibody therapy. DESIGN Retrospective clinical study. SETTING A collaborative study between the Institute of Medical Immunology, the Department of Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care, both Charite, Humboldt University Berlin, and the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Friedrichshain Hospital, Berlin, Germany. PATIENTS AND INTERVENTIONS Thirty-one patients were included in the study: 8 kidney transplant patients with acute rejection episodes, 5 receiving OKT3 monoclonal antibody therapy, 3 receiving steroid bolus therapy; 21 patients undergoing renal transplantation, 11 receiving ATG perioperatively, 10 without ATG administration; 2 patients undergoing renal transplantation and receiving anti-IL-2R mAb. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Procalcitonin (PCT) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha plasma levels were measured in infection-free transplant patients treated with the pan-T-cell antibodies ATG or OKT3. We found PCT plasma concentrations up to 600 ng/ml (reference < 0.5 ng/ ml), which are comparable to those seen in severe sepsis. Increases in TNF-alpha plasma levels preceded the rises in PCT. After peaking on day 1 of therapy the PCT plasma concentrations returned to normal values independently of further antibody administration. In contrast, steroid bolus therapy or anti-interleukin 2 receptor mAb administration did not increase plasma PCT or TNF-alpha levels. CONCLUSIONS PCT monitoring for evaluating infectious complications in kidney transplant patients must be very careful during pan-T-cell antibody therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Sabat
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité, Humboldt University Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Büttnerova I, Bäumler H, Kern F, Radtke H, Volk HD, Kiesewetter H, Döcke WD. Release of WBC-derived IL-1 receptor antagonist into supernatants of RBCs: influence of storage time and filtration. Transfusion 2001; 41:67-73. [PMID: 11161248 DOI: 10.1046/j.1537-2995.2001.41010067.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transfusion-associated immunodepression may be related to the transfer of immunoinhibitory cytokines with blood components. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS After evidence of increasing concentrations of IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) but not of IL-10 was obtained in supernatants of stored RBC units that were WBC-reduced by centrifugation (C-RBCs) in a pilot study, IL-1RA concentrations were determined weekly in supernatants of C-RBCs and in units that underwent prestorage WBC reduction by in-line filtration (F-RBCs) over a 49-day storage. For assessing total IL-1RA content, complete cell lysis by repeated freezing and thawing was done. The results were related to the changes in WBC count during storage. The dependency of IL-1RA content on preparation procedures was assessed. RESULTS The prestorage IL-1RA concentration in C-RBCs (859 +/- 218 pg/mL) was significantly higher than in F-RBC (75 +/- 13 pg/mL). Whereas no changes were seen in F-RBCs during storage, IL-1RA levels in C-RBC supernatants drastically increased to levels about 50 times those in normal plasma (16,327 +/- 2,686 pg/mL on Day 49). Follow-up analysis revealed stringent correlation between IL-1RA release into supernatants and the current loss of WBCs (r = 0.79, n = 42; p<0.001). The total IL-1RA content did not change during storage and was directly dependent on prestorage WBC count. Preparation procedures altered the IL-1RA content only by WBC reduction. CONCLUSION The immunosuppressive cytokine IL-1RA is transmitted by RBCs in relation to WBC content and storage time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Büttnerova
- Institutes of Transfusion Medicine and Medical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Charité University Clinic, Humboldt University of Berlin, D-10098 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Flow cytometry has experienced considerable expansion of available parameters during the last years. Various new techniques that allow the direct analysis of antigen-specific lymphocytes by direct labeling with antigen or according to functional parameters following in vitro antigen stimulation will have enormous impact on immunological research, diagnosis, and therapy. This article concentrates on the basic principles and applications of these important technological developments in flow cytometry and focuses on the analysis of specific lymphocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Scheffold
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
T-cadherin (T-cad) is a Ca(2+)-dependent cell adhesion glycoprotein bound to the plasma membrane via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. T-cad expressed on vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) binds lipoproteins on blot. To analyze the molecular basis for the interaction of T-cad with lipoproteins we expressed recombinant human T-cad in HEK293 cells. Whereas membrane-bound T-cad from SMC and T-cad transfected HEK293 cells bind lipoproteins, T-cadherin proteins cleaved from the cell surface by phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) do not. The lipoprotein-binding function is also lacking both for a recombinant human T-cad expressed in HEK293 cells without the GPI signal sequence, and for a human T-cad form expressed in Escherichia coli that contains the signal sequence for GPI attachment but is not modified with a GPI. We conclude that the GPI moiety of T-cadherin is necessary and sufficient to mediate lipoprotein binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Niermann
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Basel University Hospital, Basel, CH 4031, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Betts MR, Casazza JP, Patterson BA, Waldrop S, Trigona W, Fu TM, Kern F, Picker LJ, Koup RA. Putative immunodominant human immunodeficiency virus-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses cannot be predicted by major histocompatibility complex class I haplotype. J Virol 2000; 74:9144-51. [PMID: 10982361 PMCID: PMC102113 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.19.9144-9151.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2000] [Accepted: 06/26/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific CD8(+) T cells have focused on responses to single, usually HLA-A2-restricted epitopes as surrogate measures of the overall response to HIV. However, the assumption that a response to one epitope is representative of the total response is unconfirmed. Here we assess epitope immunodominance and HIV-specific CD8(+) T-cell response complexity using cytokine flow cytometry to examine CD8(+) T-cell responses in 11 HLA-A2(+) HIV(+) individuals. Initial studies demonstrated that only 4 of 11 patients recognized the putative immunodominant HLA-A2-restricted p17 epitope SLYNTVATL, suggesting that the remaining subjects might lack significant HIV-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses. However, five of six SLYNTVATL nonresponders recognized other HIV epitopes, and two of four SLYNTVATL responders had greater responses to HIV peptides restricted by other class I alleles. In several individuals, no HLA-A2-restricted epitopes were recognized, but CD8(+) T-cell responses were detected to epitopes restricted by other HLA class I alleles. These data indicate that an individual's overall CD8(+) T-cell response to HIV is not adequately represented by the response to a single epitope and that individual major histocompatibility complex class I alleles do not predict an immunodominant response restricted by that allele. Accurate quantification of total HIV-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses will require assessment of the response to all possible epitopes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Betts
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kern F, Faulhaber N, Frömmel C, Khatamzas E, Prösch S, Schönemann C, Kretzschmar I, Volkmer-Engert R, Volk HD, Reinke P. Analysis of CD8 T cell reactivity to cytomegalovirus using protein-spanning pools of overlapping pentadecapeptides. Eur J Immunol 2000; 30:1676-82. [PMID: 10898504 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200006)30:6<1676::aid-immu1676>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The frequencies of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) protein-specific CD8 T cells, identified by the presence of intracellular IFN-gamma, were measured by flow cytometry following stimulation of freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with comprehensive peptide pools. These pools spanned the entire amino acid sequences of the HCMV pp65 and major immediate early (IE-1) proteins and consisted of 15-amino acid peptides with at least nine overlaps between neighboring peptides. As a result all potential CD8 T cell epitopes contained in these proteins were provided by the complete pools and, therefore, unlike with single epitopes, testing was independent of donor HLA type. Individual stimulating peptides from the same pools were identified in parallel experiments. Thus we found that our results with the complete pools using PBMC from 26 healthy HCMV-seropositive donors were 100% sensitive and specific with respect to predicting the presence of recognized epitopes in the respective proteins. In addition, cells from 15 renal transplant patients were tested with complete pools alone. While our results confirmed our previous contention that HCMV IE-1 is an important CD8 T cell target, the technical improvement we made in order to address this question has clearly wider implications. Similar pools may be applied to examine the role of proteins from other pathogens, in autoimmune disease or following vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Kern
- Institut für Medizinische Immunologie, Charité, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kern F, Faulhaber N, Khatamzas E, Frömmel C, Ewert R, Prösch S, Volk H, Reinke P. Measurement of anti-human cytomegalovirus T cell reactivity in transplant recipients and its potential clinical use: a mini-review. Intervirology 2000; 42:322-4. [PMID: 10702713 DOI: 10.1159/000053967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
By allowing direct determination of the frequencies of antigen-specific memory T cells in peripheral blood, novel techniques based on flow cytometry provide new diagnostic opportunities in various clinical settings, including organ transplantation. While the importance of the T cell compartment for the anti-human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) immune response is undisputed, efficient monitoring of this response was previously impossible because the conventional methods for measuring CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses are too time-consuming and cost-intensive. We analyzed how the rapid induction of anti-HCMV CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cells by HCMV viral lysate or HCMV-derived peptides, respectively, followed by a flow-cytometric detection step, may be used to monitor HCMV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cells in solid-organ recipients. We also discuss a number of preconditions for integrating such testing into the clinical routine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Kern
- Institut für Medizinische Immunologie, Charité (Medizinische Fakultät der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin), Berlin, Deutschland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Resink TJ, Kuzmenko YS, Kern F, Stambolsky D, Bochkov VN, Tkachuk VA, Erne P, Niermann T. LDL binds to surface-expressed human T-cadherin in transfected HEK293 cells and influences homophilic adhesive interactions. FEBS Lett 1999; 463:29-34. [PMID: 10601632 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(99)01594-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
T-cadherin (T-cad) is an unusual glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored member of the cadherin family of cell adhesion molecules. Binding of low density lipoproteins (LDLs) to T-cad can be demonstrated on Western blots of smooth muscle cell lysates, membranes and purified proteins. Using HEK293 cells transfected with human T-cad cDNA (T-cad+), we have investigated the adhesion properties of expressed mature and precursor proteins and examined the postulate that LDL represents a physiologically relevant ligand for T-cad. T-cad+ exhibits an increased Ca(2+)-dependent aggregation (vs. control) that was reduced by selective proteolytic cleavage of precursor T-cad and abolished after either proteolytic or phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) cleavage of both mature and precursor proteins, indicating that both proteins function in intercellular adhesion. T-cad+ exhibited a significantly increased specific cell surface-binding of [(125)I]-LDL that was sensitive to PI-PLC pre-treatment of cells. Ca(2+)-dependent intercellular adhesion of T-cad+ was significantly inhibited by LDL. Our results support the suggestion that LDL is a physiologically relevant ligand for T-cad.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T J Resink
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Research, Basel University Hospital, CH 4031, Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kern F, Surel IP, Faulhaber N, Frömmel C, Schneider-Mergener J, Schönemann C, Reinke P, Volk HD. Target structures of the CD8(+)-T-cell response to human cytomegalovirus: the 72-kilodalton major immediate-early protein revisited. J Virol 1999; 73:8179-84. [PMID: 10482568 PMCID: PMC112835 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.10.8179-8184.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-mediated immunity plays an essential role in the control of infection with the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). However, only a few CD8(+)-T-cell epitopes are known, with the majority being contained in the pp65 phosphoprotein, which is believed to dominate the CD8(+)-T-cell response to HCMV. Here, we have readdressed the issue of CD8(+) T cells specific for the 72-kDa major immediate-early protein (IE-1), which is nonstructural but is found very early and throughout the replicative cycle. Using a novel flow-cytometric assay, we were able to identify CD8(+)-T-cell epitopes (by IE-1 peptide-specific induction of cytokine synthesis) and simultaneously measure the frequency of cells directed against them. For this purpose, 81 pentadecamer peptides covering the complete 491-amino-acid sequence of IE-1 were tested on peripheral blood mononuclear cells of anti-HCMV immunoglobulin G-seropositive donors. At least 10 new epitopes were identified, and the fine specificity and presenting HLA molecule of the first of them was determined. The frequencies of CD8(+) T cells directed against IE-1 were similar to those directed against pp65 in donors tested with known pp65-derived peptides. Importantly, additional testing of a corresponding set of peptides covering the complete sequence of pp65 on 10 of these donors identified individuals whose CD8(+) T cells recognized IE-1 but not pp65 and vice versa, clearly illustrating that either protein may be a major target. In summary, our results suggest that IE-1 is far more important as a CD8(+)-T-cell target than current opinion suggests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Kern
- Institut für Medizinische Immunologie, Medizinische Fakultät der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (Charité), 10098 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Demkiv OT, Kordium EL, Tairbekov MG, Sack F, Kern F, Kardash AR. [The growth movements of moss protonemata under clinostatic and microgravity conditions]. Aviakosm Ekolog Med 1999; 33:31-4. [PMID: 10485029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Populations of dark-grown protonemata of moss Ceratodon purpureus wt-4 (Germany) and wt-U (Ukraine) were rotated on clinostat or flown in space (experiment "Protonema" aboard Bion-11, December 24, 1996-January 7, 1997) to determine the effects of altered gravity on orientation of protonemata growing filaments. Protonemata had been cultivated 8 days in vertical stationary position at dark to be transported to microgravity or placed in clinostat for the period of 14 days. In the ground control, protonemata demonstrated the negatively gravitropic growth (straight upwards in a bundle of compact filaments). The horizontal or circular rotation in clinostat and exposure to microgravity made filaments grow every each way within the substrate plane but with an apparent trend to rightward curling resulting in "spiral galaxies".
Collapse
|
40
|
Kern F, Khatamzas E, Surel I, Frömmel C, Reinke P, Waldrop SL, Picker LJ, Volk HD. Distribution of human CMV-specific memory T cells among the CD8pos. subsets defined by CD57, CD27, and CD45 isoforms. Eur J Immunol 1999; 29:2908-15. [PMID: 10508265 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199909)29:09<2908::aid-immu2908>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic antigenic stimulation has been associated with peripheral blood expansions of CD8pos. T cells characterized by CD57 expression, loss of CD27 expression, and reversal of the CD45RO(bright) /RA(dim) phenotype usually associated with immunological memory towards a CD45RO(dim) /RA(bright) phenotype. However, the relationship and functional significance of these subset(s) has remained controversial. Here, this issue was addressed using a novel flow cytometric technique that allows simultaneous detection of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-specific CD8pos. memory T cells by rapid (< 6 h) HCMV peptide-specific induction of cytokine synthesis, and their phenotypic characterization, including CD57, CD27 and CD45RA/RO. The vast majority of resting CD8(pos.) T cells capable of rapid induction of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha synthesis in response to HCMV peptides were found in a subset characterized by intermediate to high expression of CD57, down-regulation/loss of CD27, and varying degrees of reversal of the classical "memory" CD45RO(bright) /RA(dim) phenotype. This subpopulation likely includes the fully differentiated memory cells responsible for the long-term immune defense against HCMV reactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Kern
- Institut für Medizinische Immunologie Charité - Campus Mitte, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection plays an important role in transplant patients. Its impact is both direct and indirect. This review focuses on new aspects of HCMV (re)activation and HCMV related pathology, particularly HCMV-associated renal allograft injury. During the last two years we have learned that HCMV is more frequently (re)activated, even in healthy people, than previously expected. Inflammatory as well as stress mediators and some drugs may (re)activate the virus by using distinct intracellular pathways. Commonly, HCMV (re)activation is accompanied by HCMV antigenemia/DNAemia, suggesting that precursor cells in the bone marrow play an important role as a reservoir of latent virus. However, local HCMV (re)activation (colon, lung) without detection of active HCMV infection in the peripheral blood is possible. In healthy people a sufficient type 1 T-cell response controls the active HCMV infection, while in patients with severe immune deficiency (AIDS, high-dose immunosuppression) the virus can spread in an uncontrolled fashion and induce 'classic' HCMV disease. In patients with moderate immune deficiency (e.g. long-term transplant patients on low-dose immunosuppression) virus spreading is controlled but the elimination of cells harboring the active virus may be insufficient. The resulting persistent HCMV antigenemia may induce chronic inflammatory processes leading to tissue injury, particularly in the allograft. Therefore, antiviral therapy may be useful in patients suffering from graft deterioration with otherwise clinically symptomless HCMV infection. HCMV-related immune deficiency with an increased risk of developing bacterial/fungal superinfections is frequently seen in patients with symptomatic HCMV disease but not in asymptomatic CMV antigenemia. The risk of developing superinfections can be predicted by flow-cytometric monitoring of peripheral blood monocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Reinke
- Department of Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care, Charité--Campus Virchow, Humboldt-University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
An important aspect of peripheral T cell development is the differentiation from naive into memory cells. To distinguish naive from memory cells, CD45RA and CD11a are commonly used: CD45RA+ or CD11a(dim) T cells are regarded as naive, while CD45RA- or CD11a(bright) T cells are thought to be of memory type. There is, however, a CD8+ T cell subset which is CD45RA+ and at the same time CD11a(bright). It increases with age and in patients with systemic viral infections, though its functional role in the immune response is unknown. In the present study, we give evidence that this subset is related to memory-like T cells as it produces IFN-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, contains high levels of perforin, and expresses CD95 in the same way as memory-type CD45RA-/CD11a(bright) CD8+ T cells. Since it contains a high percentage of CD28- and CD57+ cells, is increased in size and granularity, and is transiently expressed following in vitro stimulation of naive CD8+ T cells, we speculate that this subset mainly represents recently activated effector T cells that are able to interact with CD80 and CD86 (B7-1 and B7-2 respectively) negative tissue cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Höflich
- Institute of Medical Immunology, University Hospital Charité, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Kuzmenko YS, Kern F, Bochkov VN, Tkachuk VA, Resink TJ. Density- and proliferation status-dependent expression of T-cadherin, a novel lipoprotein-binding glycoprotein: a function in negative regulation of smooth muscle cell growth? FEBS Lett 1998; 434:183-7. [PMID: 9738474 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(98)00977-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The atypical low density lipoprotein (LDL) binding proteins (Mr 105 and 130 kDa; p105 and p130) in human aortic medial membranes and cultured human and rat aortic smooth muscle cells (SMC) have recently been identified as the cell adhesion glycoprotein T-cadherin. Although cadherins are generally recognized to be important regulators of morphogenesis, the function of T-cadherin in the vasculature is poorly understood. This study has examined the relationship between expression of T-cadherin and the density and proliferation status of SMC. T-cadherin (p105 and p130) levels in SMC lysates were measured on Western blots using ligand-binding techniques. T-cadherin expression was dependent upon cell density, and maximal levels were achieved at confluency. T-cadherin levels were reversibly modulated by switching cultures between serum-free (upmodulation) and serum-containing (downmodulation) conditions. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB, epidermal growth factor (EGF) or insulin-like growth factor (IGF) elicited a dose- and time-dependent downmodulation that was reversible after transfer of SMC to growth factor-free medium. Our results support the hypothesis that T-cadherin may function as a negative determinant of cell growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y S Kuzmenko
- Department of Research, Basel University Hospital, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kern F, Surel IP, Brock C, Freistedt B, Radtke H, Scheffold A, Blasczyk R, Reinke P, Schneider-Mergener J, Radbruch A, Walden P, Volk HD. T-cell epitope mapping by flow cytometry. Nat Med 1998; 4:975-8. [PMID: 9701254 DOI: 10.1038/nm0898-975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Kern
- Institut für Medizinische Immunologie, Medizinische Fakultät der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Campus Mitte, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Hensel M, Volk T, Döcke WD, Kern F, Tschirna D, Egerer K, Konertz W, Kox WJ. Hyperprocalcitonemia in patients with noninfectious SIRS and pulmonary dysfunction associated with cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesthesiology 1998; 89:93-104. [PMID: 9667299 DOI: 10.1097/00000542-199807000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of noninfectious systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) associated with coronary artery bypass surgery and the potential role of several inflammatory parameters as early markers of pulmonary dysfunction induced by cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) were investigated. METHODS Forty patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass surgery were studied prospectively. Perioperative lung function was monitored using the lung injury score introduced by Murray and colleagues, by measuring venous admixture (Qs/Qt), and, in some cases, by measuring extravascular lung water. Serum concentrations of the inflammatory parameters (procalcitonin, interleukin-6, sL-selectin, leukocyte elastase, neopterin, leukocyte counts, and C-reactive protein) were determined sequentially. The American College of Chest Physicians-Society of Critical Care Medicine classification system was used to diagnose SIRS. RESULTS According to the entry criteria, SIRS developed in 17 (42%) patients after operation. Nine patients of this group showed signs of acute pulmonary impairment, whereas patients without SIRS had no lung injury. In all patients with acute lung injury, distinct increases in procalcitonin concentrations ranging from 5.1 to 14.3 ng/ml were measured. In patients with SIRS but without acute lung injury and in patients without SIRS, none or only negligible increases in serum concentrations of procalcitonin were seen. Compared with procalcitonin, other inflammatory parameters investigated were less sensitive and less specific to indicate pulmonary dysfunction secondary to CPB. CONCLUSIONS Procalcitonin seems to be an appropriate parameter indicating the early development of severe noninfectious SIRS and for predicting pulmonary dysfunction secondary to CPB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Hensel
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, University Hospital Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Kuzmenko YS, Stambolsky D, Kern F, Bochkov VN, Tkachuk VA, Resink TJ. Characteristics of smooth muscle cell lipoprotein binding proteins (p105/p130) as T-cadherin and regulation by positive and negative growth regulators. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 246:489-94. [PMID: 9610389 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Smooth muscle cells (SMC) express atypical surface low density lipoprotein (LDL) binding proteins of M(r)105 and M(r)130 (p105 and p130) which have been putatively identified as the cell adhesion glycoprotein T-cadherin. Using cultured human and rat aortic SMC and analysis by ligand (LDL)- and immuno-blotting techniques we now confirm identity of p105 and p130 as T-cadherin, as adjudged by sensitivity to PI-PLC cleavage, insensitivity to trypsin degradation in the presence of calcium, and immunoreactivity to anti-T-cadherin peptide antisera. The function of T-cadherin (p105/p130) in the vasculature is unknown. The proteins were downmodulated by the peptide growth factors PDGF-BB, IGF, EGF, and bFGF, but not by vasoactive peptide hormones (angiotensin II, vasopressin, bradykinin, and endothelin). TGF beta, a recognized inhibitor of SMC proliferation, per se had no effect but inhibited growth factor-induced p105/p130 downmodulation. Expression of p105/p130 in quiescent SMC and growth-stimulated SMC (respectively, in serum-free and serum or PDGF-BB containing culture conditions) was increased by forskolin and 8-Br-cyclic GMP, both anti-mitogenic substances, but was unaffected by phorbol ester, calcium ionophores, or calcium antagonists. The findings are compatible with a function for the lipoprotein binding proteins (T-cadherin) in negative regulation of SMC growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y S Kuzmenko
- Department of Research, Basel University Hospital, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Attygalle AB, Kern F, Huang Q, Meinwald J. Trail pheromone of the myrmicine ant Aphaenogaster rudis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Naturwissenschaften 1998; 85:38-41. [PMID: 9484710 DOI: 10.1007/s001140050450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A B Attygalle
- Department of Chemistry, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Affiliation(s)
- E. Mendes
- Laboratoire d'Ultrasons et de Dynamique des Fluides Complexes, Laboratoire Associé au CNRS, URA 851, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg, France
| | - Janaky Narayanan
- Laboratoire d'Ultrasons et de Dynamique des Fluides Complexes, Laboratoire Associé au CNRS, URA 851, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg, France
| | - R. Oda
- Laboratoire d'Ultrasons et de Dynamique des Fluides Complexes, Laboratoire Associé au CNRS, URA 851, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg, France
| | - F. Kern
- Laboratoire d'Ultrasons et de Dynamique des Fluides Complexes, Laboratoire Associé au CNRS, URA 851, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg, France
| | - S. J. Candau
- Laboratoire d'Ultrasons et de Dynamique des Fluides Complexes, Laboratoire Associé au CNRS, URA 851, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg, France
| | - C. Manohar
- Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Bombay-400 085, India
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Janssen E, Übler E, Bauriegel L, Kern F, Bestmann HJ, Attygalle AB, Steghaus-Kovacˇ S, Maschwitz U. Trail Pheromone of the Ponerine Ant Leptogenys peuqueti (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): A Multicomponent Mixture of Related Compounds Pheromones 104 [1]. Naturwissenschaften 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/s001140050360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
50
|
Kern F, Ode-Hakim S, Nugel H, Vogt K, Volk HD, Reinke P. Peripheral T cell activation in long-term renal transplant patients: concordant upregulation of adhesion molecules and cytokine gene transcription. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996; 7:2476-82. [PMID: 8959642 DOI: 10.1681/asn.v7112476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In renal transplant, patients, the number of T cells expressing high levels of LFA-1 (LFA-1-bright) and of T cells expressing CD57 increases in response to viral infection, even if the latter is asymptomatic. Their role in long-term renal transplant patients with cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigenemia and concomitant transplant dysfunction was investigated. For this purpose, this study used triple-color flow cytometry, fluorescence-activated cell sorting of peripheral blood T cells (CD3+/LFA-1-dim or -bright and CD8+/CD57+ or CD57- subsets), and subsequent semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Cytokine mRNA levels for interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interferon-gamma, as well as Granzyme A and IL-2R p55 and p75 transcripts were determined and compared in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and in separated T cell subsets. Although in patients with CMV infection and/or rejection, cytokine transcripts were readily detected and the levels in the CD3+/LFA-1-bright subsets were, by orders of magnitudes, higher than in the LFA-1-dim subset, hardly any cytokine message was found in patients without CMV infection or rejection episodes or in control subjects. The expression of Granzyme A, which is involved in cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity, was not upregulated in LFA-1-bright T cells, which is in discordance with cytokine levels. Differences between CD57+ and CD57- T cells were limited to the IL-2R p55 mRNA, of which the former expressed significantly less than the latter. It is concluded that upon virus-induced activation of peripheral blood T cells, an effector type that is marked by high inflammatory but small cytotoxic potential is produced. The results of this study propose that these cells represent a correlate of persistent immune activation and are liable to produce graft dysfunction, although they are unable to clear the organism from virus infection because of their lack of cytotoxic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Kern
- Institut für medizinische Immunologie (Department of Medical Immunology) de Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|